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Journal articles on the topic 'Electro-active polymers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Biermann, Jan-Welm, Alessandro Fortino, Michael Reke, and Ufuk Bakirdogen. "Active Vibration Control By Electro-active Polymers." ATZ worldwide 115, no. 7-8 (June 13, 2013): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-013-0080-0.

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2

Leng, Jin Song. "Multi-Functional Soft Smart Materials and their Applications." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.25.

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Stimulus-active polymers can change their shapes with respect to configuration or dimension upon exposure to a particular stimulus such as heat, electricity, light, magnetic, solvent and pH value. These unique characteristics enable stimulus-active polymers to be used in a myriad of fields, including clothing manufacturing, automobile engineering, medical treatment, and aerospace engineering. Stimulus-active polymers can be applied in smart textiles and apparels, intelligent medical instruments and auxiliaries, artificial muscles, biomimetic devices, heat shrinkable materials for electronics packaging, micro-electro-mechanical systems, self-deployable sun sails in spacecrafts, miniature manipulator, actuators and sensors, and many more. This paper presents some recent progress of soft smart materials and their applications. Special emphasis is focused upon shape memory polymer (SMP), electro-active polymer (EAP) for aerospace engineering such as space deployable structures and morphing aircraft, which has highlighted the need for development of these materials. A detailed overview of development in these smart soft materials, of which the undergoing and future applications are used in adaptive structures and active control, is presented. The paper concludes with a short discussion for multi-functional soft smart materials and their composites that are expected to extend the range of development and applications available to the related researches and engineers.

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3

Banerjee, Somik, M. Deka, A. Kumar, and Udayan De. "Ion Irradiation Effects in some Electro-Active and Engineering Polymers Studies by Conventional and Novel Techniques." Defect and Diffusion Forum 341 (July 2013): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.341.1.

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The effect of various radiations to a polymer is more complex and intense, compared to that in other materials, in view of the more complex structure and low bonding energies (5 10 eV for covalent bonds of the main carbon chain). Since the energy delivered to the polymer in most irradiations (including even beta and gamma rays of 1 to 10 MeV) exceeds this energy by many orders of magnitude, there is a high risk of radiation damage to all kind of polymers. However, engineering polymers (PC, PMMA, PVC, etc. and newer ones) as well as electro-active and other functional polymers (conducting polymers, polymer electrolytes) are finding ever increasing applications, often as nanocomposites, e.g. chemical and biomedical applications, sensors, actuators, artificial muscles, EMI shielding, antistatic and anticorrosion coatings, solar cells, light emitters, batteries and supercapacitors. Critical applications in spacecrafts, particle accelerators, nuclear plants etc. often involve unavoidable radiation environments. Hence, we need to review radiation damage in polymers and encourage use of newer tools like positron annihilation spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Present review focuses on irradiation effects due to low energy ions (LEIs) and swift heavy ions (SHIs) on electro-active and engineering polymers, since gamma-and electron-beam-irradiations have been more widely studied and reviewed. Radiation damage mechanisms are also of great theoretical interest. Contents

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4

Krawczak, P. "Electro-active polymers for wearable energy harvesting applications." Express Polymer Letters 11, no. 9 (2017): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.65.

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5

Das-Gupta, D. K., and K. Doughty. "Electro-Active Polymers in Non-Destructive Dielectric Evaluation." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation EI-20, no. 1 (February 1985): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tei.1985.348752.

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6

Vogel, Franziska, Serdar Göktepe, Paul Steinmann, and Ellen Kuhl. "Modeling and simulation of viscous electro-active polymers." European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids 48 (November 2014): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2014.02.001.

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7

Moliton, André, and Roger C. Hiorns. "In focus: opto- and electro-active polymers Editorial." Polymer International 55, no. 6 (2006): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.2039.

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8

Goto, Hiromasa. "Polymerisation on Bio-Tissues." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 68 (July 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.68.18.

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Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.

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9

Goto, Hiromasa. "Polymerisation on Bio-Tissues." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 68 (July 19, 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-50cxcl.

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Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.

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10

Cohen, Noy, Andreas Menzel, and Gal deBotton. "Towards a physics-based multiscale modelling of the electro-mechanical coupling in electro-active polymers." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2186 (February 2016): 20150462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0462.

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Owing to the increasing number of industrial applications of electro-active polymers (EAPs), there is a growing need for electromechanical models which accurately capture their behaviour. To this end, we compare the predicted behaviour of EAPs undergoing homogeneous deformations according to three electromechanical models. The first model is a phenomenological continuum-based model composed of the mechanical Gent model and a linear relationship between the electric field and the polarization. The electrical and the mechanical responses according to the second model are based on the physical structure of the polymer chain network. The third model incorporates a neo-Hookean mechanical response and a physically motivated microstructurally based long-chains model for the electrical behaviour. In the microstructural-motivated models, the integration from the microscopic to the macroscopic levels is accomplished by the micro-sphere technique. Four types of homogeneous boundary conditions are considered and the behaviours determined according to the three models are compared. For the microstructurally motivated models, these analyses are performed and compared with the widely used phenomenological model for the first time. Some of the aspects revealed in this investigation, such as the dependence of the intensity of the polarization field on the deformation, highlight the need for an in-depth investigation of the relationships between the structure and the behaviours of the EAPs at the microscopic level and their overall macroscopic response.

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11

Lin, Gui Juan, Xin Bo Zhang, and De Chao Song. "Wind Power Micro-Generator Using Dielectric Electric Active Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1491.

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Wind power is emerging as a particularly attractive form of renewable energy. Dielectric Electric Active Polymers (DEAP) has shown great potential as actuator materials. Their predomination has been shown to operate in transforming mechanical to electrical energy in a generator mode. This work investigates the principle of wind power dielectric electro active polymer generator, simulation and experimental verification of the phenomenon. Dielectric Electro Active Polymer have proved to provide electrical energy with density as high as 1.5J.g-1.This value is very important compared to the density available with piezoelectric polymer (0.3J.g-1). The prototype has been set up on the DEAP wind power generator in the article. It is a membrane with an area of 1.5 m2 and 30μm in thickness, which is fabricated by Danfoss PolyPower A/S using smart compliant electrode technology in conjunction with a silicone elastomer. In the last part of this article, experimental results are detailed with our prototype for wind application.

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12

An, YingJun, and Hidenori Okuzaki. "Novel electro-active shape memory polymers for soft actuators." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 59, no. 6 (May 13, 2020): 061002. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab8e08.

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13

Hossain, Mokarram, and Paul Steinmann. "Modelling electro-active polymers with a dispersion-type anisotropy." Smart Materials and Structures 27, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 025010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aa9f88.

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14

Rambausek, Matthias, and Marc-André Keip. "Magneto-electro-active polymers: material properties and structural effects." PAMM 17, no. 1 (December 2017): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201710242.

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15

Mehnert, Markus, Mokarram Hossain, and Paul Steinmann. "On nonlinear thermo-electro-elasticity." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2190 (June 2016): 20160170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0170.

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Electro-active polymers (EAPs) for large actuations are nowadays well-known and promising candidates for producing sensors, actuators and generators. In general, polymeric materials are sensitive to differential temperature histories. During experimental characterizations of EAPs under electro-mechanically coupled loads, it is difficult to maintain constant temperature not only because of an external differential temperature history but also because of the changes in internal temperature caused by the application of high electric loads. In this contribution, a thermo-electro-mechanically coupled constitutive framework is proposed based on the total energy approach. Departing from relevant laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations are formulated. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed thermo-electro-mechanically coupled framework, a frequently used non-homogeneous boundary-value problem, i.e. the extension and inflation of a cylindrical tube, is solved analytically. The results illustrate the influence of various thermo-electro-mechanical couplings.

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16

SONG, NAIHENG, LIQIU MEN, JIAN PING GAO, GUOMIN YU, ANDREW M. R. BEAUDIN, and ZHI YUAN WANG. "TOWARDS THERMALLY STABLE, HIGHLY ELECTRO-OPTICALLY ACTIVE ORGANIC POLYMERS: DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF CROSSLINKABLE POLYIMIDES CONTAINING ZWITTERIONIC NONLINEAR OPTICAL CHROMOPHORES." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 14, no. 03 (September 2005): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863505002803.

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A series of nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers were synthesized by grafting a zwitterionic chromophore onto host acid-containing polyimides with different glass transition temperatures and chain mobility. All the NLO polymers showed good solubility, thermal stability and good film-forming ability. The poling and electro-optic (EO) studies revealed a strong dependence of EO coefficients on the polymer chain mobility or the glass transition temperatures. A new thermally crosslinkable group was introduced into the NLO polymers, in order to achieve high temporal stability of the poled NLO polymers.

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17

Mahanfar, A., C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan. "Smart antennas using electro-active polymers for deformable parasitic elements." Electronics Letters 44, no. 19 (2008): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20081013.

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18

Mukherjee, Sujoy, and Ranjan Ganguli. "A dragonfly inspired flapping wing actuated by electro active polymers." Smart Structures and Systems 6, no. 7 (September 25, 2010): 867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2010.6.7.867.

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19

Benslimane, Mohamed Y., Hans-Erik Kiil, and Michael J. Tryson. "Dielectric electro-active polymer push actuators: performance and challenges." Polymer International 59, no. 3 (February 2, 2010): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.2768.

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20

MacDiarmid, Alan G., and Weigong Zheng. "Electrochemistry of Conjugated Polymers and Electrochemical Applications." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033595.

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The discovery in 1977–78 that trans-polyacetylene — (CH)x, the prototype conducting polymer (Figure 1)—could be chemically p-doped (partly oxidized) or n-doped (partly reduced) with a concomitant increase of its conductivity through the semiconducting to the metallic regime introduced new concepts of considerable theoretical and possible technological importance to condensed matter science. In 1979 it was discovered that p- or n-doping of trans-(CH)x could be accomplished electrochemically and that these processes were electrochemically reversible. Polyacetylene is the simplest example of a conjugated polymer, a polymer in which the “backbone” atoms are joined alternately by single and double bonds. All conducting polymers, “synthetic metals,” are conjugated polymers, at least in their doped forms. Other conducting polymers, including for example, poly(paraphenylene), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, have since been examined as electrochemically active materials. These findings have stimulated much industrial and academic interest in the electro-chemistry of conducting polymers and their possible technological applications in for example, energy storage, electrochromic displays, electrochemical drug-delivery systems, electromechanical devices, and light-emitting devices.This article will show the relationship between the doping of a conjugated polymer, the reduction potential of the polymer, and the role of “dopant” ions. These interrelationships have frequently caused considerable confusion in understanding electrochemical doping. Electrochemical synthesis of conjugated polymers and the role of cyclic voltammetry in elucidating the mechanism of electrochemical redox processes involving conjugated organic polymers will also be discussed. This article will also summarize a few selected applications involving electro-chemical properties of conjugated polymers. The coverage is intended to beexemplary rather than exhaustive. Furthermore since the electrochemistry of (CH), the “prototype” conducting polymer, has been extensively studied and comprises a relatively simple, reversible electrochemical system, it will be used to exemplify the basic concepts involved. These basic concepts can then be applied with appropriate modification as necessary to the electrochemistry of other conjugated polymers. Polyaniline will then be used to illustrate a more complex conjugated polymer electrochemical system.

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21

Liu, Guanzhong, and Jiusheng Ren. "Thermo-electro-mechanical instability of an inflated electro-active polymer cylindrical shell." Materials Research Express 6, no. 4 (January 25, 2019): 045316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafd67.

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22

Williams, GRJ. "Nonlinear Susceptabilities of Conjugated Organic Systems: Fused-ring Oligomers." Australian Journal of Physics 44, no. 3 (1991): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph910299.

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The finite-field modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO) molecular orbital technique has been used to calculate the second hyperpolarisability (the molel:ular counterpart to the macroscopic nonlinear susceptability tensor X3) for selected fused-ring oligomers. The fusedring segments are the active electro-optic units in ladder polymers and rigid-rod/flexible-chain copolymers that are under current investigation as polymeric materials with applications in ultrafast optoelectronic devices.

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23

Zaleckas, E., R. Zostautiene, D. Tavgeniene, J. V. Grazulevicius, L. Liu, B. Zhang, Z. Xie, and S. Grigalevicius. "Electro-active polymers containing electronically isolated N-phenyl-N-naphtylamine fragments." Synthetic Metals 187 (January 2014): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.10.011.

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24

Lengvinaite, S., J. V. Grazulevicius, S. Grigalevicius, B. Zhang, Z. Xie, and V. Jankauskas. "Electro-active monomers and polymers containing 3-arylcarbazol-9-yl fragments." Synthetic Metals 160, no. 17-18 (September 2010): 1962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.07.016.

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25

Hossain, Mokarram, and Paul Steinmann. "Towards modelling the curing process in particle-filled electro-active polymers." PAMM 15, no. 1 (October 2015): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510141.

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26

Kim, Jae Hwan, Woo Chul Jung, and Chun Suk Song. "Electro-Active Papers for Remotely-Driven Smart Actuators." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1534.

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This paper introduces the concept of remotely-driven smart actuator utilized by electro-active paper (EAPap). The feature of remotely-driven smart actuator offers unique performance and application capabilities and exploit many of these unique capabilities. Since the microwave-driven actuator does not require carry-on-battery, ultra-lightweight, and distributed micro size actuators can be made. A dipole rectifying antenna (rectenna) array receives the microwave and converts it into a DC power. Recently, cellulose based paper has been came across as an lectroactive paper (EAPap) material so as to be used as artificial muscles for biomimetic insects. Since the power requirement of EAPap is less than the safety limit of microwave power in air, the EAPap actuators can be driven by wireless microwave power. This idea is useful for specific applications that require multifunctional capabilities such as smart skin, ultra-lightweight space structures, micro robots, flapping wing for insect-like flying objects and smart wall paper as well. Current research status along with its issues is addressed including a hybrid actuator of EAPap and conducting polymers that will enhance the performance of the actuator.

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27

Ru, Jie, Min Yu, Qing Song He, Bao Lei Wang, and Zhen Dong Dai. "A New Kind of Electro-Active Nano-Composite Actors Based on SSMA-Reinforced Nafion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.323.

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Ionic polymer metal composite actuators (IPMCs), a new kind of smart material, have taken much attention as suitable candidates for the next generation actuators, micro-electromechanical systems, medical devices and micro air vehicles. In this paper, a new kind of IPMCs was developed by incorporating sulfonated poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SSMA) into the Nafion structure to overcome some of the major drawbacks of traditional electro-active polymers. The results show that the ion exchange capacity and water uptake ratio of the SSMA-Nation membrane increased dramatically. Compared with general IPMCs, the maximum bending displacement and the maximum blocking force of the SSMA-reinforced IPMCs improved greatly: the 1 wt.% SSMA-IPMC exhibited the maximum bending displacement of 11 mm up to 1.4 times, while the 5 wt.% SSMA-IPMC exhibited the maximum blocking force of 26 mN up to 1.2 times.

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28

Gebeyehu, Esubalew Kasaw, Xiaofeng Sui, Biruk Fentahun Adamu, Kura Alemayehu Beyene, and Melkie Getnet Tadesse. "Cellulosic-Based Conductive Hydrogels for Electro-Active Tissues: A Review Summary." Gels 8, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8030140.

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The use of hydrogel in tissue engineering is not entirely new. In the last six decades, researchers have used hydrogel to develop artificial organs and tissue for the diagnosis of real-life problems and research purposes. Trial and error dominated the first forty years of tissue generation. Nowadays, biomaterials research is constantly progressing in the direction of new materials with expanded capabilities to better meet the current needs. Knowing the biological phenomenon at the interaction among materials and the human body has promoted the development of smart bio-inert and bio-active polymeric materials or devices as a result of vigorous and consistent research. Hydrogels can be tailored to contain properties such as softness, porosity, adequate strength, biodegradability, and a suitable surface for adhesion; they are ideal for use as a scaffold to provide support for cellular attachment and control tissue shapes. Perhaps electrical conductivity in hydrogel polymers promotes the interaction of electrical signals among artificial neurons and simulates the physiological microenvironment of electro-active tissues. This paper presents a review of the current state-of-the-art related to the complete process of conductive hydrogel manufacturing for tissue engineering from cellulosic materials. The essential properties required by hydrogel for electro-active-tissue regeneration are explored after a short overview of hydrogel classification and manufacturing methods. To prepare hydrogel from cellulose, the base material, cellulose, is first synthesized from plant fibers or generated from bacteria, fungi, or animals. The natural chemistry of cellulose and its derivatives in the fabrication of hydrogels is briefly discussed. Thereafter, the current scenario and latest developments of cellulose-based conductive hydrogels for tissue engineering are reviewed with an illustration from the literature. Finally, the pro and cons of conductive hydrogels for tissue engineering are indicated.

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29

Pintér, Ákos. "A Novel Floor Sensor Network Technology Based on Dielectric Electro-Active Polymers." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 59, no. 3 (2015): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.7998.

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30

Van Buren, Tyler, and Michael Amitay. "Control of a Transitioning Boundary Layer using Surface-Mounted Electro Active Polymers." International Journal of Flow Control 4, no. 3-4 (December 2012): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1756-8250.4.3-4.133.

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31

Paspirgelyte, R., J. V. Grazulevicius, S. Grigalevicius, and V. Jankauskas. "Monomers and polymers of indole-based enamines as amorphous electro-active materials." Reactive and Functional Polymers 69, no. 3 (March 2009): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.12.024.

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32

Marín, F., J. Martínez-Frutos, R. Ortigosa, and A. J. Gil. "A Convex Multi-Variable based computational framework for multilayered electro-active polymers." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 374 (February 2021): 113567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2020.113567.

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33

Binh, Phan Cong, and Kyoung Kwan Ahn. "Performance optimization of dielectric electro active polymers in wave energy converter application." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 17, no. 9 (September 2016): 1175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-016-0141-6.

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34

Sancak, Caner, Fatma Yamac, Mehmet Itik, and Gürsel Alici. "Model-free control of an electro-active polymer actuator." Materials Research Express 6, no. 5 (February 6, 2019): 055309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab0220.

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35

Miyashita, Ryo, and Hiromasa Goto. "Electro-Magneto-Optically Active Polyaniline/Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Composite." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 4, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01129.

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36

Cheng, Tai Hong, Dong Ji Xuan, Zhen Zhe Li, and Yun De Shen. "Development of IPMC Actuator for Flapping Motion of Dragonfly." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1301.

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The Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) actuator as electro-active polymers is well known for the fast and flexible bending actuation in the electric fields. In this paper, the IPMC actuator is fabricated and designed for realization of biomimetic flapping motion of dragonflies. The resonant frequency of a wing of anisoptera(dragonfly) was calculated by using finite element method and experimental frequency response function. Flapping motion of zygoptera(dragonfly) was considered in resonant frequency of the designed wing structure. The experimental results show that the IPMC wing structure of dragonfly has a good flapping performance in resonant frequency.

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37

Wang, Long-De, Jie Tang, Ruo-Zhou Li, Tong Zhang, Ling Tong, Jing Tang, and Li Xu. "Synthesis and characterization of electro-optic polyurethane-imide and fabrication of optical waveguide device." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 8 (August 19, 2016): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316663611.

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The novel electro-optic (EO) polymers of fluorinated cross-linkable Y-type polyurethane-imides (PUI) were designed and synthesized by polycondensation of second-order non-linear optical azo-based chromophores, phenyl diisocyanate, and aromatic dianhydride. Molecular structural characterization for the resulting polymers was achieved by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The resulting polymers exhibited good film-forming properties, high glass transition temperature in the range from 186°C to 198°C and thermal stability up to 300°C, high EO coefficient ( γ33 = 43–60 pm/V) at 1550 nm wavelength, good stabilization of electrically induced chromophore dipole alignment and low optical propagation losses in the range of 1.5–1.7 dB/cm at 1550 nm, which are suitable for the EO modulators. Using the synthesized EO PUI as the active core material and of a fluorinated polyimide as cladding material, we have designed and fabricated the high-performance polymer waveguide Mach-Zehnder EO modulators. Obvious modulation was observed by application of ac voltage signal to the EO modulators.

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38

Rajapaksha, Chathuranga Prageeth Hemantha, Chenrun Feng, Camilo Piedrahita, Jinwei Cao, Vikash Kaphle, Björn Lüssem, Thein Kyu, and Antal Jákli. "Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Based Electro‐Active Ionic Elastomer." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 41, no. 6 (March 2020): 1900636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201900636.

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39

OYAMA, Takuma, Kazuhiko SASAGAWA, and Kazuhiro FUJISAKI. "182 Development of Actuator for Application to Haptic Interface using Electro-Active Polymers." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2013.48 (2013): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2013.48.166.

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40

Villa, Andrea, Luca Barbieri, and Roberto Malgesini. "Three dimensional simulation of the dynamics of electro active polymers using shell elements." Applied Mathematics and Computation 377 (July 2020): 125160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2020.125160.

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41

QIN, ANJUN, FENGLIAN BAI, GUANGLEI CUI, PEIWANG ZHU, and CHENG YE. "GUEST-HOST POLED POLYMERS WITH HIGH LOADING LEVEL BY USING CHROMOPHORES WITH SMALL DIPOLE MOMENT." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 02 (June 2006): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003232.

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Poled polymers are currently of great interest in second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications such as electro-optic (EO) modulation, optical switching, etc. The EO active chromophores doped in polymer matrices generally have large dipole moment. The strong electrostatic interaction between molecular dipoles causes orientation relaxation after poling, decrease of poling efficiency, phase separation, and etc. at high doping concentration. A new type of NLO chromophore with low ground-state dipole moment has been designed and synthesized. It was doped in PMMA polymer matrix. The electrostatic interaction between chromophore molecules in this doped film is reduced greatly. This provides a way to increase the doping level in guest-host poled polymer system. At a very high loading level of 52% wt. (N = 6.41 × 1020/ cm 3), which is over 2 times of the theoretically predicated value for the spherical shape molecules, reasonable film quality and dipole orientation stability have been achieved.

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Beljonne, D., J. Cornil, J. L. Brèdas, and V. Coropceanu. "Electro-active pi-Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers A Molecular Picture of Charge-Transfer Processes." Educación Química 15, no. 4 (August 25, 2018): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.2004.4.66163.

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<span>Inorganic semiconductor devices such as transistors have been instrumental in shaping the development of our society of information and communication. Recently, the electronics and photonics technologies have opened their materials base to organics, in particular p-conjugated oligomers and polymers. The goal with organics-based devices is not necessarily to attain or exceed the level of performance of inorganic semiconductor technologies...</span>

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Wang, Xuan-Lun, Il-Kwon Oh, and Tai-Hong Cheng. "Electro-active polymer actuators employing sulfonated poly(styrene-ran-ethylene) as ionic membranes." Polymer International 59, no. 3 (February 1, 2010): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.2775.

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Marín, F., R. Ortigosa, J. Martínez-Frutos, and A. J. Gil. "Viscoelastic up-scaling rank-one effects in in-silico modelling of electro-active polymers." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 389 (February 2022): 114358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2021.114358.

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Yuse, Kaori, Daniel Guyomar, Masae Kanda, Laurence Seveyrat, and Benoit Guiffard. "Development of large-strain and low-powered electro-active polymers (EAPs) using conductive fillers." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 165, no. 2 (February 2011): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2010.08.008.

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Binh, Phan Cong, Doan Ngoc Chi Nam, and Kyoung Kwan Ahn. "Modeling and experimental analysis of an antagonistic energy conversion using dielectric electro-active polymers." Mechatronics 24, no. 8 (December 2014): 1166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2014.09.007.

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Lengvinaite, S., J. V. Grazulevicius, S. Grigalevicius, B. Zhang, and Z. Xie. "Functional derivatives of (bi)phenyl-substituted carbazoles as building blocks for electro-active polymers." Reactive and Functional Polymers 70, no. 7 (July 2010): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.03.007.

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Lengvinaite, Simona, Juozas V. Grazulevicius, Saulius Grigalevicius, and Vygintas Jankauskas. "Oxetanyl-functionalized 9-aryl[3,3′]bicarbazolyl derivatives as building blocks for electro-active polymers." Journal of Polymer Research 18, no. 4 (July 13, 2010): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-010-9469-2.

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Hossain, Mokarram. "Modelling the curing process in particle-filled electro-active polymers with a dispersion anisotropy." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 32, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-019-00747-5.

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Li, Ting, Jian Sun, Jinsong Leng, and Yanju Liu. "An electrical heating shape memory polymer composite incorporated with conductive elastic fabric." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 11 (March 27, 2022): 1725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221085630.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials with large deformation performance and variable stiffness characteristics, and have exhibited great potential in morphing skins. The thermal stimulation of SMPs is one of the hotspots in recent years. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPC) filled with conductive materials are activated by Joule heating without external heating facilities. The existing electro-induced SMPCs filled with conductive materials would limit large tension deformation, cannot be heated in a large area, or damage the heating circuit under cyclic loading. These aspects restrict the application of SMPC for morphing skins. In this work, an electro-induced SMP composite was fabricated by the styrene-based SMP incorporated with conductive elastic fabric (CEF) to remove the limiting factors as much as possible. The thermos-mechanical properties and electro-active characteristics of CEF/SMP composite were systematically investigated. The maximum strain at break of CEF/SMP composites reached 206% at 80°C, exhibiting excellent deformation performance. The resistance remained relatively stable after 50 cycles under 40% tensile strain. Furthermore, the CEF/SMP composite with a dimension of 160×160×3 mm3 was successfully heated above the glass transition temperature, demonstrating the actuating ability with a relatively large region. In general, the CEF/SMP composite is promising for the application of morphing skins.

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