Academic literature on the topic 'Electrification – South Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electrification – South Africa"
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Scharfetter, Beate, and Marco Van Dijk. "Legislation governing the implementation of small-scale hydropower projects for rural electrification in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 2 (2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i2a2005.
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The Department of Energy’s ‘new household electrification strategy’ allows for any appropriate and affordable technology option to be applied towards achieving South Africa’s non-grid electrification target of 300 000 households over the period 2014 to 2025. This paper describes the main legislative and regulatory framework governing the implementation of small-scale hydropower (SHP) projects in South Africa with the aim of attaining the objectives of the non-grid electrification component of the ‘new household electrification strategy’, and indicates that it is possible to implement such projects within South Africa’s complex institutional architecture. The inclusion of run-of-river type small-scale hydropower projects for rural electrification in the 2016 updated General Authorisation eased the process of attaining regulatory compliance in terms the National Water Act. This implies that these types of SHP projects would only need to follow a registration process to obtain the required water use authorisation, and not a full water use licence application process.
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Dinkelman, Taryn. "The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment: New Evidence from South Africa." American Economic Review 101, no. 7 (2011): 3078–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.7.3078.
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This paper estimates the impact of electrification on employment growth by analyzing South Africa's mass roll-out of electricity to rural households. Using several new data sources and two different identification strategies (an instrumental variables strategy and a fixed effects approach), I find that electrification significantly raises female employment within five years. This new infrastructure appears to increase hours of work for men and women, while reducing female wages and increasing male earnings. Several pieces of evidence suggest that household electrification raises employment by releasing women from home production and enabling microenterprises. Migration behavior may also be affected. (JEL H54, L94, L98, O15, O18, R23)
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Bekker, B., C. T. Gaunt, A. Eberhard, and A. Marquard. "Uncertainties within South Africa’s goal of universal access to electricity by 2012." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 19, no. 2 (2008): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2008/v19i2a3324.
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The South African President in 2004 stated the pol-icy goal of universal access to electricity by 2012. This goal requires a significant adjustment of annu-al connection targets and electrification budgets, based on accurate knowledge of the number of electrified and non-electrified households in South Africa. Published data on the state of electrification, however, varies widely, with reported proportions of households electrified in 2005 varying from 57% to 80%. In addition, apparent discrepancies of tens of thousands of connections exist between annual new connection rates reported in different official publi-cations. Different definitions of Universal Access fur-ther impact strategic planning. This paper explores these uncertainties in relation to South Africa’s goal of Universal Access by 2012 by focusing on the availability and accuracy of South African electrifi-cation data, and the definitions, targets and electrifi-cation budgets associated with Universal Access.
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Abu-Aisha, Hasan, and Sarra Elamin. "Peritoneal Dialysis in Africa." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30, no. 1 (2010): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2008.00226.
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BackgroundAfrica is the world's second-largest and second most populous continent. It is also the poorest and most underdeveloped continent. Struggling to provide the essential health interventions for its occupants, the majority of African countries cannot regard renal replacement therapy a health priority.ReviewIn 2007, Africa's dialysis population constituted only 4.5% of the world's dialysis population, with a prevalence of 74 per million population (pmp), compared to a global average of 250 pmp. In almost half the African countries, no dialysis patients are reported. The prevalence of peritoneal dialysis (PD) was 2.2 pmp, compared to a global prevalence of 27 pmp, with the bulk of African PD patients (85%) residing in South Africa. In North African countries, which serve 93% of the African dialysis population, the contribution of PD to dialysis is only 0% – 3%. Cost is a major factor affecting the provision of dialysis treatment and many countries are forced to ration dialysis therapy. Rural setting, difficult transportation, low electrification rates, limited access to improved sanitation and improved water sources, unsuitable living circumstances, and the limited number of nephrologists are obstacles to the provision of PD in many countries.ConclusionThe potential for successful regular PD programs in tropical countries has now been well established. Cost is a major prohibitive factor but the role of domestic manufacture in facilitating widespread use of PD is evidenced by the South African example. Education and training are direly needed and these are areas where international societies can be of great help.
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Ajibade, Andrea A. "National strategies to promote renewable energy development: Whither Nigeria?" Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 10, no. 1 (2019): 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v10i1.5.
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Renewable energy (RE) development enhances electrification, mitigates climate change and aids energy efficiency. Kenya, South Africa and Ghana, among other states within sub-Saharan Africa, have established legal regimes to integrate renewable energy into their energy mix. Through defined legal strategies for RE deployment, these states have committed to the promotion, development and utilization of RE. Despite the momentum towards renewable energy development across the region, Nigeria’s efforts fall short of establishing effective legal strategies. As Africa’s most populous nation it must do more to make RE part of its energy mix in order to impact electrification rates, mitigate climate change and aid socio-economic conditions. This article appraises the legal strategies for RE development in Kenya, South Africa and Ghana. Against this appraisal, it critically evaluates Nigeria’s legal strategies to promote and develop RE. It recommends legal reforms that are necessary to better integrate RE into Nigeria’s energy mix. The methodological approach of this article is doctrinal and library-based. It includes primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include laws, statutes, legal documents, conventions and statistics. Secondary sources include journal articles, internet sources and newspaper articles. All sources are subject to content analysis. It is expected that the article will be useful to policy and lawmakers across various tiers of government in Nigeria.Keywords: Renewable Energy Development, Electrification, Energy Efficiency, National Strategies.
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Winkler, Harald. "Reducing energy poverty through carbon tax revenues in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 3 (2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i3a2332.
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How much can poverty be reduced through carbon tax revenue? This study analyses specific programmes, with carbon taxes generating revenues and equivalent spending on programmes to reduce energy poverty. The twin challenges of development and climate change could be addressed in this way in South Africa. A simple spreadsheet model was used to estimate revenue available from a carbon tax, given different tax rates and emission projections. Four programmes to reduce energy poverty were quantified: electrification, extended free basic energy, scaling-up sustainable housing, and subsidising rooftop solar for poor households. Matching carbon revenue with equivalent expenditure, the study found that applying all carbon revenue to a single programme could fund the national budget for electrification. Hundreds of thousands, and up to tens of millions, of households could receive free energy in the form of 5 kg of liquefied petroleum gas every month, as well as better houses that are warmer in winter and with fewer health impacts from indoor air pollution. Carbon revenues could fund at least a few hundred thousand improved homes, or subsidies for at least 100 000 rooftop solar systems per year to poor households. Institutional and other constraints would have to be addressed. Carbon revenue could fully fund all four programmes combined into an integrated strategy, in three of the four scenarios. The results suggested that full funding could be available from 2019 or from 2025, dependent on carbon tax revenue scenario. Energy poverty can be reduced by expenditure of carbon tax revenues.
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Tinto, E. M., and K. G. Banda. "The Integrated National Electrification Programme and political democracy." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 16, no. 4 (2005): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2005/v16i4a3077.
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Since the coming of democracy in South Africa, the last decade has been marked by extraordinary, yet positive changes in policy development. Democratic organisation, both as a system of government and as a value system commanding the support of ordinary people, is of key importance in these developments and the implications for South Africa are still being analysed. Noticeable are the fundamental changes in the energy sector where there has been a shift from energy self-reliance and energy security to a more sustainable policy approach driven by economic efficiency, social equity and environment protection. Institutes of Democracy like IDEA (2004) concur with this trend that a strong democratic system must support poverty reduction for meaningful democratic change and, in practice; this is clearly the trend being defined. It is now a sustainable development issue, and voter’s confidence that is fast becoming the defining principle and drives for rapid policy change and service delivery in the form of an Integrated National Electrification Programme (INEP) in the energy sector. Policy makers in energy policy acknowledge this phenomenon as defining what is now seen as a ‘post-apartheid energy paradigm shift’. In this paper, it is suggested that the National Electrification Programme (NEP) has performed beyond expectation in increasing access to electricity for the poor in the country. It is also argued that, there is now an electrification and political democracy nexus exhibited in social and political development of this country. In this line of thought, the argument given is that one of the reasons why people voted for the ruling party in 1999 and 2000 was the NEP. Furthermore this identified linkage provides policy recommendations that suggest that the government should deliver other basic services in a similar manner in order to gain people’s confidence. In South Africa, because of the country’s unique social, economic and political history, a trade-off between basic social service delivery and linkage with democracy then becomes very crucial. Keywords
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Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard, Patrik Klintenberg, Fredrik Wallin, Björn Karlsson, and Charles Mbohwa. "Electricity for development: Mini-grid solution for rural electrification in South Africa." Energy Conversion and Management 110 (February 2016): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.015.
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Bokanga, Gilbert M., Atanda Raji, and Mohammed T. E. Kahn. "Design of a low voltage DC microgrid system for rural electrification in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 2 (2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i2a2664.
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This project entails the design of a low voltage DC microgrid system for rural electrification in South Africa. Solar energy is freely available, environmental friendly and it is considered as a promising power generating source due to its availability and topological advantages for local power generation. Off-grid solar systems are perceived to be a viable means of power delivery to households in rural outlying areas in South Africa as solar panels can be used almost anywhere in the country. The design presented in this paper is based on the power demand estimation, photovoltaic panel selection, battery sizing and wire selection for the distribution system.
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Spalding-Fecher, Randall. "Health benefits of electrification in developing countries: a quantitative assessment in South Africa." Energy for Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (2005): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60482-2.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrification – South Africa"
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Jobela, Sonwabo. "Investigating the socio economic impact of electrification in Mnquma Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011507.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the socio economic impact of electrification in Mnquma Municipality in the province of Eastern Cape. Mnquma Municipality has a backlog of about 25475 households that have not yet been electrified. There is a high demand of electricity in villages that have not yet been electrified. Eskom Southern Region has about 5 Million electrified households. The year 2012 was declared as year of universal access of electricity in South Africa. In the last three years amount of electrified households has been coming down at alarming rate. It is against this background that the study sought to investigate the socio economic impact of electrification of households. This study is a comparative study where two villages are compared. One village is electrified whilst the other village is not electrified. The study is based on the questionnaire opinion survey where respondents‟ views and opinion are solicited to test if electricity improves the socio economic conditions of Mnquma households. The study confirmed the findings of the research if electrification has improved the socio economic condition and if electricity is a preferred source of energy. The study proposed recommendations encompasses strategic responses to check if Government is achieving the desired goal through electrification of households.
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Tobich, Ralf Georg. "The electrification of underdeveloped areas : a case study in Ciskei." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18585.
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More than 20 million people in South Africa live without electricity in the household. Perhaps half of them live in underdeveloped rural areas in the 'homelands', which comprise about 14% of South Africa's land area. While considerable work has been done on methods of electrifying underdeveloped urban areas, little research has gone into the need for, and especially the cost of, electrifying the rural homeland areas. This dissertation documents an investigation into this question, using Ciskei as a sample area. The study is based on research that was carried out between July 1987 and January 1989. This research included a literature review of rural electrification and development, two field trips to Ciskei to gather relevant information, two questionnaire surveys to assess people's perceptions of electricity, and the design and costing of distribution and reticulation networks for a rural sample area in Ciskei.
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Patel, Himal. "Techno-economic comparison of standalone microgrids for rural electrification in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29728.
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Rural electrification is a global problem that primarily affects developing countries. The people worst affected are people living in sub- Saharan Africa. There are number of reasons why rural electrification is generally low. People in rural areas generally live in small communities, located far away or from the grid or in geographically tough terrain. As a result, it is not financially viable to extend the grid to these areas and therefore they remain unelectrified. Another dictating factor, is the fact that people in these areas are generally poor, and therefore this discourages any investment from the private sector. This dissertation focuses on rural electrification in South Africa specifically. Most people in South Africa affected by not being electrified live in rural areas on the border between the Eastern Cape and Kwa-Zulu Natal. As it is too expensive to extend the grid to these areas, off-grid options, such as microgrids were investigated. A large amount of research has been carried out on hybrid microgrids as a solution to rural electrification. However, a limited amount of research has been carried out on single source microgrids. Furthermore, South Africa is fortunate to have an abundance of solar, wind and microhydro resources, however, it is unclear which resource would be cheapest based on the location of the rural area. As a result, the aim of thesis was to analyse the impact of the strength of the resource when implementing a microgrid and comparing the three different renewable resources systems against one another. In order to carry out this analysis, three unelectrified villages were selected with each village located in an area of a strong resource, whether it be wind, solar or microhydro. i.e. one village was selected in an area with a strong solar resource, the second in an area with strong wind resource and the third in an area with strong microhydro resource. Once selected, a load for each village was modelled and the resource data for each village was obtained using open source sites. Solar-battery, wind battery and microhydro-battery systems were modelled for each village using HOMER. From the results it was clear that when comparing the same resource in each of the villages, then the strength of the resource did affect the levelised cost of energy i.e. the stronger the resource, the less the lower the cost of energy which was as expected. However, when comparing the solar, wind and microhydro system in each village against each other, it was apparent that the strength of the resource did not dictate the type of technology to be used in that area. It was found that wind systems were not suited to small scale generation, whilst microhydro was the cheapest technology in each village, however, its implementation may be deterred by non-technical issues such as the social and environmental impacts of constructing a dam. The cost of the solar system was comparable to microhydro only when the irradiation was above a certain level. As solar systems are easier and quicker to implement it is possibly the best system in general for rural areas in South Africa. Implementation of off-grid systems for rural electrification in South Africa is a viable option however, as the private sector is not incentivised to implement these systems, then government back in the form of grants and subsidies are required to implement these systems. However, as renewable technologies improve and get cheaper with time, this option to electrify rural areas is always becoming cheaper.
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Syed, Usman Hassan. "Estimation of Un-electrified Households & Electricity Demand for Planning Electrification of Un-electrified Areas : Using South Africa as Case." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125590.
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“We emphasize the need to address the challenge of access to sustainable modern energy services for all, in particular for the poor, who are unable to afford these services even when they are available.” Section 126: The Future We Want (Out Come Document of Rio+20-United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development June 20-22, 2012). The lack of energy access has been identified as a hurdle in achieving the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, leading towards the urge to set a goal for universal electrification till 2030. With around 600 million people in Africa without access to electricity, effective and efficient electrification programs and policy framework is required to achieve this goal sustainably. South Africa is an example in the continent for initiating intense electrification programs and policies like “Free Basic Electricity”, increasing its electrification rate from 30% in 1993 to 75% in 2010 and a claimed 82% in 2011. The case of South Africa has been analysed from the perspective of universal electrification in the coming years. The aim was to estimate the un-electrified households for each area of South Africa in order to provide the basis for electrification planning. The idea was to use available electrification statistics with GIS (Geographic Information System) maps for grid lines and identifying the suitability of on-grid or off-grid electrification options, which may help in planning the electrification of these areas in the near future. However, due to lack of readily available data, the present work has been able to estimate the un-electrified households & their possible electrical load. The estimates have been distributed in different income groups for each province and district municipality of South Africa, which can be used for electrification planning at national, provincial and municipal level. As a result, some simple and useful data parameters have been identified and an estimation methodology has been developed, which may be employed to obtain similar estimates at lower administrative levels i.e. local municipalities and wards. The work can be utilized further and feasible electrification options may be suggested for different areas of South Africa, with the help of GIS maps and data. Depending on the availability of useful data, the data parameters & indicators used in this work will be helpful for planning the electrification for rural households in other places of Africa.
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Mthiyane, Zibuyisile. "Towards universal access : status of the KZN electrification programme 2013/14." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96213.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>Census 2011 put the rate of electrification in South Africa at 84 percent. Even though this is a
positive outcome to the previously recorded 34 percent, it has served as a clear indication that the
target for Universal Access to Electricity by 2014 as set by President Jacob Zuma is unlikely to be
achieved. In June 2013, cabinet approved the implementation of the new household electrification
strategy and in support of this decision the Department of Energy was tasked to develop a new
electrification roadmap or implementation plan.
The intention of this research study has been to contribute to the development of this strategic plan
by analysing the status of electrification in KwaZulu-Natal, as extracted from the provincial
Geographical Information System, in order to identify the optimal electrification roll out plan and to
develop guiding principles for the electrification of the province. The research outcomes provide a
view of the current state of electrification within the province, identify the major technical
constraints which hinder the progress, and provide recommendations for implementation roll out for
KwaZulu-Natal province.
The finding of this research is that of the 497 799 thousand un-electrified houses, 169 506 HH are
not electrifiable as there is not sufficient capacity on the existing networks to cater for these
households. Of those, 132 007 households are dependent on the establishment and construction
of new bulk infrastructure such as substations and lines, while 37 499 are dependent on the
upgrade or refurbishment of the existing infrastructure. The research has identified and categorised
the ‘critical’ bulk infrastructure that will benefit 5 000 households or more as well as the high impact
infrastructure projects that cater for 3 000 households or more.
The research has also identified municipalities that are above the average of 84 percent
electrification and categorised these as quick win areas to help in the progression toward universal
access. As the research has also identified the dark havens, named as such due to being less than
50 percent electrified and plagued by technical constraints which makes any electrification of these
areas not possible in the next five to ten years. Recommendations for responding to all four
categories of findings are put forward.
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Theron, Paul Richard. "Public and private sector involvement in the provision of electricity in urban areas of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21961.
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Bibliography: pages 163-172.<br>This study examines the involvement of public and private sector institutions in the provision of electricity in urban areas of South Africa. Access to electricity in South Africa is highly unequal and little progress is currently being made to bring electricity to all, mainly due to institutional and financial problems. The focus on public and private sector roles is adopted because of the social importance and economic nature of electricity provision, the global and national significance of privatisation policies, and the current importance of allocating appropriate roles to the public and private sectors in widening access to services, including electricity, in South Africa. The distribution sector of the South African electricity supply industry (ESI) is highly fragmented. Municipal electricity departments, which mostly serve white residential, commercial and industrial areas, are generally highly profitable and provide an effective service, but are not highly efficient by international standards. These departments are self-sufficient in the implementation of electrification projects, and have access to adequate capital to finance such projects. Electricity distribution authorities set up to serve black areas, especially electricity departments of black local authorities, are ineffective, and often financially unsound. Due to the weakness of public authorities charged with the task of undertaking electrification projects in black areas, the implementation of these projects is dependent on the involvement of private electrical consultants and contractors. However, few such projects are currently being undertaken due to inappropriate planning and shortages of concessionary finance. After close consideration of the benefits and drawbacks of public and private involvement in range of activities that arise from electricity provision, it is concluded that the key challenges facing the ESI in South Africa will best be met if the distribution sector is restructured on a regional basis in order to utilise existing expertise, and retained within the public sector. Accelerated electrification initiatives, planned and co-ordinated by these distribution authorities, would draw upon the experience and capabilities of private electrical consultants and contractors. Public sector leadership in mobilising both public and private investment would also be necessary. Thus, whilst public institutions would be dominant, important roles would remain for the private sector in the provision of electricity in urban areas. The results of this study suggest that far from privatising service provision in South Africa, it will be essential to allocate a dominant role to the public sector in widening access to services to all.
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Davis, Mark. "Electrification and institutional reform in power utilities : case studies in South Africa and Swaziland." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361297.
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Koko, Sandile Phillip. "Techno-economic analysis of an off-grid micro-hydrokinetic river system as a remote rural electrification option." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/272.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering )) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014<br>Remote rural electrification via grid-extension is a challenging solution due to high connection costs and low electricity consumption rate. As a result, it is difficult to recover the initial investment costs. Therefore, electrification is made possible by means of the commonly used off-grid approaches such as solar, wind, diesel generator and conventional micro-hydro. However, owing to non-continuous availability of sunlight and wind, high cost of diesel fuel, and requirements for construction of diversion weirs, these off-grid approaches might not offer a cost-effective and reliable solution to low income rural residents.
There are many rural communities throughout the world without access to grid electricity and with access to flowing water. An off-grid micro-hydrokinetic river (MHR) system is one of the promising technologies to be used in remote rural areas with flowing water. It can bring sustainable improvement to their quality of life due to its high energy density and minimal environmental impact. This technology is still in the development stage and there is a lack of application, especially in rural areas. Hence, this study investigates the current status of MHR technology in rural applications.
To demonstrate the economic feasibility of an off-grid MHR system, a rural site with multiple energy sources within South Africa has been used. The economic benefit offered by this proposed system at the selected site is compared to the economic benefits offered by other commonly used standalone systems such a solar, wind and diesel generator (DG). This economic comparison has been performed by making use of a Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) simulation tool. Grid extension has also been used as a comparison method for obtaining an economical distance between grid lines and the remote rural site. The results highlighted the acceptable economic performance of the MHR system. Finally, most of the available modelling and simulation tools for mechanical and electrical systems are not equipped with hydrokinetic modules. Hence, an MHR system model has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink in order to study its dynamic performance as submitted to variable water resource. Its performance has then been compared to the performance of a wind system counterpart for generating the same amount of electrical power. This proved/verified that the proposed system can generate electricity markedly cheaper than a wind system even in areas with adequate wind resource within South Africa.
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Themeli, Tshimangadzo Booi. "A cost-benefit analysis of electricity supply in a developing country, with reference to Venda." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002757.
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This study concentrates specificaUy on assessing those elements of private and external costs and benefits which need to be accounted for in analyzing the role of electricity supply in a developing region. To facilitate this aim, three interrelated questions are addressed. The first question examines the reasons why a critical need for electrification in developing areas exists. In this regard, a selective review of the literature on development economics is offered, illuminating the previous neglect of the rural dimension in development and the associated problems of poverty and inequality, a lack of infrastructure and the general inability to fulfill basic needs. The second question is devoted exclusively to an economic analysis of the supply of electricity in developing areas. A broad theoretical review on whether an unregulated or regulated (private or public) sector should be responsible for the provision of electrification is presented. This evaluation highlights the various welfare implications and efficiency considerations that appear to be relevant in the present context. The final question, which constitutes the central proposition of the thesis, establishes how electrification should be supplied in developing areas. To this end, the conditions specific to a region in Venda are discussed. An attempt is made to identify the private and external costs and benefits relating to electricity supply and the corresponding costs and benefits pertaining to alternative sources of energy. Since the incidence and nature of these costs and benefits could only be ascertained from individual households, it was deemed necessary to undertake a questionnaire study of residents in Makwarela township and its periurban settlement of Lufule-Tshisele. A number of basic trends were evident from the research results. As far as the various benefits are concerned, respondents tended to place a much higher value on both the private and external benefits associated with electricity than its alternatives. At the same time, the survey found that although the private (or monetary) cost of electricity far exceeded the corresponding cost of alternative energy sources, the external costs were significant in the case of alternative energy sources, but virtually non-existent in the case of electricity. On the whole, the Venda survey seems to suggest that an economic case can be made for involving the broader community in subsidising the supply of electricity in Makwarela, Lufule-Tshisele and other areas. While such a subsidy can perhaps be justified on distribution grounds alone, and more specifically in terms of the rapid and pronounced effect it is likely to have on the quality of life in the region, its real worth lies in the fact that it may confer certain external benefits on the community.
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Mamphweli, Ntshengedzeni Sampson. "Implementation of a 150kva biomass gasifier system for community economic empowerment in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/262.
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There is growing interest in research and development activities on biomass gasification technologies as an alternative to fossil fuels technologies. However not much has been done in terms of technology transfer, particularly in under-developed and developing countries such as South Africa. This is mainly because of the lack of resources such as funding. Most parts of the under-developed and developing countries fall within rural areas and semi-urban centers, which are endowed with biomass resources. South Africa has a number of sawmill operators who generate tons of biomass waste during processing of timber; the large proportion of this is burned in furnaces as a means for waste management while a very small proportion is collected and used by people in rural areas for cooking their food. The majority of people in rural areas of South Africa are either unemployed or cannot afford the current energy services. The main aim of this research was to establish the viability of electricity generation for community economic development through biomass gasification, specifically using the locally designed System Johansson Biomass Gasifier™ (SJBG), and to establish the efficiency of the gasifier and associated components with a view of developing strategies to enhance it. The study established the technical and economic feasibility of using the SJBG to generate low-cost electricity for community empowerment. The study also developed strategies to improve the particle collection efficiency of the cyclone. In addition to this, a low-cost gas and temperature monitoring system capable of monitoring gas and temperature at various points of the gasifier was developed. The system was built from three Non- Dispersive Infrared gas sensors, one Palladium/Nickel gas sensor and four type K thermocouples. The study also investigated the impact of fuel compartment condensates on gasifier conversion efficiency. This is an area that has not yet been well researched since much has been done on energy recovery using combined heat and power applications that do not utilize the energy in condensates because these are produced in the gasifier and drained with chemical energy stored in them. The study established that the condensates do not have a significant impact on efficiency.
Books on the topic "Electrification – South Africa"
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Galen, Paul S. Electricity distribution industry restructuring, electrification and competition in South Africa. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1997.
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Eberhard, Anton A. Poverty and power: Energy and the South African state. Pluto Press, 1995.
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1966-, Van Horen Clive, ed. Poverty and power: Energy and the South African state. University of Cape Town Press, 1995.
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Eberhard, A., and C. Van Horen. Poverty and Power: Energy and the South African State. University of Cape Town Press,South Africa, 1998.
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Kruger, Wikus, Louise Tait, and Jiska de Groot. The Political Economy of Household Thermal Energy Choices in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0025.
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Indonesia and South Africa are both trying address energy poverty through subsidized energy provision. South Africa has implemented one of the largest electrification programmes in the world, and 80 per cent of the population now have access to the national grid. But this alone is unlikely to achieve universal energy access goals. Indonesia recently implemented one of the largest household energy transition projects to date: the kerosene-to-LPG (liquid petroleum gas) conversion programme. Exploring these projects makes more visible the political economic factors that have affected the adoption of certain energy carriers.
Book chapters on the topic "Electrification – South Africa"
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Thopil, George Alex. "The Evolution of Electrification in South Africa and Its Energy-Environmental Impact." In Energy and Environmental Security in Developing Countries. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63654-8_10.
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Bischof-Niemz, Tobias, and Terence Creamer. "Electrification of just about everything." In South Africa’s Energy Transition. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429463303-5.
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Singh, Shawren. "HCI in South Africa." In Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch041.
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South Africa is a multi-lingual country with a population of about 40.5 million people. South Africa has more official languages at a national level than any other country in the world. Over and above English and Afrikaans, the eleven official languages include the indigenous languages: Southern Sotho, Northern Sotho, Tswana, Zulu, Xhosa, Swati, Ndebele, Tsonga, and Venda (Pretorius & Bosch, 2003). Figure 1 depicts the breakdown of the South African official languages as mother tongues for South African citizens. Although English ranks fifth (9%) as a mother tongue, there is a tendency among national leaders, politicians, business people, and officials to use English more frequently than any of the other languages. In a national survey on language use and language interaction conducted by the Pan South African Language Board (Language Use and Board Interaction in South Africa, 2000), only 22% of the respondents indicated that they fully understand speeches and statements made in English, while 19% indicated that they seldom understand information conveyed in English. The rate of electrification in South African is 66.1%. The total number of people with access to electricity is 28.3 million, and the total number of people without access to electricity is 14.5 million (International Energy Agency, 2002). Although the gap between the “haves” and “have-nots” is narrowing, a significant portion of the South African population is still without the basic amenities of life. This unique environment sets the tone for a creative research agenda for HCI researchers and practitioners in South Africa.
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Louineau, J.-Paul, J. R. Bates, C. Purcell, W. Mandhlazi, and H. Van Rensbur. "Programme for the Electrification of 1 000 Schools in Eastern Province and Northern Cape in the Republic of South Africa." In Sixteenth European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315074405-266.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Electrification – South Africa"
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Patel, Himal, and Sunetra Chowdhury. "Cost Effective Microhydro-based Microgrid Schemes for Rural Electrification in South Africa." In 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2018.8541952.
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Aswat, Muhammed, Mohammed Raees Ebrahim Dangor, and Willie Cronje. "A Standalone Personal Consumer Grid for Rural Household Electrification." In 2019 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robomech.2019.8704822.
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Bekker, Bernard, and C. T. Gaunt. "Modeling hard uncertainty in rural electrification projects in South Africa using the Shackle model." In 2006 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2006.360304.
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Tshabeni, Thulisa, and Peter Freere. "Comparison of informal settlement electrification: A case study at seaview, eastern cape, South Africa." In 2017 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095589.
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Roy-Aikins, Joseph. "Challenges in Meeting the Electricity Needs of South Africa." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59085.
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The state-owned power utility, Eskom, generates about ninety five percent of the electricity produced in South Africa. Plans by the government of South Africa in the mid-nineteen nineties to restructure the electricity industry in the country prevented Eskom from embarking on capacity expansion activities when it was necessary. Load growth, as a result of economic growth and a national electrification programme, caused an erosion of the electricity reserve margin, which was quite massive in the early nineties. The large reserve margin then caused Eskom to reduce operating capacity by mothballing some generating plants and putting them in reserve storage. The current situation is that the reserve margin has dropped to about 17,4 percent and a capacity expansion programme is underway. Though the apparent reserve margin is within the desired range, plant unavailability has diminished the reserve margin in real terms and this does not leave Eskom with much room for planned maintenance and a buffer to manage unplanned maintenance, the result being that plant incidents and technical problems cannot easily be absorbed within the power system to avoid interruption of supply. Also, the new environmental legislation does not help the situation, as it has the potential to shut down generating plants that do not meet the new emissions standard. In addition, there have been problems with the New Build Programme that caused a delay, of over three years, in the delivery of new power, and to compound the problem the Energy Regulator refused recently Eskom’s application for additional tariff increase, which was requested to enable the company provide the finances to cover the shortfall in funding for operational expenses and the New Build Programme. As such, Eskom faces many challenges in meeting its obligation to South Africa, and interventions are in place to manage the situation. In the short term, the key to generation sustainability is improved plant health, brought about by on-time maintenance and correctly-scoped and no-slip outages. This paper presents an overview of the power situation in South Africa, explaining where the country has come from, the plan for long term security of supply, and the challenges faced by Eskom from the generation supply side in meeting the demand load in the short term. Trends in the performance indices indicative of plant health are examined and it is argued that executing planned plant maintenance will improve plant health and, hence, plant availability, which can bring about a turnaround in the short term power supply situation, as Eskom awaits new capacity from the New Build Programme.
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Cloete, C. E., and K. R. Kemm. "Electrification expansion in the Winterveld region of South Africa in the face of pressure to reduce electricity consumption." In ECOSUD 2009. WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eco090371.
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Mudziwepasi, S. K., and M. S. Scott. "Towards the exploration of renewable energy technologies as an alternative to grid extension for rural electrification in South Africa." In 2014 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/due.2014.6827770.
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Xu, Z., and S. Chowdhury. "A review of rural electrification through micro-grid approach: South African context." In 2013 48th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2013.6714883.
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van der Meulen, Dave. "Heavy Haul Railway Electrification: Experiences and Prospects." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36151.
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The paper sets out to consolidate relevant learning from South Africa’s two electric heavy haul operations, and relate it to practices in two significant heavy hauling countries, the US as font of heavy haul, and China that has established a significant presence in heavy haul. In comparing the present dominant diesel heavy haul with electric heavy haul, it is evident that the latter can offer sustainability through open system interaction with its environment. However, electric heavy haul solutions are still divergent, contrary to what one would expect in a globalized industry. Reviewing prospects for consideration leads to a main conclusion that future heavy haul electrification should rest on an open system approach within a smart total energy management paradigm.
Reports on the topic "Electrification – South Africa"
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Galen, P. S. Electricity distribution industry restructuring, electrification, and competition in South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/515547.
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