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1
Sah, Badri Narayan. "Home-Based Workers and their Ownership in Nepal." Patan Pragya 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v7i1.35250.
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Hom- based workers are the most significant component of informal economy in Nepal. In Nepal, 70percent of the economically active population is involved in the informal economy. Employment in the non-agricultural informal sector is 70 percent of total non-agricultural employment. The employed population in the non-agricultural sectors grew by 29.3 percent. About 30 percent of then on-agricultural workers aged 15 and above are home based workers and home-based work is the major source of employment for women. The share of non-agriculture sector to GDP is highly increasing in recent years; its average annual growth is 7.4 percent in 2018/19. In this study, more than 76 percent of home-based workers are from Tribal/Native/Adibasi ethnicity. Also, the 76 percent home based workers have their own house as ownership. The 86 percent of home-based workers have houses with well window facilities and 99 percent of the houses are facilitated with electricity,41 percent of the households have source of water, 30 percent to hand pump and 6 percent to wells. The 95 percent of home based workers have latrine facilities in their house. The income earned is highly spent on food expenses (54 percent) and remaining is used for other purposes.
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Loog, Kathryn, Randi Phinney, Krista Read, and Laura Robertson. "Brewery resource and energy recovery system." SURG Journal 4, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v4i2.1200.
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In this paper, a bio-gas and spent grain utilization system for a brewery is presented. The bio-gas component of the system consists of a generator to produce electricity for sale through the Feed-In Tariff program offered by the Ontario Power Authority. The spent grain component consists of a gasification system to produce syngas, which will reduce the natural gas requirements of the facility. A membrane bioreactor will be used downstream of the current anaerobic digester in order to eliminate the municipal surcharges on the effluent water and allow for water recycling. The design was analyzed using a net present value (NPV) analysis. The results showed a capital cost of $8.9 million for the overall system, a payback period of 8 years, and a 20-year NPV of $24 million. Recommendations are made as to how the economic and environmental benefits to the brewery could be improved.
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Khan, Muhammad Minhaj, Jae Min Lee, Jae Hak Cheong, and Joo Ho Whang. "Feasibility Studies on Pyro-SFR Closed Fuel Cycle and Direct Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Line with the Latest National Policy and Strategy of Korea." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1953256.
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With a view to providing supportive information for the decision-making on the direction of the future nuclear energy systems in Korea (i.e., direct disposal or recycling of spent nuclear fuel) to be made around 2020, quantitative studies on the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) including transuranic elements (TRUs) and a series of economic analyses were conducted. At first, the total isotopic inventory of TRUs in the SNF to be generated from all thirty-six units of nuclear power plants in operation or under planning is estimated based on the Korean government’s official plan for nuclear power development. Secondly, the optimized deployment strategies are proposed considering the minimum number of sodium cooled-fast reactors (SFRs) needed to transmute all TRUs. Finally, direct disposal and Pyro-SFR closed nuclear energy systems were compared using equilibrium economic model and considering reduction of TRUs and electricity generation as benefits. Probabilistic economic analysis shows that the assumed total generation cost for direct disposal and Pyro-SFR closed nuclear energy systems resides within the range of 13.60~33.94 mills/kWh and 11.40~25.91 mills/kWh, respectively. Dominant cost elements and the range of SFR overnight cost which guarantees the economic feasibility of the Pyro-SFR closed nuclear energy system over the direct disposal option were also identified through sensitivity analysis and break-even cost estimation.
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BROYAKA, Antonina. "CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 4 (44) (April 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-4-4.
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The article investigates the peculiarities of consumer behavior in modern market conditions. The theoretical and methodological approaches to the consumer behavior formation are highlighted; the exogenous and endogenous factors affecting it are identified. The various models of consumer behavior are characterized, depending on their income level. It has been found that lower-income consumers are more likely to behave more rationally; they buy those products that meet urgent needs and are more attractive in price. The middle class mainly chooses products on the criterion of "price-quality". The degree of rationality in their behavior will depend on the stability of the economy and consumer expectations regarding real future income. As for high-income consumers, their demand does not depend on price, since the higher cost of the goods they buy undermines their wealth and status. The level and dynamics of incomes of the population of Ukraine, including in urban and rural areas, are analyzed. The analysis shows an increase in the share of the population with high incomes (for comparison, in 2018, 27.4% of Ukrainians had incomes over UAH 5,160 against 12.6% in 2017), and this trend is observed as in cities (30.5% in 2018 compared with 13.6% in 2017) and in rural areas (21.2% in 2018 compared with 10.4% in 2017). However, rural residents predominantly have lower total incomes compared with urban residents: in 2016, according to surveys of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, urban households received an average of 5842 UAH per month (per capita 28080 UAH), rural - 5871 UAH (per capita 2,706 UAH) in 2017 - respectively 7,749 UAH (per capita 3,725 UAH) and 7,542 UAH (per capita 3,476 UAH) in 2018 - respectively 9,722.5 UAH and 9073.3 UAH. The increase in income is due to an increase in the minimum and average level of wages, the volume of transfer payments (in particular, subsidies and other types of social assistance), income from entrepreneurial activity, and etc. A significant part of the incomes of the Ukrainian population is occupied by wages, which increased from 40.8% in 2010 to 45.6% in 2017. However, this is a statement of nominal income growth, which is not enough to meet even the basic needs of consumers in the conditions of rapid price increase. Despite the actual increase in incomes, the purchasing power of consumers in Ukraine is quite low, which is caused by a decrease in real incomes of the population. The dynamics and cost structure of Ukrainian consumers is investigated. The imbalance of the budget of consumers, as well as the lack of actual income to meet the existing needs of the population, are revealed. The gap between the incomes of the population and its expenditures on the purchase of goods and services is quite small, meaning that Ukrainians spend almost all their money resources on current consumption, and thus the possibility of accumulating savings is low, which in turn reduces the prospect of increasing demand for more expensive goods, including long-term use, travel, real estate and more. The lowest share of expenditures on purchasing goods and services in the annual income in the period 2005-2017 was 76% in 2010 and the highest in 2017 was 89%. According to preliminary results of 2018, the share of expenses of Ukrainians in their income is on the average within 85%. Consumers spend more than half of their income on food, driven by low wages for most workers, high unemployment and underemployment, the disparity in current prices and real incomes of the population. The share of household expenditures on housing maintenance (including ongoing repairs), water, electricity, gas and other fuels is rising from 10.26% in 2010 to 18.3% in 2017. Consumers spend about 6% of their income on buying clothes and shoes (with 27.5% of the population having insufficient funds to upgrade their outerwear and shoes for the cold season once every 5 years). On average, only 4% of their budget is spent on healthcare. The GDP indicator and deflator indices, which are indicators of the real consumer purchasing power, are analyzed. Comparing the GDP deflator and the consumption deflator, we see that their dynamics in 2010-2014 have had a similar trend, but since the turning point of 2016, which is characterized by an increase in physical GDP, consumers are behaving more restrained about purchases, even as the pace of growth slows and the gradual signs of overcoming the negative effects of the crisis. The reason for this behavior of consumers is pessimistic expectations about the future economic situation in the country, reduction of accumulated savings, and an increase in the poverty level of the population. The happiness index is considered as a criterion that affects the propensity to consumption and saving. Analyzing the ranking of the countries of the world by the index of happiness, it should be noted that in 2018, Ukraine ranked 138th out of 156 countries, down 6 steps, compared to the previous year. The measures to increase the economic efficiency of consumer behavior and maximization of its utility are proposed. Under the conditions of insufficient financial and material security of the population of Ukraine, an important step of the state for maintaining the purchasing power of consumers is subsidizing public utilities, providing benefits and subsidies for obtaining health care services, transportation, recreation, catering and more. However, such a tool will not give the expected results without comprehensive treatment of the country's economy. It is necessary to reform the remuneration system, in particular to work out an organizational and economic mechanism for legalizing the shadow wage, collecting relevant social contributions and taxes from it; to improve the methodology for establishing a living minimum and bring it into line with the real needs of the consumer; systematically carry out proper indexation of income, especially in private business; increase targeted investment in capital expansion of the real sector of the economy, which will simultaneously increase jobs quantity, GDP and household incomes; to revise the regulation of prices for of essential commodities and many other measures.
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Lisin, Evgeny, Galina Kurdiukova, Pavel Okley, and Veronika Chernova. "Efficient Methods of Market Pricing in Power Industry within the Context of System Integration of Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173250.
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Currently, the majority of world economies (even those located in the sunbelt (+/− 35 degrees of latitude with good sunshine with low seasonality) uses various types of fossil fuels as the main source of energy for their economies. However, this represents a very volatile and unsustainable strategy, since according to various estimates, the fossil fuel era will inevitably end as all carbon fuels are going to be spent in the next few centuries. Unlike traditional energy, renewable energy sources (RES) are not based on energy resources, but rather rely upon natural energy flows. With regard to its unique property, there has been an active construction of power plants of renewable energy and their gradual integration into national energy supply systems in recent decades. At the same time, the existing models of electricity markets were unprepared for their wide distribution. Hence, determination of the market value of energy generated by power plants using renewable energy sources becomes a particularly significant issue. This market value has to take into account the prevention of costs from the use of fossil fuels, as well as the resulting environmental benefits. Our paper proposes methods for solving this problem, contributing to the increase of economic efficiency of investment projects for the construction of renewable energy facilities and the formation of economic incentives for their propagation in energy supply systems. The proposed methods are based on the dynamic differentiation of tariffs for consumers with renewable energy sources depending on their structure of electricity consumption. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by calculating the cost of electricity for households located in the Krasnodar region using renewable energy sources. It is shown that this approach to the formation of tariffs for consumers allows the household to receive additional savings from the efficient use of energy installations on RES and energy storage devices in terms of alignment of the energy consumption schedule. This creates a significant incentive for households to use them and contributes to increasing the effectiveness of government renewable energy support programs, including by solving the acute problem of raising electricity tariffs from the grid.
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Al-Ali, Salah. "How Successful is Field Training Program offered by the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, Kuwait, in Reducing Dependence on Expatriates?" Technium Social Sciences Journal 23 (September 9, 2021): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v23i1.4602.
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Technical and vocational education would significantly serve the need of developing countries in terms of lower the rate of poverty, reducing the number of people/youth unemployment, ensuring a stable economy, reducing rate of crimes, higher earning, and increasing self-development. It is also essential for the gulf states such as: Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, where the lack of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower is notable in essential sectors of their economy (e.g., electricity and water, health care, oil sector, infrastructure). Technical and vocational education is a dual type of educational system that would facilitate the transmission of students into work place. It is considered as a ‘golden” opportunity particularly for youth to be easily employed by industries and business. The success of technical and vocational education would depend, to great extent, on the efficiency of apprenticeship where students spend certain time at industrial premises to gain the required skills. It allows students to experience the real work environment and to interact with machine, devices, and tools applied in industrial production site. This paper examines how successful is the field training program offered by the selected colleges and institutions at the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, in providing local industries with indigenous skilled and semi-skilled qualified manpower. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with sample of heads of supervisors/heads of departments at the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the oil sector in order to assess the quality of field training program. Finally, the research will argue that unless the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions recognize and appreciate the value of enhancing the quality of field training program with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.
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Faessler, Bernhard. "Stationary, Second Use Battery Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications: A Research Review." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082335.
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The global demand for electricity is rising due to the increased electrification of multiple sectors of economic activity and an increased focus on sustainable consumption. Simultaneously, the share of cleaner electricity generated by transient, renewable sources such as wind and solar energy is increasing. This has made additional buffer capacities for electrical grids necessary. Battery energy storage systems have been investigated as storage solutions due to their responsiveness, efficiency, and scalability. Storage systems based on the second use of discarded electric vehicle batteries have been identified as cost-efficient and sustainable alternatives to first use battery storage systems. Large quantities of such batteries with a variety of capacities and chemistries are expected to be available in the future, as electric vehicles are more widely adopted. These batteries usually still possess about 80% of their initial capacity and can be used in storage solutions for high-energy as well as high-power applications, and even hybrid solutions encompassing both. There is, however, no holistic review of current research on this topic. This paper first identifies the potential applications for second use battery energy storage systems making use of decommissioned electric vehicle batteries and the resulting sustainability gains. Subsequently, it reviews ongoing research on second use battery energy storage systems within Europe and compares it to similar activities outside Europe. This review indicates that research in Europe focuses mostly on “behind-the-meter” applications such as minimising the export of self-generated electricity. Asian countries, especially China, use spent batteries for stationary as well as for mobile applications. In developing countries, off-grid applications dominate. Furthermore, the paper identifies economic, environmental, technological, and regulatory obstacles to the incorporation of repurposed batteries in second use battery energy storage systems and lists the developments needed to allow their future uptake. This review thus outlines the technological state-of-the-art and identifies areas of future research on second use battery energy storage systems.
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Rivoire, Matteo, Alessandro Casasso, Bruno Piga, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Assessment of Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance of Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081941.
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Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHPs) have a great potential for reducing the cost and climate change impact of building heating, cooling, and domestic hot water (DHW). The high installation cost is a major barrier to their diffusion but, under certain conditions (climate, building use, alternative fuels, etc.), the investment can be profitable in the long term. We present a comprehensive modeling study on GCHPs, performed with the dynamic energy simulation software TRNSYS, reproducing the operating conditions of three building types (residential, office, and hotel), with two insulation levels of the building envelope (poor/good), with the climate conditions of six European cities. Simulation results highlight the driving variables for heating/cooling peak loads and yearly demand, which are the input to assess economic performance and environmental benefits of GCHPs. We found that, in Italy, GCHPs are able to reduce CO2 emissions up to 216 g CO2/year per euro spent. However, payback times are still quite high, i.e., from 8 to 20 years. This performance can be improved by changing taxation on gas and electricity and using hybrid systems, adding a fossil-fuel boiler to cover peak heating loads, thus reducing the overall installation cost compared to full-load sized GCHP systems.
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Радченко, Андрій Миколайович, Анатолій Анатолійович Зубарєв, Сергій Георгійович Фордуй, Володимир Володимирович Бойчук, and Андрій Вікторович Коновалов. "АНАЛІЗ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ОХОЛОДЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯ НА ВХОДІ КОГЕНЕРАЦІЙНОГО ГАЗОПОРШНЕВОГО МОДУЛЯ НА ЧАСТКОВИХ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯХ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.8.08.
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The fuel efficiency of the reciprocating gas engine deteriorates with the increase of ambient air temperatures at the inlet to the radiator of the recirculating cooling water system for cooling the scavenge gas/air mixture at the inlet of the working cylinders and the air at the inlet of the scavenge air turbocharger. The peculiarity of cogeneration reciprocating gas modules of plants for combined production of electricity, heat, and cold is the operation mainly at partial loads according to the schedules of consumption of electricity, heat, and cold. The efficiency of cooling air of cogeneration gas module on the partial loads was analyzed on the example of an integrated power supply installation, which includes two cogeneration reciprocating gas engines JMS 420 GS-N.LC GE Jenbacher, manufactured as the cogeneration modules with exchangers using the heat of exhaust gases, scavenge gas-air mixture, cooling water of the engine shirt and lubricating oil for heating water. Hot water heat is transformed by the AR-D500L2 Century absorption lithium-bromide chiller into a cold that is spent on technological needs and for the operation of a central air conditioner that cools the engine room income air from where it is sucked by a scavenge air turbocharger. Because of significant heat influx from working engines and other equipment, as well as through the enclosures of the engine room from the outside to the air-cooled in the central air conditioner in the engine room, from where it is sucked by a turbocharger, the air temperature at the inlet of the turbocharger is quite high: 25...30 °C. At elevated temperatures of the ambient air at the inlet of the radiator for cooling scavenge gas-air mixture and the air at the turbocharger inlet the fuel economy of engine is falling, which indicates the need for efficient cooling of air. The efficiency of cooling the air of the reciprocating gas module was estimated by a reduction in the consumption of gas fuel and an increase in electric power of the engine. For this purpose, the data of monitoring on the fuel efficiency of the reciprocating gas engine with the combined influence of the ambient air temperature at the inlet of the radiator and the air at the turbocharger inlet were processed to obtain data on their separate effects and to determine the ways to further improve the air cooling system of the reciprocating gas module.
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Davis, Lucas W. "Prospects for Nuclear Power." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.49.
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Nuclear power has long been controversial because of concerns about nuclear accidents, storage of spent fuel, and how the spread of nuclear power might raise risks of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. These concerns are real and important. However, emphasizing these concerns implicitly suggests that unless these issues are taken into account, nuclear power would otherwise be cost effective compared to other forms of electricity generation. This implication is unwarranted. Throughout the history of nuclear power, a key challenge has been the high cost of construction for nuclear plants. Construction costs are high enough that it becomes difficult to make an economic argument for nuclear even before incorporating these external factors. This is particularly true in countries like the United States where recent technological advances have dramatically increased the availability of natural gas. The chairman of one of the largest U.S. nuclear companies recently said that his company would not break ground on a new nuclear plant until the price of natural gas was more than double today's level and carbon emissions cost $25 per ton. This comment summarizes the current economics of nuclear power pretty well. Yes, there is a certain confluence of factors that could make nuclear power a viable economic option. Otherwise, a nuclear power renaissance seems unlikely.
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Al-Ali, Salah. "How Successful is the Management of Technical and Vocational Institutions, Kuwait, in Reducing Dependence on Expatriates?" Technium Social Sciences Journal 23 (September 9, 2021): 256–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v23i1.4575.
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There is a common perception that technical and vocational education is the ultimate solution for providing industries and business with skilled and semi-skilled manpower. It is considered as a dual type of education system that would allow students to transfer what they have learned in their schools and colleges into real work environment. It is a combination of education that encompasses theory and practice where students spend a certain time in industrial and business premises to acquire the needed knowledge, skills and attitudes. Due to the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower, the gulf states (e.g., Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates) have forged technical and vocational education colleges and institutions with the aim to supply essential sectors of their economy (e.g., oil, electricity and water, health sector, infrastructure), with qualified national manpower able to manage, maintain, and adapt the imported technology to suite local environments. However, the success of technical and vocational institution in achieving an acceptable outcome would, to great extent, depend on the quality of the management of technical and vocational institutions. The fact is managing technical and vocational education is completely different from managing a formal education (e.g., formal colleges and universities). This research paper examines how successful is the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions in providing local industries with indigenous skilled and semi-skilled qualified manpower. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with sample of heads of supervisors/heads of departments at the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the oil sector in order to assess the quality of graduates from technical and vocational colleges and institutions. Finally, the research will argue that unless the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.
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Latif, Mahmuda Binte, Anjuman Irin, and Jannatul Ferdaus. "Socio-economic and health status of slum dwellers of the Kalyanpur slum in Dhaka city." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 29, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v29i1.29760.
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This research was carried out to examine the socio-economic and health condition of slum dwellers of Kalyanpur slum area. The study was both qualitative and quantitative type. In quantitative approach, primary data were used and collected from randomly selected (68 respondents) slum dwellers in the Kalyanpur slum area. The secondary data were collected from journal papers, articles, books, official documents, thesis papers, daily newspapers etc. By analyzing the survey, it is seen that slum dwellers were deprived of basic needs. The study helps to identify the slum problems such as food and housing problems, poor sanitation condition, poor quality or no sewerage and drainage, inadequate educational facilities, lack of utility services like gas facility, electricity connection, piped water supply etc. From this study it is observed that every family live in a slum in unhygienic environment in poor condition. The slum dwellers work as garments workers (24.2%), household workers (13.7%), rickshaw pullers (19.2%), street hawkers, day labourers, masons etc. The range of household income of slum dwellers was about Tk 6,000 - 10,000 and they spent most of their money on food (61.39% of income). It was also seen that most of the slum dwellers were affected by various kinds of seasonal and waterborne diseases like fever, asthma, skin diseases, diarrheoa, jaundice etc. The study finds that poor socio-economic status and inadequacy of urban services has had an immediate effect on urban health specially the slum poor in metropolitan cities in the country.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(1): 73-83, June-2016
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Aït Abderrahim, Hamid, Peter Baeten, Alain Sneyers, Marc Schyns, Paul Schuurmans, Anatoly Kochetkov, Gert Van den Eynde, and Jean-Luc Biarrotte. "Partitioning and transmutation contribution of MYRRHA to an EU strategy for HLW management and main achievements of MYRRHA related FP7 and H2020 projects: MYRTE, MARISA, MAXSIMA, SEARCH, MAX, FREYA, ARCAS." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 6 (2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2019038.
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Today, nuclear power produces 11% of the world's electricity. Nuclear power plants produce virtually no greenhouse gases or air pollutants during their operation. Emissions over their entire life cycle are very low. Nuclear energy's potential is essential to achieving a deeply decarbonized energy future in many regions of the world as of today and for decades to come, the main value of nuclear energy lies in its potential contribution to decarbonizing the power sector. Nuclear energy's future role, however, is highly uncertain for several reasons: chiefly, escalating costs and, the persistence of historical challenges such as spent fuel and radioactive waste management. Advanced nuclear fuel recycling technologies can enable full use of natural energy resources while minimizing proliferation concerns as well as the volume and longevity of nuclear waste. Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T) has been pointed out in numerous studies as the strategy that can relax constraints on geological disposal, e.g. by reducing the waste radiotoxicity and the footprint of the underground facility. Therefore, a special effort has been made to investigate the potential role of P&T and the related options for waste management all along the fuel cycle. Transmutation based on critical or sub-critical fast spectrum transmuters should be evaluated in order to assess its technical and economic feasibility and capacity, which could ease deep geological disposal implementation.
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Dawson, Richard J., David Thompson, Daniel Johns, Ruth Wood, Geoff Darch, Lee Chapman, Paul N. Hughes, et al. "A systems framework for national assessment of climate risks to infrastructure." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2121 (April 30, 2018): 20170298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0298.
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Extreme weather causes substantial adverse socio-economic impacts by damaging and disrupting the infrastructure services that underpin modern society. Globally, $2.5tn a year is spent on infrastructure which is typically designed to last decades, over which period projected changes in the climate will modify infrastructure performance. A systems approach has been developed to assess risks across all infrastructure sectors to guide national policy making and adaptation investment. The method analyses diverse evidence of climate risks and adaptation actions, to assess the urgency and extent of adaptation required. Application to the UK shows that despite recent adaptation efforts, risks to infrastructure outweigh opportunities. Flooding is the greatest risk to all infrastructure sectors: even if the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 2°C is achieved, the number of users reliant on electricity infrastructure at risk of flooding would double, while a 4°C rise could triple UK flood damage. Other risks are significant, for example 5% and 20% of river catchments would be unable to meet water demand with 2°C and 4°C global warming respectively. Increased interdependence between infrastructure systems, especially from energy and information and communication technology (ICT), are amplifying risks, but adaptation action is limited by lack of clear responsibilities. A programme to build national capability is urgently required to improve infrastructure risk assessment. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy’.
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Manakhov, Valeriy, and Alexey Tsvetkov. "Determination of state of electrical equipment by spectra of wattmetrograms." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801042.
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The purpose of the work is to develop a method of diagnostics and control of oil production equipment to improve energy efficiency and optimize operation modes, through the use of a wattmeter program and its spectrum. The method of diagnostics according to the wattmetrogram is based on obtaining the active power spent by the electric motor for one period of rocking of the rocker. Analysis of the spectrum of wattmetrograms makes it possible to more accurately diagnose defects of this equipment. Thus, control over the spectra of the wattmetrogram is a more accurate and promising method of diagnosing equipment. Materials and methods: In the development of this issue, both domestic and foreign literature was used. The technical data of the control stations and sensors were used on the basis of actual electrical equipment. The prospects and benefits of using diagnostic options weltmetropole: relatively small number of sensors (current and voltage transformers); ability to measure the electric power consumed by the drive; ability to integrate with automated systems of technical and commercial electricity metering; the task is relevant already today, but it is quite promising in the future, due to the rapid development of technologies that allow for digital processing of wattmetrograms; use of these technologies in practice; economic advantages over similar representatives of this segment; service life of more than 20 years; ability to work in a wide temperature range -40 — +60.
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Stoyanov, Alexander. "Energy Complex of a Municipality on the Example of Luleå (Sweden)." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914003005.
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The following work focuses on the study of the energy complex in a particular country (Sweden) and in specific conditions (Luleå municipality in the first and second decades of the 21st century). The conclusions and results obtained during the work might be interesting from the point of view of applicability of practice in other countries, as an example of successful experience in implementing an effective fuel and energy complex, which allows each of the parties (producers and consumers) to derive the maximum mutual benefit. The main features of the energy economy of Sweden as a whole have also been considered, which may contribute to the deepening of research in this vein, in order to allow other municipalities to be considered, which in turn will make it possible to assess the efficiency and prospects of the fuel and energy complex in the country as a whole. The work also proposes and considers possible points of intensification of the production cycle in order to increase production capacities and improve the conditions for consumers who, due to the geographical features of the country’s location, are forced to spend large amounts of money on innovative technologies, illustrated in consumer prices for electricity and heat supply (especially other municipalities in Sweden, for example, the difference between Luleå and them in terms of consumer prices can reach 30-40%).
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Al-Ali, Salah. "How successful is the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait, in reducing dependence on expatriates?" Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3736.
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No one can deny the role of technical and vocational education in the world of work. Technical and vocational education would improve productivity, increase in wages, promote self-employment, and provide an opportunity for practicing talent and creativity in work place. It is an ultimate venue for youth to gain the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes that are mostly needed by industries and business. Indeed, it is different from a formal education where students spend a certain time in real work environment to interact with machines and tools. Technical and vocational education would allow students to work in workshops and laboratories and provide them with the ability to transfer with they learn in classrooms, workshops, and laboratories into real work place. Developing countries (e.g., Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar), has thoroughly realized and appreciate the role of technical and vocational education in reducing the dependence on expatriates, particularly in essential sectors of the economy (e.g., oil, electricity and water, constructions). Kuwait, as a developing country has recognized and appreciate the need to reduce dependence on expatriates by forging the College of Technological Studies, CTS. The main objective of the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait, is preparing students for the world of work by enhancing the level of student’s knowledge, skills and attitudes that are mostly needed by local industries and business. The research paper focuses on identifying and examining the CTS student’s perception towards the quality of teaching and learning. In addition to, examining industrial perception towards the standard of the CTS graduates. The oil sector and the Ministry of Electricity and Water will be selected to represent the recipients of CTS graduates. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, questionnaires, and an interview with a sample of heads of departments at the CTS. Interviews will be also conducted with the CTS graduates’ supervisor in selected industries. Finally, the research will argue that unless the CTS recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with industry, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.
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Winde, Frank. "Turning Water Pollution Sources Into Assets: Exploring Innovative Options Of Using Abandoned Mines For Generating And Storing Renewable Energy." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-03.
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Through moving large volumes of rock for decades or even centuries from geological underground to surface, industrial scale mining invariably alters the natural local and regional hydrological conditions. Consequences include irreversible changes of flow gradients and water quality in aquifers and streams effected through dewatering, ground subsidence, acid mine drainage, etc. During their lifetime mines spent significant resources and energy on maintaining an ever-increasing diversion from natural hydraulic equilibria through pumping rising volumes of ingress water from ever greater depths, especially if operating below water-rich formations (karst) or in humid climates. Associated pumping costs may even lead to premature mine closure. In cases where complete flooding of closed mines is not an option (e.g. to protect water resources or infrastructure) such costs remain well after mines closed for as long as flooding restrictions apply. In large and densely populated regions in South Africa or Germany, for example, where mining succeeded in triggering urbanisation and self-sustaining economic development it is (currently) assumed that pumping will be needed forever. Accordingly, postclosure water management is no longer only a long-term liability but indeed a perpetual burden placed on future generations that had little direct benefits from earlier mining. This paper focuses specifically on possible ways of reducing perpetual postclosure water management costs specifically of using abandoned mines for generating and storing renewable energy. It discusses successful examples already implemented, concepts investigated but not yet realised as well as technologies that received little, if any, attention to date. The latter range from using mines (included flooded ones) for the storage of electrical energy via different technologies, harvesting geothermal energy from mine water and voids to different ways of transforming chemical energy contained in mine water into electricity.
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Zhuravleva, Lyudmila Anatol'evna. "Agroindustrial complex: problems and instigating trends." Сельское хозяйство, no. 1 (January 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2021.1.36191.
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The article analyzes the current problems, functional strategies and instigating trends of the agroindustrial complex. The author describes the possible ways of solving problems and considers the prospects for the development of small-scale enterprises based on the existing government support programs for rural areas. Among the most acute problems for the successful development of farms, the author identifies the following groups of problems: 1. Economic problems: rising prices for fuels and lubricants; the volatility of the ruble exchange rate; the constant increase in tariffs for gas, electricity, fertilizers, machinery for agricultural production; the disproportion of prices of products and resources spent on their production; the lack of long-term supportive programs of preferential lending and leasing services; low level of innovation and investment activity; low level of solvency of the population; unsatisfactory state of telephone and Internet communications, roads and transport links; monopolization of sales markets by large agricultural holdings; insufficient development of marketing and logistics issues; weak image advertising of farm products and the lack of integrated marketing communications, which reduce the profitability and profitability of agricultural production. 2. Technological problems: technical and technological lagging behind the developed countries; low technological efficiency of agricultural production of peasant farms; a high degree of deterioration of the equipment and machinery. 3. Ecological problems: industrial and agricultural enterprises impacting on the environment; the inrease in land fertility; the use of pesticides leading to soil and water pollution; the lack of effective control over the quality and safety of food. 4. Social problems of rural areas: the lack of educational institutions with educational services of high quality and developed infrastructure; the lack of jobs for the adult population and youth's low interest in farming as a way of life; domestic problems.
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Nosovskyi, A. V. "Some issues in the nuclear energy sector of Ukraine." Nuclear Power and the Environment 18 (2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31717/2311-8253.20.3.1.
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Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine at a meeting of the National Commission for Radiation Protection of Ukraine on June 1, 2020. It is described the crisis in the nuclear industry due to approval of the new energy balance for 2020 by the Ministry of Energy and Environmental Protection of Ukraine. According to this balance, the volume of electricity production by NPP decreased and at the same time the share of thermal power plants and “green energy”, which produce much more expensive electricity, increased in the energy market. The situation is analyzed and recommendations are given for the implementation of measures to improve it. It is shown that the main task of the Ukrainian energy sector will be to continue the course of market relations and to abandon excessive market regulation. Market relations will lead to the fact that generating companies with cheaper energy will be able to sell it not at the cost level price, but at tariffs that have formed in the market. The price of nuclear energy will be brought up to the level of the price of energy produced by thermal power plants. Consumption costs will increase, but government generation will receive more funds, and the state will decide where to direct them: to subsidies for the population or to the development of nuclear or renewable energy. It is proposed to make the necessary changes to the legislation on “green energy”; establish a reasonable tariff for energy produced at NPPs; to introduce technical and organizational measures to ensure the operation of NPP power units in shunting modes. It is concluded that the optimal solution for the future from the standpoint of the both environmental and economic policy of Ukraine is the gradual replacement of NPP power units, which have “exhausted” project resource, with modern new ones with a higher level of safety. This will support the share of NPPs in the energy balance of Ukraine at 40−50%, as well as contribute to the fulfillment of its commitments to increase the use of low-carbon technologies in energy. As for solving energy problems of Ukraine on the basis of promising technologies — small modular reactors (SMR), this strategy does not yet have a proper feasibility study and is not confirmed by the necessary proven practice, as in the world such reactors are still being developed. Observations on the construction of the Central Spent Fuel Storage Facility (CSFSF) for long-term storage of spent fuel from the power units of Rivne, Khmelnytskyi and South-Ukraine NPPs were made. The construction of the CSFSF is under threat because already at the final stage of construction it was decided to liquidate the division of NNEGC “Energoatom”, which was engaged in the construction. Such an incomprehensible decision will not lead to anything positive, but will only delay the commissioning period of the storage facility by 1−2 years. It is shown that the construction of a New Safe Confinement (NSC) over the Shelter object of the Chornobyl NPP is just an intermediate stage in the transformation of the Shelter object into an ecologically safe system. In the near future, it is necessary to perform dismantling of building structures of the Shelter object, the term of operation of which ends in 2023. This is prompted by cases of destruction and collapse of building structures of this object, which occurred last year, and therefore this issue requires immediate solution. The critical state of nuclear science in Ukraine is reflected and it is warned that if the financial support does not change properly, in the coming years the country will be left without a unique scientific institution that conducts research on the safety of nuclear facilities, including the most dangerous in the world Shelter object. Emphasis is placed on the complete absence of a safety culture at the highest level of the country’s leadership, the lack of which is manifested in violations of national norms and international standards, the absence of some leaders in nuclear industry and dangerous enterprises, as well as the attitude of government agencies to the nuclear industry.
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Yeager, Kurt E. "Electricity for the 21st century: digital electricity for a digital economy." Technology in Society 26, no. 2-3 (April 2004): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.01.031.
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Hu, Yishuang, Yi Ding, Xiang Xia, Jianliang Fang, Wei Jiang, and Ning Zhang. "Forecasting of electricity capacity and suggestions of future industrial economy adjustment based on electricity-economy production function." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 227 (March 2, 2019): 032012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/227/3/032012.
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Karkhov, A. N. "RW MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMY OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION." Radioactive Waste 9, no. 4 (2019): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2587-9707-2019-4-32-38.
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Kalathil, Dileep, Chenye Wu, Kameshwar Poolla, and Pravin Varaiya. "The Sharing Economy for the Electricity Storage." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2748519.
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Oruonye, E. D., and E. Bange. "Challenges of Water Resource Development and Management in Zing Town, Taraba State, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 4, no. 1 (July 11, 2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v4i1.5136.
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This study examined the challenges of water resource development and management in Zing town,Taraba State, Nigeria. The study considered issues of sources of water supply in Zing town, the nature of water challenges, impacts of the water challenges on the socio-economic life of the people, water management strategies and prospect of urban water resource development in the study area. 110 questionnaires were systematically administered in ten streets that were purposively selected in Zing town. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the finding indicates that majority (45.5%) of the respondent have their water source from borehole, 18.2% streams, 18.2% hand dug wells and 9.1% from other sources (mostly water vendors). The study shows that 68.2% of the respondents had their water point located outside their households, while only 31.8% claimed to have their water sources located within their compounds (this is mostly hand dug wells). The nature of water challenge in the area ranges from severe (50%), not severe (27.3%) and normal (22.7%). The results also shows that only 34% of respondents claimed to have access to sufficient water daily, while 66% of the respondents hardly have access to sufficient water on daily basis. The study shows that the water management strategy adopted mostly by the respondent ranges from storing water in large container (48.2%), reduce water use (29.1%), increase amount spent on water (13.6%) and others 9.1% (mainly re-use of water). The prospect of water resource development in the study area is very bright with the proposal of a small earth dam in Monkin settlement by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The Monkin small earth dam which is meant to generate 500KW of electricity can be integrated into an urban water supply project in the area. This will assure more reliable water supply all year round. It will also help to overcome some of the challenges of servicing the hand pumps which rendered them inadequate when they break down. This study recommends the need to replace the old and obsolete borehole equipment with new ones and increase the number of boreholes to meet the increasing water demand in the area.
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Oruonye, E. D., and E. Bange. "Challenges of Water Resource Development and Management in Zing Town, Taraba State, Nigeria." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 4, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v4i1.445.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the challenges of water resource development and management in Zing town,Taraba State, Nigeria. The study considered issues of sources of water supply in Zing town, the nature of water challenges, impacts of the water challenges on the socio-economic life of the people, water management strategies and prospect of urban water resource development in the study area. 110 questionnaires were systematically administered in ten streets that were purposively selected in Zing town. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the finding indicates that majority (45.5%) of the respondent have their water source from borehole, 18.2% streams, 18.2% hand dug wells and 9.1% from other sources (mostly water vendors). The study shows that 68.2% of the respondents had their water point located outside their households, while only 31.8% claimed to have their water sources located within their compounds (this is mostly hand dug wells). The nature of water challenge in the area ranges from severe (50%), not severe (27.3%) and normal (22.7%). The results also shows that only 34% of respondents claimed to have access to sufficient water daily, while 66% of the respondents hardly have access to sufficient water on daily basis. The study shows that the water management strategy adopted mostly by the respondent ranges from storing water in large container (48.2%), reduce water use (29.1%), increase amount spent on water (13.6%) and others 9.1% (mainly re-use of water). The prospect of water resource development in the study area is very bright with the proposal of a small earth dam in Monkin settlement by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The Monkin small earth dam which is meant to generate 500KW of electricity can be integrated into an urban water supply project in the area. This will assure more reliable water supply all year round. It will also help to overcome some of the challenges of servicing the hand pumps which rendered them inadequate when they break down. This study recommends the need to replace the old and obsolete borehole equipment with new ones and increase the number of boreholes to meet the increasing water demand in the area.
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Al-Ali, Salah. "A model for Enhancing Academic Staff Promotion System in Vocational and Technical Education: College of Technological Studies, As A Case Kuwait." Technium Social Sciences Journal 20 (June 8, 2021): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v20i1.3396.
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Vocational and technical colleges and schools is a type of education which place students on apprenticeship system. It is through which students can spend certain time in industry premises to gain the necessary skills and attitudes mostly required by industries. Vocational and technical education is completely different from a formal education that is taught in classrooms. Developing countries (e.g., Kuwait, Oman, Qatar), has realized the importance of vocational and technical education in vital sectors of the economy (e.g., oil, electricity and water, construction), where expatriates are the dominate workforce and the need to reduce dependence on expatriates is one of high governments manpower strategy. In Kuwait, the government has absorbed the need to reduce dependence on expatriates and thus established the College of Technological Studies, CTS, to respond to the urgent need of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous workforce. Thus, the management of the College of Technological Studies has to apricate and value the significant role of the College of Technological Studies in meeting government workforce objectives. This can be accomplished by ensuring that academic staff has the necessary skills to prepare students to meet industrial needs and ambitious. The academic staff promotion system must be one of the CTS management priorities. The constant review and update the academic staff promotion system is crucial to maintain high standard of vocational and technical graduates. A model is introduced in this research for academic staff promotion system that enable the CTS management to review and assess the quality of the CTS academic staff competencies and their ability in meeting industrial requirements. The new model for academic staff promotion system would overcome and/or reduce the deficiencies of the current academic staff promotion system. The new model would encompass more realistic and efficient criteria’s for assessing the performance of vocational and technical academic staff and introduce a proper work methodology and procedure for minimizing the percentage of errors while promoting a candidate to a higher academic status.
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Brigitte, Okonga Wabuyabo, and Kaseeram Irrshad. "Emipirical Evidence of Causality between Electricity and Economy." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.32.
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This study seeks to empirically establish Granger-causality between electricity and manufacturing outputs in Kenya using ordinary least squares (OLS) time series method. Some of the leading economic indicators of Kenya that rely on electricity are used. The results are three-fold; some of the indicators enjoy bidirectional, others unidirectional while others register no causality at all with electricity output.
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Lee, Haneol, and Man-Sung Yim. "Examination of spent fuel radiation energy conversion for electricity generation." Nuclear Engineering and Design 300 (April 2016): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.02.003.
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Aplin, Karen L. "Atmospheric electricity at Durham: the scientific contributions and legacy of J. A. (“Skip”) Chalmers (1904–1967)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-25-2018.
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Abstract. John Alan Chalmers made major contributions to atmospheric electricity over almost 40 years spent at Durham University, UK. He is particularly remembered in the atmospheric science community for his accessible and insightful textbook, Atmospheric Electricity, and his work on corona currents, which are still regularly cited. He also supervised over 35 research students. This article discusses his background, scientific contributions, and significant legacy to modern atmospheric science within the context of a long and productive career spent at one of England's principal northern universities.
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Arango, L. G., E. Deccache, B. D. Bonatto, H. Arango, and E. O. Pamplona. "Study of Electricity Theft Impact on the Economy of a Regulated Electricity Company." Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems 28, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40313-017-0325-z.
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Amos, Jr., Orley M., John Wingender, Tabitha Doescher, and Keith Willett. "The Impact Of Electrical Co-Generation On The Oklahoma Economy." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2011): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v5i4.6340.
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Using input-output analysis, this paper estimates the impact of electricity co-generation on the Oklahoma economy, assuming alternative electricity growth rates and co-generation capacity. The impact is affected by co-generation operation, utility operation, co-generation construction, utility construction, and electricity rate changes. This study indicates that co-generation can have a beneficial impact on output, earnings, employment and taxes with a rapid electricity demand growth scenario and a detrimental impact with slower growth.
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Sadekin, S. M. Sirazam, Sayma Zaman, M. A. Rashid Sarkar, and Md Altab Hossain. "Role of Nuclear Electricity in Low Carbon Economy." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32209.
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To deal with climate change, low carbon economy is an utmost necessity for the present world. Energy requirement is growing faster exponentially in each decade. Over the long term some of the traditional sources (coal, gas, oil) have become inadequate to meet up the increasing demand. Current consumption rate of fossil fuel will make them extinct by year 2050 to 2100. Based on these facts nuclear power plant is a strategic choice to develop a clean energy. This paper presents - the role of nuclear electricity in low carbon economy. Though nuclear energy can't be called as 'carbon neutral' but it gives rise to much less emission of carbon dioxide than fossil fuels. Comparing with other energy structures, nuclear electricity chain emits a limited amount of greenhouse gas emission. Despite the uncertainty of building future nuclear power plants, this paper further discussed climate policies have larger impact than the policies that are against nuclear electricity production. The safety issue which is a public concern is also discussed here in short.
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Mallah, Subhash, and N. K. Bansal. "Electricity demand and supply projections for Indian economy." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 7, no. 2 (2009): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2009.027280.
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Westley, Glenn D. "Commercial electricity demand in a Central American economy." Applied Economics 21, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/772284227.
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Karier, Tom, Massoud Jourabchi, and Tina Jayaweera. "An electricity efficiency index for a regional economy." Electricity Journal 34, no. 4 (May 2021): 106929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2021.106929.
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Ludwig, Rafael, Givaldo Dantas Sampaio Neto, Fernando Ferrari Putti, and João Carlos Cury Saad. "DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DESEMPENHOS HIDRÁULICO E ECONÔMICO DE PIVÔS CENTRAIS." IRRIGA 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2018v23n1p17.
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DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DESEMPENHOS HIDRÁULICO E ECONÔMICO DE PIVÔS CENTRAIS*
RAFAEL LUDWIG1; GIVALDO DANTAS SAMPAIO NETO2; FERNANDO FERRARI PUTTI3 E JOÃO CARLOS CURY SAAD1
1Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail: rafaludwig@gmail.com ; joaosaad@fca.unesp.br
2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso - Campus Confresa, Confresa, MT, Brasil. E-mail: givaldosampaio@bol.com.br
3Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Tupã, SP, Brasil. E-mail: fernandoputti@tupa.unesp.br
1 RESUMO
A agricultura irrigada é dependente de energia elétrica para aumentar a produção e conseguir suprir as necessidades do mercado, o qual mostra-se cada vez mais exigente e competitivo. No entanto, com a escassez de energia e água, aliada à rápida elevação dos custos de produção, desperta-se o interesse para o uso racional destes recursos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o processo de criação de um software para avaliar a influência da declividade do terreno nas pressões e no gasto energético em um sistema de irrigação por pivô central. O software foi elaborado utilizando a linguagem de programação Delphi, acessando um Banco de Dados criado em Access2013, integrante do pacote Microsoft Office. Trata-se de um estudo desenvolvido em parceria com o Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA –UNESP, a Escuela de Ingenieros Agronomos da Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – EIA-UPM e a Associação do Sudoeste Paulista de Irrigantes e Plantio na Palha – ASPIPP, sediada no distrito de Campos de Holambra município de Paranapanema – SP. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o software desenvolvido pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para a avaliação do desempenho e funcionamento de sistemas de irrigação por pivô central, possibilitando ao usuário a realização da análise quanto à possibilidade de intervenção na vazão e pressão para redução de custos operacionais, fornecendo três possibilidades de alteração, considerando a lâmina fornecida e o consumo energético.
Palavras-chave: otimização, gasto energético, irrigação.
LUDWIG, R.; SAMPAIO NETO, G. D.; PUTTI, F. F.; SAAD, J. C. C.
SOFTWARE FOR EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES OF CENTER PIVOTS
2 ABSTRACT
Irrigated agriculture is dependent on electricity to increase production and to be able to supply the needs of the market, which is increasingly demanding and competitive. However, the lack of resources, such as water and electricity, and the rise of production cost, demand a rational use of these resources. The objective of this paper is to present the process of creating a software to assess the influence of land slope on pressures and energy spent in a center pivot irrigation system. The software was developed using Delphi programming language, accessing a database created in Access 2013, part of the Microsoft Office suite. It is a research developed in a partnership with the Rural Engineering Department of Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA –UNESP, Escuela de Ingenieros Agronomos da Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – EIA-UPM, and Associação do Sudoeste Paulista de Irrigantes e Plantio na Palha – ASPIPP, located in the district of Campos de Holambra in Parapanema – SP. The results show that the software is an alternative for performance validation and operation of center pivot irrigation systems. Moreover, it allows users to analyze the possibility of intervention in the flow rate and pressure to reduce operational costs, providing three possibilities of intervention considering water depth provided and energy consumption.
Keywords: optimization, sprinkle irrigation, energy consumption
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Hu, Zhaoguang. "Electricity Economics and Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (Gustav Ranis Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.331-353.
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Electricity supply economics and electricity demand economics are the two major components of electricity economics. This paper discusses the production functions with electricity, a core principle of electricity demand economics. In this paper, production functions with electricity are introduced at the firm level, sectoral level, industrial level, and national level. This paper also discusses integrated resource strategic planning (IRSP). As a part of electricity supply economics, it is a useful tool for policy study on low-carbon electricity. During the national economic development, low-carbon electricity can be recognised as the IRSP and the implementation of smart grid. The low-carbon electricity would be a great roadmap to Pakistan’s economic development. Pakistan’s economy is in an early phase of industrialisation. China’s economy is in the late phase of industrialisation. Experiences and lessons from China’s economic development would provide references to Pakistan. Keywords: Electricity Economics, Production Functions with Electricity, Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (IRSP), Low-carbon Electricity, Pakistan, China
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Dzyuba, Anatoly, and Alexander Semikolenov. "Management of Energy Costs of Industrial Enterprises Connected to Electric Grid of Electric Power Producers." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-2-198-207.
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Industrial enterprises connected to the power grids of electricity producers spend a lot of money on the transport of purchased electrical energy. The present article introduces some opportunities to minimize the costs. The author studied the principles of pricing of the transport of electrical energy purchased by industrial enterprises connected to power grids of electricity producers and described the advantages and disadvantages of the existing pricing options. The new indicator generator of voltage tariff coefficient made it possible to analyze the effectiveness of the transport tariffs for electrical energy at various types of industrial enterprises in relation to the tariff field of several regions of Russia. The study revealed ineffectiveness of the current tariffs on the transport of purchased electrical energy applied by such industrial enterprises. The author developed recommendations to reduce the cost of electricity. The main priority option was the application of demand management for electricity consumption by regulating the schedules of energy-intensive technological processes. This measure takes into account the criteria of economic efficiency, system reliability, and sustainability. It will enable industrial enterprises to manage their own schedule of electricity consumption without having to change the planned production volumes, thus reducing all cost components.
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Amusa, Kafayat, and Temitope L. A. Leshoro. "The relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Botswana." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 4 (2013): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i4c4art3.
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Concerted effort to diversify Botswana economy, in recent years, has seen increased activity of major sectors, which includes higher reliance on electricity. The demand and consumption of electricity within the Botswana economy increased substantially from the 1980’s. However there have been shortfalls in the country’s electricity generation capacity causing increased reliance on imports from neighbouring countries especially South Africa. Given the importance of electricity in Botswana, this study examined the relationship between electricity and economic growth, employing bounds testing approach to co-integration. Results obtained confirmed the importance of electricity for Botswana’s economic growth. The result also passed a battery of diagnostic tests. This study recommends the need for energy policy reforms that will enable increased electricity production capacity.
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Neufeld, John L., Sam H. Schurr, Calvin C. Burwell, Warren D. Devine, and Sidney Sonenblum. "Electricity in the American Economy: Agent of Technological Progress." Technology and Culture 33, no. 2 (April 1992): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105895.
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Navarro, Peter. "On the Political Economy of Electricity Deregulation—California Style." Electricity Journal 17, no. 2 (March 2004): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2004.01.002.
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Valentine, Scott Victor. "The socio-political economy of electricity generation in China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 32 (April 2014): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.017.
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Peters, Jeffrey C. "GTAP-E-Power: An Electricity-detailed Economy-wide Model." Journal of Global Economic Analysis 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 156–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/jgea.010204af.
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Kahrl, Fredrich, James H. Williams, and Junfeng Hu. "The political economy of electricity dispatch reform in China." Energy Policy 53 (February 2013): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.062.
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Uzoma, C., C. Atama, K. Okpara, I. Igwe, M. Nnaji, C. Adagba, and E. Onyekaozuru. "Centralized Electricity Grid and the Rural Economy of Nigeria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 730, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/730/1/012015.
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Dzyuba, A. P. "ELECTRIC POWER AS A FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 30, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2020-30-2-191-199.
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The article is devoted to the study of the characteristics and role of the Russian electric power industry in the national economy in comparison with the countries of the world. The materials provide an empirical comprehensive analysis of the performance indicators of the electric power industry sectors in the context of the countries of the world, with the identification of Russia's place in the world electric power balance. The information base of the study was the parameters of electricity consumption and the volume of gross domestic product of various countries of the world, as well as the characteristics of the structure of electricity production and consumption. The methods of analysis and synthesis, mathematical and statistical analysis were used. Based on the indicators of the electric intensity of the gross domestic product and electricity consumption per capita, a comparative assessment of the characteristics of the energy efficiency of Russia is carried out in comparison with various countries of the world. The materials provide a comparative analysis of the indicators of the structure of electricity generation by type of sources, as well as by type of fossil fuel used, with the identification of characteristics of electricity production in Russia. Based on the analysis, the author draws conclusions about the main advantages of the electric power complex of Russia over the countries of the world, as well as about the advantages existing over electricity consumers operating within the country. The analysis made it possible to develop recommendations on the general directions of the implementation of the policy in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of electricity consumption on the scale of the Russian economy.
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Batzaya, Bat-Ochir, and Choijiljav. "Features of the Mongolian Electricity Market." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 05027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020905027.
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Energy is one of the basic sectors of the country’s development. It is closely related with all sectors of the economy, providing the possibility of their stable development including mining, manufacturing, agriculture, transport, communications and others.
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Mayson, S., and I. D. Williams. "Applying a circular economy approach to valorize spent coffee grounds." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 172 (September 2021): 105659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105659.
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Amjad Chaudhry, Azam. "A Panel Data Analysis of Electricity Demand in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (September 1, 2010): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a5.
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This paper looks at the economy-wide demand and the firm level demand for electricity in Pakistan. The economy wide estimation of electricity demand uses panel data from 63 countries from 1998-2008, and finds that the elasticity of demand for electricity with respect to per capita income is approximately 0.69, which implies that a 1% increase in per capita income will lead to a 0.69% increase in the demand for electricity. The firm level analysis uses firm level data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey for Pakistan and finds that the price elasticity of demand for electricity across all firms is approximately -0.57, which implies that a 1% increase in electricity prices will lead to a 0.57% decrease in electricity demand across firms. Across sectors, the textile sector has the highest price elasticity of demand (-0.81) while the price elasticity of demand for firms in the electricity and electronics sector is the smallest (-0.31). Finally, firm level data is also used to estimate production functions in order to estimate the impact of electricity shortages on manufacturing output.