Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Électrodes – Surfaces'
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Charles-Blin, Youn. "Technologie de protection active des électrodes par fluoration de surface." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS068.
Full textA shift toward greener technologies has been impulsed by the European authorities and tremendous efforts are now engaged to drastically reduce our carbon footprint, by at least for 40 percent by 2030. The development of safe batteries with higher energy density is part of this shift, since this technology is critical for the commercialization and for the rise of electrical mobility and smart energy grid deployment. To do so, new materials need to be developed or existing materials need to be improved to reach higher specific capacities and working electrochemical potentials. The research prospects new electrode materials, new electrolytes and new ways to protect the electrode/electrolyte interphase within the batteries. Indeed, in secondary batteries, the anode/electrolyte interphase plays a key role in the electrochemical performances and life span. Since the classically used liquid organic electrolytes are not stable in the totality of the working potential window of Li-ion batteries, they undergo degradation on cycling of the battery, hence a Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) is formed. This interphase passivates the negative electrodes from the electrolyte and prevents further aging processes, however as this passivation continues in cycling, it also lowers the coulombic efficiency and causes irreversible capacity loss. Knowing this, any modification of the SEI should be performed with parsimony as it could break the balance between the positive and negative aspect for the SEI. By synthetizing a chemisorbed thin fluorinated layer upon anode material, we managed to improve the passivating power of the SEI on TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anodes, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance. We also determine that very low quantities of fluorine on the active electrode material surface leads to several beneficial effects. We demonstrated that the fluorination brings as well enhancement for positive electrode materials, such as LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). Indeed, NCA and NMC suffer structural surface instability, leading to self-heating and loss of performance. Improved cyclability is observed for fluorinated NCA electrodes as the fluorination stabilizes the surface structure.Surface fluorination was carried by a process using XeF2, for the first time applied to electrode materials. We aimed to prospect the influence of the surface fluorination on different aspect of a Li-ion battery, from the active material to the electrolyte interphase, thanks to a multi-scale probing approach. The chemical nature of the surface layer on negative and positive electrode materials was described by the mean of the XPS, as well as the fluorine distribution on the surface with both AES and SAM. The bulk and sub-surface properties of fluorinated LTO (LTO-F) were also investigated by coupling XRD, Raman Spectroscopy and NMR 19F, showing no modifications of the crystallographic structure. The influence of the surface fluorination on the electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic cycling and by coupling XPS and SAM on cycled electrodes. We paid a specific attention to the impact of the fluorination on the SEI thickness and stability in charge and discharge. Indeed, LTO-F exhibits a new reactivity toward the electrolyte, leading to a thinner and stabilized SEI. Finally, the gas generation of the LTO-F electrodes has been investigated by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), as gassing is known to be a roadblock to the commercialization of LTO. We demonstrated that the CO2 outgassing is reduced by the surface fluorination. Overall, the strategy implemented in this work, from synthesis to thorough characterization, offer new solutions to improve both SEI formed on negative electrode material as well as surface structural stability of positive electrode material, leading to improved Li-ion batteries
Squillace, Ophélie. "Membranes biomimétiques fluides ancrées sur électrodes ultra-planes." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1004/document.
Full textLipid bilayers are the structural backbone of biological membranes and provide a two-dimensional environment for proteins. Tethered on a hydrophilic substrate, these biomimetic models are fluid, long-term stable and localized. In this regard, we propose a direct, cheap and versatile strategy of surface functionalization to tether membranes on a substrate adapted to their structural and dynamics study. The process is based on the functionalization of any flat metal thin film by the covalent binding of commercial surfactant molecules (Brij, …) as “anchor-harpoons”-like systems. Most of these molecules possess unresponsive –OH terminated groups on their hydrophilic moiety (anchor) that can bind a first organic layer by nucleophilic substitution. The opposite hydrophobic tail (harpoon) of the molecule can insert into the membrane and make it stable. An ideal mixing ratio of anchor-harpoons molecules with purely hydrophilic ones (PEG, …), provides the required hydration and density of anchors to the interface for tethering fluid membranes away from the substrate. A few nanometers distance enable ionic flows through the membrane and protein inclusion. The substrate conductivity enables studying ion dynamics facing the membrane by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Flatness and semi-transparency of the conductor opens the route to many other techniques’ including exalted light microscopy or fluorescence. Localized on electrodes, tethered bilayers further provide a biomimetic model and a support for biotechnology applications
Albina, Audrey. "Etude et assemblage d'un condensateur diélectrique hybride utilisant des électrodes de grandes surfaces spécifiques." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30101.
Full textOur objective is to increase the capacitance by an original method. It deals with a hybrid approach where two advantages of both systems, the dielectric capacitor and the ultracapacitor, are used. The high geometric aspect of the electrodes of the ultracapacitor and the high dielectric strength of a polymer material are associated. The surface roughness of the electrodes is given by carbonaceous materials (activated carbon and carbon nanotubes). These conductive materials offer high specific surface from 500 to 2000 m2/g. The first part concerns a work of simulation which permits to determine some trends of the influence of an inhomogeneous surface area on the capacitance value. Since the local conditions of electrical field are unknown, the classical analytic formulations of the capacitance cannot be applied. A finite element method is used to calculate the capacitance values from the density of electrical energy. The second and the most important part consists to elaborate the capacitor with the highest capacitance. The final purpose is to improve the electrical energy stored by the capacitor
Akheyar, Amal. "Capteurs chimiques au silicium à modulation du champ électrique de surface." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30168.
Full textBraesch, Guillaume. "Electrocatalyseurs pour la Réaction d'Oxydation des Borohydrures : des surfaces modèles aux électrodes non-nobles de piles à combustible." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI059.
Full textDirect Borohydride Fuel Cell (DBFC) is a promising alkaline fuel cell technology for portable and mobile applications. The use of solid sodium borohydride powder (NaBH4) as a substitute fuel to gaseous hydrogen (in a PEMFC) is advantageous in terms of storage and safety concerns. Once diluted in a strong alkaline solution, it is possible to electro-oxidize it through the Borohydride Oxidation Reaction (BOR) which presents interesting properties in terms of energy generation. However, this anodic reaction is really complex and involves several intermediate species and reaction pathways. Moreover, in the pas it has been mainly investigated in laboratory conditions and using Platinum Group Metals (PGM) electrocatalysts. Meanwhile, since the BOR occurs in alkaline media it is possible to use non-noble materials to catalyse this reaction. The main objectives of this PhD, falling within the MobiDiC project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), are therefore (i) to explore the effect of the borohydride concentration on the reaction kinetics on the noble catalysts and particularly on palladium (since the mechanism of the BOR is poorly known on this metal), (ii) to find a non-noble material active towards the BOR and (iii) to develop low-cost DBFC anode with an optimized architecture to maximize its efficiency towards the BOR.The results presented in this manuscript highlight the important poisoning of the PGM catalysts surface by intermediate species, which results in significant BOR efficiency loss mainly owing to slower charge transfer kinetics. Palladium hydrides were demonstrated to form in presence of borohydride, modifying the pathway of the reaction. In a second time, nickel nanoparticles, obtained by electrodeposition, were proven as performing non-noble catalysts only if their state of surface is precisely controlled and maintained metallic. DBFC performance matching the one using Pt-based anode was obtained with this Ni-based electrocatalysts supported on carbon paper. From this point, the anode support was replaced by Ni 3D structure and optimized to reach higher performance
Wang, Mei. "Fonctionnalisation des surfaces de diamant dopé au bore et applications en biosciences." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10021/document.
Full textDiamond, owing to its combination of specific physical, chemical and mechanical properties such as high thermal conductivity, high hardness, large band gap, optical transparency over a wide wavelength region (from UV to IR), stability against chemical reagents, high mechanical stability, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility has been regarded as one of the most promising industrial materials in various fields. Diamond display a very large band-gap (5.45eV), but can be made conducting by doping with certain elements. On basis of all above properties, diamond is a particularly attractive substrate for robust chemical and biochemical modification for sensor applications. ln this thesis, we have contributed to the development of easy, controllable and specific surface functionalization methods for the introduction of different functional groups on the diamond surface. These methods are based on chemical, photochemical, and electrochemieal concepts. The first part of my thesis deals with the reaction of oxidation of the hydrogenated diamond surface using three different techniques: plasma oxygen channel eleetrochemieal and UV/ ozone. ln the second part of my thesis, l first used the coupling reaction by "click". The third part of my thesis deals with the study of the reactivity of oxidized diamond surfaces with an ionic liquid (IL, 1-(Methylcarboxylcacid)-3-octylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide). Finally, we have developed a new technique of halogenation of hydrogenated diamond surface
Forero, Vargas Manuel Guillermo. "Cartographies électriques cérébrales sur les surfaces réelles du scalp." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD913.
Full textFeier, Bogdan. "New types of modified electrodes for the detection of heavy metals and their application in the pharmaceutical field." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S093.
Full textThe scope of this thesis was the development of flow electrochemical sensors, based on the use of graphite felt as a working electrode for the pharmaceutical and environmental analysis of zinc (II) and copper (II) ions, two heavy metals essential for the homeostasis of the human organism, but toxic if found in excess. For the detection of zinc (II) ions, a custom made flow cell was developed, well suited for the use of a graphite felt as working electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry analyses. The analytical conditions were optimized, leading to the detection of zinc with good sensitivities. These results prove the capacity of the preconcentration in flow to increase the kinetics of electrodeposition. A complet study on a graphite felt electrode modified by reduction of a diazonium salt, resulting in the formation of an organic film with high affinity for copper (II) ions was performed. The modified electrode combined with a flow preconcentration step allowed the achievement of a Cu2+ sensor with high sensitivity and good selectivity. We developed, also, a flow electrochemical sensor, allowing the analysis of traces of copper (II) ions, using a graphite felt electrode modified with a ligand proved to be able to selectively complex the copper (II) in aqueous solutions. Finally, we tested the electrochemical detection of zinc (II) and copper (II) ions by using modified bi-dimensional electrodes, CPE and SPE. Preliminary results show a good capacity of these modified electrodes for the complexation and detection of the copper (II) ions
Monsalve, Grijalba Karen. "Nanostructuration des électrodes pour l'électrocatalyse enzymatique : vers une biopile H2/O2 "verte"." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4745.
Full textAmong the technologies based on H2 as an energy carrier, biofuel cells that use specific and effective enzymes as biocatalysts instead of platinum catalysts appear as emerging alternative. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parameters governing the functional immobilization of specific enzymes for H2 oxidation and O2 reduction reactions on nanostructured interfaces, aimed to design a performant H2 / O2 biofuel cell.Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) having different sizes and surface chemistry are characterized. These nanomaterials develop important ratios surface / volume ratio, allow an increment in the number of enzyme molecules immobilized and therefore an increase catalytic currents. The immobilization of enzymes on AuNP allowed the discrimination between the increase in surface area and a nanomaterial effect on catalytic efficiency. The study on CNT integrates the charge of the electrochemical interface, dipole moments and the surface charge of enzymes. It demonstrated that electrostatic interactions control the electron transfer process. This study shows that the molecular basis for effective immobilization of enzymes, obtained on monolayers is applicable to 3D networks.The determination of the best parameters for enzymatic reactions, allows the development of an optimized 3-D volumetric interface based on carbon felt. We finally design for the first time a H2/O2 biofuel cell able to generate enough electric power to feed a complete wireless communication device
Kaminska, Izabela. "Préparation et applications de plateformes à base de nanaoparticules d’or et de graphène." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10003/document.
Full textIn this thesis, new methods for the preparation of interfaces covered with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and/or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based materials are introduced. An electrode|aqueous electrolyte|gold precursor solution in toluene three-phase junction was applied for AuNPs electrodeposition. Nanoparticles obtained in various conditions, with cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry, were investigated to find optimal conditions for their electrodeposition. To characterize the properties of AuNPs deposited at the electrode surface, electrochemical, spectroscopic and microscopic methods were employed. These modified surfaces were applied as a new catalytic and bioelectrocatalytic material, as well as sensing platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. This allowed to demonstrate some potential applications of AuNPs deposited at the three-phase junction. In the following part, a new and simple method for GO reduction and simultaneous functionalization was proposed. Selected aromatic molecules were employed as reducing agents in reactions carried out under mild conditions. To characterize the new composites, electrochemical, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used. These composites were also investigated as potential substrates for sensors and (electro)chemical switches. Finally, AuNPs and/or rGO were applied as new sensors in fluorescence microscopy. Using these materials separately and afterwards hybrid coatings containing both structures, allowed exploring interactions between them. This strategy was also applied to explore fluorescence properties of a selected biomolecule and the influence of both materials on it
Pierre, Philippe. "Dispositif optoélectronique utilisant une fibre optique en polymère pour la détection des rayons X. Application au diagnostic des états de surface des électrodes d'un dispositif haute tension sous vide." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30045.
Full textRigot, David. "Contribution à l'étude de l'érosion des électrodes de torches à plasma d'arc pour la projection par suivi en ligne des signaux de tension et de son." Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/76eed5c7-37ed-4a93-a31a-2f2c4c44acdb/blobholder:0/2003LIMO0053.pdf.
Full textIn plasma spraying, the consequences of the wear of the electrodes of d. C. Plasma torches may be catastrophic for a coating (bad quality, peeling, etc. ). This paper presents a new method that has consisted in monitoring along the working hours of the torch, starting with brand new electrodes ("initial time"), till they are replaced, the evolution of many parameters in relation with the signals emitted by the torch (voltage at the edges of the electrodes and sound). This study has allowed choosing those parameters that were the more relevant for giving an account of the erosion. They are the mean voltage, the root mean square value of the voltage, and the frequency of the main peak in the spectrum of the sound and especially the evolution of theirs ratio relatively to the values obtained at the initial time. This study was performed with a software, developed with Labview on a PC, now replaced by an electronic device. The latter, designed with the DSP (Digital Signal Processor) technology, displays, on light indicators, the state of the three parameters according to their comparison with two thresholds. A thermal simulation of the erosion is also proposed
Roland, Aude. "Nanostructuration et contrôle de l'interface électrode/électrolyte appliqués à des électrodes de silicium pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS128.
Full textSilicon is one of the most promising active material for the next generation lithium-ion batteries (LiB) negative electrode. Indeed, it exhibits a 10 times higher specific capacity than graphite currently commercialized in batteries. Its low working potential achieves high energy density while limiting the dendrite growth responsible for thermal runaway. Despite its advantages, its intrinsic limits such as low electronic and ionic conductivities and the large volume expansion induced by the formation of the lithiated phases still avoid its incorporation into commercial batteries. Indeed, this active material expansion causes the electrode pulverization, leading to active material electrical isolation and so a low capacity retention in cycling. The active material spraying also induces new interfaces formation in contact with the electrolyte, which induces SEI formation and limited performance. In these work, silicon nanostructuring is proposed to limit active material spraying. Different nanostructures have been studied such as nanowires, nanoparticles and nanoporous silicon materials. On-chip nanowires have been studied, their elaboration method was optimized and their battery performance were tested. Porous silicon electrodes were prepared by electrochemical etching of a Si wafer and studied in composite electrodes. The nanoparticles study, were used to optimize the electrode formulation and the general testing conditions. These parameters were then applied to study the morphological properties (modulated by heat treatment) impact on porous Si-based electrodes performance in Li-ion battery. Afterward, the study focused on the electrode / electrolyte interface, the Si surface was modified by different carbon coatings (amorphous carbon, graphene-like, pitch). The electrochemical performance of these electrodes were compared. The SEI composition and its evolution in cycling was followed. Additionally, a complete study of the pH of the aqueous formulated electrode on the performance of that one was carried out
Hussain, Riaz. "Preparation and characterization of aryldiazonium electroreduction-derived and metallophthalocyanine-modified carbon surfaces : application to nitrate electrochemical reduction in acidic aqueous media." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1139.
Full textThis thesis work concerns about the preparation, characterization and catalytic activities evaluation of (substituted) aryl and metallophthalocyanines films-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes towards nitrate electrochemical reduction in acidic aqueous media. The surface modification techniques adopted consisted of the electroreduction of 4-substituted aryl diazonium salts and the metallophthalocyanine (MPc) powder abrasive adsorption. Through a complex mechanism involving the reactants and products adsorptions on the substrate surface, the electroreduction of aryl diazonium salts leads to the covalent attachment of mono as well as multilayers of aryl groups on the substrate surface. Detailed voltammetric investigations enabled to conclude, decisively for the first time, that the diazonium cation reduction begins to take place on the bulk (whole) surface and, depending upon the concentration and/or the products grafting efficiency, may continue to take place across the microscopic pinholes formed among the aryl groups grafted on the surface during the previous reduction step, thereby explaining the origin of the two reduction peaks in the voltammograms on GC surface. Electrochemical characterization of 4-nitrophenyl(NP)-modified surfaces in various types of aqueous media shed light over a number of mechanistic aspects of the process. Some new electrochemical evidences of the complications of surface coverage determination of redox centers from their electrochemical responses and of the role of aqueous electrolyte species transport on the responses have been presented. Some new phenomena or observations such as identification of the regions of votammograms corresponding to aminophenyl and hydroxyaminophenyl formation of the surface bound NP groups reduction, identification of the method of surface bound NP groups surface coverage estimation from the total width at half wave maximum (or electron transfer coefficient) of the responses, identification of the mechanistic aspects governing the differences of voltammetric behaviors of surface bound NP layers and the solution phase nitrobenzene, electrochemical (and XPS) evidences of the presence of azo type functionalities in the aryl films prepared from aryldiazonium electroreduction were also noticed. Barrier characters of the aryldiazonium electroreduction-derived N,N-dimethylaminophenyl-, nitrophenyl- and aminophenyl-modified surfaces towards ferricyanide, hexaammineruthenium and proton electroreductions in aqueous media indicate to the existence of electrostatic interactions among the surface bound and the solution phase ionic species. However, upon negative potential applications (such as those of water or nitrate reductions) surface attached films are partly or completely lost from the surface, as evidenced by the analytical scale measurements as well as from potentiostatic electrolysis of nitrate reduction in acidic aqueous media. Concerning the MPc-modified GC surfaces, the analytical scale measurements showed that among the phthalocyanines of copper, Iron and Nickel, the one of Cu is an optimizing material for the nitrate electrochemical reduction in, not previously reported, acidic aqueous media. The catalytic activity of MPc powders towards nitrate reduction in these media, which varies in the order CuPc > FePc > NiPc > GC appears to be related to the mental center and not with the phthalocyanine ring
Masri, Ahlam El. "Influence de la modification de la surface des électrodes sur la réduction du monoxyde de carbone et l'oxydation de dialdéhydes et de dialcools." Grenoble INPG, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPG0003.
Full textFlinois, Thomas. "Modification d'électrodes par des films redox-actifs, des lipides et des transporteurs ioniques membranaires : vers l'élaboration d'une pile biomimétique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S093.
Full textBased on the transmembrane ion transport processes of living cells, the design of a biomimetic fuel cell can be considered. Its principle relies on ion or proton concentration gradients induced by the protein NhaA, a transmembrane Na+/2H+ antiport, to generate electrical energy. This thesis contributes to the development of this device through electrode modifications to detect the activity of ionic transporters at the electrode/biomimetic membrane interface.A bibliographic review of the fundamental aspects of cell membranes and of the biomimetic fuel cell principle is presented. Electrodes modified by electrodeposition of salicylic acid derivatives have yielded redox-active films sensitive to pH changes or monovalent and monoatomic ions concentration. The stability of the lipid deposit onto the electrodes was significantly increased by the electrografting of 4-decylaniline. This anchored and stable lipid deposit makes it possible to obtain biomimetic membranes allowing the insertion of ionic transporters. The activity of the ion carriers inserted into the biomimetic membranes has been monitored through the redox-active films' potential that is dependent on pH or on sodium or potassium ions concentrations at the electrode/membrane interface
Philippe, Bertrand. "Etude d’interfaces électrode/électrolyte dans des batteries Li-ion par spectroscopie photoélectronique à différentes profondeurs." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3006/document.
Full textCompounds forming alloys with lithium, such as silicon or tin, are promising negative electrode materials for the next generation of Li-ion batteries and an important issue is to better understand the phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces of these materials. The stability of the passivation layer (SEI) is crucial for good battery performance and its nature, formation and evolution have to be investigated. It is also important to follow upon cycling alloying/dealloying processes, the evolution of surface oxides with battery cycling and the change in surface chemistry when storing electrodes in the electrolyte. The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of these surface reactions through a non-destructive depth-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the surface of new negative electrodes. A unique combination utilizing hard and soft-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allows by variation of the photon energy an analysis from the extreme surface to the bulk of the particles. This experimental approach was used to access the interfacial phase transitions at the surface of silicon or tin particles as well as the composition and thickness/covering of the SEI. Interfacial mechanisms occurring upon the first electrochemical cycle and upon long-term cycling of Si-based electrodes cycled with the classical salt LiPF6 and with a new promising salt, LiFSI were investigated as well as the interfacial reactions occurring upon the first cycle of an intermetallic compound MnSn2 were studied
Ou, Meigui. "Nanostructured gold surfaces as biosensors : surface-enhanced chemiluminescence and double detection by surface plasmon resonance and luminescence." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0057/these.pdf.
Full textCette thèse est consacré à développer deux systèmes pour la détection biologique à la base de la surface d’or pour détecter la liaison entre les molécules de biotine et de streptavidine. Premièrement, nous avons étudié un système de détection multimodal utilisant la résonance des plasmons de surface localisé sur substrats d’or et la luminescence de nanoparticules labellisées de coeur-écorce Gd2O3/SiOx, qui bénéficie de la propriété plasmonic d’or en nanostructure. Deuxièmement, nous avons focalisé sur un système qui se fonde sur le phénomène d’exaltation de chimiluminescence par la surface. La chimiluminescence de luminophore/ peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2) est exaltée par nanostructure d’or à proximité, qui bénéficie de la propriété catalytique de nanostructure d’or. Plusieurs paramètres ont été étudiés de manière systématique. Finalement, il est prouvée que le mécanisme de l’exaltation de chimiluminescence est originaire de la propriété catalytique du métal induit par la rugosité
Largueze, Jean-Baptiste. "Modèles membranaires biomimétiques pour l'incorporation du cytochrome bc1 des chaînes de transfert d'électrons photosynthétiques de Rhodobacter sphaeroides." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1927.
Full textThe realization of supported lipid bilayers was realized inside the pores of a nanoporous alumina electrode. Three kinds of model membranes were studied: an alumina supported bilayer and a biotine/streptavidin or a PEG2000 tethered bilayer. The bilayer formation inside the pores was accomplished by a PEG8000-triggered fusion of liposomes. The lipid bilayer characterization was then followed by electrochemical reduction of ubiquinone incorporated in the liposomes. The PEG2000 tethered model inside the nanoporous electrode was shown to behave as a biosensor for membranotropic molecules. At last, we tested the reconstitution of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome bc1 inside the tethered model
Morini, François. "Thermoélectricité non conventionnelle basée sur l'émission thermoélectronique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10051/document.
Full textOne main challenge associated with solid-state thermoelectric materials is to combine electron-crystal electrical conductivity and phonon-glass thermal properties that are difficult to conciliate. A markedly different principle of thermoelectric conversion is based on the micro thermionic generator that exploits electron injection and heat rejection across two electrodes, hot and cold, immersed in vacuum, a promising pathway to new electronic devices. To properly operate thermionic emission converters near room temperature, highly efficient emitting electrodes must be integrated. This naturally motivates the development and characterization of thin films that feature a very low work function lower than 1eV. Even better than alkalis like K and Cs, their oxides have been reported to produce work functions as low as 0.4 and 0.9eV respectively. The work function of the electrodes of the micro thermionic generator has been effectively reduced and the efficiency is much closer than the Carnot limit
Bertin, Mathieu. "Processus induits par les électrons de basse énergie (0-20 eV) dans les systèmes condensés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00280603.
Full textYacoub, Slim. "Traitements multidimensionnels en temps réel des signaux électromyographiques respiratoires de surface par réseau d'électrodes NASICON." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE19001.
Full textLI, Hong Shi. "Synthèse et caractérisation du poly[(dioxa 3,6 heptyl)-3-thiophene], vers une électrode iono-sélective." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA132009.
Full textManfroi, Olivier. "Contribution à l’étude des charges carbonées et des films de supercondensateurs à électrolyte organique." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN10162.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the survey of the carbonated compounds and the composite films of supercondensateur to organic electrolyte. We have in a first time approached the carbonated compounds, main materials of the composite films. This materials has been characterized so much to the point of view of the morphology of the carbon skeleton that of the chemistry surface. The modifications of the functional groupings show the ominous impact of these groupings on the ageing of the component. The clarification of macroscopic original methods of characterization of the composite movies permitted to approach the influence of the parameters of realization on the properties of the films. Finally, the analysis of the competition situates the Batscap films and put in evidence the existence of a layer interfaces, gate to the diffusion of the ions, between the collector and the composite film
Wang, Qi. "Carbon-based materials : preparation, functionalization and applications." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10156/document.
Full textGraphene and its derivatives have attracted tremendous research interest over the years due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties. For the integration of graphene into electrochemical devices, it is essential to have a simple, reproducible and controllable technique to produce high quality graphene sheets on large surfaces. In this respect, the use of chemically derived reduced graphene oxide (rGO) rather than CVD graphene is a promising approach. In this thesis, we have developed simple, environmentally friendly, and controllable approaches for the chemical reduction of graphene oxide to rGO and the simultaneous functionalization of the resulting rGO matrix with the used reducing agents. These techniques are based on the use of tyrosine, 4-aminophenyl boronic acid (APBA), alkynyl-modified dopamine, and diamond nanoparticles (ND) as reducing agents. The robustness of the developed derivatization schemes was evaluated by the post-functionalization of alkynyl-dopamine/rGO with thiolated molecules via a photochemical “click” reaction.The resulting rGO matrices were characterized by a variety of different techniques, including XPS, AFM, SEM, FTIR, Raman, UV/Vis, and electrochemical measurements. The rGO matrices, deposited on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, have been further used for electrochemical based applications for nonenzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and simultaneously L-dopa and carbidopa. Furthermore, rGO/NDs nanocomposites have been successfully used as electrode in supercapacitors and exhibited a specific capacitance of 186 F g-1 and excellent long term stability
Tang, Celine. "Exfoliation et réempilement d'oxydes lamellaires à base de manganèse et de cobalt pour électrodes de supercondensateurs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0789/document.
Full textThe ever increasing demand of renewable energies imposes, due to theirintermittent nature, the development of performant energy storage devices. Supercapacitorsare reliable devices that offer a high power density and numerous investigations are focusingon increasing their energy densities. In particular, asymmetric "metal oxides / activatedcarbons" supercapacitors are possible candidates. The MnO2/carbon system is the mostinvestigated system, due to its capability to work in aqueous medium at potentials up to 2 V,as well as to the low cost and environmental friendliness of manganese. Nevertheless, thissystem suffers from the poor electronic conductivity of manganese. This work reports anoriginal strategy for novel electrode materials involving exfoliation and restacking processesof lamellar “building blocks”: lamellar manganese oxides for their pseudocapacitiveproperties and lamellar cobalt oxyhydroxides for their high electronic conductivity. Thematerial engineering strategy focuses on the exfoliation of the lamellar materials intooligolamellae. The obtained suspensions are then restacked through various strategies andnew well defined mixed oxides are obtained. After structural and morphologicalcharacterization, it is clear that these nanocomposites present an intimate mix of the twoinitial phases. The electrochemical responses are hereby enhanced, proving the intertwinedrelationship between structure, morphology and properties. Furthermore, this architecturalapproach of building novel electrode materials is original and efficient and can easily betransposed to other “building blocks”, including graphene
Joly, Loïc. "Etude du mouvement du spin d'électrons dans des systèmes ferromagnétiques mesuré en géométrie de réflexion par spectroscopie électronique résolue en spin." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/JOLY_Loic_2006.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis we investigated the spin motion of electrons in ferromagnetic systems by spin-polarized electron scattering spectroscopy in reflection geometry. In the first part, we studied the spin motion in thin polycrystalline layers of Fe, Co, and Ni. The experiments showed that the electron-spin motion is strongly correlated to the electronic band structure of the ferromagnet. A modelization of the ferromagnetic layer by a spin-dependent potential step model can explain the behaviour at high electron energies. However, the strong variation of the spin motion at low energies is explained by the presence of a spin-dependent band gap in the electronic band structure of the ferromagnet. Ab-initio calculations corroborate this interpretation. In the second part of the thesis, we studied the electron-spin motion in quantum wells formed by a ferromagnetic film of Co(001) that is covered by a non-magnetic film of Cu. The appearance of quantum well states is at the origin of a lot of oscillatory phenomena in thin film systems. Moreover, the presence of a magnetic interface adds a spin dependence to the quantum confinement. However, no study has been done on the spin motion in these type of systems. In a first step, measurements as a function of the electron energy revealed an oscillatory behaviour of the spin motion. We have shown that a clear relation exists between the oscillation of the spin motion and the presence of quantum well states. In a second experiment, we observed oscillations both of the reflected intensity and of the spin motion as a function of the Cu thickness. It is shown that a Fabry-Pérot interferometer model can very well describe these oscillations
Oving, Peter Johan. "Etude et réalisation d'un canon à électrons de grande surface à utilisation industrielle." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10102.
Full textFortin, Elodie. "Microscopie électrochimique pour l'élaboration et la caractérisation de bio-assemblages sur électrode : application aux biopuces." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011491.
Full textun nouveau matériau carboné d'électrode, le diamant dopé bore (BDD), et (ii) l'utilisation
d'un nouvel outil, la microscopie électrochimique à balayage (SECM), afin de fonctionnaliser
des surfaces avec des sondes oligonucléotidiques et de détecter le phénomène d'hybridation.
Dans un premier temps, nous montrerons la dualité d'utilisation de la microscopie
électrochimique en tant qu'outil de fonctionnalisation et de caractérisation de surfaces. Par
mode direct de la SECM, en utilisant la microélectrode en tant que contre-électrode, des
spots de polypyrrole-oligonucléotide de taille micrométrique sont déposés sur un substrat
d'or. Cette méthode d'élaboration est optimisée en étudiant l'hybridation des spots en
microscopie de fluorescence. La présence de ces spots sur la surface est ensuite détectée en
mode feedback de la SECM via la différence de conductivité entre le polypyrroleoligonucléotide
et l'or. Puis, le phénomène d'hybridation est étudié par mode feedback par la
précipitation d'un produit isolant sur la surface formé par une réaction catalysée par la
peroxydase couplée par l'intermédiaire d'un assemblage biologique à l'oligonucléotide
complémentaire. Enfin, cette technique électrochimique est couplée à une méthode optique,
l'imagerie de résonance plasmonique de surface (SPRi), afin de visualiser en temps réel
l'étape de structuration de la surface d'or par des spots d'oligonucléotides ou par des
gradients de surface d'oligonucléotides.
Dans un second temps, nous présenterons l'étude des réactions d'oxydation des
nucléosides, la 2'-désoxyguanosine et la 2'-désoxyadénosine, sur une électrode de diamant
dopée bore oxygéné. Nous montrerons ainsi l'intérêt de ce nouveau matériau carboné
d'électrode pour cette application en raison de sa large fenêtre d'électroinactivité en milieu
aqueux et son faible et stable courant de fond. Puis, nous mettrons en évidence la formation
d'un film continu constitué des produits de ces réactions d'oxydation sur l'électrode par une
étude macroscopique à l'aide de voltamétries cycliques d'une sonde redox, et une étude à
l'échelle microscopique en utilisant le microscope électrochimique à balayage.
Ghamouss, Fouad. "Caractérisation de films composites à base de carbone/polymère de type sérigraphié : influence de la composition de la surface sur la réactivité électrochimique." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2087.
Full textThe study of screen printed carbon/graphite electrodes in term of electrochemical reactivity was reported in this manuscript. Cyclic voltammetric study and surface characterisation by both SEM and XPS techniques demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of the electrodes has significantly found related to the electrode surface chemistry. The resulting carbon/graphite material was then successfully used as cathode for the regeneration of Grätzel solar cell. On the other hand, two modification approaches were examined to enhance the electron transfer at the screen-printed carbon electrode surface. The first approach consisted in the deposition of a thin nitride carbon film by using a reactive magnetron sputtering process, whereas in the second one we examined the effect of a series of plasma treatment on the electrochemical reactivity of the electrode surface. Both approaches were then used to improve the sensitivity of some electrochemical biosensors
Azzag, Mohcène. "Etude des dépôts électrolytiques de cuivre et de nickel sur des alliages à bas point de fusion." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10338.
Full textTran, Quang Thuan. "Amination, phosphorylation spontanée ou électro assistée de surface de carbone vitreux pour l'élaboration de nouvelles électrode ligands." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S122.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to graft ligands on a support for facilitating the recovering and recycling of the catalyst. Furthermore, by using the electrode as a support, the redox state of the catalyst can be easily modulated by controlling the applied potential. We can therefore utilize one catalyst system for many reactions. The phosphine ligands, highly efficient in catalysis, were grafted on the surface of glassy carbon electrode using free radical electro-grafting methods. These methods are convenient procedure allowing the formation of robust linkage between the surface and the phosphine ligand moiety. These radicals are electrochemically generated by electro-oxidation amine or by electro-reduction of aryl diazonium salt generated from the diazotization in-situ of the aromatic amine. In this work, a major drawback which is the sensitivity of the phosphine ligand toward the chemical and electrochemical oxidation, was solved by the introduction of a borane moiety as a phosphines protecting group. We synthesized different aminophosphine-borane ligands and their corresponding organometallic complexes (Mo, Mn, Ru) both in solution and in solid-state, when grafted onto surfaces. These complexes were characterized by different techniques including NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. A promising preliminary result was obtained in the electro-catalysis of the oxidation reaction of an alcohol
Bordes, Arnaud. "Etude de l'insertion du lithium dans des électrodes à base de silicium. Apports de l'analyse de surface (XPS, AES, ToF-SIMS)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066530/document.
Full textSilicon is a serious option to replace graphite in anodes for Li-ion batteries since it offers a specific capacity almost ten times higher. However, silicon anodes suffer from a drastic capacity fading, making it unusable after a few cycles. The work presented here aims at the development of new alternative and complementary approaches to those currently used, in order to better understand lithiation and degradation mechanisms. These methods are based on cross-analysis between several surface characterizations techniques, including FIB-ToF-SIMS, AES, XPS and FIB-MEB, which require specific procedures to deal with the extreme sensitivity of lithiated materials. Coupling XPS and ToF-SIMS on silicon thin films revealed the presence of a Li-rich phase segregated at the interface between silicon and Cu current collector. A mechanism based on fast diffusion paths for lithium is suggested. In situ FIB milling, performed in the analysis chamber of the ToF-SIMS on anodes using micrometer-sized silicon particles, revealed a similar mechanism involving fast diffusion paths for lithium. Additional TEM observations suggest that, in the case of micrometer-sized particles, these paths result from sub-grain boundaries. Additionally, the presence of Li trapped in Si particles which are disconnected from the conductive grid along cycling is shown, contributing to the poor battery lifespan. Finally, the developed method has been applied to electrodes based on nanometer-sized Si particles and Si/C composite. Despite of the small size of the involved particles, it is possible to get information about SEI growth on the surface of nano-sized silicon particles and to identify causes of failure
Soukiassian, Laetitia. "Excitation par électrons tunnel de nano-objets individuels adsorbés sur la surface de Si(100)." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112222.
Full textDynamical processes induced in molecules by electrons or photons have been extensively studied in gas phase and in solution on assemblies of billions of molecules. With the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) it becomes possible to consider the excitation of a single molecule by electrons tunneling from the tip. We first studied atomic scale desorption of H from the Si(1OO)-H(2x1) surface. The Si-H bond is a model system for the study of inelastic effects of tunnel electrons because of the simplicity of its atomic and electronic structure. Its dissociation was previously explained by a vibrational heating model but the results of more detailed experiments which we performed have invalidated it. They indicate that it must be replaced by a coherent excitation model. We then studied diacetyl-paraterphenyl, nicknamed TRIMA. The ultrahigh vacuum deposition of this heavy molecule required the use of an in situ sublimation filament. Its adsorption configuration on the Si(100)-(2x1) surface was analyzed both by STM and NEXAFS spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. By using the STM in manipulation mode we induced different reactions of individual TRIMA molecules. The reaction probability is consistent with an electronic excitation mechanism of TRIMA but electric field effects could also be the origin of the manipulation
Cuisinier, Marine. "Caractérisation et contrôle de l’interface électrode / électrolyte d’électrodes positives pour accumulateurs Li-ion." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2097.
Full textLithium batteries, widely developed for portable electronics, are now being considered for applications in hybrid and electric vehicles. Their current limitations are the low capacity and limited cycle life caused notably by the uncontrolled positive electrode / electrolyte interface. The present study reports the characterization and attempts of control of interfacial processes occurring on LiNi0. 5Mn0. 5O2, Li1. 2Ni0. 4Mn0. 4O2 and LiFePO4 positive electrode materials during their storage and electrochemical cycling. The thesis focuses on the formation and evolution of the interphase formed by decomposition of the electrolyte, depending on the surface chemistry of the active material. Different types of surface modifications have been proposed, such as intrinsic modifications upon aging in air or the promotion of a particular crystalline orientation in the case of olivine LiFePO4, or by overlithiation of the LiNi0. 5Mn0. 5O2 oxide lamellar, under the form of Li [Li0. 2Ni0. 4Mn0. 4]O2. Other types of modifications, considered as artificial or external, are based on the use of additives in the electrolyte or of a heterochemical coating on the surface of Li1. 2Ni0. 4Mn0. 4O2. In each case, species detected on the surface of materials during storage and cycling are correlated with the electrochemical performance of the positive electrodes. The originality of the work is based primarily on the development of spectroscopic tools such as MAS NMR (7Li, 19F and 31P) and EELS, in parallel to XPS, to quantitatively describe the interphase and unravel its architecture
Chen, Lin. "Transfert d’électrons et processus de pertes d’énergies lors de l’interaction d’ions avec des gaz et des surfaces solides." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112319.
Full textMonte-Rojas, Antonio. "Etude par électrogravimétrie des dépôts en sous potentiel de thallium, de plomb et de cadmium sur électrode d'or." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10214.
Full textGervillie, Charlotte. "Composite carbone/SnO2 fluoré comme matériau d’électrode négative pour les accumulateurs lithium-ion." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM021.
Full textThis thesis work proposes solutions to stabilize the electrochemical performances of SnO2-based negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. First of all, the influence of SnO2 nanostructuration and inherent defects on electrochemical performances are studied. Then, carbon/SnO2 composites are synthesized to contain the volume expansion and the influence of the dimensionality of the carbonaceous matrix (1D, 2D, 3D) on the electrochemical performances is demonstrated. Finally, the surface of the material is fluorinated using either molecular fluorination by F2(g) or radical fluorination by thermal decomposition of XeF2(s). The stability of the interface between the material and the electrolyte is then improved and excellent electrochemical properties are obtained
Fernandes, Gomes Janaina. "Etude de l'adsorption et électro-oxydation de l'éthanol sur électrodes de platine par spectroscopie de génération de la fréquence somme." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112222.
Full textThe possible application of ethanol as a fuel for direct alcohol fuel cells continues to motivate research on the mechanisms of electro-oxidation of ethanol. In this work, the ethanol-platinum interface in acidic medium is investigated using infrared-visible SFG spectroscopy in order to document the intermediates present during the electro-oxidation of ethanol. New evidences of adsorbed intermediates of ethanol oxidation on platinum, never before observed with conventional IR spectroscopy, are reported. Our results show that a secondary ethanol derivative, previously suggested, but never before unambiguously documented, and mono and bidentate acetate, eta2-acetaldehyde, acetyl and a molecular acetic acid derivative are active intermediates of ethanol oxidation in acidic medium. In addition, we report new evidences for the presence of an ethoxy intermediate. The results obtained here also confirm the presence of previously observed ethanol oxidation intermediates: adsorbed CO and a tertiary ethanol derivative. Moreover, we explored the effects of the atomic surface structure of the electrode, alcohol concentration and electrode potential on the mechanism of the adsorption and electro-oxidation of ethanol on platinum. These effects are analyzed through the vibrational spectra of interfacial adsorbed intermediates. Comparison with the adsorption of other simple reactants (methanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid) in acid medium indicate that even at low potential the platinum surface is highly reactive, producing similar intermediates for all reactants
Salou, Pierre. "Interaction ion-surface : simulation de l’interaction plasma-paroi (ITER)." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2035.
Full textThe wall materials of magnetic confinement in fusion machines are exposed to an aggressive environment; the reactor blanket is bombarded with a high flux of particles extracted from the plasma, leading to the sputtering of surface material. This sputtering causes wall erosion as well as plasma contamination problems. In order to control fusion reactions in complex reactors, it is thus imperative to well understand the plasma-wall interactions. This work proposes the study of the sputtering of fusion relevant materials. We propose to simulate the charged particles influx by few keV single-charged ion beams. This study is based on the catcher method; to avoid any problem of pollution (especially in the case of carbon) we designed a new setup allowing an in situ Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. The results provide the evolution of the angular distribution of the sputtering yield as a function of the ion mass (from helium to xenon) and its energy (from 3 keV to 9 keV)
Gobin, Vincent. "Diffraction par des ouvertures et par des objets tridimensionnels : application à la mesure des impédances de surface des matériaux bons conducteurs." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10117.
Full textPetit, Valentine. "Conditioning of surfaces in particle accelerators." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESAE0002.
Full textThe electron cloud developing in the vacuum chambers of the LHC during the protonbeam operation is responsible for heat load on the cryogenic system of the superconductingmagnets. The observed heat load exhibits a strong dispersion between the differentLHC arcs, although identical by design. Some of them are currently close to the limitof the cryoplant capacity. Under the effect of the cloud itself, conditioning of the coppersurface of the LHC beam pipes is expected, decreasing thus the secondary electronyield of the surface and leading to a decrease of the cloud intensity down to operationcompatiblelevels. Such a process seems therefore to be hindered in some parts of theLHC ring. This work aims to understand the copper conditioning processes occurringin the LHC, to unravel the origin of the heat load dispersion observed along the ring.Copper conditioning mechanisms were studied in the laboratory at room temperature bymimicking the electron cloud by an electron gun. The fundamental role of carbon, amongthe surface chemical components, in the reduction of the secondary electron yield duringconditioning was evidenced. Studying the deconditioning, occurring while exposing aconditioned surface to air (necessary step to extract beam pipes from the LHC) allowedestablishing a procedure to limit the erasing of the in-situ conditioning state of suchcomponents before the analysis of their surface in the laboratory. The surface of beampipes extracted from a low heat load magnet were found to have similar characteristicsas the ones conditioned in the laboratory. However, beam pipes extracted from a highheat load magnet exhibit cupric oxide CuO and a very low amount of surface carbon. Itis demonstrated that these modifications are induced by the LHC operation and lead toa slower conditioning of these surfaces. Therefore, these modifications are currently thebest candidate to explain the heat load dispersion observed in the LHC
Yazidi, Dounia. "Immobilisation controlée de la peroxydase du raifort à la surface d' électrode et analyse quantitative de son comportement par voltamétrie cyclique." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077087.
Full textHuang, Botao. "Mécanismes de vieillissement de l'Assemblage-Membrane-Électrodes dans une pile à combustible de type PEM par approche expérimentale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0268/document.
Full textThis thesis highlights the aging mechanisms of PEM Fuel Cell submitted to two main aging conditions: air relative humidity (RH) cycling, and MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) pinhole test of operation. First, the aging mechanisms of PEMFC main components (membrane, catalyst, carbon support, GDL, bipolar plates and gaskets), have been reviewed from the literature. Then the on-line diagnostic tools (chronopotentiometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, water management and water analysis), off-line ones (cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry) and post-mortem analyses (nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction) have been described. Experimentally, the high and low air RH cycling runs have been carried out with a 25 cm2 single cell: the high air RH cycling run promoted serious loss of the ElectroChemical Surface Area (ECSA); the low air RH cycling run caused significant increase in hydrogen crossover. The low air RH cycling has been also performed with a 100 cm2 single cell and the aging mechanism was different from that of 25 cm2 cell: the hydrogen crossover remained very low but the fuel cell voltage exhibited strong fluctuations at the end of the run: this was attributed to the presence of dead volumes and liquid water retention within the cell. Finally, MEA pinhole effect has been investigated with a 100 cm2 single cell: the perforation by a 0.7 mm diameter pin promoted slight increase in the hydrogen crossover; the perforation by a 1.2 mm diameter pin caused significant cell voltage losses and serious increase in the cathode diffusion resistance due to significant hydrogen crossover
Miserey, Francis. "Rayonnement "de transition" des surfaces d'argent bombardées par des électrons de faibles énergies (12 KeV) : cas de couches métalliques ultra-minces." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112050.
Full textThe Transition Radiation, which is emitted when a charged particle gets through the separation surface between two media of different dielectric constants, is experimentally studied in the case of vacuum/Silver interface crossed by low energy electrons. The research covers, on one hand, massive samples and, on the other hand, thin and ultra-thin silver films. The optical state of the surfaces is characterized by normally measuring their reflectance “in situ”. For the first time, it has been possible to study, by itself, the silver transition radiation induced by 12 KeV electrons through the use of films thin enough (d < 15 mm) for the optical Bremsstrahlung to be neglected and smooth enough so that roughness coupled surface plasmons radiation cannot happen. We show that Transition Radiation does exist with continuous and discontinuous silver films as thin as a few monolayers
Moez, Charlotte. "Étude des propriétés électrochimiques de nouveaux matériaux nanostructurés à base de fer préparés par chimie douce et utilisables comme électrode positive d'accumulateurs au lithium." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112096.
Full textIn the search for new positive electrode materials for lithium batteries, iron compounds are interesting due to their low cost and toxicity. For this purpose, b-FeOOH, g-FeOOH and LiFePO4 were studied. For oxyhydroxides, direct addition of acetylene black or carbon nanotubes (for the improvement of the electronic conductivity) was developed, which leads to non-uniform deposition and isolation of the grains, unfavorable for lithium insertion. A partial substitution of iron by cobalt was performed (improvement of the ionic conductivity). A stabilization of the exchangeable quantity of lithium is obtained with an optimum. For LiFePO4, several synthesis modes were performed (hydrothermal, mechanical activation, coprecipitation) to obtain different particles sizes. The electronic conductivity is enhanced by generation of a carbon layer onto the particles from thermal degradation of a carbohydrate. It appears that the finest the particles are, the best the insertion is. Crystallographic structural defects (observed by magnetic measurements) are favorable. The effect of carbon coating was studied with different carbon sources (starch, cellulose, carbon nanotubes, polyacrilonitril). The best compromise is achieved with cellulose: sp2 form (conductive carbon), covering (good electron percolation) and homogeneous (non rough surface)
Portier, Fabien. "Etude expérimentale de deux systèmes élastiques bidimensionnels : électrons à la surface de l'hélium superfluide et vortex dans BSCCO (2212)." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066461.
Full textAmsalem, Patrick. "Etude spectroscopique de films de phtalocyanines adsorbés sur surfaces métalliques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX11082.
Full textThe initial steps of the interface formation between metallo-phthalocyanines (ZnPc et ZnPcCl8) and Ag(111) or Ag(110) surfaces have been studied by Scanning tunnelling microscopy, Low-energy electron diffraction, Photoelectron spectroscopy and High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. On both surfaces, the molecular self-assembly leads to the formation of long range ordered monolayers at room temperature. For each system, upon adsorption, the molecules are significantly distorted and charge transfers from the surface to molecules are detected. The resulting doped monolayers are found metallic or insulating, depending on the structural details of the molecular networks. This link between structural and electronic properties is rationalized in terms of electronic correlations. Consequently, the monolayers that retain insulating properties upon electronic doping can be described in terms of Mott-Hubbard insulator. Such results provide new insights for the understanding of the fundamental phenomena at organic/metal interfaces and are susceptible to be extended to other organics adsorbed on solid surfaces
Muller, Johanna. "Etude électrochimique et caractérisation des produits de corrosion formés à la surface des bronzes Cu-Sn en milieu sulfate." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00492692.
Full textAlves, Dalla Corte Daniel. "Effets du traitement chimique de la surface d'une électrode négative en silicium amorphe pour batterie lithium-ion: étude par spectroscopie infrarouge in situ." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00877545.
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