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Gilstrap, Matthew Coleman. "Renewable electricity from salinity gradients using reverse electrodialysis." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49031.
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Renewable power generation from the controlled mixing of sea and fresh water is relatively unexplored when compared to the development for solar, wind, and other sustainable power alternatives. When global river discharge was taken into account, an estimated 2.6 TW of obtainable energy exists in untapped salinity gradients. Reverse electrodialysis is one proposed power-generating mechanism for harnessing energy from brackish environments and relies on the transport of aqueous salt ions through an apparatus of ion-exchange membranes. In this thesis, operational parameters, including flow direction, salinity composition, and membrane selectivity, are investigated. For optimal performance, I have employed counter-current flow mode with monovalent ion selective membranes and pure 0.5 M NaCl saline solution. The results show that a maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) level of 2.01 V is obtained with an active membrane area of 0.0756 m². The presence of multivalent ions in the feed solutions hinders OCV levels, but the effects are reduced with monovalent-selective membranes. Preliminary results are insightful; in order to increase the commercially viability of this technology, future work is needed to enhance the performance properties of the ion exchange membranes.
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Brée, Luisa Carola [Verfasser], Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Mitsos, and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessling. "Model-based optimization of electrochemical systems for the use of electricity from renewable energy sources / Luisa Carola Brée ; Alexander Mitsos, Matthias Wessling." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225401658/34.
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Le, Roux Armand. "Opportunity for electricity generation from discard coal at the Witbank Coalfields." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97416.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Coal export mines in the Mpumalanga Highveld region of South Africa generate growing volumes of discard coal estimated to be in excess of a billion tonnes. It presents a significant pollution hazard. Discard coal has a usable carbon content that can be used in the generation of power through the application of fluidized bed combustion technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate its potential as an economically viable fuel source for generation of electricity at the Witbank coalfields. This study was motivated by advances in fluidized combustion technology and significant changes in the South African electricity market in recent years. A holistic approach was adopted considering regulatory policy, market, technical, environmental and economic factors in the use of discard coal as an alternative fuel source. The policy and regulatory environment was assessed from the perspective of the private sector as project developer and the most likely source of funding, given government’s funding constraints. An evaluation of the future pricing structure of electricity, energy resource mix, demand growth, future development of the coal market, production of discard coal and the cost of coal was conducted. Levelised cost of electricity methodology was used to conduct the economic feasibility for comparison with the cost of Eskom’s pulverised coal technology for its new power stations. The study found that generating electricity from discard coal presents a significant commercial opportunity as its levelised cost of electricity was found to be lower than Eskom’s levelised cost of electricity for its new power stations. Plant sizes of 125 MW to 1 000 MW were considered. For plant capacities of about 500 MW and larger, the cost of electricity was found to be competitive with the current average electricity price taking into account the cost of transmission/distribution and interest charges. This is on condition that the electricity is sold to Eskom or wheeled through Eskom’s grid and sold to third parties. Otherwise, plant capacity will be limited to the maximum demand from large local users, which is expected to be considerably less than 500 MW. Currently there is no regulatory certainty on wheeling mechanisms and charges and it is an area where major policy development is required. The development of a project could be hampered by policy uncertainty and because of Eskom’s monopoly position as single buyer. The favourable results and findings of the economic evaluation conducted during this study warrant further detailed feasibility studies.
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Wallace, Eva-Lena. "How the Price of Electricity has Affected the Electricity Demand in the EU-27 During 1998-2008. : - Would an Environmental Tax on Electricity Reduce the Electricity Consumption and Increase the Share of Electricity Generated from Renewable Energy Sources?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet (USBE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51328.
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Rusche, Tim Maxian. "The promotion of the production of electricity from renewable energy sources in the European Union through marked-based regulatory policies : a political, economic and legal analysis." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010301.
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La thèse analyse la promotion de l'électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables par la régulation économique. Elle combine la recherche existante en économie, sciences politiques et droit. Les principaux apports scientifiques nouveaux par rapport à la recherche existante sont les suivants : - L'échec des efforts de la Commission européenne d'harmoniser les systèmes de soutien au niveau de l'UE s'explique par une alliance (de prime abord improbable) des OGN "vertes" et des producteurs d'électricité verte, soucieux de protéger le système des prix garantis par l'État, ainsi que des États membres, soucieux du respect du principe de subsidiarité. - Contrairement à l'avis dominant en sciences économique, des prix minima garantis, arrêté au niveau de 'UE, constituent la politique règlementaire la plus efficient. - La première analyse compréhensive de la pratique décisionnelle de la Commission européenne eu matière d'aide d'État et la jurisprudence de la Court depuis 1990 montre que, contrairement à l'avis dominant dans la recherche juridique, les systèmes de soutien de la plupart des États membres constituent des aides d'État, car l'arrêt PreussenElektra a un champ d'application beaucoup plus restreint que généralement admis. - Les règles de l'OMC, du Traité sur la Charte de l'Énergie, du droit des aides d'État et du marché intérieur interagissent d'une manière qui n'a pas encore été pleinement compris par la littérature juridique. - Des parallélismes surprenants au débat juridique en Europe existent dans le débat juridique aux États-Unis. Cependant, il n'ont pas été mis en exergue par les juristes. Ainsi, la "dormant commerce clause" soumet les régimes de soutien au États-Unis à des contraintes similaires que les règles du marché intérieur; et le contrôle fédéral de la régulation des prix sous le Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) ressemble au contrôle des aides d'ÉtatThe thesis analyses the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources by regulatory policies, bringing together the existing research in economics, political science and law. The main new findings compared to the existing research are: The failure of the Commission's attempts to harmonize support schemes al the EU level is due to an (at first sight: unlikely) alliance of green NGO and renewable electricity producers, concerned about protecting fixed purchase prices, and Member States, concerned about subsidiarity; Contrary to the dominating view in the economic literature, fixed purchase prices, set at the EU level, are the most efficient regulatory option; The first comprehensive analysis of the Commission's decision practice and the Court's case law on support schemes under EU State aid rules since 1990 shows that, contrary to the dominating view in legal writing, the support schemes of most Member States do constitute State aid, because PreussenElektra has a much narrower scope than generally thought. WTO rules, the Energy Charter Treaty, and EU State aid and internal market rules interact in ways which have thus far not been analyzed in detail in the legal literature. Surprising parallelisms exist in the legal debate in the US and in the EU, which have thus far been widely overlooked by legal scholars: the "dormant commerce clause" puts very similar constraints on State support schemes as internal market rules; and federal control on price regulation under the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in the US acts similarly to State aid control in the EU
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Hubert, Tanguy Fitzgerald. "Design and implementation of a software tool for day-ahead and real-time electricity grid optimal management at the residential level from a customer's perspective." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41188.
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This thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a software tool able to achieve electricity grid optimal management in a dynamic pricing environment, at the residential level, and from a customer's perspective.
The main drivers encouraging a development of energy management at the home level are analyzed, and a system architecture modeling power, thermodynamic and economic subsystems is proposed. The user behavior is also considered.
A mathematical formulation of the related energy management optimization problem is proposed based on the linear programming theory.
Several cases involving controllable and non-controllable domestic loads as well as renewable energy sources are presented and simulation scenarios illustrate the proposed optimization strategy in each case.
The performance of the controller and the changes in energy use are analyzed, and ideas for possible future work are discussed.
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Sakib, Nazmus. "Effects of incorporating renewable energy sources into the electricity grid." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53485.
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With the increasing demand for energy throughout the world, the environment around us is getting severely affected. The conventional energy sources (coal, oil and gas) are unfortunately the biggest polluters of the environment. The aforementioned energy sources emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, which are responsible for global warming and ozone layer depletion.
The only feasible answer to this problem is to reduce the use of the conventional energy sources and focus more on other energy sources. The renewable energy sources (solar, wind and hydro) have been present in nature, but the technology to harvest these energies have always been relatively expensive until recently. The biggest advantage of using renewable energy sources is the fact that these energy sources will never run out and they also do not pollute the environment as their more conventional counterparts.
With more research being conducted into better ways of storing the power trapped from the renewable energy sources and the relative difficulty of obtaining the ever-depleting conventional energy sources, the future for renewable energy sources definitely looks better than at any time in the past
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Commin, Andrew Neil. "Matching renewable electricity supply to electricity demand in Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230176.
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The threat of climate change has led to many countries and regions adopting renewable targets. Scotland's is one of the most ambitious, with an aim to generate the equivalent to 100% of its electricity needs from renewable sources by 2020. Scotland has a very large renewable resource, primarily consisting of offshore and onshore wind, tidal stream, wave and hydro power; all of which are characterised by having variable output. Over a long period, such as a year, variability in renewable generation will average out and may meet or exceed total annual demand. This thesis investigates whether matching of demand and generation is possible within a timescale meaningful to electricity system users; that is whether renewable generation can meet electricity demand in any given hour. This was established by using historic data to create an hourly generation hindcast of Scotland's renewable generation over a 30 year climate “normal” period. These outputs are then compared to a hindcast of hourly demand based on observations over the most recent few years. The results demonstrated that it is possible for Scotland to rely entirely upon renewable generation to fulfil demand in any hour of the 30 year hindcast. However, it appears that the renewable capacity and storage currently built or within the Scottish planning system is only sufficient to match demand in 65% of the hours within the hindcast. The hindcast allows judgements to be made as to how 100% of demand could be met most effectively and provides the basis of a coherent planning strategy, with security of supply at its centre. Further wave and tidal stream capacity is shown to be of higher value than additional wind power but in the latter case, addressing the geographical diversity of wind power can enable maximise phasing between sites to increase the security of supply. Importantly this work provides a means of informing decision making about where best to develop wind, wave and tidal resources and what additional storage may be required in order to provide 100% security of supply. The results are also of particular importance to Scotland's renewable generation strategy in the case of assessing where new on- and off-shore wind farms should be developed, as wind is set to dominate Scotland's renewable portfolio for the foreseeable future.
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McIlveen-Wright, David. "Electricity generation from wood." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241990.
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von, Selasinsky Alexander. "The integration of renewable energy sources in continuous intraday markets for electricity." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-202130.
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This thesis develops and applies methodological approaches for the analysis of intraday markets for electricity which are organised as continuous double auctions. The focus is to improve the understanding of how balancing forecast errors from weather-dependent renewable energy sources influences the outcomes of continuous intraday markets. This is important as it helps to assess how large amounts of renewable capacity can be utilised cost-efficiently and without stressing security of supply. In a first step, the thesis proposes a (non-mathematical) model of a continuous intraday market to show how the direction of the forecast error determines transactions between market participants, how these transactions relate to the formation of prices, and how the market integration of renewables can be improved. In a second step, the thesis provides a foundation for quantitative market analyses by modelling price-setting decisions for power generators and electricity demanders. This makes it possible to show that information on market participants' technical characteristics enables informed predictions of their market behaviour. In a third step, the thesis presents a computer simulation of a continuous intraday market. Implementing the simulation approach for the German power system allows calculation of the costs associated with the uncertain feed-in from renewables.
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Alexander, Marcus Joseph. "Integrating renewable energy sources with the UK electricity grid through interconnection or energy storage systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397263/.
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This thesis considers the generation and demand challenges of a 100% renewable UK electricity grid and how this can be addressed with interconnection or energy storage. Hourly demand and electricity generation profiles for a year have been constructed: Business as Usual with a yearly demand of 540TWh and Green Plus (rapid uptake of energy efficiency and green measures) with a demand of 390TWh. In addition, two extra scenarios based on the above have been considered with electrification of heating (air source heat pumps) and transportation. The resultant hourly imbalances have been used to calculate the interconnection and energy storage requirements. The calculated interconnector capacity required was found to be 60GW at a cost of GBP 58 billion for the BAU scenario. Energy storage capacity requirements vary depending on the selected technology. Rated capacity was estimated to be 14GW with storage capacity of 3TWh for pumped storage, 11GW and 2.3TWh for liquid air, and 65GW and 13.6TWh for hydrogen storage, at a cost of GBP 65, GBP 76 and GBP 45 billion respectively. This thesis indicates that storing hydrogen in underground caverns would offer the cheapest solution. However, whilst these technological solutions can address generation and demand imbalance in a fully renewable electricity grid, there remain barriers to each technology. A further technological solution is to exploit the use of electric heat pumps for domestic heating and hot water, as well as the moderate uptake of electric vehicles. It is proposed that these technologies are used on a local scale to help integrate the additional renewable electricity generated within a pre-determined zone of the electricity network. Analysis has been carried out to determine the constraints in the UK network where renewable electricity generation is greater than local electricity demand. From this, consideration has been made to understand the real impact distributed energy storage in the form of heat pumps and electric vehicles could have. Results show that depending on the demand scenario and location on the network, there is the potential to accommodate up to 50% of the excess electricity generated. Lastly, analysis was conducted on a hybrid technological solution which combines interconnector and energy storage capacity in order to ensure that demand is met year round. This analysis indicates that an optimal combination of a 37GW interconnector plus 11GW of hydrogen (cavern) storage at a cost of GBP 42 billion for the BAU scenario is possible. Likewise, for the GP scenario a 24GW interconnector plus 8.5GW of hydrogen (cavern) storage at a cost of GBP 28 billion was found to be optimal. This analysis shows that a hybrid solution provides a lower cost option than installing either one of the solutions separately.
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Kaloud, Tobias. "Renewable Energy Sources and Investment in European Power Transmission Networks." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5576/1/wp249.pdf.
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During the past decade, renewable energy sources have become an indispensable pillar in European electricity generation. This paper aims at examining if the increasing importance of renewables stimulates investment in European power transmission networks. The question of interest is addressed by an error correction investment model that builds on Neoclassical theory and is further augmented by recent literary findings. Under the proposed threefold estimation strategy, the share of renewables is not found to significantly influence investment spending when the full set of transmission system operators are considered. However, a slight and justified sample restriction leads to the conclusion that a rising share of renewable energy sources substantially increases investment in power transmission networks.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Hultgren, Elin. "Making renewable electricity a reality : Policies and challenges when transforming Germany´s electricity system." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-98198.
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Germany is to undertake a speedy phase-out of nuclear energy and at the same time move into the age of renewable energy. The policy basis for the transformation of the electricity system is the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The aim of this report is to investigate the transformation of the German electricity system: popularly called the Energiewende. The report will introduce and analyze the Renewable Energy Sources Act as a policy instrument, and how the electricity grid needs to be developed in order to handle the increasing shares of electricity from renewable sources. The history, main regulations, and the success of the EEG will be investigated. Furthermore, the ways in which the EEG needs to be revised will be given attention. The imperfections of today’s electricity grid when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity, and ways in which Information and Communication Technology can be used in solving those imperfections will be analyzed. The basis for this thesis is a literature study. Since this is a current topic changing frequently, up-to-date research is used as the main reference. The EEG is based on a feed-in tariff system. The main concern when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity is the fluctuation over time. It is difficult to know how much power will be produced and when. The future challenge of the electricity grid is to keep meeting demand and supply in a secure way. To succeed with the transformation, the EEG not only needs to be revised but a solution to the system stability is also necessary. The EEG is considered a successful policy instrument but what it is missing today is incentives for balancing demand and supply, energy efficiency, and technology innovation. In order to deal with fluctuating sources, the main focus when upgrading the grid should be to improve the forecasting issues. The success of making RES a significant part in electricity generation could become strong proof for the global community that an electricity system based on renewable energy sources is possible.
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Ninikas, Konstantinos. "Opportunities for renewable heat energy from shallow geothermal sources." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.726798.
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Palmer, Vivian Julian. "An enabling environment for independent power producers in renewable electricity." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5868.
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The increasing demand for electricity, the rising price of energy from conventional sources and limited electricity supply are a global concern. The demand on electricity generation could be alleviated by diversifying the sources from which electricity is obtained to achieve the goals of long-term electricity supply. Diversification implies finding alternative sources of energy such as renewable energy for the production of electricity. The South African electricity system is under increased pressure to provide and maintain electricity supply to its users. Electricity production may be regarded as a key contributor to the social and economic development of South Africa. The challenges are so serious that it will gradually become increasingly difficult to extract sufficient resources to satisfy increasing electricity demand. Growth in the electricity and industrial sectors signifies profound changes in the entire energy industry. The South African power utility Eskom, supplies 94% of South Africa’s electricity but the risk of inadequate supply because of increasing electricity demand is mitigated through the employment of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) which supply to the grid. However, although a limited number of IPP entrepreneurs sell electricity to the Eskom grid, there is no enabling entrepreneurial environment in which they can thrive. There is no positive movement to inaugurate policies and processes. This has created an opportunity for Smart Grid access as a viable option to accommodate IPP entrepreneurs into the grid. Investing in renewable electricity sources may provide feasible alternatives for the electricity industry, it would alleviate pressure on current supply whilst creating an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPP entrepreneurs and increase entrepreneurial activity. This study investigates a proposed model for an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPPs in the RE sector that can be utilised to ensure increased entrepreneurial activity within the electricity industry. Establishing such an enabling environment would contribute positively to the alleviation of the electricity demand crisis, result in lower carbon emissions and create a sustainable, more diverse electricity generation mix. This proposed IPP industry model for an enabling entrepreneurial environment is presented to address the problems experienced at the different levels of the electricity industry. The model can be utilised to increase entrepreneurial activity while eradicating major electricity challenges at different levels in the South African electricity industry. The results indicate that that RE, in the form of solar and wind, has the potential to expand the South African electricity industry significantly. Therefore, in order to reform the South African electricity industry, stakeholders need to embrace entrepreneurship as IPP entrepreneurs. This can be done effectively by the incorporation of IPP entrepreneurs into the electricity network. However, an enabling entrepreneurial environment in which to operate must be ensured. In this study, five important variables support the establishment of an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPP entrepreneurs. These have been identified as; Smart Grids, Entrepreneurship, Renewable electricity environment, SA policy and Stakeholder theory. An important contribution has been made towards Stakeholder Theory. This has proven to be instrumental within the RE sector of the electricity industry in South Africa, as the mentioned role players have a reciprocal role to play. Three surveys were conducted at three levels of the electricity industry, namely, at organisational, legislative and entrepreneurial levels and included Eskom Management, National Energy Regulator (NERSA) Management and Approved and Non-approved IPPs. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilised in this research study. The results indicate that SA Policy is instrumental in assisting stakeholders to facilitate the IPP process and feed the power from RE generation into the network. Most respondents were positive about the role of Smart Grids in future electricity generation and their contribution towards creating an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPP entrepreneurs. Respondents indicated that by policy decisions, greater emphasis can be placed on the results of climate change and environmental challenges. Emphasis on the incorporation of stakeholders proved imperative to this group (IPPs). The results indicated that stakeholder management is a key factor contributing to the establishment of an enabling entrepreneurial environment. The major contribution of this study is a proposed entrepreneurial model that can improve future sustainability of the electricity supply.
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Bopp, Thomas Alexander. "Technical and commercial integration of distributed and renewable energy sources into existing electricity networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556618.
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Dowling, SL. "Energy from waste as a renewable energy supply to supplement electricity in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5378.
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Kettenis, Christos. "Electrical supply and demand in Cyprus : optimal use of renewable energy sources in electricity production." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/electrical-supply-and-demand-in-cyprus-optimal-use-of-renewable-energy-sources-in-electricity-production(3861cfcb-8a74-4087-a114-4e0dc9557202).html.
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As fossil fuel usage has been proven to have a negative impact on human health and the environment, the world has embraced the usage of renewable energy sources, mainly for energy production. In Cyprus, solar energy is the most potent renewable source and this can be seen by the vast majority of the population using solar water heaters in their households. This thesis explores the usage of solar energy for electricity and domestic hot water production at a residential level by presenting the designs of three solar-thermal concept systems for achieving this task; the first being the basic design of all three without any form of storage, the second is fitted with thermal latent heat storage and the third is fitted with a natural gas boiler instead. The optimal solution is the second concept system that is capable of storing thermal energy around the year thus having a nearly uninterrupted operation, reducing the dependency on fossil fuel produced electricity and emissions. The thesis also explored the usage of siloxane organic compounds as working fluids for a low temperature Rankine cycle, which had a significant impact in the increase of the thermal-to-electrical efficiency of the cycle, raising it to nearly 25%, greater than the efficiency of best acclaimed photovoltaic collector currently available. Lastly, taking into account a typical household’s demand profile and by allowing the optimal system to operate as part of the national electrical network continuously, the size of the system’s components could be reduced significantly making it more feasible for installing in a typical household’s premises. However, due to the non-existence of these components in the within the project’s specifications, the thesis could not include a useful economic analysis for a more realistic comparison with a similar sized photovoltaic system.
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Tsakiris, Iakovos Marios. "Energy Policy and development of Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity: A comparative analysis of the Swedish and Greek cases." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48544.
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Before electricity liberalization was implemented in the EU, national utilities controlled energy planningand technology choices and were basically the only ones with access to energy infrastructure finance.Liberalization came to change that. One of the goals of EU policies today is to create a level playing fieldfor power production based on new technologies and decentralized supply. However, institutional,structural and other barriers hinder further RES diffusion. Such barriers need to be alleviated to acceleratethe diffusion of RES technologies. This study analyses the Swedish and Greek experiences and actions inthe energy policy area between 2003 and 2008. I identify actions and evaluate their effects highlightingsimilarities and differences between the two cases, as well as remaining challenges. I find that EU policywas a decisive national policy driver in both cases. In Greece, feed-in-tariffs created a more secureinvestment environment and a more level playing field for producers and technologies. In Sweden, thegreen certificates served to promote RES but could not avoid market control by larger players. In bothcases, rent extraction mechanisms hindering competition were found along administrative and networkaccess barriers affecting mostly wind power. In Greece, adjustments are needed to further promote PVand better manage public funds and excess profits. Market liberalization is also necessary. In Sweden, thecertificates market expansion created a more competitive environment but some technologies still needmore support. At EU level, further harmonization of rules concerning unbundling and the setting ofbinding RES targets and infringement procedures should reduce national policy risks and contribute toreduce costs for new technologies. Plurality of markets and support schemes should be pursued in orderto create a large base of technologies while international markets for more mature technologies should beestablished. A more transparent process in achieving and revising targets at national levels should also beestablished while measures to avoid lock-ins should be pursued.
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Abdul-Salam, Yakubu. "Access to electricity in sub Saharan Africa : modelling the importance and adoption of off-grid renewables." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225751.
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Many settlements in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) lack access to electricity which is a necessary resource for development. Given the geography and population patterns in the region, extending national grids is economically unviable for many of the un-electrified settlements. Meanwhile the region is endowed with renewable resources which can be exploited in off-grid mode for electricity generation. This thesis examines the importance of off-grid technologies for onward electrification in the SSA region. The exercise inspires an electricity planning problem that can be analytically specified but is computationally intensive and impractical for real sized problems. Heuristic methods must therefore be used. We develop two new heuristic solution methods which draw on standard algorithms i.e. lexicographic algorithm and genetic algorithm to solve the problem. The new solution methods together with two existing heuristic algorithms in the literature are applied to a case study of Ghana. We find that the electrification schemes yielded by all four solution methods/algorithms suggest off-grid technologies, especially solar, are important for onward electrification in SSA. Locations that were assigned off-grid technologies in the algorithms mentioned above are typically rural where livelihoods are based on small scale farming. Currently, adoption of renewable resource technologies is low in these locations. We therefore develop a dynamic stochastic farm household model to examine the extent to which market failures impact self-funded investment in solar panels by farmers in rural SSA. We find that credit restrictions and risk affect solar panel investment to varying degrees. Using simulations of the policy functions, we find that the expected investment cycle for a credit constrained household in a stochastic farm income environment is 30 years if investment in solar panels is irreversible. In a reversible investment scenario, the expected investment cycle is 5 years only. Reversibility is therefore a major determinant of solar panel adoption among poor farmers.
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Braune, Yann. "Investments in Academic Renewable Electricity Generation Technology Spin-Offs : A Qualitative Study on High Capital Limitations for Underexplored Renewable Energy Sources." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413527.
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Due to an intensified climate change discourse, renewable energy technologies find higher attention within the energy system and increasingly compete with traditional energy conversion systems. Electricity is progressively being generated through renewable electricity generation technologies (REGT) which harness naturally existing energy fluxes (wind, tide, heat, sun) and convert it to electricity. High investments are currently being made into well-developed REGT using explored energy sources such as wind, hydro or solar. In order to increase cost- and energy efficiency of REGTs, university research projects are developing new REGTs that harvest underexplored energy sources such as the marine energy source. These capital-intensive marine energy research projects are entering the market through university spin-off firms but are often confronted with funding gaps, for the current or future operations. Capital rich investors could provide these funds but are often investing in well explored energy sources rather than into underexplored but more cost- and energy-efficient energy sources. Utilizing a qualitative, grounded theory-influenced approach and combining empirical material of semi-structured interviews, data from a participant observation of an innovation system workshop attendance and data from continuous meetings with an academic REGT spin-off from Uppsala University, this study investigates 1) the drivers and barriers within the funding ecosystem for academic REGT spin-offs in Sweden, 2) the limited access of high capital to underexplored energy sources on the specific case of the marine energy source and 3) a potential common ground for investors with high capital and academic REGT spin-offs in order to allow an accelerated diffusion of the marine energy source. The results indicate that the physical properties of the underexplored marine source should not be accounted for as driver but rather as the foundation of an academic REGT spin-off. This frame allows to bridge practitioners of both the investment field and the academic field of REGT spin-offs through the degree of utilization. An inversion of relations, where not only entrepreneurs increasingly link their field of study to economy and business, but also investors adapt cross-disciplinary knowledge towards academia and natural sciences via the degree of utilization, could be beneficial for an accelerated diffusion of academic REGTs. Bridging practitioners of both fields through the degree of utilization and other means might together with a full commercial application and proof of marine REGTs reduce the funding gap of academic spin-offs in the marine sector and allow access to investors with high capital.
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Macbeth, John Noel. "A thermal charge system for variable electrical supplies from renewable sources." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202380.
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In a time of a fast growing renewable electricity generation sector, there are challenges regarding the integration of such generation with current transmission infrastructure. Such challenges include problems associated with the intermittent power output of renewable energy sources and the inability to control there output to meet varying electrical demand. Using part of this available energy for the provision of domestic heating loads may help bridge the gap between supply and demand. The use of intermittent electrical energy sources for charging water based thermal energy stores was identified as a research gap. This research project studies the use of intermittent electrical supplies from wind turbines for the provision of space heating and hot water in domestic buildings. It also addresses how solar water heating may be incorporated into the same thermal energy storage unit to create a hybrid system. This thesis outlines and analyses two charge strategies that may be used to promote stratification in water based thermal energy stores when adding intermittent electrical energy. The first makes use of multiple heating elements switched on in sequence (direct system) while the second uses buoyancy forces to take cool water from the bottom of the tank, pass it through the heating element and then place it back in at the top of the tank at a higher temperature (side-arm). The research method includes; 1) a simplified theoretical simulation of direct and side-arm configurations in the transient system simulation software (TRNSYS) to identify system performance when charged from wind and solar energy; 2) a detailed theoretical representation of the side-arm charge mechanism with a modulating valve for TRNSYS; 3) an empirical validation of the detailed theoretical model of the side-arm charge cycle. Outcomes from the simplified theoretical model indicate that the side-arm configuration may have benefits over the direct configuration due to reduced heat loss from the tank, reduced auxiliary energy consumption and increased solar collector performance. The detailed theoretical representation of the side-arm was calibrated using the empirical data gathered. From this, important parameters affecting the performance of the side-arm charge cycle are evaluated. These include the effects of tank height, operating temperature and the power range from the intermittent electrical supply. It is identified that the assumptions made in the simple model are not possible to reproduce in real life and that an analysis using the complex model must be made in order to evaluate any potential benefits of the side-arm over a direct configuration.
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Massabié, Germán. "Venezuela : a petro-state using renewable energies : a contribution to the global debate about new renewable energies for electricity generation /." Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987830899/04.
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Choi, Dong Gu. "Energy models for electricity sector with green policies and technologies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45883.
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A variety of energy models and tools have been used for an comprehensive analysis of the complex energy systems and the design of pathway to sustainable energy world. This thesis analyzes three interesting problems in the electricity sector by developing and using suitable energy models.
Chapter 2 investigates how to incorporate demand responsiveness for policy analysis in the electricity sector using a least-cost model. This study develops its own least-cost model which includes some characteristics for two important policies in the electricity sector, and suggests an iterative approach for incorporating the demand response to price change under new policy. Based on a case study, the state of Georgia, this chapter shows the effects of including demand response on the evaluation of policy. Chapter 3 is about new technology adoption pathways in the electric power system. In this chapter, by investigating the related status of policies and specifications of electric vehicles and wind power technologies in the U.S., several adoption pathways of the technologies in the U.S. eastern interconnection have been developed. This study develops four-serial models for the estimation of future economic and environmental impacts of the technologies' penetration. The results show that the total greenhouse gas emissions of the entire energy system do not substantially decrease even with a high level of electric vehicle adoption. The combination of two technologies, even more with appropriate policies, can notably decrease the total greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 4 is a study about demand response programs, particularly optional time-based rates, for residential customers. This chapter analyzes the main reason that the participation of the current programs is low even though the programs have benefits. This study investigates two policy tools, a subsidy for flexible residential demand and a shared-savings mechanism based on consumption pattern changes, and examines the implementation of the tools and their potential to overcome the current inefficient operation.
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Dahlsten, Hilda. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity from Wave Power." Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, SLU, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162582.
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The use of ocean wave energy for electricity production has considerable potential, though it has proven to be difficult. A technology utilizing the heaving (up-and-down) motions of the waves was conceived at Uppsala University in the early 2000´s, and is being further developed for commercial use by Seabased Industry AB. The purpose of this master´s degree project was to increase the knowledge of the environmental performance of Seabased´s wave energy conversion concept and identifying possible areas of improvement. This was done by conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a hypothetical prototype wave power plant. All flows of materials, energy, emissions and waste were calculated for all stages of a wave power plant´s life cycle. The potential environmental impact of these flows was then assessed, using the following impact categories: • Emission of greenhouse gases • Emission of ozone depleting gases • Emission of acidifying gases • Emission of gases that contribute to the forming of ground-level ozone • Emission of substances to water contributing to oxygen depletion (eutrophication) • Energy use (renewable and non-renewable) • Water use The methodology used was that prescribed by the ISO standard for Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) and further defined by the International EPD Programme.The potential environmental impact was calculated per kWh of wave power electricity delivered to the grid. The main result of the study is that the potential environmental impact of a wave power plant mainly stems from the manufacturing phase. In particular, the production of steel parts makes a large contribution to the overall results. Future wave power plant designs are expected to be considerably more material efficient, meaning that there are large possibilities to improve the environmental performance of this technology.
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Azad, Vikas. "Modeling a distributed energy system for California electricity production through 2050." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/837.
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Recent research shows that combining distributed generation (DG) with renewable resources will reduce fossil fuel dependency and carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. This thesis presents a framework to evaluate the benefits of DG in terms of C02 emission and transmission line losses with respect to the use of centralized power production through 2050. Due to availability of complete data, Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) in California is the main focus of this thesis; however other utility companies such as PG&E, SDG&E and SCE are also discussed. The test results based on SMUD show a decrease of about 11% to 4% in line losses when a 500 MW DG is placed at the consumption site. This thesis also shows that by adding a 40 MW DG at the central location, C02 can be reduced by 71% when compared to current standard business practices. By adding 40 MW DG every year near consumers, SMUD can eliminate inhouse electricity generation thus completely eliminating C02 emissions by 2034.
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Rosen, Johannes. "The future role of renewable energy sources in European electricity supply A model-based analysis for the EU-15 /." Karlsruhe Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2007. http://d-nb.info/98936058X/04.
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Rosen, Johannes. "The future role of renewable energy sources in European electricity supply : a model based analysis for the EU-15 /." Karlsruhe : Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989626571/34.
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Henriot, Arthur. "Economics of intermittent renewable energy sources : four essays on large-scale integration into European power systems." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018509.
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This thesis centres on issues of economic efficiency originating from the large-scale development of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) in Europe. The flexible resources that are necessary to cope with their specificities (variability, low-predictability, site specificity) are already known, but adequate signals are required to foster efficient operation and investment in these resources. A first question is to what extent intermittent RES can remain out of the market at times when they are the main driver of investment and operation in power systems. A second question is whether the current market design is adapted to their specificities. These two questions are tackled in four distinct contributions.The first chapter is a critical literature review. This analysis introduces and confronts two (often implicit) paradigms for RES integration. It then identifies and discusses a set of evolutions required to develop a market design adapted to the large-scale development of RES, such as new definitions of the products exchanged and reorganisation of the sequence of electricity markets.In the second chapter, an analytical model is used to assess the potential of intraday markets as a flexibility provider to intermittent RES with low production predictability. This study highlights and demonstrates how the potential of intraday markets is heavily dependent on the evolution of the forecast errors.The third chapter focuses on the benefits of curtailing the production by intermittent RES, as a tool to smooth out their variability and reduce overall generation costs. Another analytical model is employed to anatomize the relationship between these benefits and a set of pivotal parameters. Special attention is also paid to the allocation of these benefits between the different stakeholders.In the fourth chapter, a numerical simulation is used to evaluate the ability of the European transmission system operators to tackle the investment wave required in order to manage the production of intermittent RES. Alternative financing strategies are then assessed. The findings reveal that under the current trend of tariffs, the volumes of investment forecasted will be highly challenging for transmission system operators.
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Li, Xiaoying. "The impact of wind power generation on the wholesale electricity price : Evidence from the Swedish electricity market." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137184.
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Wind energy has been growing rapidly during recent years. This paper aims to estimate the impact of wind power generation on the Swedish wholesale electricity price, using monthly time series data over the periods 2000-2016. The error-correction model is used to measure the price effect by including other factors that influence the electricity supply and demand. Thefindings suggest that the impact of changes in wind power production on the wholesale priceof electricity is negative in the short-term. When the wind power production increases by 1%, the wholesale electricity price decreases with 0.08%. Furthermore, the magnitude of the coefficient increases to 0.10% in the long-term.
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Osmar, Jerri Lynn Amos. "Using alternative energy concepts and hands-on activities to teach physics benchmarks and increase student motivation thermodynamics, optics and electricity /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Interdepartmental Physical Sciences, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 29, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 378-380). Also issued in print.
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Martiskainen, Mari. "Developing community energy projects : experiences from Finland and the UK." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51506/.
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Community energy has drawn interest from the general public, policy makers and researchers in the UK over the last few years. Community energy projects, such as energy saving measures and renewable energy projects, are usually organised by civil society groups rather than commercial businesses. This DPhil research approaches community energy as local grassroots innovation and compares its development in two different countries, Finland and the UK. Key research question is: Why and how do community energy projects develop and how do they contribute to niche development? The thesis uses Sustainability Transitions studies literature, especially literature on Strategic Niche Management (SNM), as a theoretical framing, and empirical in-depth analysis of four community energy projects, two in the UK and two in Finland. The research examines how community energy projects develop in ‘niches'. Research findings highlight that motivations for projects include monetary savings, energy savings and climate change. Projects are developed by pre-existing community groups or groups that have come together to develop an energy project. Local embedding of community energy projects to each project's individual circumstances helps successful project delivery. Pre-existing skills and tacit knowledge such as the ability to seek information and fill in funding applications can aid success. Engagement with key stakeholders further shapes projects' aims and objectives. Community energy projects benefit from a clear leader who works with a supportive team. There is evidence of projects networking at the local and national level in the UK, while in Finland networking remains limited to the local area and projects often develop in isolation. Furthermore, there is a clear lack of active intermediary organisations in the Finnish context. Policy discourse at the government level can aid the attractiveness of community energy, while continued funding support encourages more people to get involved in projects in their local areas.
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Taliotis, Constantinos. "Large scale renewable energy deployment - Insights offered by long-term energy models from selected case studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207364.
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The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) of Agenda 2030 calls for an increase in the use of renewable energy sources, among other targets. The percentage of fossil fuel-fired thermal generation for electricity is increasingly being reduced as renewable energy technologies (RET) advance in cost-competitiveness, and as greenhouse gas and industrial air pollutant emission limits become more stringent. In certain cases, renewable energy contributes to energy security by improving a nation’s trade balance, since local resources are harnessed and imports are reduced. RET investments are becoming more frequent gaining a sizeable share in the electric power mix of numerous countries. However, RET is affected by existing fossil fuel-fired electricity generation, especially in countries that have domestic reserves. While coal may be dirty, others such as natural gas provide multiple benefits, presenting a challenge to renewables. Additionally, RET endowment varies for each geographical location. This often does not correspond to the location of major electricity demand centers. Therefore, large scale RET adoption and integration becomes logistically more cumbersome, as it necessitates existence of a developed grid network. Utilizing a series of analyses in two different settings – Africa and Cyprus – this thesis draws insights on RET growth policy and the level of technology representation in long term energy models. In order to capture specific challenges of RET integration, enhancements in traditional long-term energy system models are called for and carried out. The case of Africa is used to assess adoption of RET under various trade scenarios. It is home to some of the world’s greatest RET resource potential and the single largest potential RET project, Grand Inga. While, the island of Cyprus has goals of introducing large percentages of RET into its electric power mix. Each have important idiosyncrasies which are reflected in the analysis. On the one hand, natural gas competes with RET in Cyprus and forms a key transition fuel away from oil. On the other hand, lack of cross-border interconnectors limit RET project development across Africa.QC 20170519
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Bass, Robert John. "The potential benefits of strategically located energy storage and the integration of power from renewable sources." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10963.
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Ultimately there will be a limit on the amount of power from variable sources of renewable energy which can be absorbed by the electricity supply system and continue to remain stable and secure. New technical solutions are required. The development of energy storage technology could provide a potential solution. However, all the current methods involve either a significant loss of energy during the process or are unsuitable for the bulk storage of power. The research work reviews current methods of energy storage and examines the supply chain in order to resolve where energy storage should best be located. Most benefits could be gained if the energy storage units were placed adjacent to the final customers. The power lost during transmission and distribution could be minimised and the capital invested in the infrastructure would be more productive. It would require energy to be stored in relatively small quantities using simple technology, be remotely controJled and offer a long operational life. Few current methods match these requirements. In order to support the analysis of benefits which may be delivered by storing energy, the performance of a modem CCGT power station was monitored while it was operating with a number of different output profiles. The consequences were recorded and analysed for fuel used, C02 emitted, operational costs and maintenance as the plant produced power below its optimum performance. The Flow Battery was identified as the technology likely to deliver most characteristics required of an embedded energy store. However, the flow battery requires space to store the electrolyte and can be expensive to employ in urban areas where land prices are high. An enhancement of the hydraulic accumulator could be developed as an energy store. The initial analysis suggests that it offers the potential technical characteristics required and could be designed for minimum land requirements. Hence it could be located adjacent to existing electricity sub-stations or even within domestic premises, industrial complexes and commercial enterprises where land may already in the hands of the potential user.
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Rosen, Johannes [Verfasser]. "The future role of renewable energy sources in European electricity supply : a model-based analysis for the EU-15 / by Johannes Rosen." Karlsruhe : Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989626571/34.
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Friedman, Howard Lawrence. "Federal and state renewable energy policy : lessons from the late 1970's and early 1980's /." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020318/.
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Aleksic, Snezana. "Butanol Production from Biomass." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1242762960.
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Sharp, Tammy-Ann. "Exploring the potential impact of carbon, capture and storage technologies on the diversity of the UK electricity system to 2050." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51575/.
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Creating a diverse and flexible energy system to ensure security of supply is at the heart of UK energy policy. However, despite the apparent interest in the idea of securing supply in this way and the term ‘diversity' becoming more frequently used in this context in government White Papers, policy discourse and the academic literature relatively little attention has been given to exploring what diversity means, how it can be measured, what contribution it can make to different policy objectives and the specific implications for the UK electricity system. Furthermore CCS technologies which are becoming increasingly important to decarbonisation of the power sector in order to meet legally binding greenhouse gas targets set out in the Climate Change Act which raises the question, what are the potential impacts of these technologies on the diversity of the future UK electricity system? To answer this question a mixed methodology of quantitative energy-economic modelling (using MARKAL), scenario analysis and diversity analysis is combined with qualitative semi-structured stakeholder interviews. Data analysis is carried out in two parts. The first assesses the diversity (with a specific focus on the effect of different input assumptions on CCS technologies) of the scenarios generated using Stirling's Diversity Heuristic and creates a set of ‘diversity profiles' which map changes in diversity across each scenario. The second part uses stakeholder perspectives to inform the quantification of diversity across the same set of scenarios providing evidence of the impact of different stakeholder perspectives on the overall diversity of the electricity system.
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SONG, CONGCONG. "Electricity generation from hybrid PV-wind-bio-mass system for rural application in Brazil." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211794.
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Electrification of households in rural area and isolated regions plays a significant impact on the balanced economic development. Brazil grows with a high population growth rate, but still parts of rural area and isolated regions do not have the accessibility of electric power. This study focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-wind-biomass power system for rural electrification at Nazaré Paulista in southeast Brazil. This study was performed by using the hybrid renewable energy system software HOMER. The wind and solar data was collected from Surface meteorology and Solar Energy-NASA, and the biomass data was collected and estimated from other previous studies. The result shows, the hybrid PV-wind-biomass renewable system can meet 1,601 kWh daily demands and 360 kW peak load of the selected rural area. The power system composed of 200 kW PV panels, 200 kW biomass generator, 400 battery banks, and 200 kW converter. All the calculations were performed by Homer and the selection were based on the Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized cost of energy (COE). Because of the fossil fuels’ negative impacts on human health and environment, all the energy sources for this system are renewable energies which have less pollution.
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Verma, Suruchi. "Comparative Analysis of Wind, Solar and Landfill Gases as Alternative Sources of Energy for Electricity Generation." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1262.
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The document reviews the current and projected electricity demand until the year 2030 along with the fuel mix. Several projections based on different agencies were studied in order to understand the trend of fuel mix projected to be used. Clearly, the fuel mix being used or projected is unsustainable. Depletion of fossil fuels, increasing demand and environmental impacts are some of the factors that emphasize the use of Alternative Sources of Electricity. Three of the upcoming Alternative Sources - Solar, Wind and Landfill Gases - are discussed and compared in the document. Based on the comparison, Landfill Gas projects seem to be very favorable, despite the higher costs related with such projects, several advantages over the other two Alternative Sources are discussed in the document. The several advantages of Landfill Gas projects, such as emissions reduction, better power quality, reduction in transmission losses, and several others are discussed in the document
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Serutla, Bokhabane Tlotliso Violet. "Potential for energy recovery and its economic evaluation from a municipal solid wastes landfill in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2463.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Landfill gases, principally methane, CH4 are produced from the decomposition of the municipal solid wastes deposited on landfill sites. These gases can be captured and converted into usable energy or electricity which will assist in addressing energy needs of South Africa. Its capture also reduces the problems associated with greenhouse gases. The aim of this study is to estimate gases that can be produced from the Bellville landfill site in Cape Town. The landfill gas capacity was estimated using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model. The IPCC model showed that 48 447m3/year of landfill gas capacity was determined only in 2013. The LFGTE process plant is designed in a manner of purifying landfill gas, which at the end methane gets up being the only gas combusted. As a matter of fact 14 544kg/year of gases which consists mainly methane gets combusted. The average energy that can be produced based on the generated landfill gas capacity (methane gas) is 1,004MWh/year. This translates to R1. 05million per year at Eskom’s current tariff of R2.86 /kWh) including sales from CO2 which is a by-product from the designed process plant. A LFGTE process plant has been developed from the gathered information on landfill gas capacity and the amount of energy that can be generated from the gas. In order, to start-up this project the total fixed capital costs of this project required amounted up to R2.5 million. On the other hand, the project made a profit amounted to R3.9million, the Net profit summed up to R1. 3million and the payback time of Landfill Gas ToEnergy (LFGTE) project is 4years.The break-even of the project is on second year of the plant’s operation. The maximum profit that this project can generate is around R1. 1million. The life span of the plant is nine years. Aspen plus indicated that about 87% of pure methane was separated from CO2 and H2S for combustion at theabsorption gas outletstream. I would suggest this project to be done because it is profitable when by-products such as CO2 sales add to the project’s revenues.
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Grabowski, Karen S. "Magazine coverage of corn ethanol between two energy crises sourcing and framing in corn ethanol coverage in Time, Newsweek and The economist from 1979 to 2007 /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1228852159.
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von, Selasinsky Alexander [Verfasser], Dominik [Akademischer Betreuer] Möst, and Marco [Akademischer Betreuer] Lehmann-Waffenschmidt. "The integration of renewable energy sources in continuous intraday markets for electricity / Alexander von Selasinsky. Betreuer: Dominik Möst. Gutachter: Dominik Möst ; Marco Lehmann-Waffenschmidt." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1100356096/34.
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von, Selasinsky Alexander Verfasser], Dominik [Akademischer Betreuer] [Möst, and Marco [Akademischer Betreuer] Lehmann-Waffenschmidt. "The integration of renewable energy sources in continuous intraday markets for electricity / Alexander von Selasinsky. Betreuer: Dominik Möst. Gutachter: Dominik Möst ; Marco Lehmann-Waffenschmidt." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-202130.
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Alexander, Karen. "Offshore power production and marine stakeholders : from understanding conflict to impact mitigation." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2012. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/offshore-power-production-and-marine-stakeholders(92df071b-42b0-4d65-a4b4-798d4300169b).html.
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Little is known about the impact of marine renewable energy installations upon the marine environment and those who use it. Harnessing marine energy will involve the offshore siting of energy extraction devices and their associated infrastructure. This will alter the local environment and substantially modify use and access for a variety of marine stakeholders, potentially leading to conflict. Using the Ecosystem Approach (EA) as a conceptual framework, this thesis aimed to answer the question: What is the potential for conflict between the marine renewable energy industry and marine stakeholders, and how can this be mitigated? The research consisted of three components which used a variety of methods: i) stakeholder identification through a review of the literature and use of a novel interactive mapping method; ii) an investigation of the potential consequences for the priority stakeholder which used a mail survey and in-depth interviews; and iii) an exploration of potential mitigation which used ecosystem modelling. The stakeholder most likely to be affected by marine renewable energy device (MRED) deployment was the fishing industry. Potential consequences included: navigation and safety hazards, loss of access and alternative employment. Further exploration revealed that a loss of livelihood was the all-encompassing concern for fishers, and that skills shortages (transferable skills) may mean that should a loss of livelihood occur there may not be acceptable alternative employment. The modelling exercise indicated that it is not currently possible to definitively predict whether any opportunities which may be created by MRED installation will mitigate any negative effects, and that exclusion zones may actually decrease catches for most fleets. The findings of this study have implications for ‘conflict-free’ development of the marine renewable energy industry. To address this, several policy recommendations were offered as regards to operationalising the EA in terms of marine renewable energy.
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DE, LEON RAFAEL. "Modeling the impact of variable renewable energy sources penetration on supply-demand balance : Analysis of France from 2021 to 2025." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294583.
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France is planning a strong development of solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power in the medium term disrupting the power system. This Master Thesis analyzes the impacts of variable renewable energy production on the supply-demand balance from 2021 to 2025 in France. The model used relies on a dynamic programming method. The analysis is based on the assessment of indicators such as price signals, margins, loss of load duration (LOLD), expected energy not served (EENS) and nuclear drop stop that characterize the supply-demand balance and the security of supply of the electricity system. Wind power and PV are two very different technologies. Their load factor is very sizeable as it characterize their seasonality, variability and predictability and has an impact on all medium-term indicators. Wind power and PV have low marginal costs and their production is seasonal and in anti-phase. With new installed capacity, their added production in the supply-demand balance will substitute first the imports from the interconnections until saturation and then nuclear and thermal power plant production. Prices decrease with the same seasonality as the production and need to be considered when establishing the nuclear planning for the years to come. In addition a re-optimization of hydro power is observed. In terms of security of supply, wind power is more efficient than PV when assessing the reduction of LOLD but both are far from the performance of combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). Lastly, the lack of nuclear production opportunities increases considerably more with PV due to a very localised production during the day which coincides in summer with periods of low consumption. Wind power and PV are two distinct technologies and should not be put in the same category when assessing their impact on the power system.Frankrike planerar en stark utveckling av solceller (PV) och vindkraft på medellång sikt för att störa kraftsystemet. Detta examensarbete analyserar effekterna av varierande produktion av förnybar energi på balans mellan utbud och efterfrågan från 2021 till 2025 i Frankrike. Modellen som används bygger på en dynamisk programmeringsmetod. Analysen baseras på bedömningen av indikatorer som prissignaler, marginaler, förlust av lasttid (LOLD), förväntad energi som inte serveras (EENS) och kärnkraftsfallstopp som kännetecknar efterfrågan och utbudssäkerheten för el systemet. Vindkraft och solceller är två mycket olika tekniker. Deras belastningsfaktor är mycket stor eftersom den kännetecknar deras säsongsvariation, variation och förutsägbarhet och påverkar alla medellångsiktiga indikatorer. Vindkraft och solceller har låga marginalkostnader och deras produktion är säsongsbetonad och i fas. Med ny installerad kapacitet kommer deras extra produktion i utbuds- och efterfrågan att ersätta importen från sammankopplingarna till mättnad och sedan produktion av kärnkraft och värmekraftverk. Priserna sjunker med samma säsong som produktionen och måste beaktas när kärnkraftsplaneringen fastställs för de kommande åren. Dessutom observeras en återoptimering av vattenkraften. När det gäller försörjningstrygghet är vindkraft effektivare än solceller vid bedömning av minskningen av LOLD men båda är långt ifrån prestanda för kombinerade cykelturbiner (CCGT). Slutligen ökar avsaknaden av kärnkraftsproduktionsmöjligheter betydligt mer med solceller på grund av en mycket lokal produktion under dagen som sammanfaller på sommaren med perioder med låg konsumtion. Vindkraft och solceller är två olika tekniker och bör inte placeras i samma kategori när man bedömer deras inverkan på kraftsystemet.
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Carmo, Vadson Bastos do 1960. "Avaliação da eficiência energética renovável de biomassas alternativas para geração de eletricidade." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266061.
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Orientador: Katia TannousTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da energia renovável de fontes alternativas de biomassas como matérias-primas em processos de geração de energia integradas a produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar para utilização no período de entressafra desta matéria-prima ou de forma independente através de uma usina termelétrica. As fontes de biomassa analisadas foram as seguintes: resíduos agroindustriais (casca de arroz, jequitibá-rosa, caixeta), resíduos urbanos (poda de árvores e fibra de coco) e plantio e floretas energéticas (capim-elefante e eucalipto). As eficiências energéticas relativas das biomassas foram determinadas a partir de uma usina termoelétrica de referencia, considerando-se a mesma potência de IMW, a eficiência do processo de termoconversão e os índices energéticos consolidados para esta avaliação energética e emergética, usando-se a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). A floresta enegética de eucalipto, o plantio de campim-elefante, o resíduo urbano da fibra-de-coco e os resíduos agroindustriais das madeiras caixeto e jequitibá-rosa apresentaram os melhores indices de eficiência energética renovável relativa, demonstrando que estas fontes de biomassas apresentaram desempenhos similares ou próximos ao abtido pelo bagaço da cana-de-açucar e, portanto, com potencial para substuí-la na geração de 7.776 kWh/ano de bioenergia, com sustentabilidade. O uso de biomassas alternativas para geração de energia elétrica na substituição do uso de combustíveis fósseis em unidades geradoras convencionais por uma usina termoelétrica movida a biomassa, pode mitigar 96.733 quilitoneladas de CO2 durante a expectativa de operação da planta, constribuindo para a redução de emissões de gases do efeito estufa e geração de energia mais limpa e renovável
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of renewable energy from alternative sources of biomass as raw materials in processes of power generation integrated production of ethanol from sugarcane for use in the off-season this raw material or fromindependent through a thermoelectric plant. The sources of biomass were analyzed as follows: agroindustrial waste (rice husk, jequitibá rosa and caixeta woods), municipal waste (pruning trees and coconut fiber) and florest energy plantations (elephant grass and eucalyptus). The relative efficiency renewable energy of biomass were determined from a reference power plant, considering the same power of 1MW and the efficiency of the thermal conversion process were then consolidaded in an emergy index for this energy and emergy evaluation, using the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA). The eucalyptus forest, planting of elephant grass, urban waste fiber cocount and agroindustrial waste woods of caixeta and jequitibá rosa showed the highest index of renewable energy relative efficiency, demonstrating that these sources of biomass showed similar or close to that obtained from sugarcane performance and therefore have the potential to replace it in the generation of 7,776 kWh / year of bio-energy with sustainability. The use of alternative biomass for power generation in the replacement of fossil fuels in conventional generating units powered by a thermoelectric plant biomass can mitigate 96,733 kilotonnes of C02 over the expected plant operation, constributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and generation of cleaner and renewable energy
Doutorado
Engenharia Química
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Aboumahboub, Tino [Verfasser], Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner, and Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Haas. "Modeling and Optimization of the Global Electricity Generation System with High Shares of Fluctuating Renewable Energy Sources / Tino Aboumahboub. Gutachter: Ulrich Wagner ; Reinhard Haas. Betreuer: Ulrich Wagner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024161226/34.
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Behnood, Aref. "Optimal Operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Radial Distribution Networks." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397113.
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In recent years, power systems are facing with various challenges arising from the increased share of renewable energy systems. Among all sections of power systems, distribution grids are affected the most since the majority of renewable energy sources are connected to distribution grids. As the penetration of Variable Energy Sources increases in electric grids, energy storage systems have become more influential. In this context, this thesis presents a new algorithm for the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in distribution grids. The proposed algorithm aims to define the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems considering the network topology, the output power of Variable Energy Sources and the electricity prices from the one-day ahead electric market as well as real time control of the batteries through smart appliances. In order to do this, firstly a comprehensive study on the existing Optimal Power Flow methods is carried out. Then, AR-OPF which is a novel Optimal Power Flow method for radial distribution systems is presented and the required mathematical constraints, equations and parameters of Battery Energy Storage Systems for modelling in distribution systems are described. Then, the problem formulation and the proposed algorithm are discussed in detail. Further to energy storage as the main function of Battery Energy Storage Systems, the impact of the proposed method on other functions of Battery Energy Storage Systems such as voltage control, grid support and loss reduction will be investigated. In order to do so, the proposed algorithm is applied to the IEEE 34 node test system as a case study. This will be carried out through defining several different scenarios. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the size of the existing batteries and the electricity price. The thesis will be concluded by the findings and possible future works.
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Agapito, Cassiano Augusto. "Fontes renovaveis de energia eletrica : competitividade e participação na expansão do parque gerador brasileiro." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258231.
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Orientador: Carlos Alberto MariotoniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo é explorar os caminhos da expansão da geração no setor elétrico brasileiro. Com uma avaliação econômica das diferentes opções de projetos selecionados através da simulação de Tarifas de Equilíbrio, este estudo busca analisar a competitividade das fontes renováveis de geração no mercado brasileiro de energia elétrica e o impacto da evolução dos conceitos da economia ambiental e a colocação destes conceitos em prática através da alteração da legislação vigente. Através de uma pesquisa com especialistas são levantados os dados necessários para elaboração dos modelos econômico-financeiros individuais de cada fonte. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa mostram que as fontes renováveis devem manter participação elevada na expansão do sistema, e o novo paradigma ambiental deve elevar essa superioridade ainda mais.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the ways of expansion of generation in the Brazilian electricity sector. With an economic evaluation of different options for selected projects through the simulation of Rates of balance, this study aims to analyze the competitiveness of renewable generation in the Brazilian electricity market and the impact of the development of concepts of environmental economics and putting these concepts into practice by amending the existing legislation. Through a search specialists are raised with the data necessary to produce economic and financial models of each individual source. The results of the research show that renewable sources must maintain high participation in the expansion of the system, and the new paradigm environmental superiority that should raise even more.
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Mestre em Engenharia Civil