Academic literature on the topic 'Electricity Economy and spent'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electricity Economy and spent"
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Sah, Badri Narayan. "Home-Based Workers and their Ownership in Nepal." Patan Pragya 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v7i1.35250.
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Hom- based workers are the most significant component of informal economy in Nepal. In Nepal, 70percent of the economically active population is involved in the informal economy. Employment in the non-agricultural informal sector is 70 percent of total non-agricultural employment. The employed population in the non-agricultural sectors grew by 29.3 percent. About 30 percent of then on-agricultural workers aged 15 and above are home based workers and home-based work is the major source of employment for women. The share of non-agriculture sector to GDP is highly increasing in recent years; its average annual growth is 7.4 percent in 2018/19. In this study, more than 76 percent of home-based workers are from Tribal/Native/Adibasi ethnicity. Also, the 76 percent home based workers have their own house as ownership. The 86 percent of home-based workers have houses with well window facilities and 99 percent of the houses are facilitated with electricity,41 percent of the households have source of water, 30 percent to hand pump and 6 percent to wells. The 95 percent of home based workers have latrine facilities in their house. The income earned is highly spent on food expenses (54 percent) and remaining is used for other purposes.
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Loog, Kathryn, Randi Phinney, Krista Read, and Laura Robertson. "Brewery resource and energy recovery system." SURG Journal 4, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v4i2.1200.
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In this paper, a bio-gas and spent grain utilization system for a brewery is presented. The bio-gas component of the system consists of a generator to produce electricity for sale through the Feed-In Tariff program offered by the Ontario Power Authority. The spent grain component consists of a gasification system to produce syngas, which will reduce the natural gas requirements of the facility. A membrane bioreactor will be used downstream of the current anaerobic digester in order to eliminate the municipal surcharges on the effluent water and allow for water recycling. The design was analyzed using a net present value (NPV) analysis. The results showed a capital cost of $8.9 million for the overall system, a payback period of 8 years, and a 20-year NPV of $24 million. Recommendations are made as to how the economic and environmental benefits to the brewery could be improved.
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Khan, Muhammad Minhaj, Jae Min Lee, Jae Hak Cheong, and Joo Ho Whang. "Feasibility Studies on Pyro-SFR Closed Fuel Cycle and Direct Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Line with the Latest National Policy and Strategy of Korea." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1953256.
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With a view to providing supportive information for the decision-making on the direction of the future nuclear energy systems in Korea (i.e., direct disposal or recycling of spent nuclear fuel) to be made around 2020, quantitative studies on the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) including transuranic elements (TRUs) and a series of economic analyses were conducted. At first, the total isotopic inventory of TRUs in the SNF to be generated from all thirty-six units of nuclear power plants in operation or under planning is estimated based on the Korean government’s official plan for nuclear power development. Secondly, the optimized deployment strategies are proposed considering the minimum number of sodium cooled-fast reactors (SFRs) needed to transmute all TRUs. Finally, direct disposal and Pyro-SFR closed nuclear energy systems were compared using equilibrium economic model and considering reduction of TRUs and electricity generation as benefits. Probabilistic economic analysis shows that the assumed total generation cost for direct disposal and Pyro-SFR closed nuclear energy systems resides within the range of 13.60~33.94 mills/kWh and 11.40~25.91 mills/kWh, respectively. Dominant cost elements and the range of SFR overnight cost which guarantees the economic feasibility of the Pyro-SFR closed nuclear energy system over the direct disposal option were also identified through sensitivity analysis and break-even cost estimation.
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BROYAKA, Antonina. "CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 4 (44) (April 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-4-4.
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The article investigates the peculiarities of consumer behavior in modern market conditions. The theoretical and methodological approaches to the consumer behavior formation are highlighted; the exogenous and endogenous factors affecting it are identified. The various models of consumer behavior are characterized, depending on their income level. It has been found that lower-income consumers are more likely to behave more rationally; they buy those products that meet urgent needs and are more attractive in price. The middle class mainly chooses products on the criterion of "price-quality". The degree of rationality in their behavior will depend on the stability of the economy and consumer expectations regarding real future income. As for high-income consumers, their demand does not depend on price, since the higher cost of the goods they buy undermines their wealth and status. The level and dynamics of incomes of the population of Ukraine, including in urban and rural areas, are analyzed. The analysis shows an increase in the share of the population with high incomes (for comparison, in 2018, 27.4% of Ukrainians had incomes over UAH 5,160 against 12.6% in 2017), and this trend is observed as in cities (30.5% in 2018 compared with 13.6% in 2017) and in rural areas (21.2% in 2018 compared with 10.4% in 2017). However, rural residents predominantly have lower total incomes compared with urban residents: in 2016, according to surveys of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, urban households received an average of 5842 UAH per month (per capita 28080 UAH), rural - 5871 UAH (per capita 2,706 UAH) in 2017 - respectively 7,749 UAH (per capita 3,725 UAH) and 7,542 UAH (per capita 3,476 UAH) in 2018 - respectively 9,722.5 UAH and 9073.3 UAH. The increase in income is due to an increase in the minimum and average level of wages, the volume of transfer payments (in particular, subsidies and other types of social assistance), income from entrepreneurial activity, and etc. A significant part of the incomes of the Ukrainian population is occupied by wages, which increased from 40.8% in 2010 to 45.6% in 2017. However, this is a statement of nominal income growth, which is not enough to meet even the basic needs of consumers in the conditions of rapid price increase. Despite the actual increase in incomes, the purchasing power of consumers in Ukraine is quite low, which is caused by a decrease in real incomes of the population. The dynamics and cost structure of Ukrainian consumers is investigated. The imbalance of the budget of consumers, as well as the lack of actual income to meet the existing needs of the population, are revealed. The gap between the incomes of the population and its expenditures on the purchase of goods and services is quite small, meaning that Ukrainians spend almost all their money resources on current consumption, and thus the possibility of accumulating savings is low, which in turn reduces the prospect of increasing demand for more expensive goods, including long-term use, travel, real estate and more. The lowest share of expenditures on purchasing goods and services in the annual income in the period 2005-2017 was 76% in 2010 and the highest in 2017 was 89%. According to preliminary results of 2018, the share of expenses of Ukrainians in their income is on the average within 85%. Consumers spend more than half of their income on food, driven by low wages for most workers, high unemployment and underemployment, the disparity in current prices and real incomes of the population. The share of household expenditures on housing maintenance (including ongoing repairs), water, electricity, gas and other fuels is rising from 10.26% in 2010 to 18.3% in 2017. Consumers spend about 6% of their income on buying clothes and shoes (with 27.5% of the population having insufficient funds to upgrade their outerwear and shoes for the cold season once every 5 years). On average, only 4% of their budget is spent on healthcare. The GDP indicator and deflator indices, which are indicators of the real consumer purchasing power, are analyzed. Comparing the GDP deflator and the consumption deflator, we see that their dynamics in 2010-2014 have had a similar trend, but since the turning point of 2016, which is characterized by an increase in physical GDP, consumers are behaving more restrained about purchases, even as the pace of growth slows and the gradual signs of overcoming the negative effects of the crisis. The reason for this behavior of consumers is pessimistic expectations about the future economic situation in the country, reduction of accumulated savings, and an increase in the poverty level of the population. The happiness index is considered as a criterion that affects the propensity to consumption and saving. Analyzing the ranking of the countries of the world by the index of happiness, it should be noted that in 2018, Ukraine ranked 138th out of 156 countries, down 6 steps, compared to the previous year. The measures to increase the economic efficiency of consumer behavior and maximization of its utility are proposed. Under the conditions of insufficient financial and material security of the population of Ukraine, an important step of the state for maintaining the purchasing power of consumers is subsidizing public utilities, providing benefits and subsidies for obtaining health care services, transportation, recreation, catering and more. However, such a tool will not give the expected results without comprehensive treatment of the country's economy. It is necessary to reform the remuneration system, in particular to work out an organizational and economic mechanism for legalizing the shadow wage, collecting relevant social contributions and taxes from it; to improve the methodology for establishing a living minimum and bring it into line with the real needs of the consumer; systematically carry out proper indexation of income, especially in private business; increase targeted investment in capital expansion of the real sector of the economy, which will simultaneously increase jobs quantity, GDP and household incomes; to revise the regulation of prices for of essential commodities and many other measures.
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Lisin, Evgeny, Galina Kurdiukova, Pavel Okley, and Veronika Chernova. "Efficient Methods of Market Pricing in Power Industry within the Context of System Integration of Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173250.
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Currently, the majority of world economies (even those located in the sunbelt (+/− 35 degrees of latitude with good sunshine with low seasonality) uses various types of fossil fuels as the main source of energy for their economies. However, this represents a very volatile and unsustainable strategy, since according to various estimates, the fossil fuel era will inevitably end as all carbon fuels are going to be spent in the next few centuries. Unlike traditional energy, renewable energy sources (RES) are not based on energy resources, but rather rely upon natural energy flows. With regard to its unique property, there has been an active construction of power plants of renewable energy and their gradual integration into national energy supply systems in recent decades. At the same time, the existing models of electricity markets were unprepared for their wide distribution. Hence, determination of the market value of energy generated by power plants using renewable energy sources becomes a particularly significant issue. This market value has to take into account the prevention of costs from the use of fossil fuels, as well as the resulting environmental benefits. Our paper proposes methods for solving this problem, contributing to the increase of economic efficiency of investment projects for the construction of renewable energy facilities and the formation of economic incentives for their propagation in energy supply systems. The proposed methods are based on the dynamic differentiation of tariffs for consumers with renewable energy sources depending on their structure of electricity consumption. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by calculating the cost of electricity for households located in the Krasnodar region using renewable energy sources. It is shown that this approach to the formation of tariffs for consumers allows the household to receive additional savings from the efficient use of energy installations on RES and energy storage devices in terms of alignment of the energy consumption schedule. This creates a significant incentive for households to use them and contributes to increasing the effectiveness of government renewable energy support programs, including by solving the acute problem of raising electricity tariffs from the grid.
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Al-Ali, Salah. "How Successful is Field Training Program offered by the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, Kuwait, in Reducing Dependence on Expatriates?" Technium Social Sciences Journal 23 (September 9, 2021): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v23i1.4602.
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Technical and vocational education would significantly serve the need of developing countries in terms of lower the rate of poverty, reducing the number of people/youth unemployment, ensuring a stable economy, reducing rate of crimes, higher earning, and increasing self-development. It is also essential for the gulf states such as: Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, where the lack of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower is notable in essential sectors of their economy (e.g., electricity and water, health care, oil sector, infrastructure). Technical and vocational education is a dual type of educational system that would facilitate the transmission of students into work place. It is considered as a ‘golden” opportunity particularly for youth to be easily employed by industries and business. The success of technical and vocational education would depend, to great extent, on the efficiency of apprenticeship where students spend certain time at industrial premises to gain the required skills. It allows students to experience the real work environment and to interact with machine, devices, and tools applied in industrial production site. This paper examines how successful is the field training program offered by the selected colleges and institutions at the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, in providing local industries with indigenous skilled and semi-skilled qualified manpower. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with sample of heads of supervisors/heads of departments at the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the oil sector in order to assess the quality of field training program. Finally, the research will argue that unless the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions recognize and appreciate the value of enhancing the quality of field training program with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.
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Faessler, Bernhard. "Stationary, Second Use Battery Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications: A Research Review." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082335.
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The global demand for electricity is rising due to the increased electrification of multiple sectors of economic activity and an increased focus on sustainable consumption. Simultaneously, the share of cleaner electricity generated by transient, renewable sources such as wind and solar energy is increasing. This has made additional buffer capacities for electrical grids necessary. Battery energy storage systems have been investigated as storage solutions due to their responsiveness, efficiency, and scalability. Storage systems based on the second use of discarded electric vehicle batteries have been identified as cost-efficient and sustainable alternatives to first use battery storage systems. Large quantities of such batteries with a variety of capacities and chemistries are expected to be available in the future, as electric vehicles are more widely adopted. These batteries usually still possess about 80% of their initial capacity and can be used in storage solutions for high-energy as well as high-power applications, and even hybrid solutions encompassing both. There is, however, no holistic review of current research on this topic. This paper first identifies the potential applications for second use battery energy storage systems making use of decommissioned electric vehicle batteries and the resulting sustainability gains. Subsequently, it reviews ongoing research on second use battery energy storage systems within Europe and compares it to similar activities outside Europe. This review indicates that research in Europe focuses mostly on “behind-the-meter” applications such as minimising the export of self-generated electricity. Asian countries, especially China, use spent batteries for stationary as well as for mobile applications. In developing countries, off-grid applications dominate. Furthermore, the paper identifies economic, environmental, technological, and regulatory obstacles to the incorporation of repurposed batteries in second use battery energy storage systems and lists the developments needed to allow their future uptake. This review thus outlines the technological state-of-the-art and identifies areas of future research on second use battery energy storage systems.
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Rivoire, Matteo, Alessandro Casasso, Bruno Piga, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Assessment of Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance of Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081941.
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Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs) have a great potential for reducing the cost and climate change impact of building heating, cooling, and domestic hot water (DHW). The high installation cost is a major barrier to their diffusion but, under certain conditions (climate, building use, alternative fuels, etc.), the investment can be profitable in the long term. We present a comprehensive modeling study on GCHPs, performed with the dynamic energy simulation software TRNSYS, reproducing the operating conditions of three building types (residential, office, and hotel), with two insulation levels of the building envelope (poor/good), with the climate conditions of six European cities. Simulation results highlight the driving variables for heating/cooling peak loads and yearly demand, which are the input to assess economic performance and environmental benefits of GCHPs. We found that, in Italy, GCHPs are able to reduce CO2 emissions up to 216 g CO2/year per euro spent. However, payback times are still quite high, i.e., from 8 to 20 years. This performance can be improved by changing taxation on gas and electricity and using hybrid systems, adding a fossil-fuel boiler to cover peak heating loads, thus reducing the overall installation cost compared to full-load sized GCHP systems.
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Радченко, Андрій Миколайович, Анатолій Анатолійович Зубарєв, Сергій Георгійович Фордуй, Володимир Володимирович Бойчук, and Андрій Вікторович Коновалов. "АНАЛІЗ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ОХОЛОДЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯ НА ВХОДІ КОГЕНЕРАЦІЙНОГО ГАЗОПОРШНЕВОГО МОДУЛЯ НА ЧАСТКОВИХ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯХ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.8.08.
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The fuel efficiency of the reciprocating gas engine deteriorates with the increase of ambient air temperatures at the inlet to the radiator of the recirculating cooling water system for cooling the scavenge gas/air mixture at the inlet of the working cylinders and the air at the inlet of the scavenge air turbocharger. The peculiarity of cogeneration reciprocating gas modules of plants for combined production of electricity, heat, and cold is the operation mainly at partial loads according to the schedules of consumption of electricity, heat, and cold. The efficiency of cooling air of cogeneration gas module on the partial loads was analyzed on the example of an integrated power supply installation, which includes two cogeneration reciprocating gas engines JMS 420 GS-N.LC GE Jenbacher, manufactured as the cogeneration modules with exchangers using the heat of exhaust gases, scavenge gas-air mixture, cooling water of the engine shirt and lubricating oil for heating water. Hot water heat is transformed by the AR-D500L2 Century absorption lithium-bromide chiller into a cold that is spent on technological needs and for the operation of a central air conditioner that cools the engine room income air from where it is sucked by a scavenge air turbocharger. Because of significant heat influx from working engines and other equipment, as well as through the enclosures of the engine room from the outside to the air-cooled in the central air conditioner in the engine room, from where it is sucked by a turbocharger, the air temperature at the inlet of the turbocharger is quite high: 25...30 °C. At elevated temperatures of the ambient air at the inlet of the radiator for cooling scavenge gas-air mixture and the air at the turbocharger inlet the fuel economy of engine is falling, which indicates the need for efficient cooling of air. The efficiency of cooling the air of the reciprocating gas module was estimated by a reduction in the consumption of gas fuel and an increase in electric power of the engine. For this purpose, the data of monitoring on the fuel efficiency of the reciprocating gas engine with the combined influence of the ambient air temperature at the inlet of the radiator and the air at the turbocharger inlet were processed to obtain data on their separate effects and to determine the ways to further improve the air cooling system of the reciprocating gas module.
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Davis, Lucas W. "Prospects for Nuclear Power." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.49.
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Nuclear power has long been controversial because of concerns about nuclear accidents, storage of spent fuel, and how the spread of nuclear power might raise risks of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. These concerns are real and important. However, emphasizing these concerns implicitly suggests that unless these issues are taken into account, nuclear power would otherwise be cost effective compared to other forms of electricity generation. This implication is unwarranted. Throughout the history of nuclear power, a key challenge has been the high cost of construction for nuclear plants. Construction costs are high enough that it becomes difficult to make an economic argument for nuclear even before incorporating these external factors. This is particularly true in countries like the United States where recent technological advances have dramatically increased the availability of natural gas. The chairman of one of the largest U.S. nuclear companies recently said that his company would not break ground on a new nuclear plant until the price of natural gas was more than double today's level and carbon emissions cost $25 per ton. This comment summarizes the current economics of nuclear power pretty well. Yes, there is a certain confluence of factors that could make nuclear power a viable economic option. Otherwise, a nuclear power renaissance seems unlikely.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electricity Economy and spent"
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Frigo, Juliana Pires. "Estudo comparativo dos sistemas construtivos na construção de habitações de interesse social rural Aspectos energéticos e econômicos." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/775.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-19Several aspects related to dwelling, wellness and life quality demand specific constructive solutions. Considering that the building is one of the responsible by the environment damages because of the quantity of waste, it is also responsible by the electricity waste from the substance extraction to its final product. This study shows a comparative among five combinations of locks and coatings, like: ceramic bricks (plastered), concrete block (plastered), cured lightweight (painted), soil cement (plastered) and soil cement brick with exposed complement (painted), with the purpose to identify which solution is more adequate considering the lowest cost and less electricity spent involved in its process. The adopted methodological procedure is an exploratory research with an explicative approach that enabled the knowledge about the adopted technologies to the rural dwellings study. This study enabled the inputs classification and comparative, executions and spending, having as the mainly result the more viable technology to the rural dwelling and deserve more attention and incentive while its use in a major scale is the soil cement brick with exposed complement only with waterproofing paint related to the spending and electricity economy involved in the execution and use process.
Diversos aspectos relacionados à moradia, bem estar e qualidade de vida demandam soluções construtivas especificas. Levando em consideração que a construção civil é uma das responsáveis pelos impactos ambientais devido à geração de grandes volumes de resíduos, é a responsável também pelo desperdício de uma significativa parcela de energia, envolvida desde o processo de extração da matéria prima até o produto final. O presente estudo apresenta um comparativo entre cinco combinações de fechamentos e revestimentos, sendo elas: tijolo cerâmico (rebocado), bloco de concreto (rebocado), concreto leve polimerizado (pintado), tijolo de solo-cimento (rebocado) e tijolo de solo-cimento com acabamento a vista (pintado), visando identificar qual a solução apresenta- se mais adequada se tratando de um menor custo aliado a um menor gasto de energia envolvida em seu processo. Para tanto o procedimento metodológico adotado é de uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem explicativa que possibilitou o conhecimento sobre as tecnologias adotadas para o estudo em habitações sociais rurais. Este trabalho possibilitou a realização da classificação e comparativo das características dos insumos, execuções e custos, tendo como principal resultado que a tecnologia mais viável para habitações sociais rurais e que merece maior atenção e incentivo enquanto sua utilização em maior escala é a de tijolo de solo-cimento com acabamento a vista apenas com pintura impermeabilizante no aspecto de custos e de economia de energia envolvidos em seu processo de execução e utilização.
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Urbanski, Pawel Tomasz. "Electricity price regulation in the transition economy." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8812.
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Bethapudi, Daniel Naveen. "Dynamic interactions between electricity prices and the regional economy." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2275.
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In this thesis we study characterize the dynamic relationships among two electricity
price variables (residential and commercial) and six regional economic variables in order
to examine each individual variable??s role in regional economic activity. We also answer
the question ??Do electricity prices have impact on regional economic variables???
We use two statistical techniques as engines of analysis. First, we use directed acyclic
graphs to discover how surprises (innovations) in prices from each variable are
communicated to other variables in contemporaneous time. Second, we use time series
methods to capture regularities in time lags among the series.
Yearly time series data on two electricity prices and six regional economic
variables for Montgomery County (Texas) are studied using time series methods.
Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are used to impose restrictions on the Vector Auto
Regression model (VAR). Using Innovation Accounting Analysis of the estimated
Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model we unravel the dynamic relationships between the
eight variables. We conclude that rising electricity prices have a negative impact on allregional economic variables. The commercial average electricity prices lead residential
average electricity prices in the time frame we studied (1969-2000). Rising residential
electricity prices also have a positive impact on income derived from transfer payments.
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Özden-Schilling, Canay. "Economy electric : techno-economics, neoliberalism, and electricity in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104559.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in History and Social Study of Science and Technology (HASTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 263-285).
This dissertation is a study of emergent economic forms of life. It investigates recent remakings of economic existence and modes of disseminating these forms of life, and does so with particular reference to the crafting of electricity markets in the United States. It draws on more than a year of fieldwork among experts and users involved in electricity exchange. The experts and users among whom I conducted participant observation include computer programmers who assist companies that trade in electricity markets by collecting information and making trading suggestions, electrical engineers who design new infrastructures such as electricity markets for buying and selling electricity in bulk, psychologists and social scientists who study people's electricity consumption behavior to generate economic technologies to save money to users and providers of electricity, and citizen groups based in West Virginia and rural Illinois that organize against electricity markets' exclusion of consumers from decision-making mechanisms. Bringing questions of economic anthropology to bear upon the emergent literature of the anthropology of infrastructures, I propose that new economic forms of existence often come to being though infrastructure building and maintenance. For the last 20 years, experts of diverse technical backgrounds have been reprogramming the electric grid to allow for enhanced calculative choice and competition - principles at the core of the neoliberal agenda. I demonstrate that people who do not necessarily concern themselves with the formal study of economics often take the lead in creating and propagating wide-ranging economic emergent forms of life, such as neoliberalism, across the social field. To zero in on their work, I develop the concept of "techno-economics": an approach that understands commodities, whether they are living nonhumans such as livestock or inorganic processes like electricity, as more than passive receptacles of human design, and locates humans within their efforts to commoditize and marketize unruly objects, like electricity - a commodity that cannot be stored in warehouses or shipped on highways. Anthropological studies of the techno-economic, I suggest, are best equipped to make connections in ethnographic representation between otherwise disparate nodes of social life, like expertise and wires, law and steel, and finally, economics and electricity.
by Canay Özden-Schilling.
Ph. D. in History and Social Study of Science and Technology (HASTS)
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Unsal, Ezgi Berfin. "A political economy of electricity and housing provision in Turkey : financialisation and change." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30255/.
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Baker, Lucy Heather. "Power shifts? : the political economy of socio-technical transitions in South Africa's electricity sector." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41975/.
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Smith, David Matthew. "Peak shaving and alternative power : a question of economy, quality of life and quality of electricity." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA367252.
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Chatterjee, Elizabeth. "Underpowered : electricity policy and the state in India, 1991-2014." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2d97e1ca-b31c-4dc3-a0c8-6352c95280c1.
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How has the Indian state changed with economic liberalization? While many scholars have explored the altered party politics and class basis of the liberalization-era state, few have studied its transforming internal organizational forms and functioning. This thesis aims to provide an empirically grounded answer to this question. To do this it uses the lens of electricity: the sector lies at the heart of contemporary capital accumulation, state power, and distributive politics, and has witnessed almost a quarter-century of institutional reforms since 1991. In the sector, new or reworked organizational forms—such as imported regulatory agencies, corporatized state-owned enterprises, and public-private partnerships—have been grafted onto the older statist system in a process of institutional layering. Favouring state-business collaboration and prioritizing rapid economic growth, this mode of state operation is distinct both from a liberal, market-oriented state and from India’s older state-led mode. It combines state intervention and selective adoption of parts of the Washington Consensus template to produce a reinvented mode of power governance that I term state capitalism 2.0. India’s new state-market hybrid is not a functional alternative to the older models, however. The layered process through which it has emerged means that it is distinctively dysfunctional. Organizations have emerged in an ad hoc fashion, each shaped and reshaped by multiple collective interests, while existing organizations are rarely destroyed. The resulting layered amalgam institutionalizes contradictory state strategies, co-optation by competing interest groups, and a dualistic system of services and subsidies. Consequently the sector’s performance remains poor. As a result, developments in the Indian power sector suggest that the state's 'pro-business' transition has been painful and incomplete. At least in this sector, the Indian state remains simultaneously more indispensable, more ambivalently pro-business, and more chaotic than much theory might suggest.
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Parsapour, Aminabbas. "Biogas Production System as an "Upcycler" : Exergy Analysis and Economic Evaluation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-81358.
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Sustainable development is a growing concern for inhabitants of the planet earth. Consumption of fossil sources keeps up the depletion of nature’s capital and causes environmental impacts. One solution to have a sustainable society is to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and substitute them by renewable energy sources. Among different types of renewable energy, biofuels have great potential for development and improvement. Though, the production of biofuels is criticized by many experts from the energy efficiency, environmental and economical points of view. Biogas as one type of first generation biofuels is achieved from the wastes and by-products of other industries, and can be used as a transportation fuel in the form of biomethane. The use of by-products may give added value as inputs to the biogas production process, a process which may be called "upcycling." The aim of upcycling is to convert wastes into new materials with higher quality or higher environmental value in order to reduce the consumption of raw materials which results in decreasing of energy usage and environmental impacts The aim of this thesis is to study the possibility of a biogas plant to act as an upcycler of wastes and by-products through anaerobic digestion process by the use of exergy analysis and economic evaluation. An imaginary biogas plant which uses a major by-product of brewing industry, i.e. Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG), is considered to quantify the added value by biogas production process. The results of the exergy analysis show that the exergy of the input BSG (78,320 MJ) is upgraded into two main products as biomethane (47,430 MJ) and biofertilizer (37,026 MJ) with a total exergy amount of 84,456 MJ. On the other hand, the economic analysis of the studied biogas production process indicates that the biogas plant has the added value for the input material. In the economic analysis, the annual costs and benefits of the biogas production is calculated. The results show that the production of biomethane and biofertilizer from the by-product of brewing industry is profitable. However, the price of input BSG and also the variation price of the biofertilizer in different seasons, have great impact on the economy of a biogas plant. The outcomes from exergy and economic analysis are indicated that the biogas production process is an "upcycling" process which has the added value for the inputs, from both economic and quality points of view. The exergy and economic evaluation may be used as indicators of the sustainable development, but only increasing the exergy and the economic value of a production process alone should not be considered as the sustainability of a system.
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Björvang, Carl. "Hänsynsfullt stamnät? En studie av ekonomiska och miljömässiga hänsynstaganden vid utbyggnationen av det svenska elstamnätet 1980-2010." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-315187.
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Denna studie undersöker de ekonomiska och miljömässiga hänsyn som tagits vid utbyggnaden av de svenska elstamnätet under perioden 1980-2010. Dokument från både mindre och större utbyggnadsprojekt har använts för att identifiera och analysera dessa hänsynstaganden. Resultaten visar att nivån av hänsyn till ekonomiska och miljömässiga intressen överlag ökat markant under perioden, särskilt i och med lagändringar som avkrävt att hänsyn tas till särskilda intressen. Vissa intressen saknade dock välutvecklade hänsynstaganden även i senare delen av materialet, något som bör tas i beaktan vid framtida stamnätsutbyggnader.This study has examined the economic and environmental considerations taken during the expansion of the Swedish power grid between 1980-2010. Documents from minor and major grid expansions have been used to locate and analyse these considerations. The results point towards a sharp increase in the level of considerations taken to economic and environmental interests during course of the period, especially in response to legal developments mandating certain interests to be brought into consideration. However, some of the interests studied lacked well-developed considerations even in the later parts of the period, something that should be taken into account when deliberating future grid expansions.
Books on the topic "Electricity Economy and spent"
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Govil, Keshavendra K. Electricity generation: Policy, technology, and economy. New Delhi: Venus Pub. House, 1998.
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Marija, Ilić, ed. Price-Based Commitment Decisions in the Electricity Market. London: Springer London, 1999.
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Stefan, Schöne, Trockel Walter 1944-, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Auctions in the Electricity Market. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
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Faruqui, Ahmad. Pricing in Competitive Electricity Markets. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000.
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Foundation, Niti, ed. A political economy analysis of electricity tariff restructuring in Nepal. Kathmandu: The Asia Foundation, 2014.
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Skantze, Petter L. Valuation, Hedging and Speculation in Competitive Electricity Markets: A Fundamental Approach. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001.
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Aos, Steven. Northwest energy markets, 1986: Petroleum, natural gas, electricity in the Pacific Northwest economy. Olympia, WA (400 E. Union, Olympia 98504): Washington State Energy Office, 1986.
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Lights out: The electricity crisis, the global economy, and what it means to you. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
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Birner, Regina. The political economy of agricultural policy reform in India: Fertilizers and electricity for irrigation. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Electricity Economy and spent"
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Hu, Zhaoguang, Jian Zhang, and Ning Zhang. "China’s Electricity Economy." In China’s Economic Gene Mutations, 3–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47298-9_1.
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Lacy, Peter, Jessica Long, and Wesley Spindler. "Electricity Industry Profile." In The Circular Economy Handbook, 119–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95968-6_8.
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Basu, Dipak, and Victoria Miroshnik. "Privatization of Electricity." In International Business and Political Economy, 165–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137474865_17.
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Hu, Zhaoguang, and Zheng Hu. "E-GDP Functions for a National Economy." In Electricity Economics: Production Functions with Electricity, 139–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40757-4_6.
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Hu, Zhaoguang, and Zheng Hu. "The Characteristics of Gene in an Economy." In Electricity Economics: Production Functions with Electricity, 171–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40757-4_7.
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Berk, Kevin. "Energy economy in enterprises." In Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand, 11–23. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08669-5_2.
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Fuchs, Gerhard. "Local Electricity Regulation in Germany." In The Political Economy of Local Regulation, 219–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58828-9_12.
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Magnus, Eivind, and Atle Midttun. "The Norwegian Model: Competitive Public Economy." In Electricity Market Reform in Norway, 1–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333982747_1.
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Owen, Anthony David, Anton Finenko, and Jacqueline Tao. "The political economy of electricity interconnections." In Power Interconnection in Southeast Asia, 4–8. New York: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429424526-2.
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Krane, Jim. "Pairing Coal with Solar: The UAE’s Fragmented Electricity Policy." In International Political Economy Series, 57–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59554-8_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Electricity Economy and spent"
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Hejzlar, Pavel, Neil E. Todreas, Michael J. Driscoll, Philip E. MacDonald, Jacopo Buongiorno, and Kevan D. Weaver. "Design Strategies for Lead-Alloy-Cooled Reactors for Actinide Burning and Low-Cost Electricity Production." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22377.
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A multi-year project at the INEEL and MIT is investigating the potential of lead or lead-bismuth (lead-alloy) cooled fast critical reactors for producing low-cost electricity as well as for burning actinides from LWR spent fuel. While these two goals are the primary thrust in the development of a conceptual design, the proliferation resistance of the fuel and the plant safety are also important constraints incorporated into the design process. Thus, this concept addresses all Generation IV reactor goals, which involve favorable economics, enhanced safety, and sustainability. This paper outlines the objectives of the project, the challenges shaping the design strategy, and the approaches adopted to achieve the design goals. The most promising path forward is also identified. The four key factors that influence the direction of the design and also require compromise are the actinide destruction rate, safety, economy, and proliferation resistance. Achieving a maximum actinide destruction rate per MWth requires fertile-free fuels. However, the achievement of safe reactivity coefficients in such cores is difficult. If the total elimination of actinides from LWR spent fuel is pursued, multiple reprocessing with high recovery efficiency is necessary. This will probably significantly increase the fuel cycle costs, thus negatively affecting the economics. On the other hand, in-situ breeding and burning of plutonium in cores initially loaded with U235 can be cost effective. However, such a system does not achieve any reduction in the actinide inventory, and the discharge fuel contains relatively pure Pu239, which poses a potential proliferation threat. To reconcile these competing goals, a number of approaches have been investigated to achieve a balanced design that is cost competitive with other alternatives for electricity generation, attains excellent safety, helps in the reduction of transuranics from the spent LWR fuel, and has discharged fuel that is at least as proliferation resistant as spent LWR fuel from a once-through cycle. The preliminary design of the reactor concept that has the best potential to achieve these characteristics is identified and briefly described. This concept incorporates a supercritical carbon dioxide power conversion cycle that achieves thermal efficiencies up to 45% at a core outlet temperature of 550°C. However, conventional steam cycles are also an option.
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Brinton, Samuel, and Akira Tokuhiro. "An Economic Model of Nuclear Reprocessing Using Vensim." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75648.
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Even under the call for solutions to climate change and alternative energy sources to meet increasing energy demands, the imminent “nuclear renaissance” is debated by those who want to know the final destination of spent nuclear fuel. One of the alternatives to direct storage of spent fuel in a geological repository includes partial to full fuel reprocessing such that fission products such as actinides can be removed, as well as the recycling of plutonium and uranium into mixed oxide fuel (MOX). With the anticipated construction of ‘new build’ nuclear power plants (NPPs), as well as the continued operation of the existing fleet, we anticipate that the inventory of spent fuel destined for storage in Yucca Mountain (or similar) will continue to grow. Thus the U.S. DOE is promoting a sensible consideration of reprocessing, burning MOX in existing and near-terms LWRs and continuing R&D on sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) for their eventual commercial introduction. However, countries that have chosen to reprocess are facing high costs and lingering political opposition, while others who have chosen not to reprocess equally face opposition to licensing and operating an adequate federal repository. This research continues ongoing research by the authors on existing and planned realization of NPPs and the associated fuel cycle. That is, we have to date developed models of the construction and decommissioning of NPPs in the U.S., developed an associated model that includes construction of reprocessing facilities, and finally, accounts for the mass flow within the partially closed fuel cycle. From early on, we included the gradual introduction of MOX-burning LWRs and SFRs into the existing and anticipated LWR fleet over the next 100 years. All models were created using Vensim, a software tool that facilitates development, analysis and compartmentalization of dynamic processes with feedback models. Our model has been benchmarked against the MIT and U. Chicago reports on the future of nuclear energy. The current work presents cost estimates and uncertainties assigned to the mass flow model to evaluate the cost of NPP-based electricity generation, with and without a fuel reprocessing. Preliminary results demonstrate that the high cost of reprocessing can be offset by the larger expense of having to construct ‘multiple’ Yucca Mountain-type repositories, under current NPP growth forecasts and insistence of the once-through fuel cycle. Details and results on various, sensible scenarios will be presented.
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Kunze, Jay F., Gary M. Sandquist, and D. Shannon Sentell. "Improving the Utilization of Nuclear Resources." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49445.
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Currently, less than one percent of the latent nuclear energy in uranium mined from the earth is eventually utilized. Nearly 90% of the uranium is discarded as “tails” from the enrichment process, and less than 7% of the nuclear energy in the fuel assemblies is actually “burned” before the assemblies are discarded for disposal in a permanent repository (i.e. Yucca Mountain). Unfortunately, there is no economic incentive in the commercial nuclear industry to remedy this wasteful utilization because the cost of the fuel assemblies consumed by the current reactor LWR fleet is only about 25% of the overall operating cost. Nuclear fuel cost represents less than 10% of the nominal average wholesale price of electricity. But, current uranium utilization and nuclear fuel economics ignore government expenditures on spent nuclear fuel disposal practices, the costs of storing both the weapons grade plutonium and the depleted uranium from the uranium enrichment operations, and time that would be required to deploy the types of reactors and facilities to effectively close the fuel cycle. This paper analyzes these issues and concludes that there must be no delay in completing needed R&D and beginning deployment of the essential new fast breeder and actinide burning reactors.
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Ting, Yang, Li Guang Sheng, Li Zeng Fen, Peng Yue, and Hu Jian. "Study on Effects of Environment Conditions on Essential Service Water System of Nuclear Power Station." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66189.
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For nuclear power stations, the main function of Essential Service Water System (ESWS) is to discharge the waste heat from reactor core and spent fuel pool to the environment controllably, which is directly related to the safety and economy of nuclear power stations. Usually ESWS use open water from sea, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, as heat transfer medium. Extremely harsh environmental conditions may disable system functions and even lead to ESWS failure, directly reduce the safety and economy of nuclear power stations, and cause serious nuclear accidents. Failure of ESWS is one of the main reasons that lead to the Fukushima nuclear accident because of the loss of electricity after the earthquake and tsunami. Based on the typical ESWS configuration and conditions of serving nuclear power stations in China, the influence of environmental conditions on the function of water system is studied, and the corresponding measures are analyzed. These conditions can be divided into three categories: temperatures, water levels, and physical and chemical characteristics. Temperatures affect cooling characteristic of ESWS mainly. Nuclear power stations in tropical areas need to focus on cooling capacity might be reduced by high temperature. Those in cold region need attention to excessive cooling and freezing problems caused by low temperature. The influence of water levels is mainly fluid transport capacity and selection of equipment to ESWS. When the range of natural water level is too wide, designers shall consider measures to narrow it, such as the construction of highly reliable reservoir. Inland nuclear power stations shall try to ensure the reliability of ESWS; prevent water level changes beyond the scope of design caused by drought and flood disasters. The effects of physical and chemical properties are derived from the open water characteristics, including high salinity, high chloride ion concentration, carrying solid particles, suspended solids, and aquatics, and so on. These characteristics will cause the equipment and pipeline eroded or even damaged, aqueducts of intake and output jammed, heat exchangers of the final heat sink weakened and other negative effects, resulting in ESWS performance decline. Some of these factors are the characteristics of station site natural environment, some others are changes caused by human activities. Some factors are sustained, long-term; some others may be sudden, temporary. Influence on these factors need to be taken measures from many aspects, including structure, biological disinfection, special materials and equipment, environmental protection measures around the nuclear power station, and so on. On the whole, the environmental factors that affect ESWS in the nuclear power stations are wide, and the influence mechanism is more complex. These factors ultimately act on ESWS, but most of them cannot be banished inside of ESWS or the final heat sink system. Against the negative effects from environmental conditions, it has to be considered from all steps in the engineering of nuclear power stations, including design, construction and operation. All the measures shall be suitable to local conditions, in order to ensure the safety and economy of nuclear power stations.
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Evans, Robert L. "Hydrogen Economy or Electricity Economy?: A Transportation Case Study." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90318.
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Transportation accounts for more than a quarter of total global energy consumption. For fuelling road transportation there has been much speculation about the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, which proponents claim would usher in the “Hydrogen Economy”. The concept of the “complete energy conversion chain” has been used to compare the overall energy consumption and CO2 emissions from vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells with those from vehicles using a battery and electric drive. The analysis shows that if a sustainable source of electricity is used to produce hydrogen, then the hydrogen and fuel cell system is just equivalent to a battery. The efficiency of these two different approaches has been compared, and shows that the hydrogen system would consume nearly three times the primary energy required by a battery storage system. Conventional batteries do not, however, have a sufficiently high energy storage density to provide the range needed for most drivers. A new generation of plug-in hybrid vehicles is being developed which take advantage of the best attributes of both electric vehicles and conventional fossilfuelled vehicles. These vehicles show promise to dramatically reduce the quantity of greenhouse gases produced each year by the transportation sector.
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Zakeri, Behnam, and Sanna Syri. "Economy of electricity storage in the Nordic electricity market: The case for Finland." In 2014 11th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2014.6861293.
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Tianyu An and Haishan Liu. "An economy gain method of distribution network reconfiguration." In 2006 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2006). IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20061919.
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Kreith, Frank, and Ronald E. West. "Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59980.
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This article presents a critical analysis of all the major pathways to produce hydrogen and to utilize it as an energy carrier to generate heat or electricity. The approach taken is to make a cradle to grave analysis, including the production of hydrogen, the conversion of hydrogen to heat or electricity, and, finally, the utilization of that heat or electricity for a useful purpose. This methodology shows that no currently available hydrogen pathway, irrespective of whether it uses fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, or renewable technology as the primary energy source to generate electricity or heat is as efficient as using the electric power or heat from any of these sources directly. Furthermore, electric vehicles using batteries to store electricity are shown to be more efficient and less polluting than fuel cell powered vehicles using energy stored in hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water.
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Yang, Yong. "Electricity Consumption and Economy Growth: Cointegration Technique Applied in China." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5448389.
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Kott, Marek, Andrzej Bujak, and Joanna Kott. "The Electricity Consumption in Selected Sectors of the Polish Economy." In 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/paee.2018.8441118.
Full textReports on the topic "Electricity Economy and spent"
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Hansen, Christopher Joshi, and John Bower. Political Economy of Electricity Reform. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/1901795241.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy Reform in India Fertilizers and Electricity for Irrigation. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896291720.
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Eto, Joseph, Jonathan Koomey, Bryan Lehman, Nathan Martin, Evan Mills, Carrie Webber, and Ernst Worrell. Scoping study on trends in the economic value of electricity reliability to the U.S. economy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/787133.
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Thomas, Catherine, and Lynne Koontz. 2020 national park visitor spending effects: Economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation. National Park Service, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286547.
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The National Park Service (NPS) manages the Nation’s most iconic destinations that attract millions of visitors from across the Nation and around the world. Trip-related spending by NPS visitors generates and supports economic activity within park gateway communities. This report summarizes the annual economic contribution analysis that measures how NPS visitor spending cycles through local economies, generating business sales and supporting jobs and income. In 2020, the National Park System received over 237 million recreation visits (down 28% from 2019). Visitors to national parks spent an estimated $14.5 billion in local gateway regions (down 31% from 2019). The estimated contribution of this spending to the national economy was 234,000 jobs, $9.7 billion in labor income, $16.7 billion in value added, and $28.6 billion in economic output. The lodging sector saw the highest direct effects, with $5 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. The restaurants sector saw the next greatest effects, with $3 billion in economic output directly contributed to this sector nationally. Results from the Visitor Spending Effects report series are available online via an interactive tool. Users can view year-by-year trend data and explore current year visitor spending, jobs, labor income, value added, and economic output effects by sector for national, state, and local economies. The interactive tool is available at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/socialscience/vse.htm.
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The Path Toward a Hydrogen Economy: How Industry Can Broaden the Use of Hydrogen. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2020-wb10.
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In the past couple of years, it became evident that hydrogen would need to play a pivotal role in a carbon-free energy system. It would help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors and act as an energy carrier to manage large variability in renewable energy production and enhance energy security. In most cases, its transportation and storage over a certain distance and timeframe is cheaper than that of electricity. For hydrogen to make an impact, it needs to expand its utility beyond its existing applications.