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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrochemical ion exchange'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bridger, Nevill J., Christopher P. Jones, and Mark D. Neville. "Electrochemical ion exchange." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 50, no. 4 (April 24, 2007): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280500405.

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2

Zhang, Huixin, Ayman Alameen, Xiaowei An, Qianyao Shen, Lutong Chang, Shengqi Ding, Xiao Du, Xuli Ma, Xiaogang Hao, and Changjun Peng. "Theoretical and experimental investigations of BiOCl for electrochemical adsorption of cesium ions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 37 (2019): 20901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03684a.

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3

Zhang, Haoyang, Kaiying Xi, Kezhu Jiang, Xueping Zhang, Zhaoguo Liu, Shaohua Guo, and Haoshen Zhou. "Enhanced K-ion kinetics in a layered cathode for potassium ion batteries." Chemical Communications 55, no. 55 (2019): 7910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03156a.

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4

Stránská, Eliška, and David Neděla. "Reinforcing fabrics as the mechanical support of ion exchange membranes." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 432–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717732075.

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Mechanical, physical and electrochemical characteristics are one of the important properties of ion exchange membranes. These parameters are required for a next operation and for an application in an electrodialysis (as tightness of a stack, energy consumption, capacity of electrodialysis). The goal of this article is comparison of the influence of the different reinforcing fabric on the properties of ion exchange membranes. Six types of ion exchange membranes with the nonwoven fabric, the monofilament knit, the multifilament knit, the monofilament woven fabric, the multifilament woven fabric, and for comparison non-reinforcing ion exchange membranes were chosen. The most important properties of a fabric in this application are thickness, free area related to the warp and the weft, mechanical strength, the material (shrinkage), type of fabric (plain or twill weave, a knit, monofilament, multifilament) and of course price. Electrochemical, physical and mechanical properties of ion exchange membranes were studied. Non-reinforcing ion exchange membranes have lower mechanical strength, but the best elongation. These ion exchange membranes report big relative dimension changes after swelling in demineralized water and the lowest value of the areal resistance. The most appropriate ion exchange membrane is with woven fabric from monofilaments after comparison with other ion exchange membranes in terms of the quality of the lamination and other electrochemical, physical and mechanical parameters.

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5

Uzdavinys, Povilas, Mathieu Coinçon, Emmanuel Nji, Mama Ndi, Iven Winkelmann, Christoph von Ballmoos, and David Drew. "Dissecting the proton transport pathway in electrogenic Na+/H+ antiporters." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 7 (February 1, 2017): E1101—E1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614521114.

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Sodium/proton exchangers of the SLC9 family mediate the transport of protons in exchange for sodium to help regulate intracellular pH, sodium levels, and cell volume. In electrogenic Na+/H+ antiporters, it has been assumed that two ion-binding aspartate residues transport the two protons that are later exchanged for one sodium ion. However, here we show that we can switch the antiport activity of the bacterial Na+/H+ antiporter NapA from being electrogenic to electroneutral by the mutation of a single lysine residue (K305). Electroneutral lysine mutants show similar ion affinities when driven by ΔpH, but no longer respond to either an electrochemical potential (Ψ) or could generate one when driven by ion gradients. We further show that the exchange activity of the human Na+/H+ exchanger NHA2 (SLC9B2) is electroneutral, despite harboring the two conserved aspartic acid residues found in NapA and other bacterial homologues. Consistently, the equivalent residue to K305 in human NHA2 has been replaced with arginine, which is a mutation that makes NapA electroneutral. We conclude that a transmembrane embedded lysine residue is essential for electrogenic transport in Na+/H+ antiporters.

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6

Bublil, Shaul, Miryam Fayena-Greenstein, Michael Talyanker, Nickolay Solomatin, Merav Nadav Tsubery, Tatyana Bendikov, Tirupathi Rao Penki, et al. "Na-ion battery cathode materials prepared by electrochemical ion exchange from alumina-coated Li1+xMn0.54Co0.13Ni0.1+yO2." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 30 (2018): 14816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05068f.

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7

Kozaderova, O. A., K. B. Kim, Ch S. Gadzhiyevа, and S. I. Niftaliev. "Electrochemical characteristics of thin heterogeneous ion exchange membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 604 (June 2020): 118081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118081.

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8

Ersoz, M. "The Electrochemical Properties of Polysulfone Ion-Exchange Membranes." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 243, no. 2 (November 2001): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7832.

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9

Kasem, Kasem K., and Franklin A. Schultz. "Electrochemistry of polyoxometalates immobilized in ion exchange polymer films." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-107.

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The polyoxometalate ions PMo12O403−, PW12O403−, and SiW12O404− are incorporated in polymeric ruthenium(II)(vinyl)bipyridine (poly-Ru(vbpy)32+) films from aqueous and dioxane–water electrolytes. Despite their large mass the ions exist as freely diffusing species that compensate for up to 30% of the charge in poly-Ru(vbpy)32+. An investigation of the effect of environmental conditions on electrochemical behavior reveals that the first two one-electron reduction waves of SiW12O404− coalesce into a single two-electron reaction and those of PW12O403− shift significantly in potential upon a change from pure aqueous to 50(v/v)% dioxane/water solvent. The observation is attributed to destabilization of the one-electron reaction products as the solvent is enriched is dioxane. Incorporation of polyoxometalates in protonated poly(vinyl)pyridine and poly-Ru(vbpy)32+ films from dioxane–water solvent results in differences in electrochemical behavior. Polyoxometalate anions incorporated in poly-Ru(vbpy)32+ films catalyze the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen ion. Keywords: polyoxometalate, electrochemistry, poly-Ru(vbpy)32+, electrocatalysis, immobilization.

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10

Lu, W., G. Grévillot, and L. Muhr. "ESIEX-Electrical Swing Ion Exchange a Process Coupling Ion Exchange, Carbonic Acid Elution, and Electrochemical Regeneration." Separation Science and Technology 46, no. 12 (July 15, 2011): 1861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.585627.

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11

Du, Xiao, Xiaogang Hao, Zhongde Wang, and Guoqing Guan. "Electroactive ion exchange materials: current status in synthesis, applications and future prospects." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 17 (2016): 6236–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta01385f.

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The recent state of and challenges for the synthesis of electroactive ion exchange materials and their application in selective ion separation, supercapacitors and electrochemical ion sensors are reviewed and discussed.

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12

Basha, C. Ahmed, K. Ramanathan, R. Rajkumar, M. Mahalakshmi, and P. Senthil Kumar. "Management of Chromium Plating Rinsewater Using Electrochemical Ion Exchange." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 7 (April 2008): 2279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie070163x.

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13

Hubler, David K., James C. Baygents, and James Farrell. "Sustainable Electrochemical Regeneration of Copper-Loaded Ion Exchange Media." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 40 (October 2012): 13259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301443u.

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14

Ledjeff, K., J. Ahn, D. Zylka, and A. Heinzel. "Ion Exchange Membranes as Electrolyte for Electrochemical Energy Conversion." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 94, no. 9 (September 1990): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19900940925.

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15

Jumadilov, T., B. Yermukhambetova, S. Panchenko, and I. Suleimenov. "Long-distance Electrochemical Interactions and Anomalous Ion Exchange Phenomenon." AASRI Procedia 3 (2012): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasri.2012.11.087.

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16

Moya, A. A. "Electrochemical impedance of ion-exchange membranes in asymmetric arrangements." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 660, no. 1 (September 2011): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.06.025.

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17

Xiong, Y., L. Jialing, and S. Hong. "Bubble effects on ion exchange membranes ? an electrochemical study." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 22, no. 5 (May 1992): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01077554.

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18

Son, Tae Yang, Jun Seong Yun, Kihyun Kim, and Sang Yong Nam. "Electrochemical Performance Evaluation of Bipolar Membrane Using Poly(phenylene oxide) for Water Treatment System." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 6797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18788.

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This study describes the use of poly(phenylene oxide) polymer-based ion-exchange polymers, polystyrene-based ion-exchange particles and a porous support for fabricating bipolar membranes and the results of an assessment of the applicability of these materials to water splitting. In order to achieve good mechanical as well as good ion-exchange properties, bipolar membranes were prepared by laminating poly(phenylene oxide) and polystyrene based ion-exchange membranes with a sulfonated polystyrene-block-(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene) (S-SEBS) modified interface. PE pore-supported ion-exchange membranes were also used as bipolar membranes. The tensile strength was 13.21 MPa for the bipolar membrane which utilized only a cation/anion-exchange membrane. When ion-exchange nanoparticles were introduced for high efficiency, a reduction in the tensile strength to 6.81 MPa was observed. At the same time, bipolar membrane in the form of a composite membrane using PE support exhibited the best tensile strength of 32.41 MPa. To confirm the water-splitting performance, an important factor for a bipolar membrane, pH changes over a period of 20 min were also studied. During water slitting using CA-P-PE-BPM, the pH at the CEM part and the AEM part changed from 5.4 to 4.18 and from 5.4 to 5.63, respectively.

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19

Sharma, Harish K., and Nadeem Sharma. "Potentiometric Sensor for Gadolinium(III) Ion Based on Zirconium(IV) Tungstophosphate as an Electroactive Material." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 4 (2009): 1139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/301016.

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A new inorganic ion exchanger has been synthesized namely Zirconium(IV) tungstophosphate [ZrWP]. The synthesized exchanger was characterized using ion exchange capacity and distribution coefficient (Kd). For further studies, exchanger with 0.35 meq/g ion-exchange capacity was selected. Electrochemical studies were carried out on the ion exchange membranes using epoxy resin as a binder. In case of ZrWP, the membrane having the composition; Zirconium(IV) tugstophosphate (40%) and epoxy resin (60%) exhibits best performance. The membrane works well over a wide range of concentration from 1×10-5to 1×10-1M of Gd(III) ion with an over- Nernstian slope of 30 mv/ decade. The response time of the sensor is 15 seconds. For this membrane, effect of internal solution has been studied and the electrode was successfully used in partially non-aqueous media too. Fixed interference method and matched potential method has been used for determining selectivity coefficient with respect to alkali, alkaline earth, some transition and rare earth metal ions that are normally present along with Gd(III) in its ores. The electrode can be used in the pH range 4.0-10.0 for 10-1M and 3.0-7.0 for 10-2M concentration of target ion. These sensors have been used as indicator electrodes in the potentiometric titration of Gd(III) ion against EDTA and oxalic acid.

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20

Zhang, X., T. Higashihara, M. Ueda, and L. Wang. "Polyphenylenes and the related copolymer membranes for electrochemical device applications." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 21 (2014): 6121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00898g.

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21

Pourcelly, G., P. Sistat, E. D. Belashova, V. V. Nikonenko, N. D. Pismenskaya, and M. K. Urtenov. "Electrochemical Study of Ion Transfer in Ion–exchange Membrane systems: Experiments and Interpretation." Procedia Engineering 44 (2012): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.429.

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22

Vakhnin, D. D., L. N. Polyanskii, T. A. Kravchenko, V. E. Pridorogina, and N. A. Zheltoukhova. "Ion Transfer during the Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen on Copper–Ion Exchange Nanocomposites." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 93, no. 5 (May 2019): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024419050315.

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23

Reboiras, M. D. "Electrochemical properties of cellulosic ion-exchange membranes III. Application to ion-selective electrodes." Journal of Membrane Science 114, no. 1 (May 1996): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(95)00310-x.

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24

Roghmans, F., M. C. Martí-Calatayud, S. Abdu, R. Femmer, R. Tiwari, A. Walther, and M. Wessling. "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy fingerprints the ion selectivity of microgel functionalized ion-exchange membranes." Electrochemistry Communications 72 (November 2016): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2016.09.009.

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25

Ambrosioni, Brice, Anthony Barthelemy, Dorin Bejan, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Electrochemical reduction of aqueous nitrate ion at tin cathodes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 3 (March 2014): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2013-0406.

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The remediation of nitrate-contaminated water using electrochemical reduction at a tin cathode has previously been shown to give almost quantitative denitrification (removal of dissolved nitrogen species) under highly cathodic polarization. A particular focus of this project was to identify specific role(s) for tin in the reaction in the context of the previous literature. The current efficiency for denitrification was enhanced in alkaline solution, and the reaction was accelerated by the presence of small concentrations of Sn(II) salts, which are in a dynamic exchange between cathodic deposition and corrosion of the cathode. Literature precedent indicates that Sn(II) salts promote the “dimerization” pathway of NO to hyponitrite in preference to reduction to ammonia. Hyponitrite is a known intermediate in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate, but its spontaneous decomposition gives predominantly N2O, which does not reduce further to N2. We have shown that hyponitrite is reduced electrochemically in competition with its thermal decomposition, which provides a pathway to N2 via the spontaneous dehydration of HO−NH−NH−OH. The possible role of surface-bound Sn−H species in the reduction mechanism is discussed, but further work is needed to substantiate this proposal.

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26

Hwang, Jang-Yeon, Jongsoon Kim, Tae-Yeon Yu, Seung-Taek Myung, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Development of P3-K0.69CrO2 as an ultra-high-performance cathode material for K-ion batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 10 (2018): 2821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01365a.

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27

Rozendal, R. A., T. H. J. A. Sleutels, H. V. M. Hamelers, and C. J. N. Buisman. "Effect of the type of ion exchange membrane on performance, ion transport, and pH in biocatalyzed electrolysis of wastewater." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 11 (June 1, 2008): 1757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.043.

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Previous studies have shown that the application of cation exchange membranes (CEMs) in bioelectrochemical systems running on wastewater can cause operational problems. In this paper the effect of alternative types of ion exchange membrane is studied in biocatalyzed electrolysis cells. Four types of ion exchange membranes are used: (i) a CEM, (ii) an anion exchange membrane (AEM), (iii) a bipolar membrane (BPM), and (iv) a charge mosaic membrane (CMM). With respect to the electrochemical performance of the four biocatalyzed electrolysis configurations, the ion exchange membranes are rated in the order AEM > CEM > CMM > BPM. However, with respect to the transport numbers for protons and/or hydroxyl ions (tH/OH) and the ability to prevent pH increase in the cathode chamber, the ion exchange membranes are rated in the order BPM > AEM > CMM > CEM.

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28

LI, X., Z. WANG, H. LU, C. ZHAO, H. NA, and C. ZHAO. "Electrochemical properties of sulfonated PEEK used for ion exchange membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 254, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2005): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.12.051.

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29

Kataoka, Kunimitsu, Junji Awaka, Norihito Kijima, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Ken-ichi Ohshima, and Junji Akimoto. "Ion-Exchange Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of Li2Ti6O13." Chemistry of Materials 23, no. 9 (May 10, 2011): 2344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm103678e.

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30

Fernandez-Gonzalez, Carolina, John Kavanagh, Antonio Dominguez-Ramos, Raquel Ibañez, Angel Irabien, Yongsheng Chen, and Hans Coster. "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of enhanced layered nanocomposite ion exchange membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 541 (November 2017): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.046.

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31

Henry, P., and A. Van Lierde. "Selective separation of vanadium from molybdenum by electrochemical ion exchange." Hydrometallurgy 48, no. 1 (March 1998): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(97)00060-1.

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32

Lin, S. H., and M. L. Chen. "Textile Wastewater Treatment by Enhanced Electrochemical Method and Ion Exchange." Environmental Technology 18, no. 7 (July 1997): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331808616592.

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33

Li, Miao, Chuanping Feng, Zhenya Zhang, Rui Zhao, Xiaohui Lei, Rongzhi Chen, and Norio Sugiura. "Application of an electrochemical-ion exchange reactor for ammonia removal." Electrochimica Acta 55, no. 1 (December 2009): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.027.

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34

Basha, C. Ahmed, Pranab Kumar Ghosh, and G. Gajalakshmi. "Total dissolved solids removal by electrochemical ion exchange (EIX) process." Electrochimica Acta 54, no. 2 (December 2008): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.040.

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35

Ata, Nejla, Zafer Yazicigil, and Yasemin Oztekin. "The electrochemical investigation of salts partition with ion exchange membranes." Journal of Hazardous Materials 160, no. 1 (December 2008): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.099.

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36

Moya, A. A. "Electrochemical impedance of ion-exchange systems with weakly charged membranes." Ionics 19, no. 9 (January 25, 2013): 1271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-013-0850-0.

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37

Zarybnicka, Lucie, Eliska Stranska, Jana Machotova, and Gabriela Lencova. "Preparation of Two-Layer Anion-Exchange Poly(ethersulfone) Based Membrane: Effect of Surface Modification." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8213694.

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The present work deals with the surface modification of a commercial microfiltration poly(ethersulfone) membrane by graft polymerization technique. Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-4-vinylbenzylchloride) surface layer was covalently attached onto the poly(ethersulfone) support layer to improve the membrane electrochemical properties. Followed by amination, a two-layer anion-exchange membrane was prepared. The effect of surface layer treatment using the extraction in various solvents on membrane morphological and electrochemical characteristics was studied. The membranes were tested from the point of view of water content, ion-exchange capacity, specific resistance, permselectivity, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis. It was found that the two-layer anion-exchange membranes after the extraction using tetrahydrofuran or toluene exhibited smooth and porous surface layer, which resulted in improved ion-exchange capacity, electrical resistance, and permselectivity of the membranes.

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38

Mukherjee, Ayan, Rosy, Tali Sharabani, Ilana Perelshtein, and Malachi Noked. "High-rate Na0.7Li2.3V2(PO4)2F3 hollow sphere cathode prepared via a solvothermal and electrochemical ion exchange approach for lithium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 40 (2020): 21289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07912j.

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Electrochemical ion exchange of Na⁺ with Li⁺ to design high rate Na_0.7Li_2.3V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ hollow spherical cathode for lithium ion batteries.

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39

Wang, Yanqing, Ning Li, Xianliang Wang, Dana Havas, Deyu Li, and Gang Wu. "High-definition conductive silver patterns on polyimide film via an ion exchange plating method." RSC Advances 6, no. 9 (2016): 7582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23694k.

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40

Santiago, Arlette A., Joel Vargas, Mikhail A. Tlenkopatchev, Mar López-González, and Evaristo Riande. "Ion-Exchange Membranes Based on Polynorbornenes with Fluorinated Imide Side Chain Groups." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/835378.

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The electrochemical characteristics of cation-exchange membranes based on polynorbornenes with fluorinated and sulfonated dicarboximide side chain groups were reported. This study was extended to a block copolymer containing structural units with phenyl and 4-oxybenzenesulfonic acid, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl moieties replacing the hydrogen atom of the dicarboximide group. A thorough study on the electrochemical characteristics of the membranes involving electromotive forces of concentration cells and proton conductivity is reported. The proton permselectivity of the membranes is also discussed.

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41

Sato, Keigo, Shinya Suzuki, and Masaru Miyayama. "Electrochemical Properties of Lithium Titanate Synthesized by Reassembly of Nanosheets." Key Engineering Materials 350 (October 2007): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.350.139.

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The electrochemical properties of titanate nanosheets and layer-structured lithium titanate obtained by restacking of titanate nanosheets were investigated in comparison with those of layer-structured lithium titanate obtained by ion-exchange. Restacked lithium titanate was synthesized by reassembling titanate nanosheets with LiOH aqueous solution. The nanosheets were 50-200 nm wide and 1.7 nm thick. The crystal structure inside the nanosheets was the same as that the of parent material. The oxidation current peaks observed in cyclic voltammograms of titanate nanosheets and restacked material were 1.6 V (Li/Li+), which was lower than that of ion-exchanged material by 0.3 V. The discharge capacity of restacked material was 96 mAh g-1, indicating that 32% of the titanium ions were reduced.

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42

L. de Souza, L., and C. A. L. G. de O. Forbicini. "USO DA VOLTAMETRIA CÍCLICA E DA ESPECTROSCOPIA DE IMPEDÂNCIA ELETROQUÍMICA NA DETERMINAÇÃO DA ÁREA SUPERFICIAL ATIVA DE ELETRODOS MODIFICADOS À BASE DE CARBONO." Eclética Química Journal 39, no. 1 (July 9, 2014): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v39.1.2014.p49-67.

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Carbon-based electrodes as well the ion exchange electrodes among others have been applied mainly in the treatment of industrial effluents and radioactive wastes. Carbon is also used in fuel cells as substrate for the electrocatalysts, having high surface area which surpasses its geometric area. The knowledge of the total active area is important for the determination of operating conditions of an electrochemical cell with respect to the currents to be applied (current density). In this study it was used two techniques to determine the electrochemical active surface area of glassy carbon, electrodes and ion exchange electrodes: cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experiments were carried out with 0.1 mol.L-1 KNO3 solutions in a three-electrode electrochemical cell: carbon-based working electrode, platinum auxiliary electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The glassy carbon and porous carbon electrodes with geometric areas of 3.14 x 10-2 and 2.83 х 10-1 cm2, respectively, were used. The ion exchange electrode was prepared by mixing graphite, carbon, ion exchange resin and a binder, and this mixture was applied in three layers on carbon felt, using a geometric area of 1.0 cm2 during the experiments. The capacitance (Cd) of the materials was determined by EIS using Bode diagrams. The value of 172 μF.cm-2 found for the glassy carbon is consistent with the literature data (~200 μF.cm-2). By VC, varying the scan rate from 0.2 to 2 mV.s-1, the capacitance CdS (S = active surface area) in the region of the electric double layer (EDL) of each material was determined. By EIS, the values of Cd, 3.0 x 10-5 μF.cm-2 and 11 x 103 μF.cm-2, were found for the porous carbon and ion exchange electrodes, respectively, which allowed the determination of active surface areas as 3.73 x 106 cm2 and 4.72 cm2. To sum up, the combined use of EIS and CV techniques is a valuable tool for the calculation of active surface areas of carbon-based electrodes.

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43

Zeng, R., H. Y. Zhang, S. Z. Liang, L. G. Wang, L. J. Jiang, and X. P. Liu. "Possible scenario of forming a catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells." RSC Advances 10, no. 9 (2020): 5502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09864j.

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44

Chen, Weihua, Yanyang Li, Juanjuan Zhao, Feifei Yang, Jianmin Zhang, Qiuzhi Shi, and Liwei Mi. "Controlled synthesis of concentration gradient LiNi0.84Co0.10Mn0.04Al0.02O1.90F0.10 with improved electrochemical properties in Li-ion batteries." RSC Advances 6, no. 63 (2016): 58173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03220f.

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45

Tian, Ding, Taoli Gu, Sai Nitin Yellamilli, and Chulsung Bae. "Phosphoric Acid-Doped Ion-Pair Coordinated PEMs with Broad Relative Humidity Tolerance." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081924.

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) capable of working over a broad operating condition window is critical for successful adoption of PEM-based electrochemical devices. In this work, phosphoric acid (PA)-doped biphenyl-backbone ion-pair coordinated PEMs were prepared by quaternization of BPBr-100, a precursor polymer, with three different tertiary amines including trimethylamine, 1-methylpiperidine, and 1,2-dimethylimidazole followed by membrane casting, ion exchange reaction to hydroxide ion, and doping with PA. The resulting PA-doped ion-pair PEMs were characterized in terms of PA doping level, proton conductivity, relative humidity (RH) tolerance, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. PA doping levels were between six and eight according to acid-base titration. The size and structure of the cation group of ion-pair polymers were found to affect the PA doping level and water uptake. Proton conductivity was studied as a function of RH over a wide range of 5% to 95% RH. Stable conductivity at 80 °C was observed up to 70% RH for 10 h. Mechanical property characterization indicates that the PA doping process resulted in more ductile membranes with significantly increased elongation at break due to the plasticization effect of PA. A combination of high proton conductivity at low RH conditions, and good humidity tolerance makes this new class of PEMs great potential candidates for use in electrochemical devices such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrochemical hydrogen compressors.

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Jumadilov, Talkybek, Laila Yskak, Aldan Imangazy, and Oleg Suberlyak. "Ion Exchange Dynamics in Cerium Nitrate Solution Regulated by Remotely Activated Industrial Ion Exchangers." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133491.

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Many technological solutions contain valuable components as waste and can become an additional source of rare-earth elements to meet the needs of modern production. The development of technologies based on commercially available and cheap sorbents reveals the possibility for rare earth recovery from various solutions. This paper provides research on using a combination of KU-2-8 and AV-17-8 ion exchangers in different molar ratios for cerium ions sorption from its nitrate solution. The mutual activation of the ion exchangers in an aqueous medium provides their transformation into a highly ionized state by the conformational and electrochemical changes in properties during their remote interaction. The ion exchange dynamics of solutions were studied by the methods of electrical conductivity, pH measurements, and atomic emission analysis of the solutions. The research showed that the maximum activation of polymers was revealed within the molar ratio of KU-2-8:AV-17-8 equal to 3:3. In more detail, in comparison to AV-17-8, this interpolymer system showed an increase in the sorption degree by more than 1.5 times after 6 h of interaction. Moreover, compared with KU-2-8, the same interpolymer system showed an increase in the degree of cerium ions sorption by seven times after 24 h of interaction. As a result, the total cerium ions sorption degree after 48 h of sorption by individual KU-2-8 and AV-17-8 was 38% and 44%, respectively, whereas the cerium ions sorption degree by the same interpolymer system in the molar ratio 3:3 became 51%. An increase in the sorption degree of cerium ions by the interpolymer system in comparison with individual ion exchangers can be explained by the achievement of a high ionization degree of ion exchangers being activated in the interpolymer system by the remote interaction effect.

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Zhang, Min, Jingjing Ma, Yidan Zhang, Leidan Lu, Yaqin Chai, Ruo Yuan, and Xia Yang. "Ion exchange for synthesis of porous CuxO/SnO2/ZnSnO3 microboxes as a high-performance lithium-ion battery anode." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 14 (2018): 12008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj02391c.

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Devi, Selvaraj, and Kannaiyan Pandian. "Synthesis of Chitosan Protected Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Modified Titanium Oxide Nanotube and Study its Application on Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol and Caffeine." Advanced Materials Research 938 (June 2014): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.938.192.

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The nickel hexacyanoferrate decorated titanium oxide nanotube (NiHCF@TNT) was prepared by ion exchange method by mixing of nickel ion modified titanium oxide nanotube with a known amount of potassium ferricyanide under stirring over a period of 5 h. The resulting product was isolated and then characterized with XRD, FT-IR and SEM. The electrochemical behaviour of NiHCF@TNT was investigated by cyclic voltammetry using chitosan as stabilizing agent. The electrocatalytic property of chitosan protected NiHCF@TNT was carried out on electrochemical oxidation of paracetamol and caffeine simultaneously. The proposed method may be applied for the electrochemical detection of paracetamol in drug samples. _______________________________________________________________________________

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Moya, A. A. "Electrochemical Impedance of Ion-Exchange Membranes with Interfacial Charge Transfer Resistances." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120, no. 12 (March 17, 2016): 6543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12087.

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Mabrouk, W., L. Ogier, S. Vidal, C. Sollogoub, F. Matoussi, and J. F. Fauvarque. "Ion exchange membranes based upon crosslinked sulfonated polyethersulfone for electrochemical applications." Journal of Membrane Science 452 (February 2014): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.006.

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