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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrochromic, sol-gel, tungsten oxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Qu, Dan Ni, Hai Feng Cheng, Yong Jiang Zhou, Xin Xing, and Dong Qing Liu. "Effect of Templates on the Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten Oxide Thin Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.519.

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The mesoporous tungsten oxide (WO3) films were derived from the peroxotungstic acid (PTA) sol with templates through sol-gel method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and tri-block polymer P123 (HO(CH2CH2O)20(CH2CH(CH3)O)70(CH2CH2O)20H) were chosen as templates. The structural, morphological, optical and electrochromic properties of the WO3 thin films derived from different sols were studied. The composition and crystal phase of the films change at different annealing temperatures. The films derived from the sols containing templates have higher crystallization temperature than those without templates. And the morphologies are distinctly different from different sols. The addition of the templates can improve the electrochromic properties of the WO3 films, and those prepared from the 3% of P123 sol show the best electrochromic properties. The highest transmittance modulation is near 60%, and the largest ion inserted and deinserted diffusion coefficient can reach 5.706×10-12 cm2/s and 1.271×10-11 cm2/s, respectively.

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2

Kim, Chang Yeoul, Jin Wook Choi, Tae Yeoung Lim, and Duck Kyun Choi. "Synthesis of WO₃ Electrochromic Sensor by Sol-Gel Method and Characterization of Its Electrochemical and Optical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.807.

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Electrochromic WO3 thin film was prepared by using tungsten metal solution in hydrogen peroxide as a starting solution and by sol-gel dip coating method. XRD pattern showed that tungsten oxide crystal phase formed at 400. In the view of electrochemical property, WO3 thin film which was heat-treated at 300 and was amorphous had better than that of the crystalline phase.

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3

Kim, Chang Yeoul, Seong Geun Cho, Seok Park, Tae Yeoung Lim, and Duck Kyun Choi. "Electrochemical and Optical Properties of WO₃ Prepared by Sol-Gel Coating." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1081.

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Electrochromic WO3 thin film was prepared by using tungsten metal solution in hydrogen peroxide as a starting solution and by a sol-gel dip coating method. The thermal analysis was conducted by DSC/TG method. A DSC/TG analysis and the XRD patterns showed that a tungsten oxide crystal phase was formed at 400oC. WO3 thin film when heat-treated at 300oC was amorphous and had a better electrochemical property than that of the crystalline phase. Crystallization of tungsten oxide decreased active sites of ion intercalation so that the current density decreased with heat-treatment temperature.

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4

Utamarat, Nisida, Lek Sikong, and Kanadit Chetpattananondh. "Electrochromic Properties of Lithium Vanadate Doped Tungsten Trioxide Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.9.

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Lithium vanadate doped tungsten trioxide films were coated on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide substrate by the sol-gel and dip coating methods using lithium vanadate and peroxotungstic acid sol. The concentration of lithium vanadatewas varied and the effects of lithium vanadate on morphology, microstructure and electrochromic properties of WO3 film were investigated. The synthesized tungsten trioxide with 10 wt.% lithium vanadate can be identified as amorphous structure. It observed that the crystallinity of the films are increase and more smooth when Li concentration increased and exhibits excellent properties in electrochromic performance in terms of diffusion coefficient is about as 2.6×10-9 cm2s-1 with the potential scan from -1.0 to +1.0 V as a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution.

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5

NISHIO, Keishi, Tadanori SEI, and Toshio TSUCHIYA. "Preparation of Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide Thin Film by Sol-Gel Process." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 107, no. 1243 (1999): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.107.199.

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6

Paipitak, K., J. Rattanarak, D. Pakdeeyingyong, W. Techitdheera, S. Porntheeraphat, and Wisanu Pecharapa. "Enhanced Electrochromic Performance of Sol-Gel Derived WO₃ Thin Films Assisted by Electrospun PVA Nanofibers." Advanced Materials Research 528 (June 2012): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.249.

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The paper describes the results obtained on the enhanced electrochromic performance of Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films assisted by electrospun PVA nanofibers. WO3 was fabricated by spin coating technique with tungsten powder as starting precursor. The effect of electrospun-PVA nanofibers layer on structural, chemical composition, surface morphology and electrochromic properties of the films were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The XRD analysis suggested that the crystalline of WO3 can be identified as a monoclinic WO3 structure. XPS investigations also confirmed the existence of characteristic peaks of W. The significant enhancement of electrochromic properties of the films is achieved by additive electrospun-PVA nanofiber layer.

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7

Zhou, Dan, Boyang Che, Junhua Kong, and Xuehong Lu. "A nanocrystalline tungsten oxide electrochromic coating with excellent cycling stability prepared via a complexation-assisted sol–gel method." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 34 (2016): 8041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc03194c.

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A nanocrystalline WO₃ coating is prepared using a complexation-assisted sol–gel method and exhibits enhanced electrochromic properties, especially excellent electrochemical cycling stability.

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8

Deepa, M., A. G. Joshi, A. K. Srivastava, S. M. Shivaprasad, and S. A. Agnihotry. "Electrochromic Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide Films by Sol-gel: Structure and Intercalation Properties." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 5 (2006): C365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2184072.

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9

Paipitak, K., C. Kahattha, W. Techitdheera, S. Porntheeraphat, and W. Pecharapa. "Characterization of Sol-gel Derived Ti-doped Tungsten Oxide Electrochromic Thin Films." Energy Procedia 9 (2011): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.09.050.

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10

Zayim, Esra Özkan, and F. Z. Tepehan. "Structural and Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Made Tantalum Oxide and Tungsten Oxide Films." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.435.

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11

Au, B. Wen Cheun, Kah Yoong Chan, Wai Leong Pang, Chu Liang Lee, and Abd Hamid Mustafa. "Tungsten Oxide (WO₃) Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Spin-Coating Technique." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.71.

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Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a transition metal oxide with a wide range of applications such as displays, rear-view mirrors, electrochromic (EC) smart windows and gas sensors. Many techniques were adopted for the fabrication of WO3, namely magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis and sol-gel synthesis techniques. In this work, WO3films were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glasses by sol-gel spin-coating method. The film thickness was varied by depositing different number of layers. The WO3film thickness and optical transmittance were determined using step profilometer and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, respectively. WO3film thicknesses increased from 38 nm to 606 nmwith increasing number of deposited layers.The optical transmittance of the WO3films in visible range decreased with increasing film thickness. The optical transmittance were at least 70 % up to 10 deposited layers.WO3is a promising EC material in the application ofEC devices (ECDs).The application of WO3in the EC devices will be discussed.

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12

Dulgerbaki, Cigdem, Aliihsan Komur, and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz. "Tungsten Oxide Nanofibers for Electrochromic Device Application." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.152.

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The tungsten oxide (WO3) nanofibers were grown directly onto an ITO-coated glass via an electrospinning method for electrochromic applications. The electrochromic properties of WO3 nanofibers were investigated in the presence of different electrolytes including a series of ionic liquids and classic LiClO4-PC system. A significant optical modulation of 20.82% at 760 nm, reversible coloration with efficiency of 64.58 cm2/C and excellent cycling stability were achieved for the nanofiber electrochromic device (ECD) with ionic liquid based gel electrolyte.

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13

Inmae, Thitinun, Lek Sikong, and Kalayanee Kooptarnond. "The Effect of Lithium Molybdate in Tungsten Trioxide Electrochromic Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.32.

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Lithium molybdate doped tungsten trioxide electrochromic films were prepared from tungsten trioxide precursor and lithium molybdate powder by sol-gel and dip coating methods on fluorine doped tin oxide glass. The films, which synthesized were flat and amorphous structure, which confirmed by x-ray diffraction patterns. From UV-vis transmittance spectra within the wavelength from 400 to 800 nm. and cyclic voltammogram at the applying a potential of 1.0 V (bleached state) to -1.0 V (colored state) in sulfuric acid 0.5 M solution. The doping lithium molybdate 10 mol% films showed good result in terms of transmittance modulation, high diffusion coefficient and optimal surface area. Therefore, doping lithium molybdate 10 mol% has better outcome when compared to undoped lithium molybdate.

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14

Wu, Ching-Lin, Chun-Kai Wang, Chung-Kwei Lin, Sheng-Chang Wang, and Jow-Lay Huang. "Electrochromic properties of nanostructured tungsten oxide films prepared by surfactant-assisted sol–gel process." Surface and Coatings Technology 231 (September 2013): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.01.061.

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15

Costa, Cláudia, Carlos Pinheiro, Inês Henriques, and César A. T. Laia. "Inkjet Printing of Sol–Gel Synthesized Hydrated Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles for Flexible Electrochromic Devices." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 3 (March 2012): 1330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am201606m.

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16

Wen-Cheun Au, Benedict, Kah-Yoong Chan, and Dietmar Knipp. "Effect of film thickness on electrochromic performance of sol-gel deposited tungsten oxide (WO3)." Optical Materials 94 (August 2019): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.05.051.

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17

Alsawafta, M., Y. Mosaddeghian Golestani, T. Phonemac, S. Badilescu, V. Stancovski, and Vo-Van Truong. "Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Synthesized Macroporous Tungsten Oxide Films Doped with Gold Nanoparticles." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 161, no. 5 (2014): H276—H283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.012405jes.

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18

Sun, Xi Lian, Ai Hua Chen, Hai Zhong Zhang, and Hong Tao Cao. "Optical and Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Deposited Mixed MoO₃-WO₃ Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.843.

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Mixed molybdenum-tungsten oxides of varying stoichiometry (MoxW1-xO3, 0 < x <1) were prepared by sol-gel deposition from peroxo-polymolybdotungstate solutions onto conductive fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates. The compositional and structure properties were characterized for MoxW1-xO3 films annealed at 450°C using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. The optical transmittance of the films were recorded with respect to air in the reference beam in a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The transmittance modulation of the mixed oxide films were enhanced compared to the pure WO3 film and very broad spectral modulation features were observed for mixed oxide. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements were conducted to estimate ion storage capacities and reversibility of the films during the coloring/bleaching process for the mixed metal oxide films in an electrolyte solution of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate. The subtle interplay between structural and compositional properties due to the uniform mixing of Mo and W oxide components shows that electrochromic and lithium ion transport properties are moderately enhanced relative to those of single-component WO3.

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19

Agnihotry, S. A., Rashmi Sharma, M. Kar, and T. K. Saxena. "Towards electrochromic stability in sol–gel-derived tungsten oxide films: cyclic voltammetric and spectrophotometric investigations." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90, no. 1 (January 2006): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2005.01.006.

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20

DEEPA, M., P. SINGH, S. SHARMA, and S. AGNIHOTRY. "Effect of humidity on structure and electrochromic properties of sol–gel-derived tungsten oxide films." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90, no. 16 (October 16, 2006): 2665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2006.02.032.

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21

Turyan, Iva, Boris Orel, Renata Reisfeld, and Daniel Mandler. "Studying electron transfer at electrochromic tungsten oxide sol–gel films with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, no. 15 (2003): 3212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b301380d.

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22

Deepa, M., D. P. Singh, S. M. Shivaprasad, and S. A. Agnihotry. "A comparison of electrochromic properties of sol–gel derived amorphous and nanocrystalline tungsten oxide films." Current Applied Physics 7, no. 2 (February 2007): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2006.06.001.

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23

Dhanasankar, M., K. K. Purushothaman, and G. Muralidharan. "Effect of tungsten on the electrochromic behaviour of sol–gel dip coated molybdenum oxide thin films." Materials Research Bulletin 45, no. 5 (May 2010): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.02.003.

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24

Panero, Stefania, Bruno Scrosati, Monique Baret, Barbara Cecchini, and Enrico Masetti. "Electrochromic windows based on polyaniline, tungsten oxide and gel electrolytes." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 39, no. 2-4 (December 1995): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(95)00042-9.

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25

Gonçalves, Alexandra, Gonçalo Gonçalves, Elvira Fortunato, António Marques, Ana Pimentel, Rodrigo Martins, Manuela A. Silva, Michael J. Smith, João Bela, and João P. Borges. "Study of Electrochromic Devices Incorporating a Polymer Gel Electrolyte Component." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.83.

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Electrochromic materials have attracted considerable attention during the last two decades as a consequence of their potential application in several different types of optical devices. Examples of these devices include intelligent windows and time labels. In this paper the authors describe results obtained with thin tungsten oxide films produced at room temperature by rf magnetron sputtering under an argon and oxygen atmosphere on transparent conductive oxide coated glass substrates. To protect the surface of the electrochromic film, prevent water absorption and obtain a good memory effect under open circuit voltages, a layer of Ta2O5 was deposited over the WO3 films. In this study, the effect of different electrolyte compositions on the open circuit memory of optical devices has been characterized. The best results were obtained for electrochromic devices with polymer gel p(TMC)3LiClO4 and p(TMC)8LiClO4 electrolytes. These prototype devices present an overall transmittance of ~75% in their bleached state and after coloration 40.5 and 52.5% respectively. These devices also show memory effect and an optical density considered satisfactory for some electrochromic applications.

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26

Passerini, Stefano, Bruno Scrosati, Vincent Hermann, CarolAnn Holmblad, and Terese Bartlett. "Laminated Electrochromic Windows Based on Nickel Oxide, Tungsten Oxide, and Gel Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 141, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2054835.

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27

Wang, Wei, Yongxin Pang, and Simon N. B. Hodgson. "Preparation, characterisation and electrochromic property of mesostructured tungsten oxide films via a surfactant templated sol–gel process from tungstic acid." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 54, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-010-2152-6.

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28

Daroogheh, Nayyereh, Elham Karimi, and S. M. Bagher Ghorashi. "Designing and Fabrication of Electrochromic Windows Using Tungsten Oxide Films Prepared Through Sol-gel Coating on a Glass." International Journal of Optics and Photonics 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijop.13.2.79.

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29

Cho, Hyunmin, Jinki Min, Daeyeon Won, Jinhyeong Kwon, and Seung Hwan Ko. "Selective Photo-thermal Conversion of Tungsten Oxide Sol Precursor for Electrochromic Smart Window Applications." Acta Materialia 201 (December 2020): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.10.040.

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30

Hechavarría, L., H. Hu, M. Miranda, and M. E. Nicho. "Electrochromic responses of low-temperature-annealed tungsten oxide thin films in contact with a liquid and a polymeric gel electrolyte." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 13, no. 5 (June 17, 2008): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-008-0565-8.

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31

Ozkan Zayim, E., I. Turhan, F. Z. Tepehan, and N. Ozer. "Sol–gel deposited nickel oxide films for electrochromic applications." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2007.03.034.

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32

Zhang, Guanguang, Kuankuan Lu, Xiaochen Zhang, Weijian Yuan, Muyang Shi, Honglong Ning, Ruiqiang Tao, Xianzhe Liu, Rihui Yao, and Junbiao Peng. "Effects of Annealing Temperature on Optical Band Gap of Sol-gel Tungsten Trioxide Films." Micromachines 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9080377.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a wide band gap semiconductor material that is used as an important electrochromic layer in electrochromic devices. In this work, the effects of the annealing temperature on the optical band gap of sol-gel WO3 films were investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that WO3 films were amorphous after being annealed at 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively, but became crystallized at 400 °C and 500 °C. An atomic force microscope (AFM) showed that the crystalline WO3 films were rougher than the amorphous WO3 films (annealed at 200 °C and 300 °C). An ultraviolet spectrophotometer showed that the optical band gap of the WO3 films decreased from 3.62 eV to 3.30 eV with the increase in the annealing temperature. When the Li+ was injected into WO3 film in the electrochromic reaction, the optical band gap of the WO3 films decreased. The correlation between the optical band gap and the electrical properties of the WO3 films was found in the electrochromic test by analyzing the change in the response time and the current density. The decrease in the optical band gap demonstrates that the conductivity increases with the corresponding increase in the annealing temperature.

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33

Chai, Y., F. Y. Ha, F. K. Yam, and Z. Hassan. "Fabrication of Tungsten Oxide Nanostructure by Sol-Gel Method." Procedia Chemistry 19 (2016): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.123.

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34

Vidmar, Tjaša, Marko Topič, Petr Dzik, and Urša Opara Krašovec. "Inkjet printing of sol–gel derived tungsten oxide inks." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 125 (June 2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.023.

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35

Garcia-Miquel, J. L., Q. Zhang, S. J. Allen, A. Rougier, A. Blyr, H. O. Davies, A. C. Jones, T. J. Leedham, P. A. Williams, and S. A. Impey. "Nickel oxide sol–gel films from nickel diacetate for electrochromic applications." Thin Solid Films 424, no. 2 (January 2003): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(02)01041-6.

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36

Özer, Nilgün, Sevsen Sabuncu, and John Cronin. "Electrochromic properties of sol-gel deposited Ti-doped vanadium oxide film." Thin Solid Films 338, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(98)00974-2.

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37

Taylor, D. J., J. P. Cronin, L. F. Allard,, and D. P. Birnie. "Microstructure of Laser-Fired, Sol−Gel-Derived Tungsten Oxide Films." Chemistry of Materials 8, no. 7 (January 1996): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm950570b.

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38

Nishide, Toshikazu, and Fujio Mizukami. "Control of refractive index of sol-gel tungsten oxide films." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (1996): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00402697.

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39

Baker, A. P., S. N. B. Hodgson, and M. J. Edirisinghe. "Production of tungsten oxide coatings, via sol–gel processing of tungsten anion solutions." Surface and Coatings Technology 153, no. 2-3 (April 2002): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01673-5.

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40

Wei, Huige, Xingru Yan, Qiang Wang, Shijie Wu, Yuanbing Mao, Zhiping Luo, Haoran Chen, Luyi Sun, Suying Wei, and Zhanhu Guo. "Electrochemical Properties and Electrochromic Behaviors of the Sol–Gel Derived Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films." Energy and Environment Focus 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/eef.2013.1036.

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41

Lin, Cheng-Lan, Zhen-Wei Yang, and Chih-Hsien Chen. "Electrochromic and photoelectrochromic properties of sol–gel derived tungsten trioxide/titania composite thin films." Research on Chemical Intermediates 43, no. 6 (January 21, 2016): 3553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2429-7.

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42

Wang, Haihong, Manming Yan, and Zhiyu Jiang. "Electrochromic properties of rhodium oxide films prepared by a sol–gel method." Thin Solid Films 401, no. 1-2 (December 2001): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(01)01604-2.

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43

Šurca, A., B. Orel, R. Cerc-Korošec, P. Bukovec, and B. Pihlar. "Structural and electrochromic properties of sol-gel derived Ni(Si)-oxide films." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 433, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00143-5.

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44

Özkan, E., and F. Z. Tepehan. "Optical and structural characteristics of sol–gel-deposited tungsten oxide and vanadium-doped tungsten oxide films." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 68, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(00)00361-5.

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45

Ren, Yang, Tong Fang, Ying Gong, Xiaoge Zhou, Gaoyang Zhao, Yun Gao, Jiqiang Jia, and Zongfan Duan. "Enhanced electrochromic performances and patterning of Ni–Sn oxide films prepared by a photosensitive sol–gel method." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 23 (2019): 6964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01075k.

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46

Kim, Tae-Ho, and Yoon-Chae Nah. "Synthesis and Characterization of Tungsten Trioxide Films Preparedby a Sol-Gel Method for Electrochromic Applications." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 22, no. 5 (October 30, 2015): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2015.22.5.309.

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47

Balázsi, Csaba. "Nanosized Hexagonal Tungsten Oxide Based Sensors Prepared by Sol–Gel Method." Sensor Letters 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2010.1332.

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48

Orsini, Gabriele, and Vincenzo Tricoli. "Facile nonhydrolytic sol–gel route to mesoporous mixed-conducting tungsten oxide." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 38 (2011): 14530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10777a.

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49

Nishio, K., Y. Watanabe, and T. Tsuchiya. "Preparation and properties of electrochromic iridium oxide thin film by sol-gel process." Thin Solid Films 350, no. 1-2 (August 1999): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00290-4.

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Wang, Zhongchun, Jiefeng Chen, and Xingfang Hu. "Electrochromic properties of aqueous sol-gel derived vanadium oxide films with different thickness." Thin Solid Films 375, no. 1-2 (October 2000): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)01335-3.

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