Dissertations / Theses: 'Electricity Physics Magnetism'

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Warnakulasooriya, Rasil. "Students' models in some topics of electricity & magnetism." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1061329601.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 303 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Lei Bao, Dept. of Physics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-303).

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Hills, Victoria Anne. "MBE growth, characterisation and physics of antiferromagnetic copper manganese arsenide." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38467/.

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Research into antiferromagnetic materials for application in spintronics has rapidly expanded in recent years. The prediction and observation of spin based phenomena with antiferromagnets as the active components, has expanded the field and there is a need for high quality materials that are compatible with existing III-V semiconductor systems to expand this research. Copper manganese arsenide is one such material and will be the subject of this thesis. Early studies had shown that this material grows epitaxially on both gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. This thesis builds on this early work by further characterising CuMnAs, improving the techniques used to grow it, and enhancing our understanding of the material. A key result of this thesis is that the Néel temperature of CuMnAs can be studied using temperature dependent transport measurements. This method allows for a range of layer thickness (from between 5 and 140 nm) to be studied. We find that the Néel temperature of CuMnAs is suppressed by around 100K when the layer thickness is less than 10nm. At the thicknesses studied there is agreement (around (480±5)K) with the more established neutron diffraction technique for measuring Néel temperature, which was also used to determine the magnetic structure of the CuMnAs studied. In addition to measurement of the Néel temperature of CuMnAs, a detailed study is made in this thesis of the ideal growth conditions for ultrathin (sub 10nm) films of CuMnAs. Post-growth examination of ultrathin layers of CuMnAs showed that significant portions of material were missing due to poor adhesion. This thesis shows the results of the development of several different nucleation and growth methods, which were used to improve the adhesion of the CuMnAs layer to the substrate. These methods are evaluated using atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, magnetometry and transport measurements. CuMnAs has previously shown to strongly prefer growth under stoichiometric conditions, as non-stoichiometric conditions have tended to favour the formation of clusters of the excess material. In excess Mn conditions these clusters are ferromagnetic MnAs inclusions that are conducting and contribute to the magnetic behaviour. This thesis presents the results of a simulation study of the conductivity of ferromagnetic elements in a non-ferromagnetic medium. This approach could be extended to allow the number of inclusions in a CuMnAsl layer to be approximated from transport measurements. Finally, this thesis will also look at the effects of alloying CuMnAs with phosphorous. This reduces the lattice constants of the material while retaining the same crystal and magnetic structure. In thick films of the alloy the Néel temperature increases from that of CuMnAs.

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Moke, Adam. "Superconducting critical temperature of inhomogeneous magnetic proximity systems." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1524141.

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The proximity effect is investigated for ferromagnet-superconductor bilayers through the suppression of the superconducting critical temperature. We consider both homogeneous and inhomogeneous ferromagnets to study the effect of triplet pairing correlations on the critical temperature. The inhomogeneous ferromagnet we work with is an exchange spring that provides a tunable magnetization profile. The critical temperature is calculated as a function of ferromagnet thickness, spin flip scattering time, and magnetization profile of an exchange spring. An attempt is made to connect the behavior of the critical temperature with that of the superconducting order parameter.

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Neufeldt, Bryan. "A pulsed magnet for high-field magnetization measurements /." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61254.

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The design and construction of a capacitor-discharge pulsed magnet is described. The magnet is capable of generating peak fields up to 22 T in a multi-turn solenoid coil with a 3/4" (19 mm) bore. The coil design, calculation of peak field, and an analysis of the eddy currents in the metal surrounding the coil are discussed in detail. The pulsed magnet includes a magnetometer and a data acquisition system which measure the coil field and sample magnetization. A series of magnetization curves have been obtained for a sample of Nd$ rm{ sb2 Fe sb{14} B}$.

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Belache, Boukhalfa. "Propriétés électriques de l'InP in type p." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59298.

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Indium Phosphide epitactic layers grown by MOCVD and lightly doped with Zn and Mg (p-type) have been studied by Hall effect measurements and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The Zn-doped samples showed a uniform distribution of the acceptor concentration as a function of depth. Mg doped samples showed strong Mg concentration gradients, with substantial diffusion into the substrate. An electrical transport model has been developed for each of the previous cases. These models provided excellent agreement with experiment. The uniformly Zn-doped samples have been used for a detailed study of hopping conduction. Excellent quantitative agreement can be reached between theory and experiment both in the variable range hopping regime and in the nearest neighbor hopping regime. The saturation of the latter regime has been observed, and a model has been found in qualitative agreement with it. An interpretation of the low temperature data on the basis of the presence of a Coulomb gap in the impurity band density of states is not appropriate.

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Shi, Zhengyan 1975. "Transmit antenna selected spatial multiplexing systems with power allocation." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99538.

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Vertical Bell Lab Layered Space-Time (VBLAST) is an emerging spatial modulation technique, that provides high spectral efficiency due to its use of multiple transmit and receiver antennas. We present novel schemes; consisting of combinations of Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) with Power Allocation (PA), to improve the error rate performance of VBLAST systems. Our schemes provide significant performance gain over VLAST because of enhanced transmit diversity introduced by transmit antenna selection. Our scheme may be used for uplink wireless system, where the total power is limited by the mobile terminal battery. The effect of limited rate feedback link is investigated by sending quantized power weights from receiver to transmitter. The simulation results show that even one-bit, codebook for power weights can achieve performance close to that of unlimited rate feedback link in low and medium SNR regions. We also present a novel PA technique alloting power in the joint space-frequency domain to reduce the error rate, and apply our scheme to frequency selective MIMO-OFDM channels. In addition, an analytical analysis of transmit correlated Successive interference Cancelling Zero Forcing (SIC-ZF) VBLAST in flat fading channels is presented. Over frequency selective channels, the performance of SIC-ZF VBLAST is assessed by computer simulation.

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De, Jesus Tiago. "Admittance fluctuations in nanostructures." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36906.

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In this thesis, we develop a first principle technique to study linear AC and the nonlinear DC quantum transport in diffusive conductors. Starting from Buttiker's theory for AC and DC transport, the emittance and nonlinear DC conductance are found in terms of the scattering matrix and it's functional derivative. New theoretical tools are developed to compute the functional derivative of the scattering matrix, which would otherwise be unaccessible. These results allows us to compute the linear AC and the nonlinear DC conductance for a diffusive conductor from first principles, for the first time in literature. The sample-to-sample AC conductance fluctuations are computed for a diffusive conductor. In this regime the dynamic response of the conductor can either be capacitive or inductive, depending on impurity configuration. Our results also suggest a crossover for the AC conductance distribution, from a symmetric to a non symmetric distribution function as the number of impurities increases. A degree of generic behavior is discovered, in that the AC fluctuation amplitudes become independent of the strength of the impurities, although it depends on the impurity density. A sample-to-sample analysis of the nonlinear conductance fluctuations, in the diffusive regime, is also reported. In this situation the distribution function is found to be a symmetric Gaussian like function for small disorder and a symmetric exponentially decaying function for large disorder. An interesting result is that the conductance fluctuations increase in an exponential fashion with N, the number of impurities.
We also considered in this thesis the magneto-conductance fluctuations of a quasi-1D quantum wire with artificial impurities (antidots). This problem can only be solved numerically because of the finite size of the artificial impurities. We develop a novel transfer matrix technique to solve the quantum scattering problem by computing the scattering wave function, as a function of the external magnetic field. The Landauer-Buttiker equation is used to compute the magneto-conductance. This work is motivated by the experimental study [1], where several conductance fluctuations anomalies were reported. Our numerical results give good quantitative agreement with the experimental data and confirms the physical picture obtained from the experiment.

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Malus, Shem. "Gas-solid reaction analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64402.pdf.

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9

Yu, Yongxue. "Calculation of Exchange and Anisotropy Energies in Single molecule magnets." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1133548906.

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Kidane, Tesfaye Kebede. "Toward Faster and Quieter MRI." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1118850517.

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Yoo, Jung-Woo. "Multiple photonic responses in organic magnetic semiconductor." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1167406887.

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Tselepis, Efstathios. "Preparation and study of electro-optical properties of oxide films of silver, copper and their alloys using the photovoltaic effect." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5473.

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13

LeBlanc, David. "Thermal release of hidden magnetic moments in low and high T(c) type II superconductors." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4258.

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Measurements of the evolution of the magnetic moment of nonideal (i.e. pinning rich) type II superconductors in stationary magnetic fields H a as a function of time at constant temperatures T < Tc or as the temperature is varied to or from Tc provide insight into the dynamics of flux lines and their interactions with the pinning sites. Three concentric magnetic moments coexist in these materials when the isothermal sweep of Ha causes the locus of the magnetization ⟨M⟩ to migrate along any path joining the upper with the lower envelopes of the major hysteresis curves. The "outermost" magnetic moment is always diamagnetic and is generated by the field opposing Meissner surface current. The two other magnetic moments fill the bulk of the specimen, currents circulating in one direction in the outer annular volume embrace an inner volume occupied by counter-rotating persistent currents. In semi-reversible type II superconductors the magnitude of the Meissner magnetic moment is important compared to that arising from the currents in the bulk whereas in very hysteretic specimens it is negligible. In both types of material it is a fairly straightforward procedure to establish configurations in various static Ha where the opposing magnetic moments exactly cancel each other so that the macroscopic net magnetization is zero. However the internal pattern of persistent currents and magnetic flux density profiles which prevail in these special ⟨M⟩ = 0 states is complicated, fascinating and provides a full crucible for the investigation of flux line behaviour. In this thesis I present the results of our experimental study of the evolution of the magnetization of these initial ⟨M⟩ = 0 states during warming to Tc as a function of the static applied field H a. The phenomena encountered are seen to depend dramatically on the direction of the change of Ha causing ⟨M⟩ to migrate from one envelope of the major hysteresis loop to the opposite. Further we find major differences in the behaviour exhibited by the semi-reversible type II superconductors in comparison with that manifested by the highly hysteretic samples. We also see that the low Tc and high Tc semi-reversible specimens display very similar but highly intricate behaviour. Finally we show that a simple model which exploits the critical state concept and applies the principle of conservation of flux lines can account for the major features of all our observations.

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Gandolfini, Germain. "Comparison of flux line cutting behaviour in high critical temperature and conventional Type II superconductors." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5757.

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The magnetic behaviour (magnetization curves, Meissner effect, hysteresis losses, remanent flux and flux line cutting) for high $T\sb{c}$ samples of Nd and $YBa\sb{2}Cu\sb{3}O\sb{7-x}$ at 77 K, semi-reversible PbIn and hysteretic VTi at 4.2 K have been investigated and compared. The magnetic behaviour of the high $T\sb{c}$ samples and of the PbIn are remarkably similar but contrasts dramatically with the phenomena observed in the VTi. A hump structure appears in the low field region of the initial magnetization of the high $T\sb{c}$ samples. This phenomenon occurs because the sintered samples consist of a compact agglomeration of small irregularly shaped grains which are electrically coupled before the hump structure but are isolated after this feature. We show that the appropriate calibration should be based on the diamagnetic response of the uncoupled grains. A large ratio of $j\sb{c\Vert}$ to $j\sb{c\perp}$ (the critical current densities $\Vert$ and $\perp$ to the flux line density) accounts for the observations on the VTi in the flux cutting regime whereas $j\sb{c\Vert} \approx j\sb{c\perp}$ is indicated by the behaviour of the high $T\sb{c}$ and PbIn samples.

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Lalonde, Richard. "Flux line interactions in conventional and high critical transition temperature superconductors." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6031.

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We have developed a novel experimental approach for the study of the interaction of sheets of non parallel flux lines in hysteric type II superconductors. We continuously monitor the evolution of the components of the magnetic flux density $\Vert$ and $\perp$ to $H\sb{a}$ (i.e. $\langle B\sb{z}\rangle$ and $\langle B\sb{y}\rangle$) as $H\sb{a}$ is raised to various intensities, and then reduced to zero. In our investigation of a high $T\sb{c}(YBa\sb{2}Cu\sb{3}O\sb{7-x}$) ceramic, $H\sb{a}$ exceeded $H\sb{*}$, the first full penetration field. We applied the phenomenological Clem general critical state model to the analysis of our extensive observations. A computer program was developed to solve the four coupled differential equations of this theory with appropriate physical constraints for the situations prevailing in our experiment. This analysis provides detailed insight into the evolution of the intricate configurations of the magnetic flux density $\vec B$(x), the critical current density, $\vec J$(x), and electric field $\vec E$(x) patterns as the injected and trapped flux lines are made to interact, unpin, migrate and undergo flux cutting processes. The model is seen to generate the variety of complicated measured curves of $\langle B\sb{y}\rangle$ and $\langle B\sb{z}\rangle$ vs $H\sb{a}$ very satisfactorily. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Al-Qadi, Khalid. "Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity in amorphous metallic alloys." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9123.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the conduction electrons' interaction mechanisms over the wide temperature range in order to find possible deviations from the existing theories. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of two scattering systems, the crystalline and the amorphous, in the range of 1.7--300 K is studied. In the pure crystalline metals, the nearly-free-electron model can qualitatively and quantitatively account for the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. In the low-temperature range, the electron-electron scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism. Above the Debye temperature, the phonon-electron scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity for the amorphous metallic alloys can be described qualitatively by the Ziman model. The scattering mechanism of the conduction electrons of the samples can be categorized in the weak scattering limit regime. A small, but significant correction must be added to the Ziman model in order to account for the additional scattering contributions that exist in the wide temperature range. In the very-low-temperature range the electron-electron interaction effect is the major correction to the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. In the low-temperature range, the weak localization effect is the major correction to the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. In the high-temperature range, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity is linear with a small but significant correction. For some samples the magnetic contribution is the major correction, for others the multiphonon scattering is the major correction. For the resistivity minima at temperatures below 20 K could be due to the Kondo effect. A more plausible explanation, however, is the electron-electron interaction effect. The Ziman model with the proper corrections is found to be an adequate and successful model in accounting for the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of all of the studied amorphous metallic alloys.

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Akbari-Moghanjoughi, Massoud. "Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity in quasicrystals." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10382.

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The applicability of the weak-localization theory to highly ordered quasicrystals raises the question of whether or not the long-range order in these alloys can be reconciled with the electronic disorder. This study did not detect any unusual structure-induced contribution to the resistivity at low temperatures other than those known for metallic glasses. The temperature dependence of the resistivity in icosahedral quasicrystals of high structural quality showed that the transport behaviour of these alloys at low temperatures can be satisfactorily explained in terms of conventional weak-localization and electron-electron interaction theories. The temperature dependence of the resistivity in weakly disordered (low-resistivity) alloys can be explained qualitatively in terms of the classical theories extended to liquids and disordered alloys. The experimental evidence shows the existence of a close relationship between the icosahedral quasicrystalline structure and the weak localization tendency of the electronic states at the Fermi level. To explain the temperature dependence of the resistivity at high temperatures additional models based on the concept of the band transition and hopping have to be invoked. In the high-resistivity stable icosahedral Al-Cu-Ru alloy the insulating-like (electron hopping) behaviour was found to dominate the electron transport even at low temperatures. This causes the deviations from the weak-localization theory and is due to the enhancement of the density of localized electronic states at the Fermi level. Consequently, the Anderson localization is collapsed in the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition. The values of the correlation gap in the Al-Cu-Fe-Mn icosahedral system suggest a considerably different nature for the pseudogap around the Fermi level in amorphous and icosahedral phases. However, unless an ideal quasicrystal belongs to the metal-insulator transition region (if it exists), the weak-localization theory will be the most appropriate tool to investigate the low temperature electron transport properties in icosahedral phases.

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Lunney, Matthew David Norwood. "The phase space volume of ion clouds in Paul traps." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39462.

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A new technique is presented for measuring the spatial and momentum distributions of a buffer-gas cooled ion cloud in a Paul trap by extracting it from the trap and fitting the time profile of the extracted ion signal. A thermodynamic model based on the Gibbs distribution has been developed which describes the initial ion cloud phase space volume and fits the measured time distributions of the extracted cloud using only one parameter: temperature. A time-of-flight system has been built to systematically vary the ion extraction conditions and compare predictions of the model to various measurements of the ion cloud time profile. A new numerical method using a multipole expansion was developed to compute the extraction fields. Agreement between the ion simulations and the time-of-flight data is better than 2% of the total flight time.
Ion cloud temperatures were measured for seven different trap loadings of potassium ions and four loadings of sodium ions, in both cases down to clouds of about 1000 ions. This is the first time that temperature measurements have been made for such small numbers of buffer-gas cooled ions. The results show that the temperature of the ions above the buffer gas temperature appears to be proportional to the two-thirds power of the number of ions in the cloud.
Dynamic manipulation of the extracted ion cloud phase space volume was also accomplished using a time-varying acceleration voltage to change the ion cloud energy spread in flight.
A concept is also outlined to measure the detailed phase space area of the extracted cloud using the projection-slice theorem of tomographic imaging.
These measurements have applications for the use of ion traps as beam collectors for nuclear physics experiments at isotope separator facilities and possibly for nano-circuit fabrication.

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Kim, Taeman. "Buffer gas cooling of ions in a radio frequency quadrupole ion guide : a study of the cooling process and cooled beam properties." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35666.

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The buffer gas cooling process and the properties of the cooled beam in a novel rf quadrupole ion beam guide with axial field was studied. The operation principle of the axial field quadrupole ion beam guide is similar to the quadrupole mass filter operating in AC only mode but the rods were segmented and differential DC biases were applied to produce the axial field. It was operated in buffer gas.
A Monte Carlo simulation was developed and the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The beam distribution in a thermal equilibrium was assumed as the thermal equilibrium distribution in a simple harmonic motion with rf distortion and the assumption was confirmed by the Monte Carlo simulation.
The temperature of the cooled beam was measured with a beam profile, measurement system which consists of a miniature quadrupole ion beam guide aid a rotating semi-circular Faraday plate. The temperature of the cooled beam was measured to be 0.0424 +/- 0.0026 eV in the experiment while that of the simulated beam was 0.0372 +/- 0.0009 eV. The variation of beam temperature with beam current was 0.0153 +/- 0.0026 eV/nA. The maximum achieved ion transmission was 80%. The transmitted ion beam's energy spread was measured with a retarding potential energy analyzer to be less than 0.1 eV. The cooling time was 0.7 ms with 1V/ cm axial field and was observed to be very dependent on the ion current when there was no axial field.

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Davey, Louise. "Mass selective capture by an RFQ trap of externally injected ions." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60660.

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A system for mass-selective capture of ions by a Paul trap was designed and tested.
An Paul trap and associated electronics have been assembled and tested, selectively trapping the ionic clusters C$ sp{+} sb2$ and C$ sp{+} sb3$ from a pulsed laser ion source. The ions were injected at 90 eV, trapped, extracted and detected, several parameters related to these processes were investigated. Simple models of the injection mechanism employed and for evaluating the pseudo-potential well depth of the ion trap are proposed. The overall efficiency of the ion injection system has been evaluated and compared to other methods of ion capture by an RFQ trap from an external source.

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Evans, James R. "The electric field gradient of octahedral iron in layer silicates: theory with applications to Mossbauer spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22144.

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Leeson, Jesse. "The dynamics of polarization in communication fiber." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28348.

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Here a temperature stable optical fiber current sensor based on the Sagnac loop interferometer and a cavity formed from two Faraday rotation mirrors is developed and tested. To the best of the author's knowledge a cavity composed of two Faraday rotation mirrors has never been used for the measurement of alternating currents. For the first time, it is shown that the maximum Faraday rotation angle for a long, static optical fiber is input polarization insensitive. Also, linear birefringence is shown to quench this angle in long optical fiber. The polarization dynamics in an optical ground wire network, for a summer period and a fall period, are reported for the first time. The highest-speed polarization changes are attributed to the high-voltage power line, i.e., the electrical current. A novel spectral analysis polarization optical time domain reflectometry method, that uses an induced birefringent event, is shown to work in long optical fiber.

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Yildirim, Ufuk. "Prospective physics teachers' understanding of electricity and magnetism : a study of three cases." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429806.

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Tyler, Robert H. "Electromagnetic fields generated by ocean currents and the potential for using geomagnetic data in ocean and climate studies." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39884.

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The ocean currents flowing through the earth's main magnetic field are known to induce secondary magnetic fields. Hence, variations in the ocean circulation induce variations in the net magnetic field. This research is aimed at exploring the potential for using geomagnetic data to study variability in ocean circulation and climate.
First, general relativity theory is used to formally establish the proper set of electromagnetic equations to be used for observers in a rotating (accelerating) frame of reference observing a medium (the ocean, in this case) with relative velocity. Extra terms due to rotation are derived and described and a generalized Schiff's charge density is shown to be potentially significant for the application to ocean circulation.
We extend the theory of electromagnetic fields generated by ocean currents. Many analytical solutions are found for idealized ocean features including sheared flow, jets, and a Stommel gyre. Results indicate that the ocean-induced magnetic fields will typically have magnitudes of 10's-100's of nT within the ocean. Outside of the ocean, the magnitudes are smaller (typically 1-10 nT) but decay on scales set by the horizontal scale of the ocean feature.
We investigate the time-scales associated with the adjustment of electromagnetic fields generated by low-frequency ocean currents. We find that the time scales can be quite long, prohibiting a quasistatic assumption in the treatment of the electromagnetic fields generated by the important tidal, inertial, and diurnal-frequency ocean currents.
Three-dimensional explicit time-dependent and steady-state finite-difference numerical models are constructed to study the electromagnetic fields generated by more realistic ocean current and conductivity features.
The ocean currents generate electromagnetic forces on the fluid at the surface of the earth's core. If these forces lead to significant core motion, the effect of the oceans on the generation and variability of the earth's magnetic field may be nontrivial. We estimate the form and magnitude of these forces and make comparisons with observations. Despite many uncertainties, we find evidence to suggest the ocean forcing mechanism may be significant and conclude that this process should be further investigated in the context of a larger study.
This work indicates that it is likely that the geomagnetic record has captured oceanic signals. From a preliminary data analyses we find that aside from the oceanic tidal signals, the magnetic record shows other signals of possible oceanic origin including an apparent correlation between magnetic records from the equatorial Pacific and the Southern Oscillation Index. We discuss the prerequisites that are necessary to extract information about ocean circulation variability from the geomagnetic record.

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Magill, Brenden A. "Microwave spectroscopy of edge and bulk modes of two dimensional electrons in magnetic field." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564920.

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Edge magnetoplasmons (EMPs) and pinning mode resonances in two dimensional electron systems (2DESs) can both be thought of as lower hybrid modes of cyclotron and plasma resonances. This dissertation describes low temperature microwave spectroscopy of both of these modes. EMPs have oscillating charge confined at the 2DES edge by the combination of the perpendicular magnetic field and the electrostatic potential that produces the edge. Pinning mode resonances are from electron solids oscillating against confinement provided by disorder in the bulk of the 2DES.

The first part of this dissertation concerns the search for a mode similar to an EMP but confined solely by a linear magnetic inhomogeneity in the perpendicular magnetic field (B_z). While we do not observe such an excitation, we do observe a marked reduction in the velocity of an EMP in the presence of a B_z-inhomogeneity.

In the second part of this dissertation, we investigate pinning modes in “wide'' quantum well samples, for which the effective electron-electron interaction is softened at short range due to the vertical extent of the wavefunction. We observe a pinning mode resonance whose peak frequency (f_pk) vs Landau level filling (ν) shows an anomalous increase as ν moves away from ν = 1 under roughly the same conditions as anomalous quantum Hall effects observed previously in DC transport. A region of ν with enhanced f_pk is interpreted as evidence for a new electron solid phase.

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Freitag, James M. (James Mac). "Structural and magnetotransport properties of nickelcobalt multilayers." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24003.

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Ferromagnetic/ferromagnetic Ni/Co multilayers with component layer thicknesses ranging from 40 A down to 5 A were prepared by DC-magnetron sputtering. Due to the fact that Ni and Co alloys share a common d band, it is expected that the total resistance of the multilayers, including the elemental resistance of the layers and the resistance of the interdiffused alloyed region at the interfaces, will be lower than for other 3d transition metal combinations. Consequently, the magnetoresistance ratio $ Delta rho/ rho$ is expected to be enhanced.
Structural characterization by grazing-angle X-ray reflectivity reveals high-quality layered structures with a well-defined composition modulation along the film growth direction. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction scans display the polycrystalline nature of the Ni/Co multilayers which grow in an FCC phase with a preferred (111) orientation and a fraction of (200) structural domains.
Measurements of the magnetotransport properties of these multilayers indicate that the magnetoresistance (MR) effect, $ Delta rho sim0.35 mu Omega cdot$cm, is roughly constant over the entire compositional range. The MR ratio $ Delta rho/ rho,$ which is as high as 3.0% in a Si/(Ni40A/Co5A) $ times$ 6 multilayer, is therefore more strongly dependent on the zero-field resistivity $ rho.$ By fitting a semi-classical model to the resistivity compositional variation, we determined the interface contribution to the resistivity. The MR measurements as well as the magnetic anisotropy of the films, studied by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometry, are consistent with the origin of the observed MR effect being anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). The highest magnetic sensitivity measured at zero-field and constant in the range from ${ sim}{-}10$ Oe to +10 Oe was 0.1%/Oe. This value compares well with other alloys being developed as magnetic sensors. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Roussel, Harold. "Solutions of two matrix models for the DIII generator ensemble." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56957.

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In this work we solve two new matrix models, using standard and new techniques. The two models are based on matrix ensembles not previously considered. They are represented by special forms of antisymmetric matrices and are classified in the DIII generator ensemble. It is shown that, in the double scaling limit, their free energy has the same behavior as previous models describing oriented and unoriented surfaces. We also found an additional solution for the chapter 3 model.

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28

Houari, Ahmed. "Numerical studies of conductance fluctuations in disordered metals." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74576.

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We compute conductance fluctuations in a variety of disordered mesoscopic systems through direct numerical evaluation of the Kubo-Greenwood formula for the conductivity.
Our model Hamiltonian is quite different from the Anderson tight-binding Hamiltonian which has been most commonly used in studies of electronic structure and properties of disordered systems. It is reminiscent of the Kronig-Penney model in that $ delta$-like atomic potentials are specified by a single parameter.
Our model structures range from substitutional binary alloys to topologically disordered "glasses", and include systems where the disorder is caused by random small displacements of atoms from their crystalline lattice positions.
We test the universal nature of conductance fluctuations for the model with substitutional disorder. We study systems which are always larger than the elastic mean free path, but not always smaller than the localization length of the electron wavefunctions. In those systems where universality is expected, we confirm the ergodic theorem of Lee and Stone and observe the universal amplitudes of the fluctuations both in two-dimensional systems with and without a magnetic field, and in quasi-one-dimensional geometry.
We have also performed the first studies of conductance fluctuations in strongly disordered systems and observed a universal relationship between the amplitude of the fluctuations and the value of the conductance itself: this relationship does not depend upon the nature of the disorder.

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29

Murphy, Martin Joseph 1970. "The electrification of Florida thunderstorms." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290670.

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Six thunderstorms that occurred at the NASA Kennedy Space Center, Florida, have been studied in an attempt to characterize their electrical structure and electrification. Ground-based measurements of the cloud electric fields, the locations of lightning VHF radio sources, cloud-to-ground lightning strike points, and dual-polarization radar data were used in this study. Changes in the electric field due to lightning were used to determine the locations and magnitudes of changes in cloud charge. The fields themselves were used to compute displacement current densities following lightning flashes. The altitudes of negative charge regions were between 6.5 and 8.5 km and were almost constant. The altitude of upper positive charge exhibited more variability, and usually increased as cells developed. Amounts of charge removed by lightning increased during each cell in large storms but were nearly constant during the early part of small storms. A lower positive charge center (LPCC) usually appeared in the fields before any other charge regions could be detected at the ground. A LPCC appeared to be involved in the initiation of the majority of CG flashes. During periods of lightning, a LPCC was sometimes created by a flash, but more typically, LPCCs were produced by a cloud charge separation process. Displacement current densities were used to estimate charge accumulation rates in the cloud. The rates derived for the main negative and upper positive charge regions were compared to the average rate of charge removal by lightning. The generation rates and average lightning currents each had values ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 A and were approximately equal within expected errors in single-cell storms. Once the storm was multicellular, however, the lightning current was larger than the cloud charging rate, possibly because lightning was removing residual charge from older cells. The cloud charging rates and average lightning currents were compared with the currents computed using a non-inductive ice-graupel charging mechanism and radar-derived cloud microphysical data. This mechanism provided currents that were comparable to the observed charging rates and lightning currents and appeared to be capable of producing the LPCC.

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30

Eickmann, James Thomas 1970. "Influence of ultra-thin Au interface layers on the structure and magnetic anisotropy of Co films." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282634.

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I have investigated the influence of an ultra-thin Au interface layer on the magnetic anisotropy of Co-Pd and Co-Cu structures. Sandwich structures of the form X/Co/Y/Cu/Si(111), with (X, Y) = (Pd, Pd), (Au, Pd), (Pd, Au), (Cu, Cu), (Au, Cu), and (Cu, Au) were studied. For each structure, a Au layer of systematically varied thickness (t(Au)) was inserted at one Co interface. I also investigated Co/Pd and Co/Cu multilayer systems. For each Co-Pd sandwich structures a maximum is observed in the magnetic anisotropy for t(Au) = 1 to 1.5 atomic monolayer (ML). For the Co/Pd multilayer system, a maximum in coercivity occurs with tAu = 0.5 ML. For each Co-Cu sandwich structure except (X, Y) = (Cu, Au), a minimum in magnetic anisotropy is observed at t(Au) = 1 ML. For the Co/Cu multilayer system, a decrease in magnetoresistance was seen with increased tAu except in multilayers with a relatively thin Co layer thickness (∼3 ML) which display a peak in magnetoresistance is seen at tAu = 1 ML. I have also investigated the strain, surface alloying, and surface (interface) roughness of these systems using RHEED, XPS, and LAXD. Analysis of these measurements reveals some correlation between magnetic anisotropy and both strain and surface roughness. Based on my investigations, I conclude that the most likely cause for the non-monotonic changes seen in anisotropy is changes in the surface magnetocrystalline anisotropy. While strain and surface roughness may also play a role, I believe that the influence of the ultra-thin Au interlayer on the orbital hybridization and electronic environment at the interface is dominant.

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31

Herman, Greg S. "Terahertz local oscillator via difference frequency generation in iii-v semiconductors using frequency stabilized lasers." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3601765.

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Terahertz (THz) heterodyne receiver systems are required by NASA to monitor gas concentrations related to the Earth's ozone depletion. To this end, NASA needs compact, solid state, tunable THz local oscillators. THz LOs have been developed using three means: 1) All-electronic LOs using mixers in combination with Gunn oscillators, 2) Hybrid Photo-electronic LOs using a cw analog of the Auston switch, and 3) All-photonic THz LOs using coherent sources, such as vapor lasers or solid-state Quantum Cascade Lasers, and down converting lasers using nonlinear crystals. In this dissertation, we began with two frequency stabilized Nd:YAG lasers, locked to a common reference cavity, as a starting point to having a stable input into a nonlinear optical frequency conversion system. Following this, we explored the nonlinear crystals useful for THz generation, and the phasematching schemes that could be employed by each. We concluded by settling on highly insulating III-V semiconductor crystals as the proper choice of nonlinear element, and put together a new phasematching method that is most useful for them.

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32

Babineau, David. "Modeling the electric field and natural environment of weakly electric fish." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27222.

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Weakly electric fish use a unique sensory modality in order to help them communicate, navigate and find prey. These fish emit electric discharges that are monitored by electroreceptors located in the fish's skin. Surrounding objects perturb these baseline transdermal potentials and create electric images. The study of these images has led to a better understanding of general sensory processing principles; however, many aspects of these fish's natural electrosensory environment remain unknown. To this end, a two-dimensional finite element model of Apteronotus leptorhynchus was created. Using this model, we suggest new ways by which electric fish are able to locate objects and propose that it is possible for these fish to extract useful information from their environment using their natural scanning behaviour. Our results also reveal important limitations in standard experimental paradigms that aim to mimic the effects of conspecifics. Alternative paradigms that will enable more realistic stimulation are suggested.

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33

Park, Sungkyun. "Interface effects in ultra-thin films: Magnetic and chemical properties." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279832.

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When the thickness of a magnetic layer is comparable to (or smaller than) the electron mean free path, the interface between magnetic and non-magnetic layers becomes very important factor to determine magnetic properties of the ultra-thin films. The quality of interface can enhance (or reduce) the desired properties. Several interesting physical phenomena were studied using these interface effects. The magnetic anisotropy of ultra-thin Co films is studied as function of non-magnetic underlayer thickness and non-magnetic overlayer materials using ex situ Brillouin light scattering (BLS). I observed that perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) increases with underlayer thickness and saturates after 5 ML. This saturation can be understood as a relaxation of the in-plane lattice parameter of Au(111) on top of Cu(111) to its bulk value. For the overlayer study, Cu, Al, and Au are used. An Au overlayer gives the largest PMA due to the largest in-plane lattice mismatch between Co and Au. An unusual effect was found by adding an additional layer on top of the Au overlayer. An additional Al capping layer on top of the Au overlayer reduces the PMA significantly. The possible explanation is that the misfit strain at the interface between the Al and the Au can be propagated through the Au layer to affect the magnetic properties of Co even though the in-plane lattice mismatch is less than 1%. Another interesting problem in interface interdiffusion and thermal stability in magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structures is studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Since XPS is a very chemically sensitive technique, it allows us to monitor interface interdiffusion of the MTJ structures as-deposited and during post-deposition processing. For the plasma-oxidized samples, Fe only participates in the oxidation reduction process. In contrast to plasma-oxidized samples, there were no noticeable chemical shifts as-deposited and during post-deposition processing in air-oxidized samples. However, peak intensity variations were observed due to interface interdiffusion.

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34

Hsu, Chia Wei. "Novel Trapping and Scattering of Light in Resonant Nanophotonic Structures." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14226083.

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Nanophotonic structures provide unique ways to control light and alter its behaviors in ways not possible in macroscopic structures. In this thesis, we explore novel behaviors of light created by nanophotonic structures, with a common theme on resonance effects. The first half of the thesis focuses on a peculiar type of electromagnetic resonance, where the resonance lifetime diverges to infinity. These states, called bound states in the continuum, remain localized in space even though their frequency lie within a continuum of extended modes. We find such states in photonic crystal slabs and the surface of bulk photonic crystals. We show the conditions necessary for them to exist, and provide the first experimental observation of these unusual states. We also show that these states have a topological nature, with conserved and quantized topological charges that govern their generation, evolution, and annihilation. The second half of the thesis concerns light scattering from resonant nanophotonic structures, where resonances can enhance or suppress scattering at particular wavelengths and angles. We show that multiple resonances in one nanostructure and in the same multipole channel generally lead to a scattering dark state where the structure becomes transparent. Based on the coherent interference from multiple scatterers, we show there are geometries that can achieve a sharp structural color where the hue, saturation, and brightness are all viewing-angle independent. We also invent a new type of transparent display based on wavelength-selective light scattering from nanostructures.

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35

Schade, Nicholas Benjamin. "Self-Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoclusters for Optical Metafluids." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467519.

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I discuss experimental progress towards developing a material with an isotropic, negative index of refraction at optical frequencies. The simplest way to make such a material is to create a metafluid, or a disordered collection of subwavelength, isotropic electromagnetic resonators. Small clusters of metal particles, such as tetrahedra, serve as these constituents. What is needed are methods for manufacturing these structures with high precision and in sufficient yield that their resonances are identical. Jonathan Fan et al. [Science, 328 (5982), 1135-1138, 2010] demonstrated that colloidal self-assembly is a means of preparing electromagnetic resonators from metal nanoparticles. However, the resonances are sensitive to the separation gaps between particles. Standard synthesis routes for metal nanoparticles yield crystals or nanoshells that are inadequate for metafluids due to polydispersity, faceting, and thermal instabilities. To ensure that the separation gaps and resonances are uniform, more monodisperse spherical particles are needed. An additional challenge is the self-assembly of tetrahedral clusters in high yield from these particles. In self-assembly approaches that others have examined previously, the yield of any particular type of cluster is low. In this dissertation I present solutions to several of these problems, developed in collaboration with my research group and others. We demonstrate that slow chemical etching can transform octahedral gold crystals into ultrasmooth, monodisperse nanospheres. The particles can serve as seeds for the growth of larger octahedra which can in turn be etched. The size of the gold nanospheres can therefore be adjusted as desired. We further show that in colloidal mixtures of two sphere species that strongly bind to one another, the sphere size ratio determines the size distribution of self-assembled clusters. At a critical size ratio, tetrahedral clusters assemble in high yield. We explain the experimentally observed 90% yield with a nonequilibrium “random parking” model based on irreversible binding. Simulations based on this model reveal that 100% yield of tetrahedra is possible in principle. Finally, we combine these results and present methods for the self-assembly and purification of tetrahedral plasmonic nanoclusters, the simplest building blocks for isotropic metafluids.
Physics

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36

Vasiliauskaitė, Svajūnė. "Fizikos eksperimentas ir jo loginė analizė vidurinės mokyklos elektros ir magnetizmo kurse." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120211_115214-10084.

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Bakalauro darbą „ Fizikos eksperimentas ir jo loginė analizė vidurinės mokyklos elektros ir magnetizmo kurse“ sudaro įvadas, 3 skyriai, išvados ir 20 literatūros šaltiniai. Darbo apimtis 57 puslapiai. Darbe nagrinėjami XI - XII klasės fizikos demonstraciniai bandymai, jų eiga, pateikiamos samprotavimų schemos, logiškai įprasminančios bandymo esmę. Pirmajame skyriuje yra apžvelgiama pedagogikos ir psichologijos literatūros šaltinių analizė. Antrajame skyriuje yra aprašomi XI - XII klasės fizikos kurso mokomieji bandymai ir jų loginės samprotavimo schemos iš: elektrostatikos (5 eksperimentai), nuolatinės elektros srovės (6 eksperimentai), magnetinio lauko (3 eksperimentai), elektromagnetinės indukcijos (2 eksperimentai). Trečiajame skyriuje yra aprašomas demonstracinių eksperimentų ir jų loginių schemų panaudojimas praktikoje. Pateikiami 2 eksperimentai, kurie buvo atlikti praktikos metu. Jie yra iš temos – elektros srovė įvairiose terpėse. Loginės schemos padeda mokiniams suprasti demonstracinio eksperimento esmę ir lengviau įsiminti naujai dėstomą medžiagą.
Bachelor's thesis ,,Experiment of physics and it's logical analysis in the course of electricity and magnetism of secondary school" contains an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion and 20 literature resources. It's volume is 57 pages. The educational experiments of physics of XI-XII grade are examined, their logical schemes and their explanations are presented. Analysis of pedagogy and psychology is reviewed in the first chapter. Educational experiments and logical schemes of XI-XII grade are being reviewed in the second chapter as follows: electrostatics (5 experiments), direct current (6 experiments), magnetic field (3 experiments), electromagnetic induction (2 experiments). Demonstrational experiments and their logical schemes application is reviewed in the third chapter. Two experiments are presented, that were carried out during practice. They are from the course of electrical current in different mediums.Logical schemes help the students to better understand the demonstrational experiment and to remember the newly taught materia.

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37

Benyo, Theresa Louise. "Analytical and computational investigations of a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) energy-bypass system for supersonic gas turbine engines to enable hypersonic flight." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618922.

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Historically, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used rocket-powered vehicles as launch vehicles for access to space. A familiar example is the Space Shuttle launch system. These vehicles carry both fuel and oxidizer onboard. If an external oxidizer (such as the Earth's atmosphere) is utilized, the need to carry an onboard oxidizer is eliminated, and future launch vehicles could carry a larger payload into orbit at a fraction of the total fuel expenditure. For this reason, NASA is currently researching the use of air-breathing engines to power the first stage of two-stage-to-orbit hypersonic launch systems. Removing the need to carry an onboard oxidizer leads also to reductions in total vehicle weight at liftoff. This in turn reduces the total mass of propellant required, and thus decreases the cost of carrying a specific payload into orbit or beyond. However, achieving hypersonic flight with air-breathing jet engines has several technical challenges. These challenges, such as the mode transition from supersonic to hypersonic engine operation, are under study in NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program.

One propulsion concept that is being explored is a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) energy- bypass generator coupled with an off-the-shelf turbojet/turbofan. It is anticipated that this engine will be capable of operation from takeoff to Mach 7 in a single flowpath without mode transition. The MHD energy bypass consists of an MHD generator placed directly upstream of the engine, and converts a portion of the enthalpy of the inlet flow through the engine into electrical current. This reduction in flow enthalpy corresponds to a reduced Mach number at the turbojet inlet so that the engine stays within its design constraints. Furthermore, the generated electrical current may then be used to power aircraft systems or an MHD accelerator positioned downstream of the turbojet. The MHD accelerator operates in reverse of the MHD generator, re-accelerating the exhaust flow from the engine by converting electrical current back into flow enthalpy to increase thrust. Though there has been considerable research into the use of MHD generators to produce electricity for industrial power plants, interest in the technology for flight-weight aerospace applications has developed only recently.

In this research, electromagnetic fields coupled with weakly ionzed gases to slow hypersonic airflow were investigated within the confines of an MHD energy-bypass system with the goal of showing that it is possible for an air-breathing engine to transition from takeoff to Mach 7 without carrying a rocket propulsion system along with it. The MHD energy-bypass system was modeled for use on a supersonic turbojet engine. The model included all components envisioned for an MHD energy-bypass system; two preionizers, an MHD generator, and an MHD accelerator. A thermodynamic cycle analysis of the hypothesized MHD energy-bypass system on an existing supersonic turbojet engine was completed. In addition, a detailed thermodynamic, plasmadynamic, and electromagnetic analysis was combined to offer a single, comprehensive model to describe more fully the proper plasma flows and magnetic fields required for successful operation of the MHD energy bypass system.

The unique contribution of this research involved modeling the current density, temperature, velocity, pressure, electric field, Hall parameter, and electrical power throughout an annular MHD generator and an annular MHD accelerator taking into account an external magnetic field within a moving flow field, collisions of electrons with neutral particles in an ionized flow field, and collisions of ions with neutral particles in an ionized flow field (ion slip). In previous research, the ion slip term has not been considered.

The MHD energy-bypass system model showed that it is possible to expand the operating range of a supersonic jet engine from a maximum of Mach 3.5 to a maximum of Mach 7. The inclusion of ion slip within the analysis further showed that it is possible to 'drive' this system with maximum magnetic fields of 3 T and with maximum conductivity levels of 11 mhos/m. These operating parameters better the previous findings of 5 T and 10 mhos/m, and reveal that taking into account collisions between ions and neutral particles within a weakly ionized flow provides a more realistic model with added benefits of lower magnetic fields and conductivity levels especially at the higher Mach numbers. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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38

Blais, Noël. "Modified fermi-eyges electron scattering in tissue equivalent media." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70178.

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A theoretical and experimental study of the spatial spread of electron dose distributions for pencil and broad electron beams in various media is presented. We discuss in detail two methods for measurement of electron beam kinetic energies, describe our technique for the measurement of the optical density versus dose relationship for radiographic films, and present the experimental set-up for the measurement of the spatial spread of electron dose distributions for pencil and broad electron beams.
The Fermi-Eyges theory for the small angle multiple Coulomb scattering describes the spatial electron distribution in scattering media. The spatial spread of a pencil electron beam in a phantom as predicted by the Fermi-Eyges theory is an increasing function of depth in phantom irrespective of the depth. Our experiments, on the other hand, show that the spatial spread indeed increases with depth until depths close to 2/3 of the practical electron range, but at larger depths the spatial spread saturates, then decreases and vanishes at depths greater than the range of electrons in the material. To describe the observed saturation and the decrease of the spatial spread at depths beyond 2/3 of the practical electron range we introduce an electron absorption term containing four empirical parameters into the original Fermi differential equation and show that its solution describes the experimental results obtained for pencil electron beams of various energies in polystyrene, cork and aluminum phantoms. We also compare with experimental results the spatial electron dose distributions predicted by the Fermi-Eyges theory and the modified Fermi-Eyges theory for collimated broad electron beams.

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39

Taylor, Kathryn Helen. "The influence of magnetic cohesion on the stability of granular slopes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10765/.

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This thesis presents an investigation into the influence of magnetic cohesion on the stability of granular slopes. We consider magnetic cohesion that results from the interaction between dipole moments induced in grains by a uniform magnetic field. The repose angle of spheres is known to increase much more slowly with magnetic cohesion than in experiments with liquid-bridge cohesion. To our knowledge, nowhere in the literature has anyone offered a satisfactory explanation of this discrepancy. Our two-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations of granular piles show that shear occurs deep in the pile. The addition of a magnetic field causes the motion to shift farther down into the pile, preventing the angle from increasing substantially. We investigate different models of wall friction, and discover that wall interactions have a significant influence on the rate of increase of the slope angle with magnetic cohesion. In three-dimensional simulations we observe an initial decrease in the repose angle as the cohesion is increased, contrary to expectations. We explain this effect by considering how the transverse magnetic force influences the particle distribution of the pile. In contrast, draining-crater experiments reveal that the angle of repose of diamagnetic bismuth grains increases dramatically with cohesion in a vertical field. We argue that this difference is due to the non-spherical shape of the grains, and investigate further the influence of grain shape by using non-magnetic `voids' of different shapes in a paramagnetic solution. We discover a strong positive correlation between the grain aspect ratio and the size of the effect of magnetic cohesion on the slope angle. This is because a non-spherical grain accumulates magnetic charge on sharp edges and corners, increasing the magnetic field in its immediate vicinity and leading to stronger interactions with neighbouring grains. Also, in piles of grains with larger aspect ratios, avalanches occur closer to the surface, thus increasing the stability of the pile.

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40

Thatcher, William H. IV. "An Inquiry of the Conventional Cavity Perturbation Method, with Direct Application to Various Liquid Samples." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471347258.

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41

Gibbard, Seran Gwen 1967. "Lightning in the solar system." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290640.

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Lightning, a familiar phenomenon on Earth, may also occur at other times and locations in our solar system. It has been suggested as a mechanism for forming chondrules, millimeter-sized beads of glassy silicate found in primitive meteorites formed in the early solar system 4.5 billion years ago. It has also been detected in Voyager images of Jupiter, and there is evidence that it may occur on other planets as well, including Venus, Saturn and Neptune. The mechanism believed to produce lightning discharges on Earth, and possibly other planets, is charge production by collisions of ice particles, followed by gravitational separation of oppositely-charged large and small particles. This work examines the possibility of the occurrence of lightning discharges in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Neptune as well as in the protoplanetary nebula (PPN) of the early solar system by modeling charge separation and growth of the electric field. The model is also applied to the Earth as a test of its predictive power. It is found that the model can reproduce the correct timescale, particle charge and electric field magnitude seen in terrestrial lightning. The model also predicts lightning on Jupiter at the 3-5 bar level provided that the local water abundance is greater than the solar value. This is a much higher abundance than measured by the Galileo probe into Jupiter's atmosphere, which suggests that the water content measured by the probe does not apply to the entire planet. An application of the model to Neptune's water and NH₄SH clouds finds that lightning is unlikely in these clouds due to the large electric field required for electrical breakdown. Lightning may be possible in the overlying H₂S-NH₃ cloud provided that these substances can undergo collisional charge exchange with a magnitude at least 1% of that found in water ice. In the protoplanetary nebula, it appears that large-scale precipitation-induced lightning could not have occurred, due to the small mass density, low temperature and high electrical conductivity of the surroundings. This is a robust conclusion that does not depend sensitively on the values of the parameters involved.

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42

Hsu, Eugene 1966. "Deposition characteristics of metal contaminants from HF-based solutions onto wafer surfaces." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278049.

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Metal contamination levels are a growing concern in integrated circuit manufacturing because they degrade electrical performance. This work uses statistical design of experiments to determine deposition characteristics of transition and heavy metal contaminants onto silicon surfaces from process chemicals that are used in wafer cleaning. Copper, gold, molybdenum, silver, lead, chromium, tin, titanium, manganese, and tungsten were added to buffered oxide etchant (BOE or BHF) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions. Wafers were immersed in these solutions and evaluated by total reflection x-ray fluoresence (TXRF) surface analysis. For those metals that are found to deposit from solution, statistical analysis is utilized to develop empirical models which describe the deposition characteristics.

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43

Woolsey, Lauren. "Magnetic Influences on the Solar Wind." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493537.

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The steady, supersonic outflow from the Sun we call the solar wind was first posited in the 1950s and initial theories rightly linked the acceleration of the wind to the existence of the million-degree solar corona. Still today, the wind acceleration mechanisms and the coronal heating processes remain unsolved challenges in solar physics. In this work, I seek to answer a portion of the mystery by focusing on a particular acceleration process: Alfven waves launched by the motion of magnetic field footpoints in the photosphere. The entire corona is threaded with magnetic loops and flux tubes that open up into the heliosphere. I have sought a better understanding of the role these magnetic fields play in determining solar wind properties in open flux tubes. After an introduction of relevant material, I discuss my parameter study of magnetic field profiles and the statistical understanding we can draw from the resulting steady-state wind. In the chapter following, I describe how I extended this work to consider time dependence in the turbulent heating by Alfven waves in three dimensional simulations. The bursty nature of this heating led to a natural next step that expands my work to include not only the theoretical, but also a project to analyze observations of small network jets in the chromosphere and transition region, and the underlying photospheric magnetic field that forms thresholds in jet production. In summary, this work takes a broad look at the extent to which Alfven-wave-driven turbulent heating can explain measured solar wind properties and other observed phenomena.
Astronomy

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44

Roseman, Mark A. "Low temperature magnetic force microscopy studies of superconducting niobium films." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38266.

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Low temperature magnetic force microscopy studies of superconducting niobium films have been undertaken with the goal of studying the interplay between artificial pinning centers and magnetic vortices.
Measurements were performed using a custom built low temperature magnetic force microscope, capable of operation at temperatures ranging from 4.2 K to room temperature. Special attention has been paid to optimizing the instrumentation through a detailed study of the noise characteristics, with particular emphasis placed on achieving a large signal-to-noise ratio and corresponding high force gradient sensitivity.
Magnetic force spectroscopy data has been used to deduce the critical temperature of the superconducting samples, based upon the repulsive Meissner interaction between the magnetic tip and the sample. Images of vortices as a function of applied magnetic field demonstrate the expected linear relation between vortex density and field strength, and confirms that only single vortices, each carrying one flux quantum, are observed. Two different methods are put forward to determine the magnetic penetration depth; one using magnetic force spectroscopy, the other using constant height imaging of vortices. Images of vortices as a function of temperature demonstrate that as temperatures rise, vortices become more easily depinned during the scanning process through interactions with the magnetic field of the tip. Dissipation images of vortices suggest eddy current damping as well as vortex motion within potential wells as major sources of energy loss. Studies on a patterned niobium film show that only interstitial vortices are easily detectable by MFM, but that a strong tip influence results in significant tip induced motion of these vortices around the antidots.

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45

Johnson, Gregory Howard 1965. "Features of a heavy-ion-generated-current filament used in modeling single-event burnout of power MOSFETs." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277796.

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Power MOSFETs are often required to operate in a space radiation environment; therefore, they are susceptible to a catastrophic failure mode called single-event burnout. Single-event burnout of power MOSFETs is initiated by the passage of an energetic-heavy ion through the parasitic BJT inherent to the power-MOSFET structure. The electron-hole pairs generated by the ion support a short-lived current source which imposes a base-emitter voltage on the parasitic BJT. If a sufficient base-emitter voltage is imposed, the parasitic BJT enters second breakdown and burnout of the MOSFET occurs. A semi-analytical model has been developed to predict the energy required of the incident ion to initiate burnout. This thesis addresses the portion of this model which relates the energy of the incident ion to the base-emitter voltage imposed on the parasitic BJT. The initial base-emitter potential is determined using image-source techniques.

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46

Kim, Tae Jin 1960. "Optimization of dichromated gelatin film coatings for holographic recordings." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278006.

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Optimization of dichromated gelatin (DCG) film coatings for holographic recording is presented. The Taguchi optimization method is applied to DCG film coatings to obtain high uniformity. Two-level factorial design is used to optimize the emulsion curing conditions for high diffraction efficiency. Film thicknesses ranging from 6.0 to 23.4 mum are obtained with uniformities between 4.0 and 8.0%. Peak diffraction efficiencies between 87.0 and 96.9% are obtained using the optimized curing conditions. A possible holographic formation mechanism is introduced and experimental results for shrinkage and swelling are summarized. Both reflection type substrate mode holograms and polarization selective transmission type holograms are fabricated using optimized films. An improved Brewster angle method is also used to obtain an accurate measurement of the refractive index of DCG films, which are important in the design of holographic optical elements.

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47

Jiao, Jun 1957. "Comparative study of the properties, morphologies, and structures of carbon nanoclusters prepared by different methods." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282358.

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This study was undertaken to gain a greater understanding of the growth mechanism of carbon nanoclusters. A set of carbon nanocluster samples prepared by three different methods and under different conditions was characterized with respect to morphology, structure, composition, and related properties. Electron microscopy characterization techniques were used to identify these features. The carbon nanoclusters prepared by conventional arc discharge, modified arc discharge, and catalytic CO disproportionation appear quite different on the surface, but have features in common that this study emphasizes. For the understanding of the growth mechanisms of carbon nanoclusters of different morphologies, the dependence of growth features on the major processing parameters--carbon supply and carbon activity, reaction temperature, gas type and partial pressure, composition and materials involved--was interpreted systematically in a comparative manner. For the encapsulation of foreign materials into carbon cages, the ratio of the supply of carbon and encapsulants, the dimensions and configurations of the electrodes, the flow of a buffer gas across the carbon source, the nature and surface area of materials to be encapsulated or acting as catalyst were recognized as the basic components of a process that lead to properties of as-made materials such as the size distribution of the clusters, the degree of the carbonization of the encapsulants, and the predominant presence of certain morphologies. Regarding the comparison of the structural stability of different morphologies, the results of the post deposition treatments such as elevated high temperature annealing, nitric acid erosion, and electron beam bombardment provide further insight into the properties of this novel family of materials. Operating in certain domains of the parameter space, carbon-coated ferromagnetic nanoparticles, single-walled nanotubes, cylindrical multi-walled nanotubes, and conical fish-bone filaments were produced and comparatively characterized. A tentative discussion with the aim of confirming, expanding or modifying some growth models that have emerged from the work of the past was given in this dissertation. It is expected that this broad-based comparative study will advance the understanding of the growth mechanism to a point where some of the technological promise of the carbon nanoclusters may be realized.

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48

Cutshall, Ryan T. "Achieving wide bandwidth electrically small antennas using internal non-foster elements." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1544745.

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Electromagnetic equations pertaining to electrically small dipole antennas and electrically small monopole antennas with small circular ground planes are reviewed. Two electrically small antenna designs are analyzed numerically and the results are compared. The first is a frequency agile version of the two-dimensional (2D) planar Egyptian axe dipole (EAD) antenna. The second is its three-dimensional (3D) counterpart. The frequency agile performance characteristics of both the 2D and 3D EAD designs are studied and compared. The potential for non-Foster augmentation to achieve large instantaneous fractional impedance bandwidths is detailed for each antenna. In addition, details are given on how to run frequency agile simulations in both ANSYS HFSS and Agilent's ADS. Details are also provided on how to generate an antenna's non-Foster |S₁₁| and radiation efficiency curves using HFSS, and how to generate an antenna's non-Foster |S₁₁| curve using ADS.

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49

Wang, Haiping 1969. "Studies of compounds related to Cu(In-xGax)Se solar cells." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38434.

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Crystals of Cu(In1-xGax)3Se 5 were grown by the horizontal and vertical Bridgman methods. A non-contact carbon coating was used to avoid the adhesion between Cu(In1-x Gax)3Se5 ingots and the inner ampoule walls. The composition along and across the as grown ingots with different starting Ga contents was analyzed and the results were interpreted by the established pseudobinary phase diagrams. Results of XRD confirmed that the lattice constants of the Cu(In1-xGax)3Se 5 crystals varied linearly with the Ga content. Results of X-ray Laue back-reflection showed that the Cu(In1-xGax) 3Se5 ingots contained large single crystal regions. Hall effect measurements carried out on the grown samples revealed that the Cu(In 1-xGax)3Se5 crystals were highly resistive with rather low carrier concentrations. The morphology of as-grown or cleaved sample surfaces of the Cu(In1-xGax) 3Se5 ingots were also studied under optical microscope and SEM.
Metallic Na was, for the first time, introduced into Cu(In1-x Gax)3Se5 compounds to observe the doping effects. The introduction of Na increased the electron concentration significantly for CuIn3Se5 samples (x = 0) but did not show a significant effect on Cu(In1-xGax) 3Se5 samples with x > 0. The increase in electron concentration in the CuIn3Se5 samples after the Na diffusion could be explained by defect generation related to Se and In sites.
Crystals of CuInSe2 were also grown by the horizontal Bridgman method for the first time with the addition of metallic sodium. Degradation in crystalline quality and a change of conductivity type from p- to n-type were observed in ingots grown from melts containing more than 0.25 at. % Na. Experiments of Na diffusion were also carried out on CuInSe 2 crystals in a sealed glass ampoule to observe the doping effect. Hot probe measurements indicated that the sodium-treated CuInSe2 samples changed from p-type to n-type.
MIS devices were fabricated on the Na-treated CuIn3Se 5 material for electrical characterization. Dark current density-voltage characteristics and differential capacitance-voltage characteristics of the MIS devices were measured at room temperature. An energy band diagram of the MIS devices has been constructed based on the band lineup data reported in the literature. The current transport mechanism was examined and a dominant multi-step tunneling process was proposed.
Samples of Cu(In1-xGax)3Se 5 with x ≤ 0.5 were found to be strongly photoconductive over the wavelength range from 700 to 1100 nm even at room temperature. It was observed that the sensitivity of photoconductivity was greatly influenced by surface preparation conditions. Chemically etched samples showed the highest photoconductivity, believed to be due to the reduced surface recombination velocity.
Capacitance measurements were carried out to investigate the interface and bulk properties of ZnO/CdS/Cu(In1-xGax)Se 2 solar cells. Results from the steady state C-V measurements showed evidence of interface or surface states, especially for the samples without annealing. DLTS technique was used to determine the deep levels in Cu(In 1-xGax)Se2 crystals with Ga content varying from 0 to 1. Different deep levels for holes with different DLTS spectra were found in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 crystals, with different Ga contents. The present results showed that the Ga content has an important effect on the formation of deep levels in Cu(In1-x Gax)Se2 crystals.

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50

Hafed, Mohamed M. "Analog and mixed-signal test methods using on-chip embedded test cores." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38487.

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A robust method has been developed for the test and characterization of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits. The method relies on a compact, robust, and easily synthesized integrated test core capable of emulating the function of external automatic test equipment. The core consists of a 2 x N memory whose contents are periodically circulated, a coarse analog filter, and a voltage comparator. One half of the circular memory is used to generate analog signals without the need for multi-bit digital-to-analog converters. The second half is used to generate extremely accurate DC levels, the latter being programmed using a clever software encoding technique that relies on some form of sigma-delta modulation. The DC levels, in combination with the comparator, enable multi-bit digitization using a progressive multiple conversion pass procedure. In order to accommodate broadband circuit phenomena, a delayed-clock sub-sampling mechanism is also employed, in which the digitizer sample clock is consistently delayed over multiple runs of the periodic test signal. One method of delaying the clock is to use a voltage-controlled delay line tuned by a delay-locked loop. The timing resolution of this approach is determined by the value of the consistent clock delay and not its period.
A divide-and-conquer approach to the test of deeply embedded analog integrated circuits using the proposed test core is described. Multiple test configurations are presented that can span a wide range of phenomena to be tested both internally to the integrated circuit and externally through I/O interfaces. The applicability of these configurations to increasing test parallelism both at the core and die levels is investigated. Performance limits of the proposed test core are also derived by drawing a comparison to conventional circuits used for data-conversion applications. The same fundamental limitations on integrated circuit performance are shown to affect the test core electronics, although test-specific requirements, such as forcing periodicity and the reliance on software signal processing, help further enhance on-chip measurement accuracy and repeatability. Finally, several successful experimental prototypes that demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach are presented. The prototypes range from concept proving test core integrated circuits to ones containing multiple simultaneously operated test cores and completely embedded circuits under test. In total, several hundred different test cores have been demonstrated, which is further testimony to the practicality of the proposed techniques.

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