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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrode melting'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Rao, Lei, Qi Yao Hu, and Xiao Long Li. "Numerical Simulation Study of Consumable Electrode Melting Process in Electro-Slag Remelting Ingots." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3895.

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Electro-slag remelting (ESR) is a kind of special metallurgy techniques to produce high quality alloy materials. The interface of electrode and slag is the energy entrance of entire system in the remelting process. Mathematical model of consumable electrode’s melting process has been built in this paper. Some valuable variation rules of droplet diameter, droplet forming time, melting rate and purification coefficient following melting current and slag bath depth have been studied through a series of simulation work. Based on the mechanism studying of the consumable electrode’s melting, some meaningful experience to optimize the technological parameters and improve material quality of electro slag ingot has been gotten.

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2

Liu, Zhen, Jian Can Yang, Jie Cao, and Yan Li. "Development and Application of Tungsten Electrode Materials." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.348.

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The electrode is widely used in TIG for its characteristics of high melting point and low work function. This paper provides a general classification of rare earth tungsten electrode, and briefly introduces its development course. At the same time, the emission properties, processing and application of the rare-earth tungsten electrode are reviewed in this paper which briefly overviews the status quo and the developments in research on the Tungsten electrodes. This paper also forecasts the development tendency and application prospect of the electrodes, aiming at providing valuable reference for the research and promotion on rare-earth tungsten electrode materials.

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3

Lychko, I. I., K. A. Yushchenko, S. A. Suprun, and S. M. Kozulin. "Peculiarities of electrode and base metal melting in electroslag welding." Paton Welding Journal 2019, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2019.03.01.

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4

Zhang, Li, Li Hua Dong, D. S. Wang, C. H. Fan, and Y. Zhou. "A Survey on Electrode Materials for Electrical Discharge Machining." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.495.

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This work screens electrode materials used in EDM and proposes some potential electrodes for future industrial applications. Traditional graphite, W, and Mo EDM electrodes have low TWR due to their high melting points; while, Zn, brass, and Cu often experience too much tool wear. As to some newly developed alloy and composite materials, their machining performances depend on not only their melting points but also their microstructures. Cu-W alloy has high wear resistance but it is susceptible to shape loss due to its internal porosity. By contrast, Cu-graphite, Cu-ZrB2 and Cu-TiB2 composites show good capabilities of removing material with little wear loss and therefore could be promising for future usages.

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5

Wang, A. Cheng, Ken Chuan Cheng, Yan Cherng Lin, and Jeng Shen Huang. "Study the Re-Sticky Phenomenon of Powder Metallurgy Debris in the Electrical Discharge Machining." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.968.

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The debris re-adhering on the machining surface will affect the workpiece precision in EDM; therefore, the main purpose of this research is to study the re-sticky phenomenon of the powder metallurgy (PMM) in EDM. PMM with different melting points from 1450oC to 3410oC were used as EDM materials, the copper and the tungsten were chosen as the electrodes. The polarity in EDM was depended on the pole of the electrode. For observing the re-sticky position of the debris, the electrode was set no rotation or with 200 rpm rotational speed in EDM. The results showed that the melting point of PMM did not exceed 3000oC (PMM did not contain tungsten); the debris of PMM would not re-stick on the working surface no matter what polarity was used in EDM. However, only negative polarity can cause the re-adhesive effect when the melting point of PMM exceeded 3000oC. The debris would re-stick on any machining position when the electrode was not rotated in EDM. However, the debris would adhere on the central of the working area with 200 rpm rotational speed of the electrode.

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6

Kharicha, A., E. Karimi-Sibaki, J. Bohacek, M. Wu, and A. Ludwig. "Transient melting of an ESR electrode." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 143 (July 2016): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/143/1/012003.

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7

Abdulkareem, Suleiman, Ahsan Ali Khan, and Mohamed Konneh. "Reducing Electrode Wear Using Cryogenic Cooling during Electrical Discharge Machining." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 672–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.672.

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In electrical discharge machining (EDM), material is removed by a series of electrical discharge between the electrode (tool) and the workpiece that develops a temperature of about 8,0000C to 12,0000C. Due to high temperature of the sparks, work material is melted and vapourized, at the same time the electrode material is also eroded by melting and vapourization. Electrodes wear (EW) process is quite similar to the material removal mechanism as the electrode and the workpiece are considered as a set of electrode in EDM. In the present study effort has been made to reduce EW by cooling, using liquid nitrogen during the EDM of titanium alloy. Investigation on the effect of cooling on electrode wear (EW), material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece was carried out. Current (I), pulse on-time (ton), pause off-time (toff) and voltage (v) were considered as the machining parameters. Design of experiment (DOE) was used to design the experimental works. Cooling of electrode by this technique reduced the melting and vapourization of electrode material and enhances electrode life. It was possible to reduce EW up to 27% by applying this technique while MRR and Ra were improved by 18% and 8% respectively.

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8

Tsybulkin, G. A. "Synthesis of structure of system for self-regulation of electrode melting rate." Paton Welding Journal 2017, no. 7 (July 28, 2017): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2017.07.01.

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9

SAIDOV, RUSTAM, YONG-WON SONG, FATIMA RAKHIMOVA, and MUZAFAR ABRALOV. "INFLUENCE OF THE BASICITY INDEX ON WELDING ELECTRODE COATINGS ON THEIR WELDING AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES." Computational nanotechnology 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2020-7-3-77-84.

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At this article presented the results of researches on studying of influence of basicity index BI of the electrode coating and the Melting Temperature Tm of the slag of electrode coatings consisting of a two-component CaO-SiO2 oxide system and ore-mineral raw materials of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the welding and technological properties of the welding electrodes. The relationship between these indicators was determined, the strength of linear correlation of which was estimated using the coefficient of determination R2. The influence of the BI value on such properties of the welding electrode as the breaking length of the arc, the formation of the deposited metal, and the formation of a visor or cover at the end of the electrode is established. Based on the research results, recommendations for the basicity index BI of the electrode coating were identified, which can be used in the development of electrode coating compositions for their effective impact on the welding and technological properties of welding electrodes.

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10

Kumar, G. Sathish, R. Sellamuthu, and Sanjivi Arul. "Determination of Melting Efficiency of Mild Steel in GTA Welding Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.139.

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In this study, a model for the melting efficiency of Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was developed and validated using experiments. It was found that the melting efficiency increases with current, speed, arc length and electrode tip angle. The melting efficiency is found to be stable with increase in electrode diameter. The results were compared with existing studies.

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11

Anikeev, Andrey N., Ilia V. Chumanov, and D. V. Sergeev. "Studying of Influence of Rotation of the Spent Electrode on the Microfirmness of the Received Preparation of Steel AISI 420 at Electroslag Remelting." Materials Science Forum 975 (January 2020): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.975.55.

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Data of skilled electroslag remelting of the spent brand AISI 420 steel electrodes on various technologies are provided (with rotation and without rotation of the spent electrode). Are noted, features of influence of rotation of the spent electrode on conditions of the course of process of remelting and crystallization of an ingot. Influence of a way of remelting on a complex of properties of the received ingot is analysed. The analysis of results of researches showed increase in uniformity of the studied properties at realization of technology of electroslag remelting with rotation of the spent electrode on the melting course.

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12

Fed'ko, V. P., and A. S. Chipalyuk. "Melting and transfer of electrode metal in arc welding with coated electrodes." Welding International 17, no. 7 (July 2003): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/wint.2003.3159.

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13

Zhu, Ming, Ding Fan, Yu Shi, and Hai Zhou. "Metal Transfer Behavior of Consumable DE-GMAW." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 1110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1110.

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Consumable double-electrode gas metal arc welding (consumable DE-GMAW) is a novel and high efficient welding method. According to the different polarity of two electrodes in consumable DE-GMAW, the metal transfer behaviors are analyzed by using the state force balance theory. For main torch with direct current electrode positive polarity, the arc root area is enlarged by bypass arc and increased electromagnetic force promotes main metal transfer. For bypass torch with direct current electrode negative polarity, the electromagnetic force does not work on the melting area. Only gravity force is major detaching force. The volume of bypass droplet is large and not easily detache to the weld pool.

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14

Sydorets, Volodymyr, V. Korzhyk, V. Khaskin, O. Babych, and O. Berdnikova. "On the Thermal and Electrical Characteristics of the Hybrid Plasma-MIG Welding Process." Materials Science Forum 906 (September 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.906.63.

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The theoretical analysis of the influence of the plasma discharge temperature with non-consumable electrode on the melting of the electrode wire was carried out. The dynamics of the melting of the electrode wire and dynamics of circuit with consumable electrode arc were been investigation. The estimation of maximum values of the temperature of plasma have been made. Influence of the MIG process on the volt-ampere characteristics of the plasma discharge have been studied. These results were used for carrying out the technological experiments.

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15

Chaopeng, Cui, Zhu Xiangwei, Li Qiang, Zhang Min, and Zhu Guangping. "Study on the erosion of Mo/ZrO2 alloys in glass melting process." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0061.

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AbstractThe Mo/ZrO2 electrode was prepared by combining hydrothermal synthesis with powder metallurgy, and this new electrode material has a totally different microstructure from the conventional electrode. The grain size of the new electrode was fine, and the size of ZrO2 in the alloy reached 200 nm. According to the results, the Mo–ZrO2 electrode has better performance, because the erosion occurs along the grain boundaries. Meanwhile, the new electrode, based on its fine grain, can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the electrode.

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16

Deguchi, Mikio, and Toru Niki. "Local Melting of High-Melting-Point Materials by Discharge with Water–Ceramic Electrode." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 4 (April 5, 2010): 040211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.040211.

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17

Yu, Jian Wu, Li Hua He, Xiao Min Sheng, Wen Duan, Shao Hui Yin, and Zhen Tao Shang. "Experimental Investigation of Copper-Tungsten Electrode Wear in EDM." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.818.

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Copper-tungsten alloy which is widely used in the field of EDM has high melting temperature and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. Copper tungsten electrodes for electrical discharge dressing of metal-bond wheel were studied, and experiments were conducted to observe their wear performance in this paper. Orthogonal experiment was designed to explore the wear at the edge of and the bottom of electrode with the machining of holes. Thickness of the carbon layer, micro topography and experimental results were analyzed. Low current and big pulse duration can reduce the electrode wear rate. Although carbon on the electrode surface can be wiped out easily, wear rate of copper-tungsten electrode decreases with the increasing in thickness of the carbon at the initial phase. There are fewer cracks and residue presented on the machined surface by microscope.

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18

Singh, Jagtar, Gurminder Singh, and Pulak M. Pandey. "Electric discharge machining using rapid manufactured complex shape copper electrode with cryogenic cooling channel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 1-2 (August 23, 2020): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420949102.

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In this study, a rapid manufacturing process based on the combination of polymer three-dimensional printing and pressureless loose sintering was explored for the fabrication of complex shape electric discharge machining pure copper electrodes with the cryogenic cooling channel. The fabricated electrodes were used to perform electric discharge machining on D2 steel workpiece. The comparative study was performed on material removal and electrode wear rates between the solid copper electrode, rapid manufactured electrode without cryogenic cooling and with cryogenic cooling. Also, the surface characteristics of the worn electrode and the machined workpiece were studied with and without cryogenic cooling. The significant effect of the cryogenic cooling on the electrode wear rate and the surface roughness was observed. Better surface finish, small cracks and less debris were notified on the workpiece surface machined with rapid manufactured electrode with cryogenic cooling due to rapid dissipation of the heat from the surface of the electrode after machining. Similarly, few cracks and low carbon deposition was observed on the rapid manufactured electrode with cryogenic cooling surface after machining as compared to rapid manufactured electrode without cryogenic cooling. The sharp corner edges of the complex shape tool in rapid manufactured electrode with cryogenic cooling were retained after machining due to low melting and vaporization of the electrode material. The dimensional deviation of the machined surface with respect to computer-aided design model was compared. The rapid manufactured electrode with cryogenic cooling was found to machine the more accurate complex shape features in terms of dimensions on the workpiece as compared to rapid manufactured electrode without cryogenic cooling.

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19

Ostsemin, A. A. "Melting rate of electrode wire in arc welding." Russian Engineering Research 30, no. 7 (July 2010): 677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x10070051.

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20

Nemchinsky, Valerian A. "Electrode melting during arc welding with pulsed current." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 31, no. 20 (October 21, 1998): 2797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/31/20/014.

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21

Hudym, V., and V. Kosovska. "Nine electrode arc furnace for scrap metal melting." Bulletin of Lviv National Agrarian University. Agroengineering Research 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31734/agroengineering2020.24.095.

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22

Sidoruk, V. S., S. Yu Maksimov, and D. N. Krazhanovskyi. "Development of Arc Welding Technology with Support of Stability of Electrode Melting Process." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.582.

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Mechanized arc welding is divided into two main varieties: with self-regulation of the electrode melting process and with automatic process control. The common thing between self-regulating mechanized arc welding and manual arc welding is that in the welding equipment there are no means for automatic control with feedback from the arc. The difference between them is that stabilization of the electrode melting process in mechanized welding is carried out by the source itself, which has a particular volt-ampere characteristic (CVC), by a corresponding spontaneous reaction to a change in the situation in the arc. This method is significantly inferior to the method with automatic process control in precisely maintaining the specified parameters and has a limitation on the minimum current density on the electrode. The method of pulse self-regulation of the electrode melting process proposed in the E.O.Paton EWI removes this problem. However, it requires the use of power sources with a complicated, multi-link CVC curve. Further improvement is revealed through the use of digital controlled, programmable power supplies that have an automatically generated CVC. The combination of automatic source control and self-regulation by the spontaneous reaction to the situation in the arc creates a new hybrid way to stabilize the process of arc welding with a consumable electrode and other related arc processes (surfacing, soldering, re-melting).

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23

Shpigunova, O. I., and A. A. Glazunov. "Numerical Simulation of Pulsed Arc Welding by Melting Electrode." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.786.

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In this paper the processes of melting and transfer of an electrode metal to the molten pool, hydrodynamics of molten pool in controlled pulsed arc welding in carbon dioxide have been investigated. The process of pulsed arc welding with systematic short-circuits of the arc gap is realized by adaptive algorithms of pulsed control over main energetic parameters of welding - arc current and voltage, arc heated efficiency, peak short-circuiting current, which provide the dosage of energy for melting and transfer of every drop of an electrode metal, the control over fluidity of the weld pool. Physical and mathematical models describing such processes in CO2, original software have been developed. The results of physical simulation and mathematical modelling permit to determine the influence of energetic parameters of the process on the condition of the “power source – electrode – arc – molten pool” electrodynamic system at each moment of time.

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24

Sydorets, Volodymyr, Volodymyr Korzhyk, and Oleksandr Babych. "On the Plasma Temperature in the Hybrid Plasma-MIG Welding Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 872 (October 2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.872.61.

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In many respects, the advantages of the hybrid welding process Plasma-MIG are explained by the interaction of the arc discharges, which make up it: a plasma discharge and an arc with a consumable electrode (MIG). Knowledge and understanding of the laws of this interaction is very important for the implementation of the process and obtaining good results. The theoretical analysis of the influence of the plasma discharge temperature with non-consumable electrode on the melting of the electrode wire was carried out. The dynamics of the melting of the electrode wire and dynamics of circuit with consumable electrode arc were been investigation. Estimates of the maximum value of the temperature of plasma discharge have been made. These results were used to select welding modes and for carrying out the technological experiments.

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25

Gribkov, M. S., M. A. Portnov, and A. S. Kozhechenko. "Influence of Electrode Gap’s Value in Electron Gun on the Penetrating Ability of Electron Beam during the Implementation of Additive Processes." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.300.

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The urgency of experimental study of the formation of powerful electron beams in technological electron guns is substantiated. The design of a technological electron gun of ELA type is described and the possibility of adjusting the electrode gap for changing characteristics of the beam being formed is shown. A series of experiments on the melting of plates (of steel 30 and titanium alloy VT6Сh (Fe up to 0.4%; C up to 0.1%; Si up to 0.07%; V = 3.5-4.5%; N up to 0.05%; Ti = 87.62-90.63%; Al = 5.5-6.75%; O = 0.07-0.2%; H < 0.01%; other elements up to 0.3%) were carried out, during which the electrode gap was varied. Analysis of obtained macrosections of melting regions is made and conclusions about the effect of magnitude of the electrode gap on the shape and transverse dimensions of melting regions are drawn.

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26

Tong, Wenjie, Wanming Li, Ximin Zang, Huabing Li, Zhouhua Jiang, and Dejun Li. "A Comprehensive Mathematical Model of Electroslag Remelting with Two Series-Connected Electrodes Based on Sequential Coupling Simulation Method." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050658.

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A comprehensive mathematical model of electroslag remelting with two series-connected electrodes (TSCE-ESR) was constructed based on sequential coupling method. The influence of droplet effect on electroslag remelting process (ESR) was considered in this model. Compared with one-electrode electroslag remelting (OE-ESR), the multi-physics field, droplet formation and dripping behavior, and molten metal pool structure of TSCE-ESR process were studied. The results show that during the process of TSCE-ESR, the proximity effect of the electrodes suppresses the skin effect, and Joule heat is concentrated in the area between the two electrodes of slag pool, making the temperature distribution of the slag pool more uniform. The heat used to melt the electrode in the process of TSCE-ESR accounts for about 34% of the total Joule heat, which is lower than the OE-ESR (17%). Therefore, it makes a higher melting rate and a smaller droplet size in the process of TSCE-ESR. Compared with OE-ESR, TSCE-ESR process can realize the unification of higher melting rate and shallow flat molten metal pool. Compared with the results without droplet effect, it is found that in the simulation results with droplet effect, the depth and the cylindrical section of molten metal pool increased, and the width of the mushy zone is significantly reduced, which is more consistent with the actual electroslag remelting process.

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27

Zhang, Xiu Xia, Jun Xia Wen, Rong Fan, Dao Jie Jiang, Xiu Li Lou, Chao Hui Li, and Guan Nan Du. "The Variable Super-Capacitor with Nano-Diamond Film Electrode." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.939.

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nanoDiamond was mixed with ethylic cellulose and other Material to form to paste. A series of sol-gel nanoDiamond film with different proportions were designed test intentionally. nanoDiamond film was fabricated on Aluminum substrates using two-steps sintering process. The moving terminal of the variable super-capacitor was the shaft which throughout each of monolithic capacitor plate. The low melting point glass powder possesses giant permittivity, low dielectric loss, good thermal stability and dielectric constant in a wide temperature range which applied very broad prospects in microelectronics. The low melting point glass powder was mixed with carboxymethyl cellulose and deionized water to paste. The low melting point glass powder insulation thick-film was fixed on nanoDiamond film .In this paper, the insulation thick-film preparation: sintering at 578K to 588K and keeping 11.5 h to 12.5 h. A variable super-capacitor was designed based on nanoDiamond film electrode and low melting point glass powder insulation thick. Insulation thickness was prepared on uniform nanodiamond film to increase insulation super-capacitor between the two plates.

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28

Katou, Koutaro, Tomonori Asou, Yoshihito Kurauchi, and Ryoji Sameshima. "Melting municipal solid waste incineration residue by plasma melting furnace with a graphite electrode." Thin Solid Films 386, no. 2 (May 2001): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)01640-0.

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29

Putri, Risky Afandi, Ahmad Swandi, Annisa Rahman, Radhiah Anggraeni, Inge Magdalena Sutjahja, and Daniel Kurnia. "The Effect of Electrode Gap on the Nucleation of CaCl2.6H2O by using Sharp End Copper Electrode." Indonesian Review of Physics 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/irip.v2i2.1183.

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The performance of the calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) to store the sensible and latent heats is mainly determined by its nucleation or liquid to the solid phase transition. This is due to the barrier that has to be overcome when the material undergoes the nucleation process with a reduction in the entropy value. This material, with melting temperature around 29.8 °C, can be used as the thermal energy storage for building applications in tropical areas such as Indonesia, in order to reduce the electrical energy for aircond (AC) machines. In this paper, we report the results of an experimental study for the effect of the electrical field to the supercooling degree and time period for a phase transition. The variation in the magnitude of the electrical field was achieved by variation in the gap of the electrode for sharp end electrodes (cathode and anode), for the commonly sold copper electrode.

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30

Yamamoto, Kentaro, Manabu Tanaka, Tashiro Shinichi, Kazuhiro Nakata, Keiichi Suzuki, and Kei Yamazaki. "Numerical Modeling of Welding Arc with Complex System between Arc Plasma and Molten Electrode." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.311.

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It is important to consider the interaction between arc plasma and electrodes because melting of electrodes strongly affects arc plasma. Therefore, a GMA model will be developed, based on the unified model of TIG arc. As a first step, a TIG arc model with a calculation for molten cathode shape has been proposed. This model is calculated in two cases; molten W cathode and Calculation result of W cathode. In the case of W cathode, cathode shape change was found to affect the arc plasma property strongly. Calculated results of radial temperature distributions on electrode surface and arc pressure distributions at the anode surface are very similar to the experimental results.

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31

Maksymov, S. Yu, V. S. Sydoruk, and D. M. Krazhanovskyi. "Features of arc with pulsed self-regulation of electrode melting process in manual arc welding." Paton Welding Journal 2019, no. 12 (December 28, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2019.12.03.

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32

Kolmakov, Konstantin M., and Alexander E. Zverovshchikov. "Technology for Producing Fine Tungsten Carbide Powders." Materials Science Forum 1037 (July 6, 2021): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1037.111.

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The article shows the advantage of electric arc synthesis and subsequent centrifugal spraying of tungsten carbide to obtain a high-quality highly dispersed powder. A tungsten electrode (anode) is fed to the surface of a rotating graphite electrode (cathode) until an electric arc occurs between the electrodes, and the cathode is made in the form of a ring. The angular speed of rotation of the annular graphite electrode is set in accordance with the calculated ratio, which provides fine-dispersed centrifugal atomization of the molten product particles. To prevent intense evaporation of tungsten and the formation of an excessive amount of fine particles, the power of the electric arc for melting the anode is limited to a set value.As a result, the uniformity of the powder increases and the dispersion of the particles of the main fraction decreases.

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33

Ivanov, Vitaliy, and Elena Lavrova. "Improving the Efficiency of Strip Cladding by the Control of Electrode Metal Transfer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.266.

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The technology and equipment for pulsed feed of strip electrode for electric arc cladding was developed. The influence of transfer control parameters on the electrode melting process was investigated. Found that pulsing feed of the strip electrode provides optimum heat input into the base metal, stable penetration without defects of the bead formation.

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34

Bojarevics, Valdis, Alan Roy, and Koulis Pericleous. "Numerical model of electrode induction melting for gas atomization." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 30, no. 5 (September 13, 2011): 1455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321641111152612.

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35

Paton, B. E., and A. V. Lebedev. "Control of melting and electrode metal transfer in CO2welding." Welding International 4, no. 4 (January 1990): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119009447718.

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36

Li, Kehai, and YuMing Zhang. "Metal Transfer in Double-Electrode Gas Metal Arc Welding." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 6 (June 9, 2007): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2769729.

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Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is the most widely used process for metal joining because of its high productivity and good quality, but analysis shows that the fundamental characteristic restricts conventional GMAW from further increasing the welding productivity. A novel GMAW process, refereed to as double-electrode GMAW or DE-GMAW, thus has been developed to make it possible to increase the melting current while the base metal current can still be controlled at a desired level. This fundamental change provides an effective method to allow manufacturers to use high melting currents to achieve high melting speed and low base metal heat input. A series of experiments have been conducted to uncover the basic characteristics of this novel process. Results obtained from analyses of high-speed image sequences and recorded current signals suggest that DE-GMAW can lower the critical current for achieving the desired spray transfer, shift the droplet trajectory, reduce the diameter of the droplet, and increase the speed and (generation) rate of the droplets.

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37

Sidorov, V. P., and M. A. Abramova. "Dependence of the melting rate of the electrode in CO2 welding on electrode extension." Welding International 31, no. 8 (May 17, 2017): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2017.1307517.

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38

Saodaen, Rattikorn, Pichai Janmanee, Somchai Wonthaisong, and Apiwat Muttamara. "A Study Comparative of Cu and Cu-Zn Electrode during Electrical Discharge Machining on Martensitic Stainless Steel AISI 410." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.327.

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The objective of this research is to study comparisons of Cu and CuZn electrodes, during Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of martensitic stainless AISI 410. The workpiece material was a rectangular plate, measuring 30x50x5 mm. The conditions of the EDM process were 3.0mm depth and 2.0 mm diameter, with variables of parameter being: currents, on/off-times and open circuit voltages of spark. Evaluation of the electrical discharge was conducted using Material Removal Rate (MRR), Electrode Wear Ratios (EWR) and Arithmetical Mean Roughness (Ra), respectively. The results found that CuZn electrode materials provide higher MRR and EWR than electrode materials of Cu. Also, when considering the melting of white layer, initial melts found that the white layer surface material is also good for the integrity of the state park, and it was additionally also found that when the current level increases, then that will rise accordingly.

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39

Chandel, R. S. "Electrode melting and plate melting efficiencies of submerged arc welding and gas metal arc welding." Materials Science and Technology 6, no. 8 (August 1990): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1990.6.8.772.

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40

Jun, Hyun-Uk, Jae-Hun Kim, Jae Won Kim, Eun-Kyung Lee, Yang-Do Kim, and Changwook Ji. "Effect of Electrode Patterning on Melting Behavior and Electrode Degradation in Resistance Spot Welding of A6014-T4 Alloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.12.863.

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In this study, the effects of electrode surface design on the resistance spot weldability and degradation of the electrode following resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminum 6014-T4 alloy were investigated. A new patterning method that can be produced through repetitive pressurization was applied to the electrode, producing a lattice-like pattern shape on the resulting patterned electrode. When RSW was performed using the lattice patterned electrode, the contact resistance decreased because of the effective removal of the oxide film from the surface of the aluminum alloy. As a result, heat generated by resistance on the E/S interface was reduced. Moreover, the growth rate of the weld nuggets formed with the patterned electrode in the thickness direction was lower than that of the nuggets formed with the as-received electrode, and there was comparatively less Cu-Al alloying of the patterned electrode. In addition, a continuous RSW process was performed on the alloy to observe the effect of the electrode surface design on electrode sticking. The results indicated that electrode surface shape can significantly influence resistance heat generation and electrode cooling effects, as well as produce welds with different weld morphology and microstructure. Finally, it was proved that the patterned electrode suffered less electrode degradation through EPMA on the electrode surface after the continuous RSW was completed.

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41

Linsenmeier, R. A., and C. M. Yancey. "Improved fabrication of double-barreled recessed cathode O2 microelectrodes." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 2554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2554.

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Polarographic recessed cathode gold microelectrodes are the preferred type of O2 microelectrode for tissue measurements, but the method originally described for their construction is difficult. An improved method of constructing such electrodes consists of several steps: 1) insertion of a rod made of a special low-melting point alloy into a pulled glass micropipette, 2) heating of the electrode tip as the alloy is pushed toward the tip, 3) beveling, and 4) gold plating the alloy, leaving a recess of the desired length. This method can be used to make single- or double-barreled electrodes in which the O2 barrel is as small as 2–3 micron. The electrodes retain their characteristics for several weeks.

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42

Pashynskyi, Volodymyr, and Igor Boyko. "Study of the influence of the increased carbon content in electrodes on structure and properties of the welding seam during welding of 110G13 steel." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 3(60) (July 31, 2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237358.

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The object of research is the effect of the carbon-forming component of coated electrodes for welding and surfacing of Gadfield steel (110G13L and analogs) on the structure and properties of the weld. One of the most problematic areas in the welding and surfacing of high-carbon steel is the high irregularity of the rod and coating melting rates. Therefore, the non-melted part of the coating is literally poured into the weld pool, which leads to significant chemical and structural inhomogeneity of the welded metal. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that it is possible to increase the homogeneity of the deposited metal by changing the conditions for the transition of carbon from the electrode to the weld pool by using an electrode rod made of carbon steel. In the course of the study, electrode rods with different carbon contents were used. With an increase in the carbon content in the composition of the electrode rod, the fluidity of the drops increased, which contributed to a decrease in the strength of the welding current without harm to the welding and technological characteristics. This allows to reduce the generation of heat in the base metal, that is an effective measure to prevent hot cracks in the weld metal and heat affected zone Studies of the composition of the electrode metal droplets and the weld material showed that with an increase in the carbon content in the electrode rod from 0.08 % to 0.8 %, the carbon content in the droplets increases from 0.3 % to 0.97 %. The carbon content in the weld metal is 1.1 %. The assimilation of manganese by a drop increases with an increasing of coating and the droplet interaction time. A significant increasing in the rate of coating melting was obtained. This is due to the fact that the concomitant decrease in the content of graphite in the coating contributes to a decrease in the refractoriness of the electrode coating. The use of high carbon steels for the manufacturing of electrode rods for welding and surfacing of Gadfield steel improves the properties of the welded metal and sanitary and hygienic parameters.

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43

Koprinarov, Nikola, Miko Marinov, and Mariana Konstantinova. "An Arc Discharge by Closely Situated Electrodes for Synthesis of Nanostructures." Solid State Phenomena 159 (January 2010): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.159.181.

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Geometry of electrodes, distance between them, work atmosphere and ambient temperature are the important factors, which determine quantity and variety of structures synthesized via arc discharge. Usually, electrodes of different cross-section are placed away from each other, allowing a large vapor stream directed into the reactor inside to be obtained. Generally, the anode is thinner than the cathode; it heats up to a high temperature, sublimates and supplies the carbon vapor required for nanoparticle synthesis. In contrast to this commonly used approach, when electrode dimensions are appropriately chosen and electrodes placed closely together, temperature interaction between them becomes considerable, discharge area constrains and hot electrodes can be used as heaters for the evaporation of materials of high melting point.

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44

Liu, Nian, Guangmin Zhou, Ankun Yang, Xiaoyun Yu, Feifei Shi, Jie Sun, Jinsong Zhang, et al. "Direct electrochemical generation of supercooled sulfur microdroplets well below their melting temperature." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 3 (January 2, 2019): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817286116.

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Supercooled liquid sulfur microdroplets were directly generated from polysulfide electrochemical oxidation on various metal-containing electrodes. The sulfur droplets remain liquid at 155 °C below sulfur’s melting point (Tm = 115 °C), with fractional supercooling change (Tm − Tsc)/Tm larger than 0.40. In operando light microscopy captured the rapid merging and shape relaxation of sulfur droplets, indicating their liquid nature. Micropatterned electrode and electrochemical current allow precise control of the location and size of supercooled microdroplets, respectively. Using this platform, we initiated and observed the rapid solidification of supercooled sulfur microdroplets upon crystalline sulfur touching, which confirms supercooled sulfur’s metastability at room temperature. In addition, the formation of liquid sulfur in electrochemical cell enriches lithium-sulfur-electrolyte phase diagram and potentially may create new opportunities for high-energy Li-S batteries.

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45

Razmyshlyaev, Alexander D., and Marina V. Ahieieva. "Features of Arc Surfacing Process in a Longitudinal Magnetic Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.313.

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The electrode wire melting coefficient (αm) is determined for the submerged arc surfacing and welding in a longitudinal magnetic field (LMF) under reverse and direct polarities with ferromagnetic and paramagnetic (non-magnetic) wires. The maximum gain in the wire melting coefficient is achieved in the magnetostatic field assisted surfacing and welding. The effect reduces with the LMF frequency increasing to 4-6 Hz and virtually does not change with the further increase to 50 Hz. The electrode wire melting coefficient is shown to increase depending on magnetic properties.It has been established that the penetration depth of the parent metal reduces at the 50 Hz LMF surfacing when the longitudinal induction exceeds 65 mT.The constant and alternating LMFs reduce the speed of in-bath liquid metal flows, which results in the reduced parent metal penetration efficiency at surfacing.

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46

Maruo, Hiroshi, Yoshinori Hirata, and Kimihiro Ozaki. "Melting phenomena by micro-discharge. Micro-melting by discharge with a thin tungsten electrode. (Report 2)." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 13, no. 1 (1995): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.13.46.

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47

Watanabe, Takayuki, Kazuyuki Yatsuda, Yaochun Yao, Tetsuji Yano, and Tsugio Matuura. "Innovative in-flight glass-melting technology using thermal plasmas." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 6 (April 20, 2010): 1337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-09-19.

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A stable 12-phase AC arc was generated by transformers at a commercial electric power system, and the arc behavior was characterized by image analysis. For the unique advantages, the multiphase AC arc was developed to apply to in-flight glass melting for the purpose of energy-saving and emission reduction. The effects of electrode configuration and sheath gas flow rate on the arc and melting behavior of granulated glass raw material were investigated. Results show that the discharge behavior and the high-temperature region can be controlled by the electrode configuration. The luminance area of the high-temperature region and its fluctuation reflect the discharge behavior. The vitrification degree of glass raw material is mostly dependent on the center temperature of arc. As sheath gas flow rate increases, the ratio of luminance area decreases and the center temperature of arc increases.

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48

Krampit, N. Yu. "Methods of controlling melting and transfer of electrode metal (review)." Welding International 24, no. 10 (October 2010): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2010.486194.

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49

Lychko, I. I., K. A. Yushchenko, S. A. Suprun, and S. M. Kozulin. "Peculiarities of electrode and base metal melting in electroslag welding." Avtomatičeskaâ svarka (Kiev) 2019, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/as2019.03.01.

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50

Nevrovskii, V. A., and V. I. Rakhovskii. "Electrode melting and metal-drop formation in high electric fields." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 25, no. 2 (April 1990): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.52384.

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