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Journal articles on the topic 'Electro-osmotic measurements'
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1
Miyamoto, Manabu, Takashi Nakahari, Hideyo Yoshida, and Yusuke Imai. "Electro-osmotic flow measurements." Journal of Membrane Science 41 (February 1989): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(00)82415-1.
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Botin, Denis, Jennifer Wenzl, Ran Niu, and Thomas Palberg. "Colloidal electro-phoresis in the presence of symmetric and asymmetric electro-osmotic flow." Soft Matter 14, no. 40 (2018): 8191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00934a.
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Petrovick, John G., Douglas I. Kushner, Priyamvada Goyal, Clayton J. Radke, and Adam Z. Weber. "Investigating the Electro-Osmotic Coefficients of PFSA and Anion-Exchange Ionomers Using Microelectrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 39 (2023): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02391907mtgabs.
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The electro-osmotic coefficient of ionomer membranes is a significant water management property that quantifies the number of water molecules dragged with the mobile ion (typically a proton) when that ion moves due to the operation of an electrochemical cell or an electric field. This coefficient becomes critical when attempting to model water distribution and movement in fuel cells and electrolyzers, where water is an important factor influencing device performance. However, there is disagreement on the value of the electro-osmotic coefficient for PFSA membranes and little significant study of the coefficient in anion exchange membranes (AEMs). Here we present an electrochemical, two-electrode method of determining the electro-osmotic coefficient of ionomers using differential relative humidity (RH) measurements. This approach allows for more accurate determination of the electro-osmotic coefficient. We present the electro-osmotic coefficient as a function of temperature and mobile ion for a variety of ionomers, including Nafion, sulfonated polystyrene, Versogen,, and Sustainion. In addition, a model based on the Maxwell-Stefan-Onsager framework is developed for the AEMs, enabling calculation of the membrane water permeability via fitting of the electro-osmotic coefficient. These coefficients will allow for more accurate models of water transport in electrochemical systems, leading to a greater understanding of the inefficiencies in these systems and, hopefully, insight into how to improve them. This work was supported by the HydroGEN Advanced Water Splitting Materials consortium, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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Kim, M. J., and K. D. Kihm. "Microscopic PIV measurements for electro-osmotic flows in PDMS microchannels." Journal of Visualization 7, no. 2 (2004): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03181583.
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Ben Salah, M., H. Souli, P. Dubujet, M. Hattab, and M. Trabelsi Ayadi. "Experimental study of the electrokinetic behaviour of kaolinite–smectite mixtures." Soil Research 55, no. 8 (2017): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16267.
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The evolution of the behaviour of kaolinite–smectite mixtures was studied using mechanical and electrokinetic tests. Oedometric tests showed that the compression index of the mixtures increases with increasing smectite percentage and that the curves feature a double slope in the [log σv,e] (where σv is the vertical mechanical stress and e is the void ratio) coordinate system when the percentage of smectite is strictly higher than 25%. Electrokinetic tests show that, of smectite the electrical conductivity and electro-osmotic flow tend towards that of the smectite. Measurements performed after the electrokinetic tests showed that the pH and conductivity are constant when the amount of smectite is lower than 25%. For higher smectite content, acidification of the medium is not totally obtained and the electrical conductivity is higher near the anode because of the slow diffusion of H+ ions in the structure. The tests also highlight that the electro-osmotic permeability is affected by the hydraulic permeability, although the variation in electro-osmotic permeability remains small compared with that of hydraulic permeability.
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Sadr, Reza, Minami Yoda, Pradeep Gnanaprakasam, and A. Terrence Conlisk. "Velocity measurements inside the diffuse electric double layer in electro-osmotic flow." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 4 (2006): 044103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2234836.
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Hock, Vincent, Sean Morefield, and James B. Bushman. "Evaluating the Performance of the Electro-Osmotic Pulse Basement Dewatering System." Materials Performance 45, no. 1 (2006): 24–28. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2006_45_1-24.
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An experiment was conducted to develop a relationship between a moisture content meter and resistivity. Concurrent measurements on a characterized concrete specimen were made using the moisture meter and 4-pin resistivity instrument as the block was progressively saturated. The relationship between moisture content and resistivity followed a strong correlation to a power law regression formula. The relationship between concrete resistivity and moisture content, with all other factors held constant, is presumed to follow the same logarithmic relationship found in clays.
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Plecis, Adrien, and Yong Chen. "Improved glass–PDMS–glass device technology for accurate measurements of electro-osmotic mobilities." Microelectronic Engineering 85, no. 5-6 (2008): 1334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.01.097.
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Audry, Marie-Charlotte, Agnès Piednoir, Pierre Joseph, and Elisabeth Charlaix. "Amplification of electro-osmotic flows by wall slippage: direct measurements on OTS-surfaces." Faraday Discussions 146 (2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b927158a.
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Ren, Xiaoming, Thomas E. Springer, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, and Shimshon Gottesfeld. "Methanol Transport Through Nation Membranes. Electro-osmotic Drag Effects on Potential Step Measurements." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, no. 2 (2000): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1393219.
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Ren, Xiaoming, Wesley Henderson, and Shimshon Gottesfeld. "Electro‐osmotic Drag of Water in Ionomeric Membranes: New Measurements Employing a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 144, no. 9 (1997): L267—L270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837940.
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Nam, Y. S., and K. J. Renken. "Laboratory measurements of electro-osmotic pulsing technology in reducing radon gas diffusion through a concrete slab." Science of The Total Environment 272, no. 1-3 (2001): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00715-x.
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BARZ, DOMINIK P. J., HAMID FARANGIS ZADEH, and PETER EHRHARD. "Measurements and simulations of time-dependent flow fields within an electrokinetic micromixer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 676 (April 14, 2011): 265–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.44.
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We investigate the flow field in an electrokinetic micromixer. The concept of the micromixer is based on the combination of an alternating electrical field applied to a pressure-driven base flow in a meander–channel geometry. The presence of the electrical field leads to an additional electro-osmotic velocity contribution, which results in a complex flow field within the meander bends. The velocity fields within the meander are measured by means of a microparticle-image velocimetry method. Furthermore, we introduce a mathematical model, describing the electrical and fluid-mechanical phenomena present within the device, and perform simulations comparable to the experiments. The comparison of simulations and experiments reveals good agreement, with minor discrepancies in flow topology, obviously caused by small but crucial differences between experimental and numerical geometries. In detail, simulations are performed for sharp corners of the bends, while in the experiments these corners are rounded due to the microfabrication process.
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Orazem, Mark E. "(Invited) Sequential Development of Continuous Electro-Osmotic Dewatering for Phosphatic Clay Suspensions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 55 (2024): 2919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01552919mtgabs.
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The beneficiation plant associated with a typical Florida phosphate mining operation produces more than 6,300 L/s of a dilute 2-3 wt.% suspension of phosphatic clay. The clay-water suspension is pumped into large impoundments called clay settling areas in which partial separation is achieved by hindered settling and self-consolidation. As clay settles, the supernatant water is recycled for use in the beneficiation plant. A top crust is formed after a few years, but the clay beneath the crust has a large water content and a pseudo-plastic character that limits the amount of weight the settling area can support. Clay settling areas cover roughly 390 square kilometers of land in Florida. Uses for the land are limited by the properties of the clay that leave the settling areas unstable, even after 50 years of elapsed time. In addition, failure of the impoundments has caused major releases into local rivers.1 Research in use of electrokinetic phenomena to accelerate the dewatering process of phosphatic clay has been active for more than 50 years.2,3 The use of an electric field to separate the water from the solids is attractive because the inherent stability of the clay suspension is due, in part, to the surface charges residing on the platelets. This presentation will describe the results of a 7-year research project, funded by Mosaic, to create an electrokinetic alternative to the creation of clay settling areas. Through a systematic development of prototypes, from batch4,5 to semi-continuous with emphasis on water clarification6 to semi-continuous with emphasis on solids extraction, our team has developed a fully continuous prototype using electrokinetic dewatering. The fully continuous prototype itself underwent several prototype designs, culminating in a single-stage design for continuous electro-osmotic dewatering of phosphatic clay suspensions that demonstrated efficient production of a dewatered cake with a solids content of 35 wt.% at a dry-clay production rate of 4.5 kg/h m2 from a feed clay of 10 wt.%.7,8 The results were supported by measurements of yield stress and a mathematical model that accounted for compressibility of the cake and for both electro-osmotic and hydraulic permeability.9 Patents were published that correspond to the above stages of development.10-12 References Damage Cases and Environmental Releases from Mines and Mineral Processing Sites, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1997. A. Dizon and M. E. Orazem, “Advances and Challenges of Electrokinetic Dewatering of Clays and Soils,” Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 22 (2020), 17-24. J. Q. Shang and K. Y. Lo, “Electrokinetic Dewatering of a Phosphate Clay,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 55 (1997), 117-133 J. P. McKinney and M. E. Orazem, “A Constitutive Relationship for Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Slurries,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 28 (2011), 49-54. J. P. McKinney and M. E. Orazem, “Electrokinetic Dewatering Phosphatic Clay Settling Areas: Numerical Simulation and Economic Assessment,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 28 (2011), 71-76. R. Kong and M. E. Orazem, “Semicontinuous Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Suspensions,” Electrochimica Acta, 140 (2014), 438-446. R. Kong, A. Dizon, S. Moghaddam, and M. E. Orazem, “Development of Fully-Continuous Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Suspensions,” in Electrochemical Engineering: From Discovery to Product, Volume XVIII of Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering, R. Alkire, P. N. Bartlett, and M. Koper, editors, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2018, 159-192. A. Dizon and M. E. Orazem, “Efficient Continuous Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Suspensions,” Electrochimica Acta, 298 (2018), 134-141. A. Dizon and M. E. Orazem, “Mathematical Model and Optimization of Continuous Electro-Osmotic Dewatering,” Electrochimica Acta, 304 (2019) 42-53. M. E. Orazem and R. Kong, “Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Suspensions,” U.S. Patent No. 10,486,108 B2, Issued: November 22, 2019. M. E. Orazem, R. Kong, S. Moghaddam, H. Lai, D. Yu, Y. Huang, and D. Bloomquist, “Continuous Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Suspensions,” U.S. Patent No. 10,315,165 B2, Issued: June 11, 2019. M. E. Orazem and A. R. Dizon, “Device for Efficient Continuous Electrokinetic Dewatering of Phosphatic Clay Suspensions,” U.S. Patent No. 11,208,342 B2, Issued: Dec. 28, 2021.
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McLaughlin, S., and R. T. Mathias. "Electro-osmosis and the reabsorption of fluid in renal proximal tubules." Journal of General Physiology 85, no. 5 (1985): 699–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.85.5.699.
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The lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) are believed to be the final common pathway for fluid reabsorption from the renal proximal tubule. We postulate that electrogenic sodium pumps in the lateral membranes produce an electrical potential within the LIS, that the lateral membranes bear a net negative charge, and that fluid moves parallel to these membranes because of Helmholtz-type electro-osmosis, the field-induced movement of fluid adjacent to a charged surface. Our theoretical analysis indicates that the sodium pumps produce a longitudinal electric field of the order of 1 V/cm in the LIS. Our experimental measurements demonstrate that the electrophoretic mobility of rat renal basolateral membrane vesicles is 1 micron/s per V/cm, which is also the electro-osmotic fluid velocity in the LIS produced by a unit electric field. Thus, the fluid velocity in the LIS due to electro-osmosis should be of the order of 1 micron/s, which is sufficient to account for the observed reabsorption of fluid from renal proximal tubules. Several experimentally testable predictions emerge from our model. First, the pressure in the LIS need not increase when fluid is transported. Thus, the LIS of mammalian proximal tubules need not swell during fluid transport, a prediction consistent with the observations of Burg and Grantham (1971, Membranes and Ion Transport, pp. 49-77). Second, the reabsorption of fluid is predicted to cease when the lumen is clamped to a negative voltage. Our analysis predicts that a voltage of -15 mV will cause fluid to be secreted into the Necturus proximal tubule, a prediction consistent with the observations of Spring and Paganelli (1972, J. Gen. Physiol., 60:181).
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Olesen, Anders Christian, Søren Knudsen Kær, and Torsten Berning. "A Multi-Fluid Model for Water and Methanol Transport in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 6869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196869.
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Direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems are comparatively simple, sometimes just requiring a fuel cartridge and a fuel cell stack with appropriate control devices. The key challenge in these systems is the accurate determination and control of the flow rates and the appropriate mixture of methanol and water, and fundamental understanding can be gained by computational fluid dynamics. In this work, a three-dimensional, steady-state, two-phase, multi-component and non-isothermal DMFC model is presented. The model is based on the Eulerian approach, and it can account for gas and liquid transport in porous media subject to mixed wettability, i.e., the simultaneous presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores. Other phenomena considered are variations in surface tension due to water–methanol mixing and the capillary pressure at the gas diffusion layer–channel interface. Another important aspect of DMFC modeling is the transport of methanol and water across the membrane. In this model, non-equilibrium sorption–desorption, diffusion and electro-osmotic drag of both species are included. The DMFC model is validated against experimental measurements, and it is used to study the interaction between volume porosity of the anode gas diffusion layer and the capillary pressure boundary condition at the anode, and how it affects performance and limiting current density.
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Gibson, Larry R., and Paul W. Bohn. "Non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis for characterization of lipid biomarkers." Interface Focus 3, no. 3 (2013): 20120096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2012.0096.
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In vivo measurements of lipid biomarkers are hampered by their low solubility in aqueous solution, which limits the choices for molecular separations. Here, we introduce non-aqueous microchip electrophoretic separations of lipid mixtures performed in three-dimensional hybrid nanofluidic/microfluidic polymeric devices. Electrokinetic injection is used to reproducibly introduce discrete femtolitre to picolitre volumes of charged lipids into a separation microchannel containing low (100 μM–10 mM) concentration tetraalkylammonium tetraphenylborate background electrolyte (BGE) in N -methylformamide, supporting rapid electro-osmotic fluid flow in polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. The quality of the resulting electrophoretic separations depends on the voltage and timing of the injection pulse, the BGE concentration and the electric field strength. Injected volumes increase with longer injection pulse widths and higher injection pulse amplitudes. Separation efficiency, as measured by total plate number, N , increases with increasing electric field and with decreasing BGE concentration. Electrophoretic separations of binary and ternary lipid mixtures were achieved with high resolution ( R s ∼ 5) and quality ( N > 7.7 × 10 6 plates m −1 ). Rapid in vivo monitoring of lipid biomarkers requires high-quality separation and detection of lipids downstream of microdialysis sample collection, and the multilayered non-aqueous microfluidic devices studied here offer one possible avenue to swiftly process complex lipid samples. The resulting capability may make it possible to correlate oxidative stress with in vivo lipid biomarker levels.
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Loewenberg, Michael. "Unsteady electrophoretic motion of a non-spherical colloidal particle in an oscillating electric field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 278 (November 10, 1994): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094003654.
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The oscillatory motion of an electrically charged non-spherical colloidal particle in an oscillating electric field is investigated. The particle is immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid and assumed to have a thin electric double layer. For moderate-aspect-ration spheroids and cylinders, a simple algebraic expression is derived that accurately describes oscillatory electrophoretic particle motion in terms of the steady Stokes resistance, added mass, and Basset force. The effects of double-layer conduction and displacement currents within dielectric particles are included. The results indicate that electroacoustic measurements may be able to determine the ζ-potential, dielectric constant, surface conductivity (and microstructural information contained therein), size, density, volume fraction, and possibly shape of non-spherical particles in a dilute suspension. A simple formula is obtained for the high-frequency electrical conductivity of a dilute suspension of colloidal spheroids with arbitrary charge and dielectric constant; only the added mass and Basset force are required and the requisite parameters are given. The result is needed for electroacoustic measurements but it may also be independently useful for determining the dielectric constant, surface conductivity, volume fraction, and possibly the shape of non-spherical particles in a dilute suspension. Electroacoustic energy dissipation is described for a dilute colloidal suspension. It is shown that resistive electrical heating and viscous dissipation occur independently. Electrical and viscous dissipation coefficients that characterize the order volume fraction contributions of the suspended particles are calculated; the electrical dissipation coefficient is O(1) for all oscillation frequencies, whereas the latter vanishes at low- and high-frequencies. The fluid motion is shown to be a superposition of unsteady, viscous and potential flows past an oscillating particle with no applied electric field. The electro-osmotic flow field is insensitive to particle geometry and qualitatively different from the flow past an oscillating particle with no applied field.
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Freiberg, Anna T. S., and Simon Thiele. "H2 Production Efficiency in PEM Water Electrolysis Cells – Evaluating the Effect of the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface on O2 and H2 Crossover." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 45 (2024): 3111. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02453111mtgabs.
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PEM water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are a promising candidate to store fluctuating renewable energy due to their wide current density operating regime. This flexibility is a significant advantage compared to alkaline water electrolysis. However, this flexibility in current density is also a challenge to fully understand local and interfacial effects at different operating conditions minding the different scales that have to be considered in PEMWEs – from the nanometer-sized ionomer thin film to millimeter-sized channel structures for water supply and gas removal. Gas crossover is a big challenge in PEMWEs. It does not just limit the operating regime due to possible formation of explosive gas mixtures on the anode side. 1 It also contributes significantly to the overall efficiency of the system by causing some hydrogen that was produced by the electrical energy input to not reach the cathode exhaust. Crossover hydrogen is lost to the anode exhaust and crossover oxygen chemically recombines with hydrogen, which is therewith also lost when considering the overall hydrogen production efficiency. 2 Compared to PEM fuel cells, gas crossover characteristics in PEMWEs under operation are diverging more from steady-state permeation data. 1, 3 This can be caused by operation dependent two-phase flow characteristics of liquid water and gaseous product. While the anode is actively flushed with liquid water as reactant supply, the cathode of a PEMWE also experiences two-phase operation; either due to being flushed with water additionally or caused by the significant electro-osmotic drag at high current densities leading to water droplet formation in the cathode catalyst layer. The exact environment of the electrode-electrolyte interface will dictate the crossover behavior at different operating points but it is not well understood. In this study we shed some light on the effect of the interfacial two-phase characteristics on the gas crossover behavior at different operating conditions. Hydrogen and oxygen steady-state permeation over PEMWE membranes is studied using a mass spectrometer at different single- and two-phase flow conditions that can be decoupled from the electrochemical gas production and electro-osmotic drag effects due to active hydrogen and oxygen gas supply. By a thorough parameter variation we are able to distinguish solubility, diffusivity and fugacity effects on the overall permeability of the active gases. We show that common pure gas-phase measurements lead to gas permeabilities that show a severalfold difference compared to the results from the two-phase measurements. By comparing such steady-state permeation with gas crossover characteristics at different operating points a better understanding of the electrode-electrolyte interface composition during PEMWE full cell operation can be achieved. While the exact interfacial characteristics depend on the catalyst layer and transport media structure, this experimental data shall serve as a starting point for revisiting the tuning of structural parameters in order to achieve PEMWEs with improved hydrogen production efficiencies. Such dynamic effects will be important in large-scale cells where the two-phase characteristics can change along the cell, additionally. Bernt, M.; Schröter, J.; Möckl, M.; Gasteiger, H. A., Analysis of Gas Permeation Phenomena in a PEM Water Electrolyzer Operated at High Pressure and High Current Density. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167. Schalenbach, M.; Carmo, M.; Fritz, D. L.; Mergel, J.; Stolten, D., Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: Efficiency and gas crossover. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 14921-14933. Trinke, P.; Haug, P.; Brauns, J.; Bensmann, B.; Hanke-Rauschenbach, R.; Turek, T., Hydrogen Crossover in PEM and Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Mechanisms, Direct Comparison and Mitigation Strategies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, F502-F513.
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Derkenne, Timothée, Annie Colin, and Corentin Tregouet. "Macroscopic Access Resistances Hinders the Measurement of Ion-Exchange-Membrane Performances for Electro-Dialysis Processes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 49 (2024): 3488. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02493488mtgabs.
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Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are widely used in industrial sectors from batteries and energy harvesting, to water treatment and desalination. They are designed with a high selectivity and a low electrical resistance. However, the way to measure such performances independently from interpretation and device parameters (geometrical sizes, water flux, electrodes, measurement type, etc.) remains a challenge. Therefore, many performances announced in the current literature are not reliable. This study focuses on membranes prepared for reverse electro-dialysis applications, but could be generalized to other membrane based processes. Due to the rising energy demand and the severe environmental crisis, worldwide reduction of conventional fossil fuel consummation is needed. As a renewable and clean energy resource, the Blue energy is an osmotic energy released during the mixing of solutions of different salinity. Naturally, an irreversible mixing of river water and sea water happens at the estuary. A precise and engineering control of this mixing enables the blue energy harvesting. The worldwide salinity gradient energy could reach 70 GW, which is not negligeable. Since the beginning of blue-energy harvesting research, a lot of advances have been made about membrane design and nanofluidic diffusio-osmotic transport, but the efficiency gap of 6 orders of magnitude between nano-scale designs and industrial power plants remains unsolved. Just after synthesis, selective membranes are benchmarked on very small samples on the basis of the output power. It is usually calculated based on the membrane resistance per unit area, and the measured Donnan potential. This method of power per unit area based on membrane resistance is therefore a key point to compare several devices and their efficiency. A classical electrochemical cell has been used to place a Nafion selective membrane of varying area between two electrodes. The membrane resistance and power density have been experimentally measured. Homogeneous salt concentration or gradient of concentration have been used to measure different parameters. This systematic study shows that for classical measurement cells, the membrane resistance is inversely proportional to the square root of its area. Whereas it's currently assumed in the literature that the resistance and the area of a membrane are inversely proportional. Based on this assumption, the power density is believed to be independent of the membrane area (reason why it is used as a comparison criteria), which we prove to be wrong. This result has a big impact on the reliability of the power density announced in the literature for different devices: the smaller the area of the tested membrane the higher is the output power density: from 0,5 W/m² up to 150 W/m² for the same membrane, same salt ratio (100) different membrane areas. This leads to overly optimistic extrapolation of electrical performances for membranes engineered and tested at sub millimeter sizes that will be industrially used at meter sizes. To explain these results, we show that for small membranes (compared to the electrode size and distance) there is an access resistance at the scale of the membrane. It results that the area mismatch between the membrane and the electrodes add a new resistance in the system that does not scale with the membrane area and that is taken into account in membrane characterizations. Experimental data and theoretical modeling are corroborating without any adjustment parameters. Consequently, the power per unit area obtained at micro scale cannot be extrapolated a priori to larger membranes. So, the comparison is biased between large scale commercially available membranes, and nano-engineered microscale membranes. This raises the urgent need for new indicators or standard measurement protocols. Based on these conclusions, we formulate a few recommendations to perform scalable and meaningful measurements of membrane resistance and power density.
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Lugnani, Franco, Matteo Macchioro, and Boris Rubinsky. "Cryoelectrolysis—electrolytic processes in a frozen physiological saline medium." PeerJ 5 (January 17, 2017): e2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2810.
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BackgroundCryoelectrolysis is a new minimally invasive tissue ablation surgical technique that combines the ablation techniques of electrolytic ablation with cryosurgery. The goal of this study is to examine the hypothesis that electrolysis can take place in a frozen aqueous saline solution.MethodTo examine the hypothesis we performed a cryoelectrolytic ablation protocol in which electrolysis and cryosurgery are delivered simultaneously in a tissue simulant made of physiological saline gel with a pH dye. We measured current flow, voltage and extents of freezing and pH dye staining.ResultsUsing optical measurements and measurements of currents, we have shown that electrolysis can occur in frozen physiological saline, at high subzero freezing temperatures, above the eutectic temperature of the frozen salt solution. It was observed that electrolysis occurs when the tissue resides at high subzero temperatures during the freezing stage and essentially throughout the entire thawing stage. We also found that during thawing, the frozen lesion temperature raises rapidly to high subfreezing values and remains at those values throughout the thawing stage. Substantial electrolysis occurs during the thawing stage. Another interesting finding is that electro-osmotic flows affect the process of cryoelectrolysis at the anode and cathode, in different ways.DiscussionThe results showing that electrical current flow and electrolysis occur in frozen saline solutions imply a mechanism involving ionic movement in the fluid concentrated saline solution channels between ice crystals, at high subfreezing temperatures. Temperatures higher than the eutectic are required for the brine to be fluid. The particular pattern of temperature and electrical currents during the thawing stage of frozen tissue, can be explained by the large amounts of energy that must be removed at the outer edge of the frozen lesion because of the solid/liquid phase transformation on that interface.ConclusionElectrolysis can occur in a frozen domain at high subfreezing temperature, probably above the eutectic. It appears that the most effective period for delivering electrolytic currents in cryoelectrolysis is during the high subzero temperatures stage while freezing and immediately after cooling has stopped, throughout the thawing stage.
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Huyghe, J. M., C. F. Janssen, C. C. van Donkelaar, and Y. Lanir. "Measuring principles of frictional coefficients in cartilaginous tissues and its substitutes." Biorheology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Biorheology 39, no. 1-2 (2002): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0006355x2002039001002006.
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The frictional properties of cartilaginous tissues, such as the hydraulic permeability, the electro‐osmotic permeability, the diffusion coefficients of various ions and solutes, and the electrical conductance, are vital data to characterise the extracellular environment in which chondrocytes reside. This paper analyses one‐dimensional measurement principles of these coefficients. Particular attention is given to the deformation dependence of them and the highly deformable nature of the tissues. A suggested strategy is the combination of a diffusion experiment using radiotracer methods, an electro‐osmotic flow experiment and an electro‐osmotic pressure experiment at low electric current.
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Schnitzer, Ory, Itzchak Frankel, and Ehud Yariv. "Electrophoresis of bubbles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 753 (July 16, 2014): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.350.
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AbstractSmoluchowski’s celebrated electrophoresis formula is inapplicable to field-driven motion of drops and bubbles with mobile interfaces. We here analyse bubble electrophoresis in the thin-double-layer limit. To this end, we employ a systematic asymptotic procedure starting from the standard electrokinetic equations and a simple physicochemical interface model. This furnishes a coarse-grained macroscale description where the Debye-layer physics is embodied in effective boundary conditions. These conditions, in turn, represent a non-conventional driving mechanism for electrokinetic flows, where bulk concentration polarization, engendered by the interaction of the electric field and the Debye layer, results in a Marangoni-like shear stress. Remarkably, the electro-osmotic velocity jump at the macroscale level does not affect the electrophoretic velocity. Regular approximations are obtained in the respective cases of small zeta potentials, small ions, and weak applied fields. The nonlinear small-zeta-potential approximation rationalizes the paradoxical zero mobility predicted by the linearized scheme of Booth (J. Chem. Phys., vol. 19, 1951, pp. 1331–1336). For large (millimetre-size) bubbles the pertinent limit is actually that of strong fields. We have carried out a matched-asymptotic-expansion analysis of this singular limit, where salt polarization is confined to a narrow diffusive layer. This analysis establishes that the bubble velocity scales as the $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}2/3$-power of the applied-field magnitude and yields its explicit functional dependence upon a specific combination of the zeta potential and the ionic drag coefficient. The latter is provided to within an $O(1)$ numerical pre-factor which, in turn, is calculated via the solution of a universal (parameter-free) nonlinear flow problem. It is demonstrated that, with increasing field magnitude, all numerical solutions of the macroscale model indeed collapse on the analytic approximation thus obtained. Existing measurements of clean-bubble electrophoresis agree neither with present theory nor with previous models; we discuss this ongoing discrepancy.
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Cao, Tai Bin. "The Electro-Osmotic Device for Extensive Soil Dehydration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.937.
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In order to improve the electro-osmotic effect in high water ratio soil dehydration consolidation, this paper introduced an electro-osmotic installation system for extensive soil draining which were composed by special power source, electrode, vacuum pump and flow measurement device etc. Among those above, the development of special power source was the core of the system, which was mainly introduced in this paper with power electrical technology and single chip SCM technology and constitutive digital high frequency switch mode power source. The system supported a plenty of technological operations. It was available in worksite.
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Mohd Yusof, Khairul Nizar, Fauziah Ahmad, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir. "Effects of Electro Osmotic Consolidation in South West of Johor: Small Laboratory Scale." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.255.
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Clay soil is one of the problematic soils due to its natural states which have low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The effect and problem of the clay soil characteristic creates a problem for construction especially excessive settlement and this can lead to unstable and potential cracks of engineering structures. At presents, there are few of soil improvement types can be carried out to overcome these problems, and electro osmotic consolidation is one of the options. This method has been applied many years ago especially in european countries. The study encompasses the determination of water content, atterberg’s limits and undrained shear strength after electro osmotic consolidation treatment of clay soils taken from 0.5 m and 1.5 m at southwest part of johor. All the samples were tested according to BS1377:1990. An experimental study was implemented in a pvc cylinder tube having dimensions of 300 mm height and 100 mm diameter. In the results of electro osmotic consolidation tests by installing copper spring electrodes, the measured undrained shear strength was increased considerably at the anodes especially compared to the initial undrained shear strength due to electro osmosis process and consolidation. As laboratory studies of its measurement have shown, the application of electro osmotic consolidation after the application of a direct current applied voltage of 10 volts, at the anodes especially: (i) a decrease by approximately 35% in water content; (ii) an increase around 29% in undrained shear strength; and (iii) a decrease about 21% in index plasticity. The results obtained in this study shows that the electro osmotic enhanced 15 kpa vertical loading consolidation is a feasible approach in strengthening of south west soft clay in johor. It can be clearly suggested that the higher the voltage applied in the system, the higher readings of undrained shear strength and the lower of water content especially at the anodes.
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MIYAMOTO, Manabu, Takashi NAKAHARI, Hideyo YOSHIDA, and Yusuke IMAI. "Electro-osmotic flow measurement to determine thermodynamic parameters in epithelia." membrane 12, no. 4 (1987): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.12.223.
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Han, Su-Dong, and Sang-Joon Lee. "Measurement of Zeta-potential of Electro-osmotic Flow Inside a Micro-channel." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 30, no. 10 (2006): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2006.30.10.935.
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SUNAKAWA, Daisuke, Shogo OYAMA, Takuto ARAKI, and Kazuo ONDA. "Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient and Electro-osmotic Coefficient of Water at PEFC." Electrochemistry 74, no. 9 (2006): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.74.732.
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Abbasi, Aamar, Waseh Farooq, Kamel Al-Khaled, et al. "Electro-osmotic optimized flow of Prandtl nanofluid in vertical wavy channel with nonlinear thermal radiation and slip effects." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 9 (2022): 168781322210941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221094147.
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The simulations have been performed for the nonlinear radiative flow of Prandtl nanofluid following the peristaltic pumping in a wavy channel. The applications of entropy generation for the electrokinetic pumping phenomenon are also focused as a novelty. The complex wavy channel induced the flow of Prandtl nanofluid. Moreover, the formulated problem is solved by using the convective thermal and concentration boundary conditions. The Keller Box numerical procedure is adopted as a tool for the simulation task. The results are also verified by implementing the built-in numerical technique bvp4c. The comparison tasked against obtained numerical measurement has been done with already reported results with excellent manner. The physical characteristics based on the flow parameters for velocity, heat transfer phenomenon, concentration field, and entropy generation pattern is visualized graphically. It has been observed that the presence of thermal slip and concentration enhanced the heat transfer rate and concentration profile, respectively. The skin friction coefficient declines with electro-osmotic force and slip parameter. The increasing variation in Nusselt number is observed for electro-osmotic parameter for both linear and non-linear radiative phenomenon.
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McNab, Walt W., and Roberto Ruiz. "In Situ Measurement of Electro-Osmotic Fluxes and Conductivity Using Single Wellbore Tracer Tests." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 21, no. 4 (2001): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00649.x.
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Kehl, Florian, Tomas Drevinskas, Jessica S. Creamer, Andrew J. DeMartino, and Peter A. Willis. "Providing Enhanced Migration Time Reproducibility with a High-Voltage-Compatible Flow Sensor for Capillary Electrophoresis." Analytical Chemestry 94, no. 15 (2022): 15–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7781500.
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In capillary electrophoresis (CE), analyte identification is primarily based on migration time, which is a function of the analyte's electrophoretic mobility and the electro-osmotic flow (EOF). The migration time can be impacted by the presence of parasitic flow from changes in temperature or pressure during the run. Presented here is a high-voltage-compatible flow sensor capable of monitoring the volumetric flow inside the capillary during a separation with nL/min resolution. The direct measurement of both flow and time allows for compensation of flow instabilities. By expressing the electropherogram in terms of signal versus electromigration velocity instead of time, it is possible to improve the run-to-run reproducibility up to 25×.
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SAITO, Masaaki, Hiroshi IMAIZUMI, Norio KATO, Yoshiyuki ISHII, and Keiichi SAITO. "Proton Hopping Mechanism in Solid Polymer Electrolysis Demonstrated by Tritium Enrichment and Electro-Osmotic Drag Measurement." Electrochemistry 78, no. 7 (2010): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.78.597.
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Lu, Yun-Wei, Chieh Sun, Ying-Chuan Kao, Chia-Ling Hung, and Jia-Yang Juang. "Dielectrophoretic Crossover Frequency of Single Particles: Quantifying the Effect of Surface Functional Groups and Electrohydrodynamic Flow Drag Force." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (2020): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071364.
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We present a comprehensive comparison of dielectrophoretic (DEP) crossover frequency of single particles determined by various experimental methods and theoretical models under the same conditions, and ensure that discrepancy due to uncertain or inconsistent material properties and electrode design can be minimized. Our experiment shows that sulfate- and carboxyl-functionalized particles have higher crossover frequencies than non-functionalized ones, which is attributed to the electric double layer (EDL). To better understand the formation of the EDL, we performed simulations to study the relationship between initial surface charge density, surface ion adsorption, effective surface conductance, and functional groups of both functionalized and nonfunctionalized particles in media with various conductivities. We also conducted detailed simulations to quantify how much error may be introduced if concurrent electrohydrodynamic forces, such as electrothermal and electro-osmotic forces, are not properly avoided during the crossover frequency measurement.
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Walters, Matthew, Saif Al Aani, Peter P. Esteban, Paul M. Williams, and Darren L. Oatley-Radcliffe. "Laser Doppler electrophoresis and electro-osmotic flow mapping for the zeta potential measurement of positively charged membrane surfaces." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 159 (July 2020): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2020.04.022.
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Ohshiro, Takahito, Yuki Komoto, and Masateru Taniguchi. "Single-Molecule Counting of Nucleotide by Electrophoresis with Nanochannel-Integrated Nano-Gap Devices." Micromachines 11, no. 11 (2020): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11110982.
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We utilized electrophoresis to control the fluidity of sample biomolecules in sample aqueous solutions inside the nanochannel for single-molecule detection by using a nanochannel-integrated nanogap electrode, which is composed of a nano-gap sensing electrode, nanochannel, and tapered focusing channel. In order to suppress electro-osmotic flow and thermal convection inside this nanochannel, we optimized the reduction ratios of the tapered focusing channel, and the ratio of inlet 10 μm to outlet 0.5 μm was found to be high performance of electrophoresis with lower concentration of 0.05 × TBE (Tris/Borate/EDTA) buffer containing a surfactant of 0.1 w/v% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Under the optimized conditions, single-molecule electrical measurement of deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) was performed and it was found that the throughput was significantly improved by nearly an order of magnitude compared to that without electrophoresis. In addition, it was also found that the long-duration signals that could interfere with discrimination were significantly reduced. This is because the strong electrophoresis flow inside the nanochannels prevents the molecules’ adsorption near the electrodes. This single-molecule electrical measurement with nanochannel-integrated nano-gap electrodes by electrophoresis significantly improved the throughput of signal detection and identification accuracy.
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Fitri, Noor, Björn Thiele, Klaus Günther, and Buchari Buchari. "CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF LOW-MOLECULAR-MASS OF CA SPECIES IN PHLOEM SAP OF Ricinus communis L." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2010): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21757.
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A capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis with ultra-violet (UV) detection was performed for further separation of low-molecular-mass (LMM) calcium species in phloem sap of Ricinus communis L. Two different background electrolytes (BGE) were used for the separation; these are (1) hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate buffer containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as an electro-osmotic flow (EOF) modifier, and (2) boric acid buffer containing CTAB. Various parameters affecting the analysis, including the composition and pH of the BGE were systematically studied. The sensitivity, resolution, baseline noise, migration time of the species peaks, and reproducibility of the method were evaluated under optimised condition. At least 13 UV-active species were optimally separated within about ten minutes. The optimised measurement condition was also achieved using 10 mM hydrogen phosphate/10 mM dihydrogen phosphate containing 0.5 mM CTAB at pH 8.0 as BGE, and by applying voltage of ‑20 kV and temperature of 14°C. Evidently, the analytical method was successfully used for the separation of LMM calcium species in phloem sap of R. communis L. Keywords: capillary electrophoresis, calcium species, phloem sap, Ricinus communis
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Onda, Kazuo, Takuya Taniuchi, Takuto Araki, and Daisuke Sunakawa. "Numerical Analysis of Current Distribution at Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Compared by Segmented Current Collector Cell." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (2006): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2759506.
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In order to grasp properly proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power generation performances, it is necessary to know factors for water management such as diffusivity and electro-osmotic coefficient of water vapor through the membrane and factors for power loss such as active and resistive overpotentials. In this study, we have measured these factors to analyze our experimental results of PEMFC power generation tests by using our pseudo-two-dimensional simulation code. It considers simultaneously the mass, charge and energy conservation equations, and the equivalent electric circuit for PEMFC to give numerical distributions of hydrogen/oxygen concentrations, current density, and gas/cell-component temperatures. Various experimental conditions such as fuel and oxygen utilization rates, inlet dew-point temperature, averaged current density, and flow configuration (co- or counterflow) were changed, and all of the numerical distributions of current density agreed well with the measured distributions by segmented current collector. The current distributions were also obtained from hydrogen/oxygen concentration changes along the gas flow measured by gas chromatography. The current distributions measured by the two different methods coincided with each other, showing reliability of our measurement methods.
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Corti, Horacio R., and Liliana Trevani. "Electro-Osmotic Flow of Water–Methanol Mixtures Through Nafion Membranes Revisited: Composition and Temperature Dependence." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (March 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.855333.
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The electro-osmotic drag coefficient of water and methanol mixtures through Nafion 117 membranes was measured as a function of the composition at several temperatures between 25 and 60°C using a two-compartment capillary cell with Ag/AgCl electrodes. The electro-osmotic water drag in HCl aqueous solutions is higher than that reported in measurements where the membrane is in contact with pure water; hence, all the reported results were performed at the same acid concentration. It was found that the drag coefficient for pure methanol is about 40% higher than that for water at all the temperatures studied as a consequence of the expanded nanostructure of Nafion in methanol. The drag coefficients of the water–methanol mixtures exhibit a high non-linearity, which can be explained by considering the Nafion sorption in the binary solvent. The electro-osmotic flow in pure methanol is similar to that of 5 M methanol aqueous solutions, which opens the opportunity to use pure methanol in DMFCs. The methanol crossover due to permeability can be minimized. Controversial results with previous studies are also addressed.
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Datar, Adwait, Bohdan Tanyhin, Simone Melchionna, and Maria Fyta. "Influence of nanopore coating patterns on the translocation dynamics of polyelectrolytes." Journal of Chemical Physics 159, no. 13 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0164355.
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Polyelectrolytes can electrophoretically be driven through nanopores in order to be detected. The respective translocation events are often very fast and the process needs to be controlled to promote efficient detection. To this end, we attempt to control the translocation dynamics by coating the inner surface of a nanopore. For this, different charge distributions are chosen that result in substantial variations of the pore–polymer interactions. In addition and in view of the existing detection modalities, experimental settings, and nanopore materials, different types of sensors inside the nanopore have been considered to probe the translocation process and its temporal spread. The respective transport of polyelectrolytes through the coated nanopores is modeled through a multi-physics computational scheme that incorporates a mesoscopic/electrokinetic description for the solvent and particle-based scheme for the polymer. This investigation could underline the interplay between sensing modality, nanopore material, and detection accuracy. The electro-osmotic flow and electrophoretic motion in a pore are analyzed together with the polymeric temporal and spatial fluctuations unraveling their correlations and pathways to optimize the translocation speed and dynamics. Accordingly, this work sketches pathways in order to tune the pore–polymer interactions in order to control the translocation dynamics and, in the long run, errors in their measurements.
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"Functional Analysis of Selected Ion Electrically Conductive Hydrogel: Production and Applications in Seawater Treatment." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 6 (2020): 2872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f8015.038620.
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Seawater desalination is becoming a crucial intervention for mitigating water shortage in numerous Middle East countries. Desalination technology is associated with various technological challenges that should be resolved to maintain plant sustainability and performance. For instance, seawater hardness is recognized as a challenge for recent large scale desalination plants. Optional technologies including chemical treatment, adsorption and membrane filtration have been developed for hardness removal and recovery of Ca and Mg. This paper addresses the development and application of a new conductive polymeric hydrogel composite exhibiting electrically tunable characteristics. A comprehensive review on the preparation of conductive hydrogel and its application for water treatment is first presented. The newly developed hydrogel composite comprises treated zeolite, polyacrylate, polyaniline, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and special processing aids. The characteristics of the composite have been determined via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electric conductivity measurements in addition to swelling ratio. Impact of composition and processing conditions on conventional and electrochemically enhanced adsorption experiments have been presented and analyzed. Electro-regeneration has been also explored. The promising features of this hydrogel in composite are elucidated by the removal and recovery of hardness causing elements in simulated seawater and brines. It is concluded that the developed hydrogel is initially qualified for upstream seawater softening. Additional endeavors are still needed for downstream brine management to overcome apparent osmotic effects.
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Sumanasekara, Rakhitha Udugama, and Sukalyan Bhattacharya. "Detailed Description of Electro-Osmotic Effect on an Encroaching Fluid Column Inside a Narrow Channel." Journal of Fluids Engineering 140, no. 9 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4039708.
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This paper uses eigenexpansion technique to describe electro-osmotic effect on unsteady intrusion of a viscous liquid driven by capillary action in a narrow channel. It shows how the dynamics can be manipulated by imposing an electric field along the flow direction in the presence of free charges. Similar manipulation can generate controlled transiency in motion of a complex fluid in a tube by nondestructive forcing leading to efficient rheological measurement. Existing theories analyze similar phenomena by accounting for all involved forces among which the viscous contribution is calculated assuming a steady velocity profile. However, if the transport is strongly transient, a new formulation without an underlying quasi-steady assumption is needed for accurate prediction of the time-dependent penetration. Such rigorous mathematical treatment is presented in this paper where an eigenfunction expansion is used to represent the unsteady flow. Then, a system of ordinary differential equations is derived from which the unknown time-dependent amplitudes of the expansion are determined along with the temporal variation in encroached length. The outlined methodology is applied to solve problems with both constant and periodically fluctuating electric field. In both cases, simplified and convenient analytical models are constructed to provide physical insight into numerical results obtained from the full solution scheme. The detailed computations and the simpler reduced model corroborate each other verifying accuracy of the former and assuring utility of the latter. Thus, the theoretical findings can render a new rheometric technology for effective determination of fluid properties.