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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrodes, Palladium

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Academic literature on the topic 'Electrodes, Palladium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrodes, Palladium"

1

HOSSEINI, M. G., M. M. MOMENI, and H. KHALILPUR. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES IMMOBILIZED ON TiO2 NANOTUBES AS A NEW HIGH ACTIVE ELECTRODE FOR METHANOL ELECTRO-OXIDATION." International Journal of Nanoscience 11, no. 02 (April 2012): 1250016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x12500160.

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Self-organized TiO2 nanotubes/titanium substrate modified with palladium nanoparticles ( Pd/TiO2/Ti electrodes) were prepared by a two-step process consisting of anodizing of titanium plate followed by electroless plating of palladium on resulted TiO2 nanotubes. The morphology and surface analysis of Pd/TiO2/Ti electrodes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. The results indicated that palladium nanoparticles were homogeneously deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. The electro-catalytic activity of Pd/TiO2/Ti electrodes in the methanol electro-oxidation was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The results indicate that Pd/TiO2/Ti electrode improve the electro-catalytic activity for methanol oxidation greatly and confirmed the better electro-catalytic activity and stability of these new electrodes. So, the Pd/TiO2/Ti electrodes have a good application potential to fuel cells.

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Kaur, Rupan Preet, Ravinder Singh Sawhney, and Derick Engles. "Augmenting Molecular Junctions with Different Transition Metal Contacts." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 05, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973713500091.

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In this research paper, the effect of the material of electrodes at the nanometer scale was elucidated towards measuring the electron transport properties of a single molecular junction comprising of anthracenedithiol molecule (ADT) stringed to two semi-infinite metallic electrodes using Extended Huckle Theory (EHT)-based semi-empirical modelling approach. The electron transport parameters i.e., I–V curves, Conductance-Voltage curves and transmission spectrum were investigated through ADT molecule by buffering it between different electrodes composed of rhodium, palladium, nickel and copper, all from transition metals series, under finite bias voltages within Keldysh's non equilibrium green function formulism (NEGF). The simulated results revealed that the copper electrodes showed maximum conduction whereas palladium showed least. The maximum conductance of 0.82 G0 and 43 μA current was exhibited by copper and thus affirmed to be the most effective electrode at nanometre scale when compared with other electrodes viz. nickel, rhodium and palladium.

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Chawla, Neha, Amir Chamaani, Meer Safa, Marcus Herndon, and Bilal El-Zahab. "Mechanism of Ionic Impedance Growth for Palladium-Containing CNT Electrodes in Lithium-Oxygen Battery Electrodes and its Contribution to Battery Failure." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010015.

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The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and on CNT (carbon nanotube) cathode with a palladium catalyst, palladium-coated CNT (PC-CNT), and palladium-filled CNT (PF-CNT) are assessed in an ether-based electrolyte solution in order to fabricate a lithium-oxygen battery with high specific energy. The electrochemical properties of the CNT cathodes were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Palladium-filled cathodes displayed better performance as compared to the palladium-coated ones due to the shielding of the catalysts. The mechanism of the improvement was associated to the reduction of the rate of resistances growth in the batteries, especially the ionic resistances in the electrolyte and electrodes. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy were used to analyze the products of the reaction that were adsorbed on the electrode surface of the battery, which was fabricated using palladium-coated and palladium-filled CNTs as cathodes and an ether-based electrolyte.

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Park, Jung Eun, Seung Kyu Yang, Ji Hyun Kim, Mi-Jung Park, and Eun Sil Lee. "Electrocatalytic Activity of Pd/Ir/Sn/Ta/TiO2 Composite Electrodes." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 3356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123356.

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This study compared the electrolytic refining process using different commercial Pd-based electrodes. The Pd-based electrode had an Ir:Sn molar ratio of 1:1 and contained 10% tantalum on a titanium substrate. The palladium weight ratio varied from 0 g to 1.8 g, 4.7 g, 8.6 g, and 15.4 g. Electrolytic refining was investigated for the Pd-based electrode in 3 M of H2SO4. The interfacial microstructure and components of the substrate were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and the electrochemical properties of the materials were measured using cyclic voltammetry, linear scan voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and accelerated life tests. Of all the tested Pd-based electrodes, those with a palladium loading weight of 8.6 g showed the highest and most stable electrode activity at 3 M of H2SO4, with a capacitance retention of 96% of its initial value. The accelerated life test results for the 8.6 g Pd-Ir-Sn-Ta/TiO2 electrode showed a gradual slope with an efficiency of almost 100% at 1000 h in an aqueous solution of 3 M of H2SO4. After the test, the dissolved elements that caused resistance in the electrolyte increased with increasing palladium loading content. Thus, the 8.6 g Pd-Ir-Sn-Ta/TiO2 electrode demonstrated the optimum composition in 3 M of H2SO4 for electrolyte refining.

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Xu, Ming Li, and Guo Tao Yang. "Electrooxidation for Methanol on Pd Nanoparticles Modified Electrodes in Alkaline Medium." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.431.

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In this paper, Palladium nanoparticles were electrodeposited on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes by more circles cyclic voltammetry method and Palladium nanoparticles modified electrode (Pd/GCE) was obtained. Morphology and crystal structure of nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The performance and electrochemical process of catalytic oxidation methanol were measured and analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometric curves (i-t) and alternating current impedance spectra (AC impedance) in KOH solution. The results showed that catalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles modified electrode for methanol was over 30 times higher than that of the plate Pd electrode, and catalytic performance was good. In addition, the catalytic oxidation was mainly diffusion-controlled process.

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Harvey, Steven, Sandrine Ricote, David Diercks, Chun-Sheng Jiang, Neil Patki, Anthony Manerbino, Brian Gorman, and Mowafak Al-Jassim. "Evolution of Copper Electrodes Fabricated by Electroless Plating on BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3-δ Proton-Conducting Ceramic Membrane: From Deposition to Testing in Methane." Ceramics 1, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1020021.

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We investigated copper electrodes deposited onto a BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3-δ (BZCY72) proton-conducting membrane via a novel electroless plating method, which resulted in significantly improved performance when compared to a traditional painted copper electrode. The increased performance was examined with a multiscale multitechnique characterization method including time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning spreading-resistance microscopy (SSRM), and atom-probe tomography (APT). Through this method, we observed that a palladium catalyst layer alloys with the copper electrode. We also explored the nature of a non-coking-induced carbon-rich phase that may be involved with the improved performance of the electrode.

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Lebedeva, Marina Vladimirovna, Alexey Petrovich Antropov, Alexander Victorovich Ragutkin, and Nicolay Andreevich Yashtulov. "NANOELECTROCATALYSTS BASED PALLADIUM FOR FUEL CELLS WITH DIRECT OXIDATION OF FORMIC ACID." Computational nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2019-6-3-104-107.

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In paper electrode materials with palladium nanoparticles on polymer matrix substrates for energy sources have been formed. Nanocomposites were investigated by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. The catalytic activity of formed electrodes in the formic acid oxidation reaction was evaluated by voltammetry method.

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Careta, Oriol, Asier Salicio-Paz, Eva Pellicer, Elena Ibáñez, Jordina Fornell, Eva García-Lecina, Jordi Sort, and Carme Nogués. "Electroless Palladium-Coated Polymer Scaffolds for Electrical Stimulation of Osteoblast-Like Saos-2 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020528.

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Three-dimensional porous scaffolds offer some advantages over conventional treatments for bone tissue engineering. Amongst all non-bioresorbable scaffolds, biocompatible metallic scaffolds are preferred over ceramic and polymeric scaffolds, as they can be used as electrodes with different electric field intensities (or voltages) for electric stimulation (ES). In the present work we have used a palladium-coated polymeric scaffold, generated by electroless deposition, as a bipolar electrode to electrically stimulate human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Cells grown on palladium-coated polyurethane foams under ES presented higher proliferation than cells grown on foams without ES for up to 14 days. In addition, cells grown in both conditions were well adhered, with a flat appearance and a typical actin cytoskeleton distribution. However, after 28 days in culture, cells without ES were filling the entire structure, while cells under ES appeared rounded and not well adhered, a sign of cell death onset. Regarding osteoblast differentiation, ES seems to enhance the expression of early expressed genes. The results suggest that palladium-coated polyurethane foams may be good candidates for osteoblast scaffolds and demonstrate that ES enhances osteoblast proliferation up to 14 days and upregulate expression genes related to extracellular matrix formation.

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Careta, Oriol, Asier Salicio-Paz, Eva Pellicer, Elena Ibáñez, Jordina Fornell, Eva García-Lecina, Jordi Sort, and Carme Nogués. "Electroless Palladium-Coated Polymer Scaffolds for Electrical Stimulation of Osteoblast-Like Saos-2 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020528.

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Three-dimensional porous scaffolds offer some advantages over conventional treatments for bone tissue engineering. Amongst all non-bioresorbable scaffolds, biocompatible metallic scaffolds are preferred over ceramic and polymeric scaffolds, as they can be used as electrodes with different electric field intensities (or voltages) for electric stimulation (ES). In the present work we have used a palladium-coated polymeric scaffold, generated by electroless deposition, as a bipolar electrode to electrically stimulate human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Cells grown on palladium-coated polyurethane foams under ES presented higher proliferation than cells grown on foams without ES for up to 14 days. In addition, cells grown in both conditions were well adhered, with a flat appearance and a typical actin cytoskeleton distribution. However, after 28 days in culture, cells without ES were filling the entire structure, while cells under ES appeared rounded and not well adhered, a sign of cell death onset. Regarding osteoblast differentiation, ES seems to enhance the expression of early expressed genes. The results suggest that palladium-coated polyurethane foams may be good candidates for osteoblast scaffolds and demonstrate that ES enhances osteoblast proliferation up to 14 days and upregulate expression genes related to extracellular matrix formation.

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Yong, P., I. P. Mikheenko, K. Deplanche, F. Sargent, and Lynne E. Macaskie. "Biorecovery of Precious Metals from Wastes and Conversion into Fuel Cell Catalyst for Electricity Production." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.729.

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Bio-manufacturing of nano-scale palladium was achieved using bacterial cells. Highly active Pd-catalyst (Bio-Pd) produced by an E. coli mutant gave power output in a fuel cell. Up to ~115% of the maximum power generation was achieved by electrodes of Bio-Pd catalysts from Escherichia coli, compared to that from a commercial-Pd electrode (~0.099 W). A bio-precious-metals (Bio-PM) catalyst made directly from an industrial reprocessing solution by the E. coli was also made into fuel cell electrodes and ~0.06W of maximum power generation was observed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrodes, Palladium"

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Cleghorn, Simon John Charles. "Electrocatalytic hydrogenation at palladium electrodes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332771.

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Zaczek, Christoph. "Electrolysis of Palladium in Heavy Water." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5051.

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Following several reports in the past few years about compositional changes on palladium used as a cathode in heavy water electrolysis, the purpose of this research project was to reproduce this results. Two experiments were performed using two cells connected in series, an experimental cell and a control cell. Both experiments used platinum anodes, the experimental cell had a palladium cathode and the control cell had a platinum cathode. The electrolyte was D20 with H2S04. Radiation was monitored during both experiments. Also temperature and voltage were recorded for both experiments, to allow statements about excess heat of the experimental cell in comparison to the control cell. Both experiments had problems with unequal electrolyte loss, so that no statements about excess heat could be made. No significant radiation was detected in either experiment. Also no compositional changes on the palladium cathodes after electrolysis in both experiments could be detected. Impurities in grain-shaped defects on the palladium cathode before the experiment were found in either experiment. These impurities were Si, Ca, 0, and sometimes also Mg, Na and Fe. Localized findings of Au and Pt, in a distance of 1-2μm to each other, were made on the palladium cathode from the second experiment before electrolysis. Spot, grain-shaped and longitudinal defects were found on the original palladium foil used for the cathodes in either experiment No evidence for fusion, or any other nuclear reaction in the crystal lattice of palladium, used as cathode in heavy water electrolysis, was observed.

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Kurpiewski, John Paul. "Electrospun carbon nanofiber electrodes decorated with palladium metal nanoparticles : fabrication and characterization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32370.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-128).
A new method was investigated to produce a novel oxygen reduction electrode comprised of carbon nanofibers for use in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and metal-air batteries. The process involved electrospinning a solution of polymer (polyacrylonitrile), noble metal salt (palladium (II) acetate), and organic solvent (n,n- dimethylformamide) to fabricate a porous, non-woven, free-standing nanofiber mesh. Through experimentation with multiple variables, the optimal electrospinning parameters were quantified. Post-process heating of the electrospun nanofibers included stabilization in air environment at 280⁰C for 2 hours, followed by carbonization in grade 5.0 argon environment to temperatures between 800 and 1100⁰ C for times varying between 1 minute to 1.5 hours. The carbonization step served the purpose of converting insulating polymer into conductive amorphous carbon and precipitating nanoparticles of palladium in a homogeneous distribution throughout the electrode. The electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microprobe station, and x-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES). Electrochemical performance was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk electrode (RDE), and testing in a PEM fuel cell. It was demonstrated that palladium crystal size and particle size increased with heat treatment time and temperature. Lower concentrations of PAN in solution had the effect of thinner nanofibers (100-400nm diameters), which led to faster particle growth.
(cont.) Particle sizes were often distributed in a bimodal Gaussian distribution, centered around values on the order of lOnm and 100nm. In-situ TEM allowed for particle formation and growth to be investigated. Cross-sectional TEM showed that particle nucleation occurred within the fibers. Electrodes were spun as thin as 7 microns, and contained no significant amounts of graphite or palladium oxide. Electrochemical surface area was 7.17 m²/g catalyst, and the performance was comparable to commercially available E-TEK electrodes on a catalyst cost per power basis. It was shown platinum salts worked well in the process, allowing platinum electrodes to be fabricated.
by John Paul Kurpiewski.
S.M.

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Ledezma, Razcon Eugenio A. "MODELING OF THE BIOELECTRIC SYSTEM FORMED BY PALLADIUM AND CARBON ELECTRODES INSERTED IN COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM) PLANTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275289.

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Silwana, Bongiwe. "Graphene supported antimony nanoparticles on carbon electrodes for stripping analysis of environmental samples." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5141.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Platinum Group Metals (PGMs), particularly palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) have been identified as pollutants in the environment due to their increased use in catalytic converters and mining in South Africa (as well as worldwide). Joining the continuous efforts to alleviate this dilemma, a new electrochemical sensor based on a nanoparticle film transducer has been developed to assess the level of these metals in the environment. The main goal of this study was to exploit the capabilities of nanostructured material for the development and application of an adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for reliable quantification of PGMs in environmental samples. In the study reported in this thesis, glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surfaces were modified with conducting films of nanostructured reduced graphene oxide-antimony nanoparticles (rGO-SbNPs) for application as electrochemical sensors. The rGO-SbNPs nanocomposite was prepared by Hummer`s synthesis of antimony nanoparticles in reaction medium containing reduced graphene oxide. Sensors were constructed by drop coating of the surfaces of the carbon electrodes with rGO-SbNPs films followed by air-drying. The nanocomposite material was characterised by: scanning and transmission electron miscroscopies; FTIR, UV-Vis and Ramanspectrosocopies; dc voltammetry; and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The real surface area of both electrodes were studied and estimated to be 1.66 × 10⁶ mol cm⁻² and 4.09 × 10³ mol cm⁻² for SPCE/rGO-SbNPs and GCE/rGO-SbNPs, respectively. The film thickness was also evaluated and estimated to be 0.36 cm and 1.69 × 10⁻⁶ cm for SPCE/rGO-SbNPs and GCE/rGO-SbNPs, respectively. Referring to these results, the SPCE/rGO-SbNPs sensor had a better sensitivity than the GCE/rGO-SbNPs sensor. The electroanalytical properties of the PGMs were first studied by cyclic voltammetry followed by indepth stripping voltammetric analysis. The development of the stripping voltammetry methodology involved the optimisation of experimental conditions such as selection of adequate supporting electrolyte, choice of pH and /or concentration of supporting electrolytes, deposition potential, deposition time, stirring conditions. The detection of Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(III) in environmental samples were performed SPCE/rGO-SbNPs and GCE/rGO-SbNPs at the optimised experimental conditions For the GCE/rGO-SbNPs sensor, the detection limit was found to be 0.45, 0.49 and 0.49 pg L⁻¹ (S/N = 3) for Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(III), respectively. For the SPCE/rGO-SbNPs sensor, the detection limit was found to be 0.42, 0.26 and 0.34 pg L⁻¹ (S/N = 3) for Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(III), respectively. The proposed adsorptive differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetric (AdDPCSV) method was found to be sensitive, accurate, precise, fast and robust for the determination of PGMs in soil and dust samples. The simultaneous determination of PGMs was also investigated with promising results obtained. The AdDPCSV sensor performance was compared with that of inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for the determination of PGM ions in soil and dust samples. It was found that though the metals could be determined by ICP-MS technique, it was limited from the standpoints of sensitivity, ease of operation and versatility compared to the AdDPCSV sensor. This study has show cased the successful construction and application of novel SPCE/rGO-SbNPs and GCE/rGO-SbNPs AdDPCSV sensors forthe determination of PGMs in environmental samples (specifically roadside dust and soil samples). The study provides a promising analytical tool for monitoring PGMs pollutants that are produced by automobiles and transported in the environment.

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Serrapede, Mara. "Nanostructured palladium hydride electrodes : from the potentiometric mode in SECM to the measure of local pH during carbonation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366986/.

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The detection of local variations of the proton activity is of interest in many fields such as corrosion, sedimentology, biology and electrochemistry. Using nanostructured palladium microelectrodes Imokawa et al. fabricated for the first time a reliable and miniaturized sensor with high accuracy and reproducibility of the potentiometric-pH response. In absence of oxygen, the nanostructured palladium hydride tips are sensitive only to the activity of the protons close to their local environment and they have an almost Nernstian theoretical response with a slope of -58.7 mV/pH (25C) from pH 2 to 14. In the bulk, the lifetime of the palladium hydride sensor is 60 times longer when the solution is saturated with argon than with oxygen. Besides, the open circuit potential (OCP) recorded during the discharge of the hydride is more positive in an oxygenated solution. To unravel the influence of oxygen on the potentiometric response of these tips, we carried out a series of potentiometric and amperometric scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) experiments over a range of tip-substrate distances against an inert substrate. Potentiometric SECM experiments in aerated solutions demonstrate that the duration of the hydrogen discharge and tip potential depend on the tip-substrate distance: the closer the tip is to an inert substrate, the longer the lifetime of the sensor is, and the more cathodic the open circuit potentials are. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) near the OCP values reveals that the polarization resistance decreases when the tip approaches the substrate. These trends are confirmed by Tafel plots recorded over a range of tip-substrate distances. Potentiometric and amperometric measurements are found to be in good agreement. These results can be analysed in terms of a mixed potential theory as used in corrosion. They reveal that in the potentiometric mode, despite being held at zero current, the tips promote the reduction of oxygen which in turns leads to the rapid discharge of hydrogen from the palladium hydride. The closer the tip is to the substrate, the smaller is the flux of oxygen, the longer is the duration of the discharge and the more negative is the OCP. This dissertation will therefore show that even in a potentiometric SECM experiment where the tip is supposed to be a passive probe, hindered diffusion can affect the tip potential and produce a dependence on the tip-substrate distance. In aerated solutions, a simple correction can be made to bulk experiments. In this study the exceptional potentiometric properties of pH microprobes made with nanostructured palladium hydride microelectrodes are reported to demonstrate their application by monitoring pH variations resulting from a reaction confined in a porous medium. Their properties were validated by detecting pH transients during the carbonation of Ca(OH)2 within a fibrous mesh. Experimental pHs recorded in situ were in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations for the CO2 partial pressures considered. Results also showed that the electrodes were sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between the formation of vaterite and calcite, two polymorphs of CaCO3. These nanostructured microelectrodes are uniquely suited to the determination of pH in highly alkaline solutions, particularly those arising from interfacial reactions at solid and porous surfaces.

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Clymer, John Owen 1960. "Development of a palladium electrode oxygen sensor." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291974.

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This thesis investigates the nature of the potential variations in an electrochemical cell. The cell consists of palladium electrodes immersed in a phosphate buffer electrolyte with a Ag/AgCl double junction reference electrode. The relaxation response of the electrodes to an applied potential is examined and current-potential curves ("voltammograms") are generated by plotting the current flowing through an external circuit versus the measured electrode potential. These graphs show regions of hydrogen adsorption/desorption and areas of oxygen adsorption/desorption. The response of the cell to both nitrogen and oxygen "sparging," a technique that alters the gas concentration of the electrolyte, is also studied. Under these conditions, the potential fluctuates in a predictable manner. In addition, the voltage variations of palladium electrodes inserted into stems of tomato plants is investigated to compare results. The goal of this project is to provide evidence supporting the "Oxygen Hypothesis."

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Shi, Zhongliang 1965. "Electroless deposited palladium membranes and nanowires." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111872.

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Hydrogen is considered to be the fuel of the future as it is clean and abundant. Together with the rapidly developing fuel cell technology, it can sustain an environmentally sound and efficient energy supply system. Developing the technologies of palladium-based membrane for hydrogen separation and palladium nanostructured materials for hydrogen sensing and hydrogenation catalysts makes the "hydrogen economy" possible. This is because these technologies will allow for commercially viable production of comparatively cheap and high-quality hydrogen, and safety of its application. Based on the market requirements and interest in the development of a hydrogen economy, the purposes of this thesis are to develop thin palladium membrane for hydrogen separation and to explore an economic method for the synthesis of palladium nanowires in potential engineering applications. The original contributions of this thesis are outlined below:
The investigation of deposition progress of a palladium membrane on porous stainless steel substrate illustrates that palladium deposits will form a network structure on pore areas of the substrate surface in the initial stages. A bridge model is presented to describe the formation of a membrane. This model is confirmed from the cross-section of the deposited membranes. Based on the bridge model and the experimental measurements of palladium membranes deposited on the pore area of the substrates, the thickness of a palladium membrane deposited on 0.2 mum grade porous stainless steel substrate can be effectively controlled around 1.5∼2 mum, and the thickness of a palladium membrane deposited on 2 mum grade porous Inconel substrate can be effectively controlled around 7.5∼8 mum. Comparing the thickness and quality of palladium membranes deposited on the same substrates with the data in the literature, the thicknesses of the membranes prepared in this program are lower. The obtained result will be beneficial in the design and manufacture of suitable membranes using the electroless deposition process.
In the initial deposition stages, palladium nanoparticles cannot be deposited at the surface of the SiO2 inclusions that appear at the substrate surface. With the extension of deposition time, however, palladium nanoparticles gradually cover the SiO2 inclusions layer by layer due to the advance deposited palladium nanoparticles on the steel substrate surrounding them. The effect of the SiO2 inclusions on palladium deposits cannot be neglected when an ultra-thin membrane having the thickness similar to the size of inclusions is to be built.
The chemical reaction between phosphorus (or phosphate) and palladium at high temperature can take place. This reaction causes surface damage of the membranes. If palladium membranes are built on the porous substrates that contain phosphorus or phosphate used in the inorganic binders, they cannot be used over 550°C. This result also implies that palladium membranes cannot be employed on the work environment of phosphorus or phosphates.
Palladium nanowires are well arranged by nanoparticles at the rough stainless steel surface. The formation procedures consist of 3 stages. In the initial stage, palladium nanoparticles are aligned in ore direction, then the nanowire is assembled continuously using follow-up palladium deposits, and finally the nanowire is built smoothly and homogeneously. It is also found that palladium nanoparticles generated from the autocatalytic reaction are not wetting with the steel substrate and they are not solid and easily deformed due to the interfacial tension when they connect to each other.
Various palladium nanowire arrays possessing the morphologies of single wires, parallel and curved wires, intersections and network structures are illustrated. The results demonstrate that palladium nanowires can be built in a self-assembled manner by palladium nanoparticles in the initial deposition stages. Such self-assembled nanowires may attract engineering applications because electroless deposition process and preparation of a substrate are simple and inexpensive.
The diameter of palladium nanowires can be effectively controlled by the concentration of PdCl2 in the plating solution and deposition time. The size of palladium nanoparticles generated from the autocatalytic reaction is directly dependent on the concentration of PdCl2 in the plating solution. The higher the concentration of PdCl2 in the plating solution is, the smaller the deposited palladium nanoparticles are. The experimental results provide a controllable method for the fabrication of palladium nanowire arrays with potential engineering applications.

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9

Zhang, Zhehao. "Palladium Voltammetric Microelectrode as pH Sensor in an Micro Electrochemical Cell." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1496862043661465.

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10

Tian, Bo. "Modified electroless plating technique for preparation of palladium composite membranes." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1243.

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Books on the topic "Electrodes, Palladium"

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Symposium on Hydrogen Storage Materials, Batteries, and Electrochemistry (1991 Phoenix, Ariz.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Hydrogen Storage Materials, Batteries, and Electrochemistry. Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society, 1992.

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2

Zahm, Lance Leon. Nuclear investigations of the eletrolysis of D₂O using palladium cathodes and platinum anodes. 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrodes, Palladium"

1

Carpinteri, A., O. Borla, A. Goi, S. Guastella, A. Manuello, R. Sesana, and D. Veneziano. "Compositional Variations in Palladium Electrodes Exposed to Electrolysis." In Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution, Volume 8, 187–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21611-9_24.

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Keane, Michael, and Prabhakar Singh. "Silver-Palladium Alloy Electrodes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC)." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VIII, 93–103. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118217481.ch9.

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Koyadeen, T. Rafsa, A. R. Abdul Rajak, and Vilas H. Gaidhane. "Optimized Molecular Structure, Vibrational Spectra, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals of 1,4-Benzene Diamine with Palladium Electrodes as a Molecular Switch—A Computational Analysis." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 457–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2123-9_35.

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Ohno, Izumi. "Electroless Deposition of Palladium and Platinum." In Modern Electroplating, 477–82. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470602638.ch20.

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Soriaga, Manuel P., and Youn-Geun Kim. "Electrode Surfaces, Palladium: Molecular Adsorption." In Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, Third Edition, 2202–18. Taylor & Francis, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-escs3-120000945.

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STEINMETZ, P., S. ALPERINE, A. FRIANT-COSTANTINI, and P. JOSSO. "ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION OF PURE NICKEL, PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM." In Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films 1990, 500–510. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85166-813-7.50055-3.

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Pacheco Tanaka, D. A., J. Okazaki, M. A. Llosa Tanco, and T. M. Suzuki. "Fabrication of supported palladium alloy membranes using electroless plating techniques." In Palladium Membrane Technology for Hydrogen Production, Carbon Capture and Other Applications, 83–99. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781782422419.1.83.

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"A Disordered Copper–Palladium Alloy Electrode: Catalytic Scission of Carbon–Halogen Linkages." In Catalytic Science Series, 51–67. WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781786342447_0003.

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Exter, M. J. den. "The use of electroless plating as a deposition technology in the fabrication of palladium-based membranes." In Palladium Membrane Technology for Hydrogen Production, Carbon Capture and Other Applications, 43–67. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781782422419.1.43.

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Blow, David. "Anomalous scattering." In Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510512.003.0013.

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X-rays set the electronic charges around atoms vibrating, and these vibrations generate radiation of the same frequency, which is propagated in all directions. This is the coherent scattering that gives rise to diffraction effects. Normally, the electrons vibrate in step with the incident beam. If, however, the incident photons have an energy close to a transition energy which can bring the atom to an excited state, the electronic vibration gets out of step. Instead of re-radiating in phase with the incident beam, the radiated energy has a different phase. Also, the intensity of coherent scattering is reduced, because some energy is absorbed to bring about the transition. This effect is called anomalous scattering. More detail is given in Box 8.1. Figure 8.1 shows how X-ray absorption varies with wavelength near the transition energy. X-rays become rapidly less penetrating as wavelength increases, but this trend is interrupted by a sharp ‘edge’ at a wavelength that corresponds to an electronic transition. In practice, at the wavelengths of X-rays convenient for diffraction experiments (less than 1.6 Å) atoms lighter than phosphorus or sulphur behave as normal scatterers because they have no transitions of corresponding energy. At wavelengths very near the energy of an electronic transition, anomalous scattering can become a significant fraction of the total scattering. In this chapter the atoms which are scattering anomalously are referred to as heavy atoms, H. Useful anomalous scatterers can be far lighter than the heavy elements needed for macromolecular isomorphous replacement. From iron (Z=26) to palladium (Z = 46) the K absorption edges are at convenient wavelengths. Much heavier atoms (the lanthanides and beyond) give strong anomalous effects from the L edges, at useful wavelengths. Remember that the X-ray scattering power of an atom is measured by comparison with the scattering of an electron. At low scattering angle and ‘normal’ wavelengths, an atom scatters according to the number of electrons it contains (Box 5.2). At wavelengths close to the absorption edge, the atomic scattering factor includes an ‘anomalous’ component, shown in Fig. 8.2, and presented in algebraic form in Box 8.2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrodes, Palladium"

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Li, Baohua, Yan Ma, Lei Huang, and Zhaoming Yin. "Preparation and Electrochemical Performance Comparison of Palladium-Nickel Bimetal Modified Electrodes." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660952.

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TORIYABE, YU, TADAHIKO MIZUNO, TADAYOSHI OHMORI, and YOSHIAKI AOKI. "ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PALLADIUM ELECTRODES AFTER Pd/Pd LIGHT WATER CRITICAL ELECTROLYSIS." In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cold Fusion. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772985_0025.

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Yanamori, Hiroki, Takuma Kobayashi, and Masaki Omiya. "Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) for MEMS Actuator and Sensor." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52259.

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An ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) consisting of a thin perfuorinated ionomer membrane, electrodes plated on both faces, undergoes large bending motion when a small electric field is applied across its thickness in a hydrated state. On the other hand, when small load is applied on IPMC, the electric field is induced in the polymer membrane depending on the magnitude of loading. The characteristics of IPMC are ease of miniaturization, low density and mechanical flexibility. Therefore, it is considered to have a wide range of applications from MEMS sensors to actuators. In this paper, we developed the fabrication process of IPMC actuator with palladium electrodes, which have lower stiffness than the conventional IPMC actuator with Au or Pt electrodes. The deformation of IPMC actuator is evaluated under various solvents, various temperatures, and various frequencies of input voltages. We developed the numerical model of IPMC actuator that can change the solution temperature and the ion species and compared the simulation results to the experimental results.

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Kobayashi, T., and M. Omiya. "Frequency response of IPMC actuator with palladium electrode." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen and Federico Carpi. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.880350.

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Mokurala, Krishnaiah, Anvita Kamble, Siva Sankar Nemala, Parag Bhargava, and Sudhanshu Mallick. "Palladium and platinum-palladium bi-layer based counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells with modified photoanode." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4918120.

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Bernier, Marie-Helene, Ricardo Izquierdo, and Michel Meunier. "Laser processing of palladium for selective electroless copper plating." In Optics Quebec, edited by Ian W. Boyd. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.167577.

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Chun-Hsien Fu, Liang-Yi Hung, Don-Son Jiang, Chiang-Cheng Chang, Y. P. Wang, and C. S. Hsiao. "Evaluation of new substrate surface finish: Electroless nickel/electroless palladium/immersion gold (ENEPIG)." In 2008 58th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2008.4550246.

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Chuang, Y. T., S. P. Ju, and C. H. Lin. "Novel palladium nanorod electrode ensemble for electrochemical evaluation of hydrogen adsorption." In TRANSDUCERS 2011 - 2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2011.5969295.

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Beyer, Andre, Josef Gaida, Laurence J. Gregoriades, Stefan Kempa, Andreas Kirbs, Jan Knaup, Julia Lehmann, Lutz Stamp, Yvonne Welz, and Sebastian Zarwell. "A Robust Palladium-Free Activation Process for Electroless Copper Plating." In 2019 14th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/impact47228.2019.9024994.

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Sakai, Akira, Hajime Koikegami, Siegfried Weisenburger, Guenther Roth, Norio Kanehira, and Satoshi Komamine. "Comparison of Advanced Melting Process for HLW Vitrification, Joule-Heated Ceramic-Lined Melter (JHCM) and Cold-Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM)." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67807.

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High level waste (HLW) originating from reprocessing of spent fuel commercial power reactors contains more than 40 different elements. Vitrification into borosilicate glass at 1100 ∼1200°C is the process of choice. It is routinely used to immobilize the radioactive waste constituents in a chemically stable matrix for a final geological disposal. Melting process for commercial HLW glasses are variants of two basic designs. (1) The joule-heated ceramic-lined melter (JHCM) originally developed in the United States in 1973 and used in several nuclear sites in the world. (2) The hot-walled induction melter (HWIM), developed in France starting in 1962 and used in France and UK. These technologies, while effective, do pose limitations in waste form compositions and throughput rates. Particularly HLW originating from commercial spent fuel reprocessing usually contains noble metals elements such as ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), and palladium (Pd) which require special attention when this waste is vitrified. Recent advances to both of these baseline technologies are beginning to be used with large gains to ensure waste form flexibility, throughputs, and noble metals compatibility. The next generation JHCMs use a steeply sloped bottom and a subsidiary-heating bottom drain to allow these noble metals particles to be effectively flushed from the melter with higher waste loadings. Similar melters are being installed near Guangyuan/Sichuan province, China by German consortium team and being developed for the second K-Facility melter at Rokkasho by Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited (JNFL). As another example the advanced JHCMs will be installed in the Hanford WTP project having large glass pool surface area with rapid bubbling. Significant improvements on induction melters have also been implemented. AREVA recently installed a cold-crucible induction melter (CCIM) in combination with a rotary calciner at La Hague in France. This melter uses radio frequency induction to power the glass melt itself and water cooling of the outer surface maintains a frozen glass shell (skull) as the glass contact material. Because no permanent refractories or embedded electrodes are used, this design allows for high-temperature operation and can tolerate more corrosive melts, and uses a water-cooled, motor-driven mechanical stirrer to comply with noble metals behavior. This paper highlights some of these advances and suggests potential advantages and disadvantages of these next generation melter technologies comparing advanced JHCM with updated CCIM. In conclusion, these melters have made the technologies of choice for new HLW vitrification projects around the world.

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Reports on the topic "Electrodes, Palladium"

1

Jow, T. R., Steven Slane, Edward J. Plichta, Charles W. Walker, Gilman Jr, and Sol. A Calorimetric Investigation of Deuterated Palladium Electrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237634.

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Jow, T. R., Steven Slane, Edward J. Plichta, Charles W. Walker, Gilman Jr., and Sol. A Calorimetric Investigation of Deuterated Palladium Electrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237571.

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3

Ilias, S., F. G. King, Ting-Fang Fan, and S. Roy. Separation of Hydrogen Using an Electroless Deposited Thin-Film Palladium-Ceramic Composite Membrane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/419403.

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