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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrochromic films'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Shchegolkov, Aleksei Viktorovich, Sung-Hwan Jang, Alexandr Viktorovich Shchegolkov, Yuri Viktorovich Rodionov, Anna Olegovna Sukhova, and Mikhail Semenovich Lipkin. "A Brief Overview of Electrochromic Materials and Related Devices: A Nanostructured Materials Perspective." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (2021): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092376.

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Exactly 50 years ago, the first article on electrochromism was published. Today electrochromic materials are highly popular in various devices. Interest in nanostructured electrochromic and nanocomposite organic/inorganic nanostructured electrochromic materials has increased in the last decade. These materials can enhance the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of devices related to them. This article describes electrochromic materials, proposes their classification and systematization for organic inorganic and nanostructured electrochromic materials, identifies their advantages and

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Xu, Na, Xiaodong Shen, Sheng Cui, and Xibin Yi. "Preparation of PAA/WO3 composite films with enhanced electrochromism via layer-by-layer method." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 3 (2018): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2016-0052.

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Abstract The polyacrylic acid/tungsten oxide (PAA/WO3) composite films with good electrochromic properties have been prepared by a layer-by-layer method. The porous PAA layers were used as a template for the deposition of WO3, and finally, the composite film showed a network structure with high porosity. The electrochromic performance of the PAA/WO3 composite film was investigated by means of cyclic voltammogram (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and transmittance measurements. The PAA/WO3 film also exhibited a remarkable electrochromism ability with the reversible color change from transparent col

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Fu, Xiaofang, Zhuohui Zhang, Zhenhu Cao, et al. "Mechanistic Insights into Anion-Induced Electrochromism of Ru(II)-Based Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer." Polymers 15, no. 24 (2023): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15244735.

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The metallo-supramolecular polymer (MSP) is considered one of the most promising electrodes for electrochromic devices due to its intrinsically stable redox properties. Nevertheless, despite extensive work focusing on improving the electrochromic and electrochemical properties of MSPs, little experimental evidence exists from in-depth investigations on the anion-induced electrochromism of MSPs. Herein, Ru-based metallo-supramolecular polymer (polyRu) films with excellent electrochromic performance were fabricated through a novel electrochemical deposition method, and the electrochromic mechani

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Kruchinin V. N., Odintsov D. S., Shundrin L. A., et al. "Optical and electrochromic properties of thin films of ambipolar polyimides with pendant groups based on thioxanthenone derivatives." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 14 (2022): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.14.53996.2473-21.

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The optical and electrochromic properties of thin films obtained by centrifugation from solutions containing ambipolar polyimides with pendant groups based on 9H-thioxanthene-9-one and its S-dioxide derivative are studied using spectral ellipsometry, spectrophotometry, and spectroelectrochemistry. It is shown that the spectral dependences of the refractive index n(E) and the absorption coefficient α(E) as well as the electrochromic properties of polyimide thin films under electrochemical reduction and oxidation conditions strongly depend on the type of the pendant group. Based on the estimates

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Raj, Mohan Raj Anthony, Sacha Porlier, and Will Skene. "Electrochromic and Electrofluorochromic Properties of Conjugated Copolymers Carried over to the Solid-State for Applications in Chromic Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 33 (2025): 1643. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-01331643mtgabs.

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Electrochromic materials (ECM) hold exceptional promises in a variety of technological applications including smart windows, flexible/multi-colored electronic devices, sensors and energy storage. Their intrinsic properties allow reversible tuning of their color and optical properties such as transmittance, reflection and absorbance with applied potential. In recent years, conjugated polymers have gathered substantial attention as electrochromes. Their large p-system backbones coupled with fine tweaking of their substituents result in comparable optical, conductive and electronic properties to

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Boriskov, Petr P., Sergei V. Burdyukh, and Olga Ya Berezina. "Cylindrical model of electrochromic colouration of hydrated vanadium pentoxide thin films with point contacts." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 23, no. 4 (2021): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2021.23/3666.

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This article analyses experiments on the kinetics of the internal electrochromism of thin (micron) films of hydrated vanadium pentoxide xerogel with point contacts. It describes a cylindrical model of electrochromic colouration, which was used to evaluate the concentration of the colour centres in the initial film and after additional hydrogenation of this film by plasmaimmersion ion implantation.When we compared the calculated values of the concentration of colour centres with the equilibrium concentration of protons in the xerogel, we saw that the mobility of the protons migrating from the d

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Liu, Chien Cheng, Kuang I. Liu, Hao Tung Lin, and Jow Lay Huang. "Magnetron Sputtering of Tantalum Oxide Thin Electrolyte Film for Electrochromic Applications." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1604.

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Electrochromism have been widely investigated due to their potential applications such as automobile and building window. In this study, tantalum oxide thin films used as ion conducting layer were deposited on WO3/ITO at room temperature by magnetron sputtering. The thickness of tantalum oxide films were varied to investigate their effects on composition, microstructure, optical properties, and electrochromic properties determined by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrometer, Atomic force microscope (AFM), and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Experimental results indicate

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Zhang, Wu, Haizeng Li, Eric Hopmann, and Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi. "Nanostructured inorganic electrochromic materials for light applications." Nanophotonics 10, no. 2 (2020): 825–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0474.

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AbstractElectrochromism, an emerging energy conversion technology, has attracted immense interest due to its various applications including bistable displays, optical filters, variable optical attenuators, optical switches, and energy-efficient smart windows. Currently, the major drawback for the development of electrochromism is the slow switching speed, especially in inorganic electrochromic materials. The slow switching speed is mainly attributed to slow reaction kinetics of the dense inorganic electrochromic films. As such, an efficient design of nanostructured electrochromic materials is

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Xu, Jinfeng, Xirui Li, Yong Zhang, Xueru Zhang, Jiaqin Liu, and Yucheng Wu. "Effect of In Situ Heating on the Growth and Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films." Materials 17, no. 10 (2024): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102214.

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Electrochromism has emerged as a pivotal technology in the pursuit of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, spurring significant research efforts aimed at the creation of advanced electrochromic devices. Most electrochromic materials are used for smart window applications. However, current electrochromic materials have been applied to new energy vehicles, cell phone back covers, AR glasses, and so on. More application scenarios put forward more requirements for the color of the colored states. Choosing the right color change in the application will be the trend in the future. In

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Li, Wen Ting, Ying Zheng, and Xu Chun Song. "Electrochromic Properties of Co₃O₄/NiO Nanocomposite Films." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.753.

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Co3O4/NiO nanocomposite films were electrochemically synthesized on a ITO surface. The Co3O4/NiO nanocomposite films were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochromic properties of Co3O4/NiO nanocomposite films are investigated in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte (0.1M KOH) by means of transmittance, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) measurements. The Co3O4/NiO nanocomposite films exhibit a noticeable electrochromism with reversible color changes, and fast switching speed (4.1 s and 3.6 s).

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Jin, Ai Ping, Quan Yao Zhu, Wen Chen, et al. "Electrical and Electrochromic Characterization of Poly (ethylene-oxide)/V₂O₅ Xerogel Films." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.363.

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Vanadium pentoxide xerogel films intercalated by poly (ethylene oxide), PEO, were prepared using direct intercalation method via a sol-gel route. The electrical and electrochromic characterization of the films were conducted. The electrical properties along and across V-O layers have been evaluated. The results indicate that the proper amount of PEO can increase the electrical conductivity and charge density of the films. The electrochromism of the films upon lithium intercalation was investigated by ex-situ transmittance measurement. The films display a reversible multichromism (orange green

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Sabov, T. N., I. M. Hatsevych, O. I. Gudimenko, et al. "Properties of Electrochromic Cell with WO3 and NiO: the Influence of Ionic Conductor." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 3 (2015): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.3.475-480.

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The electrochromic WO3 and NiO films were deposited by magnetron sputtering on indium tin oxides coated glass. The structural properties of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometery techniques. The electrochromic properties of the films were investigated by means cyclic voltammetry using different types of ionic conductors. The use of water electrolytes and electrolytes which are based on propylene carbonate leads to the destruction of electrochromic cells. The stable working electrochromic cell with WO3 and NiO films was obtained using ionic liquid

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Benmouss, M., A. Outzourhit, R. Jourdani, A. Bennouna, and E. L. Ameziane. "Structural, Optical and Electrochromic Properties of Sol–GelV2O5Thin Films." Active and Passive Electronic Components 26, no. 4 (2003): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0882751031000116223.

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Vanadium pentoxide thin films are prepared by the sol–gel route by dissolvingV2O5powder (99.5% purity) inH2O2solution. The solution is spin-coated on glass substrates for optical (UV–VIS–NIR) and XRD analysis, and on ITOcoated glass substrates for electrochromic measurements. The samples are then annealed at 150°C for 1 hour. The resulting films have a yellow-orange color, typical of polycrystallineV2O5. XRD measurements have shown that after annealing in air at 400°C the structure of the films has a c-axis preferred orientation, the (0 0 1)-type planes lying parallel to the substrate. SEM ana

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Valerii, Kotok, Kovalenko Vadym, Mikolasek Miroslav, et al. "Characteristics investigation of composite electrochromic films based on Ni(Oh)2, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 6 (117) (2022): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.259329.

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The cost of electrochromic “smart” windows ranges from 200–800 USD/m<sup>2</sup>. The high cost is determined by the small volume of production and the high cost of vacuum methods for applying device layers. The development of other methods could lead to lower costs and further mass use of “smart” windows. The paper presents the work on improving the electrochemical method of deposition of electrochromic films based on Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>. Composite electrochromic films were deposited from Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> solutions with the addition of wate

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Smilyk, Vitaliy, Sergii Fomaniyk, Gennady Kolbasov, Igor Rysetskiy, and Michael Danilov. "PROPERTIES AND PROSPECTS OF USAGE OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 90, no. 5 (2024): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.90.5.2024.3-20.

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The review considers phenomenon of electrochromism, presents the main characteristics of electrochromic materials, such as spectral efficiency and switching speed. The features of their preparation influence of synthesis methods and impurities on electrochromic characteristics are shown. From a large number of electrochromic materials, oxides of some transition metals are considered, in which changes in redox states between p– and d– sublevels are observed. These are oxides W, Ni, Nb, V, each of which has its own special electrochromic properties. For example, due to the rapid intercalation un

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Wang, Chih Ming, Kuo Sheng Kao, Da Long Cheng, et al. "Electrochromic Properties of Nano-Columnar Nickel Oxide." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1904.

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Electrochromic properties of transition metal oxides had much attention in recent years. The electrochromic thin films can be assembly as electrochromic devices (ECDs) and then used for applications in devices such as mirrors, panels and smart windows. A kind of complementary ECD is popular in resent years. Therefore, a specific investigation on nickel oxide (NiO) electrochromic properties is completed in this study. The crystalline structure of the NiO films was analyzed using XRD (PANalytical X’Pert PRO) with Cu-Kα radiation. The atmosphere of oxygen concentration increasing has changed the

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Lin, Cheng-Lan, Tzung-Lin Cheng, and Nian-Jheng Wu. "Micropatterned Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Films with Improved Color-Switching Rates and Coloration Efficiency." Polymers 14, no. 14 (2022): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142951.

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Electrochromic materials carry out redox reactions and change their colors upon external bias. These materials are the primary component in constructing smart windows for energy saving in buildings or vehicles. Enhancing the electrochromic performances of the materials is crucial for their practical applications. Micropatterned poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (mPEDOT) thin films are electrodeposited on indium tin oxide conducting glass in this study. Their electrochromic properties, including transmittance modulation ability, color-switching rates, and coloration efficiency, are investigated

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Maho, Anthony, Suraj Nayak, Florian Gillissen, Rudi Cloots, and Aline Rougier. "Film Deposition of Electrochromic Metal Oxides through Spray Coating: A Descriptive Review." Coatings 13, no. 11 (2023): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111879.

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Electrochromism induces reversible changes of coloration in specific organic and inorganic materials through electrical charge/discharge reactions. When processed into thin films, electrochromic metal oxides can be integrated into glazing applications such as displays, rearview mirrors, goggles and, most notably, smart windows in energy-efficient buildings. Over the years, the use of spray coating as a liquid-based approach has been acknowledged for its cost-efficient, high-throughput samples production with a low volume consumption. It represents an interesting alternative to vacuum processes

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Farasat, Mahshid, M. Maqsood Golzan, Khalil Farhadi, S. H. Reza Shojaei, and Sorayya Gheisvandi. "Preparation, characterization and electrochromic properties of composite thin films incorporation of polyaniline." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 15 (2016): 1650175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798491650175x.

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Two different electrochromic composite films consisting of aniline/sodium molybdate (S1) and aniline/ferric nitrate (S2) were obtained by electrochemical polymerization method on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates in oxalic acid (H2C2O[Formula: see text]2H2O) aqueous solution. The electrochromic properties of the resulting thin films were investigated by spectroelectrochemical measurement and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Under a square electrical potential, they show capacitive current characteristic and represent electrochromic performance, with maximum optical attenuations ([Formula:

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Granqvist, Claes G. "Electrochromics for energy efficiency and indoor comfort." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 11 (2008): 2489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880112489.

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Electrochromic (EC) oxide films with nanocrystalline and nanoporous structure constitute the basis of a number of devices for modulating the throughput of radiant energy. One example is in architectural windows capable of providing energy efficiency and indoor comfort simultaneously. This paper introduces EC technology with particular attention to applications to the built environment. The nanostructural features of the EC films are emphasized, and it is pointed out that reactive magnetron sputtering can be used for large area manufacturing. Electrochromics is discussed from the viewpoints of

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Buasri, Achanai, Duangamol Ongmali, Pongsatorn Sriboonpeng, Sarinee Prompanut, and Vorrada Loryuenyong. "Development of Transparent Electrodes Using Graphene Nano-Ink and Post-Consumer PET Bottles for Electrochromic Application." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.463.

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Electrochromism refers to the reversible change of color of thin films due to a small change in the voltage. This is important for smart windows and display applications. The color change takes place because of intercalation and deintercalation of ions, which is controlled by voltage applied between transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers. In this research, the use of graphene nano-ink and post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles as the flexible electrochromic windows was reported. PET film was coated with graphene ink by spin coating method. The sheet resistance value of PET

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Gençyilmaz, Olcay. "Spray pyrolysis derived V₂O₅ thin films as an alternative electrochromic layer for electrochromic devices." Emerging Materials Research 13, no. 4 (2024): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.23.00126.

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In this study, vanadium oxide films were produced in the vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) films phase as an alternative electrochromic layer for electrochromic devices by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique at 300 °C. The V2O5 films were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures (400-450-500 °C) and the ellipsometric, structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated. The optical parameters of the V2O5 films were calculated by different theoretical methods and compared with the ellipsometric results. The average thickness and refractive index val

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Kung, Yu-Ruei, Sin-Yun Cao, and Sheng-Huei Hsiao. "Electrosynthesis and Electrochromism of a New Crosslinked Polydithienylpyrrole with Diphenylpyrenylamine Subunits." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122777.

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A new electroactive monomer with two 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyrrole (SNS) units and one diphenylpyrenylamine (DPPA) subunit, namely N,N-bis(4-(2,5-di(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-phenyl)-1-aminopyrene (DPPA-2SNS), was synthesized from 1,4-di-(2-thienyl)butane-1,4-dione with N,N-di(4-aminophenyl)-1-aminopyrene through the Paal–Knorr condensation reaction. Visible and near-infrared (NIR) electrochromic polymer films could be facilely generated on the ITO-glass surface by the electrochemical polymerization of DPPA-2SNS in an electrolyte solution. The electro-synthesized polymer films exhibit multi-staged

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Tatsanabenjakul, Preyada, Lek Sikong, and Kanadit Chetpattananondh. "The Effect of Ag₃PO₄ on WO₃ Electrochromic Film." Key Engineering Materials 707 (September 2016): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.707.139.

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WO3/Ag3PO4 electrochromic films were prepared by sol-gel and dip coating methods. The synthesized films were smooth having amorphous structure. The 0.8 wt% Ag3PO4-doped WO3 films displayed best electrochemical properties and optical modulation due to the effect of Ag3PO4 on reduction of band gap energy and enhancement of electrons and ions diffusions. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the presence of Ag+ from Ag3PO4 in WO3/Ag3PO4 electrochromic films. They exhibited reversible electrochromic property with fast switching time when compared to that of pure WO3 film.

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Fukuzawa, Miki, Takeshi Watanabe, Sho Kuromatsu, and Shinji Koh. "Fabrication and Characterization of Electrochromic Devices Utilizing CVD Graphene." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (2024): 4559. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674559mtgabs.

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Electrochromism is a function whereby the optical properties of materials change reversibly and persistently through electrochemical redox reactions driven by small electrical energy. Electrochromic devices are used in a wide range of applications including smart windows for buildings and aircraft, displays, electronic paper, and so on. The advantages of electrochromic devices include the ability to be manufactured at low cost and compatibility with non-planar and flexible surfaces. Electrochromic devices typically have a multilayer structure comprising transparent conductive electrodes, elect

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Jiang Yi-hang, Cao Feng-hua, Li Hao-miao, et al. "Improving electrochromic properties of tungsten trioxide by the construction of gradiently distributed oxygen vacancies through plasma treatment." Acta Physica Sinica 74, no. 5 (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.74.20241663.

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In recent years, electrochromic materials have been extensively utilized in smart windows, displays, and dimmable devices. WO<sub>3</sub> has garnered significant attention as a typical electrochromic material. Existing research indicates that the concentration and distribution of oxygen vacancies in WO<sub>3</sub> is a crucial factor in determining electrochromic effect. However, traditional preparation methods such as annealing is reported to result in considerable reduction in modulation capacity of crystallinity and optical performance. Hence, proposing a novel appr

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Li, Xiaoni, Zhijie Li, Wanting He, et al. "Enhanced Electrochromic Properties of Nanostructured WO3 Film by Combination of Chemical and Physical Methods." Coatings 11, no. 8 (2021): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080959.

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WO3 films are the most widely used electrochromic functional layers. It is known that WO3 films prepared by pure chemical method generally possess novel nanostructures, but the adhesion between WO3 films and substrates is weak. However, WO3 films prepared by pure physical method usually show relatively dense morphology, which limits their electrochromic properties. In order to break through these bottlenecks and further improve their electrochromic properties, this work first prepared nanostructured WO3 powder by chemical method, and then using this powder as the evaporation source, nanostruct

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Tang, Chien-Jen, Ju-Liang He, Cheng-Chung Jaing, et al. "An All-Solid-State Electrochromic Device Based on WO3–Nb2O5 Composite Films Prepared by Fast-Alternating Bipolar-Pulsed Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Coatings 9, no. 1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010009.

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In this study, WO3–Nb2O5 electrochromic films and an ITO/WO3–Nb2O5/Nb2O5/NiVOx/ITO all-solid-state electrochromic device were deposited using fast-alternating bipolar-pulsed magnetron sputtering using tungsten and niobium targets. The influence of different sputtering powers from the niobium target on the refractive index, extinction coefficient, optical modulation, coloration efficiency, reversibility, and durability of the WO3–Nb2O5 films is discussed. The aim of this work is to find the suitable Nb proportion to increase durability and less negative effect in the electrochromic performance

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Noonuruk, Russameeruk, K. Paipitak, Mati Horprathum, Wicharn Techitdheera, Supanit Porntheeraphat, and Wisanu Pecharapa. "Effect of Sputtering Power on Physical Properties and Electrochromic Performance of Sputtered-WO₃Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.69.

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Tungsten oxide (WO3) electrochromic thin films were deposited onto F-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using DC sputtering of tungsten target in presence of oxygen and argon gas. As-deposited films were prepared with different sputtering power at 50 W, 100W and 200W. The effect of power on structural, surface morphology optical and electrochromic properties of the WO3 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, UV-VIS spectrophotometer and Cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The XRD results show that the crystalline of WO3 can be identified an orientation

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Valerii, Kotok, and Kovalenko Vadym. "A STUDY OF THE INCREASED TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE ELECTROCHROMIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NI(OH)2-PVA COMPOSITE FILMS." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 6 (105) (2020): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.205352.

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Electrochromic devices, as an element of “smart” windows, can be exposed to extreme temperatures due to their purpose and location. Exposure to high temperatures can change the characteristics of electrochromic devices and lead to malfunction. The present study is intended to fill in the gaps related to the stability of electrochemical and electrochromic parameters of one of the known materials – nickel hydroxide (II). The present study highlights changes in some physico-chemical characteristics that occur during prolonged exposure to high temperature in different media. Ni(O

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Zhong, Yi Ping, Xue Quan Zhao, Li Guan, Ping Liu, and Wen Ji Deng. "Preparation and Electrochromic Properties of Polythiophene Derivatives." Key Engineering Materials 538 (January 2013): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.538.7.

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Polythiophene derivatives, poly(2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2″′:5″′,2″″-quinquethiophene) (P5T), poly (2,3,4,5-tetrathiopenyl-thiophene) (PX5T) and poly(1,3,5-tristhienyl-benzene) (P3TB), were prepared via the electropolymerization. The electrochromic properties of polythiophene derivative films were investigated. The results showed that P5T, PX5T and P3TB films exhibited reversible, clear colour change in liquid electrolyte on electrochemical doping and dedoping. Moreover, solid state electrochromic device, indium tin oxide (ITO)/polythiophene derivative films/conducting gel /ITO, were fabricated with poly

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Jia, Songrui, Shiying Qi, Zhen Xing, Shiyi Li, Qilin Wang, and Zheng Chen. "Effects of Different Lengths of Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains on the Electrochromic and Photovoltaic Properties of Benzothiadiazole-Based Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers." Molecules 28, no. 5 (2023): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052056.

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In recent years, donor-acceptor (D-A)-type conjugated polymers have been widely used in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) and electrochromism (EC). Considering the poor solubility of D-A conjugated polymers, the solvents used in material processing and related device preparation are mostly toxic halogenated solvents, which have become the biggest obstacle to the future commercial process of the OSC and EC field. Herein, we designed and synthesized three novel D-A conjugated polymers, PBDT1-DTBF, PBDT2-DTBF, and PBDT3-DTBF, by introducing polar oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains of

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Mouratis, Kyriakos, Valentin Tudose, Cosmin Romanitan, et al. "Electrochromic Performance of V2O5 Thin Films Grown by Spray Pyrolysis." Materials 13, no. 17 (2020): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173859.

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A new approach regarding the development of nanostructured V2O5 electrochromic thin films at low temperature (250 °C), using air-carrier spray deposition and ammonium metavanadate in water as precursor is presented. The obtained V2O5 films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, while their electrochromic response was studied using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The study showed that this simple, cost effective, suitable for large area deposition method can lead to V2O5 films with large active surface for electrochro

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Hahn, Nathan T., Simranjit Grewal, John K. Grey, Terefe G. Habteyes, Wassie M. Takele, and Dongchang Chen. "Role of Dopant in Enabling Electrodeposition of Polymer Thin Films with High Solar Transmittance Modulation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 31 (2024): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01311527mtgabs.

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Buildings consume approximately one-third of the energy used in developed countries, with much of this energy tied to building heating and cooling. Electrochromic “smart” windows have the potential to mitigate some of this energy use through on-demand modulation of solar energy transmission. Therefore, electrochromic window devices based on low cost and facile solution-based processing routes are sought. In this work, we describe the electropolymerization and deposition of electrochromic poly(arylamine) thin films with exceptional broadband solar transmittance modulation, reaching ΔT sol value

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Shi, Ze, Yue-Chan Li, An Xie, and Dong-Ya Sun. "Effect of Argon to Oxygen Ratio on the Properties of Tungsten Oxide Films Prepared by Direct Current Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 18, no. 3 (2023): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2023.3401.

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In this study, tungsten oxide films were fabricated on ITO-coated glass substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering with varying argon to oxygen ratios. The influence of these ratios on the microstructure and electrochromic properties of the resulting WO3 films were examined. The microstructure was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, which allowed for the determination of the percentage of atoms in the film. The surface morphology and roughness were measured using atomic force microscopy, while the film thickness was de

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Xia, X. H., J. P. Tu, J. Zhang, and X. L. Wang. "Electrochromic and Electrochemical Properties of Nickel Oxide Thin Films Prepared by a Modified Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.625.

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NiO thin films were prepared on ITO glass by a modified sol-gel method in combination with a following annealing process. The XRD results show that the film annealed at 280 °C is amorphous, while the films annealed at and above 300 °C are cubic NiO phase. The electrochromic performances of the annealed films were characterized by means of UV–vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The film annealed at 280 °C exhibits a noticeable electrochromism with a variation of transmittance up to 76 % at 550 nm. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements reveal that the film annealed at h

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Lee, Young Hoon, and Yung-Eun Sung. "Color-Switchable Hydroxide Double-Layer Films for Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 1 (2023): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-011431mtgabs.

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Electrochromic devices have received great attention because of the increment in electrochromic smart window markets for building and vehicles. Recently, electrochromic materials not only enhanced electrochromic performances but also provided additional functions (energy storage, light-emitting diodes, and solar cell). Meanwhile, electrochromic devices are being developed with the goal of large-scale applications such as electrochromic smart windows for building and vehicles, there are still significant needs for reliability of materials and simplify their fabricating processes. In this study,

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Uchiyama, Hiroaki, Yoshiki Nakamura, and Seishirou Igarashi. "Aqueous synthesis of tin- and indium-doped WO3 films via evaporation-driven deposition and their electrochromic properties." RSC Advances 11, no. 13 (2021): 7442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00125f.

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WO<sub>3</sub> and M-doped WO<sub>3</sub> (M = Sn or In) electrochromic films were obtained from aqueous solutions via evaporation-driven deposition. The In–WO<sub>3</sub> films showed a faster electrochromic response than WO<sub>3</sub> and Sn–WO<sub>3</sub> films, and a good cycle stability.

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Djaoued, Y., S. Balaji, and R. Brüning. "Electrochromic Devices Based on Porous Tungsten Oxide Thin Films." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/674168.

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Recent developments in the synthesis of transition metal oxides in the form of porous thin films have opened up opportunities in the construction of electrochromic devices with enhanced properties. In this paper, synthesis, characterization and electrochromic applications of porous WO3thin films with different nanocrystalline phases, such as hexagonal, monoclinic, and orthorhombic, are presented. Asymmetric electrochromic devices have been constructed based on these porous WO3thin films. XRD measurements of the intercalation/deintercalation of Li+into/from the WO3layer of the device as a funct

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Gorobtsov, P. Y., N. P. Simonenko, A. S. Mokrushin, E. P. Simonenko, and N. T. Kuznetsov. "Application Of Vanadyl Alkoxoacetylacetonate In Formation Of v2O5 Electrochromic Films." Žurnal neorganičeskoj himii 69, no. 4 (2024): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044457x24040177.

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Crystal structure, morphology and electrochromic properties of V2O5 film, prepared using vanadyl alkoxoacetylacetonate as precursor, were studied. We have shown that the obtained vanadium pentoxide contains significant amount of V4+ cations, which is indicated by low electron work function among other things. This results in material possessing anodic electrochromism – coloring upon oxidation – with rapid bleaching process (1 s upon necessary potential application). Anodic coloration is observed in the whole visible light spectrum, as well as in near IR region up to 1100 nm. Obtained data show

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Zhang, Guanguang, Kuankuan Lu, Xiaochen Zhang, et al. "Effects of Annealing Temperature on Optical Band Gap of Sol-gel Tungsten Trioxide Films." Micromachines 9, no. 8 (2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9080377.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a wide band gap semiconductor material that is used as an important electrochromic layer in electrochromic devices. In this work, the effects of the annealing temperature on the optical band gap of sol-gel WO3 films were investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that WO3 films were amorphous after being annealed at 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively, but became crystallized at 400 °C and 500 °C. An atomic force microscope (AFM) showed that the crystalline WO3 films were rougher than the amorphous WO3 films (annealed at 200 °C and 300 °C). An ultraviolet spect

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Kim, B. W., J. Portier, N. G. Park, and G. Campet. "Synthesis of Hybrid Electrochromic Material Based on Tungsten Oxide." Active and Passive Electronic Components 22, no. 2 (1999): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/27618.

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This paper reports first on general considerations on electrochromic materials in order to present, afterwards, electrochromic films having a hybrid PAA (polyacrylic acid)-WO3structure. The films are prepared by successive coatings of polyacrylic acid-ethanol solution and tungsten oxide NH4OH-water one.

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Mao, Junda, Xiang Duan, and Aihua Yao. "Influence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on the Microstructure and Electrochromic Performance of an Electrodeposited Nickel Oxide Film." Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 12 (2019): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19290.

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Nickel oxide (NiO) films were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates using a potentiostatic electrodeposition method from Ni(NO3)2 aqueous solution containing the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The microstructure, morphology, and electrochromic performance of the NiO films were investigated. Our results showed that the addition of SDS inhibited the growth of NiO crystals, tailored the morphology of the films, and favoured their electrochromic performance. The NiO films deposited in the presence of 6mM SDS exhibited excellent electrochromic performance in OH− cont

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44

Acosta, Dwight R., Jesús M. Ortega, and Carlos R. Magaña. "Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy of Electrochromic WO₃ and Molybdenum Doped WO₃ Thin Films Deposited by Pulsed Spray Pyrolysis." Materials Science Forum 644 (March 2010): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.644.129.

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WO3/FTO/Glass and WO3:Mo/FTO/Glass thin films were deposited using the pulsed spray pyrolysis technique. The Molybdenum doped thin films were deposited using 2,4,6,8 and 10 % at . concentration in the starting solution. The influence of molybdenum concentration on the structural, electrical, optical and electrochromic properties of WO3:Mo thin films have been systematically studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Selected Area Diffraction Patterns (SAED) in Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy (CTEM), High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AF

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45

Chernyshev, Andrei, Udit Acharya, Jiří Pfleger, Olga Trhlíková, Jiří Zedník, and Jiří Vohlídal. "Iron (II) Metallo-Supramolecular Polymers Based on Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene for Electrochromic Applications." Polymers 13, no. 3 (2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030362.

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Four new bis(tpy) unimers with different linkers between the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl central unit and terpyridine-4′-yl (tpy) end-groups: no linker (Tt), ethynediyl (TtE), 1,4-phenylene (TtPh) and 2,2′-bithophene-5,5′-diyl (TtB) are prepared, characterized, and assembled with Fe2+ ions to metallo-supramolecular polymers (Fe-MSPs). The Fe-MSP films prepared by spin-casting on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass are characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM) microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and UV/vis spectroscopy and studied for their electrochromism and effect of the unimer structure on th

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46

Vargas Garcia, J. R., E. M. Lazcano Ugalde, F. Hernandez Santiago, and J. M. Hallen Lopez. "Nanostructured Nickel Oxide Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Their Electrochromic Properties." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 5 (2008): 2703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.563.

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The influence of the deposition conditions on the structural features and electrochromic properties of nickel oxide (NiO) films prepared by chemical vapor deposition has been investigated. NiO films have been prepared on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates from nickel-acetylacetonate precursor and their electrochromic properties have been studied by cyclic voltammetry in a 0.1 M KOH solution at room temperature. Films exhibiting only the NiO phase were obtained at deposition temperatures higher than 450 °C in a wide range of reactor pressures (0.13 to 66.6 kPa). Particularly

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Liu, Yang-Bo, Hao-Tian Deng, Li-Yi Zhang, Jing-Hao Wei, Feng-Rong Dai, and Zhong-Ning Chen. "Continuous In-Situ Polymerization of Complex-Based Films for High-Performance Electrochromic Devices." Molecules 30, no. 5 (2025): 1099. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051099.

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Synthesis of uniform and stable electrochromic films on a conductive layer is one of the effective ways to construct high-performance electrochromic devices. The development of more convenient and feasible polymer film preparation technology is important and necessary. Herein, we demonstrated the development of a continuous in situ polymerization method to prepare electrochromic film on ITO glass through Schiff base condensation of a tetraamine Fe-based complex and organic di-/tri-aldehyde precursors. The electrochromic film was successfully coated on the surface of the ITO conductive layer an

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48

Wang, Li Ge, Guo Qing Li, Yuan Rong Hu, Wei Gou, and Meng Shi. "Study on the Structure and Electrochromism of WO₃ and Ti-Doped WO₃ Films." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.726.

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WO3 and Ti-doped WO3 electrochromic films were prepared by mid-frequency dual-target magnetron sputtering method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and spectrophotometer were used to characterize the structure, morphology, composition and transmittance properties of the films, respectively. The results show that this method is available to deposit WO3 and Ti-doped WO3 electrochromic films. The as-deposited films prepared at room temperature are amorphous and display good transmittance. The difference value of transmittance b

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Smilyk, V. O., S. S. Fomanyuk, I. A. Rusetskiy, M. O. Danilov, and G. Ya Kolbasov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROCHROMIC PROPERTIES OF CuWO4•WO3, Bi2WO6•WO3 AND WO3 THIN FILMS." Chemical Problems 20, no. 4 (2022): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-3-289-296.

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A comparative analysis of electrochromic properties of composites CuWO4•WO3, Bi2WO6•WO3 and WO3 films obtained by electrochemical and chemical methods was carried out. The study into the kinetics of light transmission and spectral characteristics of electrochromic coloration revealed some differences in electrochromic processes. It found that in the WO3, Bi2WO6•WO3, CuWO4•WO3 series, lithium intercalation in the film is slowed down, which is due to diffusion limitations in the process of coloring of the Bi and Cu oxides. Spectral characteristics of light transmission Bi2WO6•WO3 and CuWO4•WO3 a

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Valerii, Kotok, and Kovalenko Vadym. "A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE CONCENTRATION IN THE DEPOSITION ELECTROLYTE ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHROMIC NI(OH)2 FILMS." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 6 (106) (2020): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.210857.

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Electrochromic devices are actuation elements of smart windows and allow saving the energy needed to cool the premises. Electrochemical deposition can significantly reduce the cost of electrochromic deposition. This paper discusses an electrochemical method of deposition based on nickel hydroxide from an electrolyte containing nickel nitrate and polyvinylpyrralidone (PVP). The electrochromic films were obtained in a galvanostatic mode at different PVP concentrations. As a result of the studies, it has been shown that the presence of PVP in the deposition electrolyte significantly affects the p

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