Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electroforesis'
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Alvarez, Cazón Carla. "Unidad de laboratorio para electroforesis." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100707.
Full textPérez, Alcaraz Alberto. "Enantiodeterminación de catinonas en orina mediante electroforesis capilar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672421.
Full textEn los últimos años ha aumentado el consumo de derivados sintéticos de la catinona, un alcaloide que se encuentra de forma natural en las hojas del khat, puesto que representan una alternativa más asequible y accesible respecto a otras drogas ilícitas más conocidas como las anfetaminas. Después de ser consumidos, estos compuestos se pueden encontrar en el organismo ya sea metabolizados o en su forma pura a bajas concentraciones. Por lo tanto, suelen ser necesarios métodos altamente sensibles para determinar estas sustancias en muestras biológicas como sangre, cabello, saliva o, más comúnmente, orina. Las catinonas presentan un centro quiral y, por tanto, se pueden encontrar en dos formas enantioméricas (R y S). Cada enantiómero puede presentar un comportamiento farmacocinético y farmacodinámico diferente y, por consiguiente, tener diferentes efectos en el organismo. En consecuencia, la enantioseparación de las catinonas sintéticas puede ser de gran utilidad. En este sentido, la electroforesis capilar es una técnica muy adecuada para este propósito, puesto que la enantioseparación se puede lograr simplemente agregando un selector quiral al electrolito de separación
In recent years, the consumption of synthetic derivatives of cathinone, an alkaloid naturally found in the leaves of the khat plant, has increased as they represent a more affordable and accessible alternative to other well-known illicit drugs such as amphetamines. After their consumption, these compounds can be found in the organism either metabolized or in their pure form at low concentrations. Therefore, highly sensitive methods are usually necessary to determine these substances in biological samples such as blood, hair, oral fluids, or, more commonly, urine. Cathinones present a chiral centre, so they can be found in two enantiomeric forms (R and S). Each enantiomer can present different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour and have different effects on the organism. Consequently, the enantioseparation of synthetic cathinones can be very useful. In these sense, capillary electrophoresis represents an excellent technique for this purpose, since enantioseparation can be achieved simply by adding a chiral selector to the background electrolyte. However, despite of this and other well-known advantages of this analytical technique, one of its main limitations is its poor sensitivity
Valverde, Martín Ismael. "Desarrollo de nuevas metodologías analíticas mediante electroforesis capilar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3141.
Full textLa oxidación de los blanqueantes ópticos utilizados en la industria textil o de la detergencia frente al hipoclorito de las lejías es una de las problemáticas analizadas. La CE se muestra como una técnica idónea para separar e identificar los productos de oxidación del blanqueante con la lejía y permite demostrar que se forman productos no clorados de bajo impacto medioambiental.
El control de calidad en la industria farmacéutica es especialmente riguroso porque el producto final está destinado a consumo humano. La determinación del contenido de principio activo, de impurezas relacionadas, la uniformidad de contenido por unidad de dosis o los tests de estabilidad son ensayos habituales en un laboratorio farmacéutico. El elevado poder de resolución de la CE la hace una técnica adecuada para este tipo de ensayos donde es habitual la separación de compuestos con una estructura química muy parecida. En esta memoria se aplica la técnica a la separación de ocho alquilxantinas usadas en la farmacopea española. El comportamiento electroforético de la mezcla ha sido estudiado y la conclusiones extraídas han sido aplicadas para proponer un método alternativo y ventajoso, respecto al cromatográfico, para el análisis de un fármaco que contiene tres alquilxantinas.
La industria farmacéutica necesita para la determinación de impurezas relacionadas con el principio activo (impurezas de síntesis o productos de degradación) una técnica con sensibilidad y poder de resolución suficiente. El contenido del enantiómero minoritario en principio activos enantioméricamente puros es un ejemplo de este tipo de ensayos. La CE es una técnica muy exitosa en el campo de las separaciones quirales por su alta eficacia y por la variedad de selectores quirales disponibles. La elección de este selector implica la realización de diversas pruebas de ensayo y error hasta encontrar un selector adecuado. En esta tesis se proponen algunos criterios relacionados con la estructura del analito que facilitan esta selección. Estos criterios se usan para la enantioseparación de Dopa y Ketoprofeno, dos principios activos comercializados en su forma enantioméricamente pura. Se desarrollan métodos de análisis en condiciones quirales y aquirales que permiten determinar, respectivamente, el contenido total de principio activo y del enantiómero minoritario. De todo lo anterior, se deduce que la CE es una técnica válida y en muchos casos ventajosa para desarrollar métodos de análisis para compuestos de interés medioambiental y farmacéutico.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique based on differential migration of solutes in an electrical field. CE has been widely used in Univeristy investigations but its applications in the industry field are very reduced. CE is usually faster and more flexible compared with other separations techniques and those characteristics make CE a good alternative for quality control in industry. The goal of our work is to apply CE to develope methods for quality control in the textile and pharmaceutical industry.
The instability of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAS) with hypochlorite contained in bleach is a major issue in the textile industry. CE is a very useful technique to separate and to identify products formed during this oxidation. Results show that the products formed are not dangerous for the environment and contain no chlorine.
Quality control in the pharmaceutical industry is very rigorous because the final product is bound for humans. Active principle or related impurities determinations are usual assays in pharmaceutical companies. The high efficiency of electrophoretic separations make CE very suitable for the separation of compounds with a similar structure. In this way, CE has been used to study the electrophoretic behavior of a mixture of alkyl-xanthines used in pharmaceuticals. The conclusions obtained allow us to propose a new method applied for the quality control of a pharmaceutical containing three broncodillators.
The enantiomeric impurity contained in active principles marketed as single enantiomer is a determination that demands good resolution and sensitivity. CE is a very succesful technique for Chiral separations. Hoiwever, the most suitable chiral selector is usually elected by trial and error, wich is expensive and time-consuming. We propose some criteria for their election in terms of molecular size, charge and the presence of specific functional groups in the analyte with a view to minimizing the number of trials needed. These criterias has been used to propose new method to control the enantiomeric impurity in Dopa and Ketoprofen pharmaceuticals.
Taken all this into account, we conclude that CE is a valid and useful technique for investigations in environmental or pharmaceutical fields.
García, Vázquez Alejandro. "Estrategias de preconcentración combinadas in-line con la electroforesis capilar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457701.
Full textLa combinación in-line de la electroforesis capilar (CE) con las técnicas de microextracción tanto en fase líquida, como la single-drop microextraccion (SDME), y en fase sólida, como la extracción en fase sólida in-line (SPE), y la utilización de la pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI) como técnica de preconcentración electroforética, ha sido evaluada en el desarrollo de métodos basados en CE para la determinación de diferentes familias de contaminantes orgánicos emergentes (EOCs) en diferentes tipos de muestras. Los resultados mostraron que estas estrategias son adecuadas para mejorar la sensibilidad de la CE, debido a que de una manera simple y automatizada se consiguen elevados factores de concentración. Por lo tanto, podemos destacar que el empleo de estas técnicas es una estrategia útil para poder determinar diferentes tipos de analitos a bajos niveles de concentración.
The in-line combination of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with liquid microextration techniques, as single-drop microextraction (SDME), solid microextraction tecniques as, in-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and the use of pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI), as an electrophoretic preconcentration technique have been evaluated in the development of CE-based methods for the determination of different families of emerging organic pollutants (EOCs) in different kind of samples. The results showed that these strategies are adequate to improve the limited CE sensitivity, especially when it is used in combination with an ultraviolet detector is resolved in a simple and automatic easily. Therefore, we can emphasize that the use of these techniques is a useful strategy to improve the analysis of EOCs through CE.
González, Roa Cecilia Catalina. "Determinación de especies de glutatión por electroforesis capilar en plantas bajo estrés por cobre." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105444.
Full textFernández, Pumarega Alejandro. "Caracterització de Sistemes de Partició Cromatogràfics per a la Subrogació de Processos de Biopartició." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670960.
Full textThe determination of biological properties usually implies expensive and complex procedures which sometimes require the use of living beings, a practice ethically questionable. Thus, the use of physicochemical systems that emulate biopartitioning processes would allow the estimation of biological properties in a faster and automated way avoiding in vivo testing. In the present work, chromatographic and biopartitioning systems characterized in previous works through a same model (the solvation parameter model (SPM)) have been compiled, adding the new developed and characterized systems in the present study. Then, all the systems have been compared using the normalized coeficients resulting from their characterization through the SPM. Finally, correlations between the biological property of interest and the logarithm of the retention factor determined in the best surrogating chromatographic system have been established. The results have shown that toxicity to aquatic species, skin partition, and the octanol-water partition systems can be surrogated employing chromatographic systems based on reserved-phase liquid chromatography and electrokinetic chromatography. Moreover, since there is a lack of studies regarding ionizable solutes, the feasibility of this methodology to estimate biopartitioning properties for ionized compounds have also been evaluated. Particularly, in the present work, the estimation of the octanol-water distribution coefficient of ionized acid-base substances has been studied. With this aim, retention factor-pH profiles have been established for a set of monoprotic acids and bases. To obtain accurate retention factors, the surfactant used to prepare the microemulsion and the ionized solute have the same charge, and a viscosity correction factor has been used. Then, the retention factor of acid-base compounds has been correlated to log Po/w at several degrees of ionization. Results point out that accurate estimations of the parameter can be achieved up to a 99% of ionization. Finally, in order to look for new chromatographic systems presenting different selectivities from those reported to the present, an in-house styrene-co-divinylbenzene monolithic capillary column has been developed and characterized for the separation of a mixture of proteins by ion-pairing gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Zamorano, Carbonell Matías Alonso. "Caracterización de gelatinas de uso enológico presentes en el mercado mediante análisis químicos y electroforéticos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112339.
Full textEsta memoria tuvo por objetivos la caracterización química y física de 14 gelatinas de uso enológico presentes en el mercado nacional y el estudio del comportamiento de la composición fenólica global de una solución hidroalcóholica de concentración conocida y de un vino tinto del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon frente a la clarificación con tres dosis diferentes de cada gelatina. Inicialmente, las gelatinas fueron caracterizadas mediante parámetros físicos y químicos como pH, contenido de proteína total, densidad y detección de proteínas en matrices de celulosa. Todas las muestras presentaron densidades similares, mientras que sus pH fueron consecuentes con sus procesos de elaboración. Las gelatinas que presentaron mayores concentraciones proteicas además de una mayor difusión y reactividad al colorante sobre la matriz de celulosa, fueron las muestras de formulación sólida. Luego de comprobar la presencia de proteínas en las muestras analizadas, se realizaron electroforesis SDS-PAGE en condiciones desnaturalizantes, para determinar la composición proteica de cada gelatina. Como estándar de peso molecular se utilizaron las proteínas presentes en la saliva humana. Para las gelatinas líquidas se utilizaron geles con una concentración de 12% de acrilamida, presentando una dispersión no uniforme del material con la presencia de una única banda proteica a los 55 kDa en tres de las seis gelatinas. En el caso de las muestras de formulación sólida, se utilizaron geles con una concentración de 10% de acrilamida. A diferencia del caso anterior, éstas sí presentaron bandas proteicas, sin embargo debido a su gran tamaño, migraron sólo en una fracción del gel, impidiendo determinar sus pesos moleculares exactos. A continuación, se realizaron pruebas de clarificación estableciendo como unidades experimentales de cada ensayo una solución hidroalcóholica de composición conocida y un vino tinto del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. Se utilizaron dosis de gelatina de 5, 10 y 15 g/hL correspondientes a cada tratamiento. Luego de 48 horas de clarificación, se determinaron parámetros espectofotométricos para conocer el comportamiento de la fracción polifenólica global frente a la acción clarificadora de cada gelatina. Los resultados obtenidos en ambos ensayos, mostraron una mayor extracción y remoción de compuestos por parte de las gelatinas sólidas, especialmente de taninos totales.
The objective of this research was the chemical and physical characterization of 14 oenological gelatins that are available in the national market and the study of the behavior of the phenolic compounds of a hydroalcoholic solution of known concentration and a red wine from the cv. Cabernet Sauvignon after clarification by means of three different doses of each gelatin under study. Initially, the gelatins were characterized through several physical and chemical parameters, such as pH, total protein content, density and protein detection on cellulose matrices. All samples showed similar densities, while their pHs were consistent with their manufacture. With respect to protein concentration and detection in matrices of cellulose, the solid gelatins in solution had higher concentrations and a higher dye diffusion and reactivity on the cellulose matrix compared with the liquid gelatins. After verifying the presence of proteins in samples, was carried out a SDS-PAGE electrophoresis performed in denaturing conditions in order to determine the protein composition of each gelatin. As standard of molecular weight were used the proteins present in the human saliva. For liquid gelatins, were used gels with a concentration of 12% acrylamide, showing an irregular dispersity of the material with the presence of the only protein band of 55 kDa only in three of the six gelatins. In the case of samples of solid formulation, were used gels with a concentration of 10% acrylamide. Unlike the previous case, the solid samples showed bands corresponding to proteins, but they couldn’t be separated correctly, which didn´t allow us to know their exact molecular weights. Next, were carried out clarification tests, establishing as experimental units for each trial, a hydroalcoholic solution of known composition and a red wine of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. For each gelatin were used three doses of 5, 10 and 15 g / hL corresponding to each treatment. After 48 hours of clarification, were determined spectrophotometric parameters in order to know the global polyphenolic fraction behavior versus the clarifying action of the various gelatins. The results of both trials showed a higher extraction and removal of phenolic compounds using solid gelatins, the total tannins being the most affected compounds.
ORTIZ, ARANA GIOVANY. "PRODUCCIÓN DE UNA BACTERINA PARA LINFADENITIS CASEOSA Y LA EVALUACIÓN DE SU COMPOSICIÓN A TRAVÉS DE ELECTROFORESIS." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/66324.
Full textCasado, Río Mercedes. "Aplicaciones de la electroforesis capilar en el estudio de errores congénitos del metabolismo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284348.
Full textIn this thesis project, we have developed 3 new capillary electrophoresis (CZE) procedures for the study of patients with inborn errors of metabolism. This project has a technical approach, se we have taken advantage of the Chemistry knowledge of the student candidate, which allowed us to progress in the identification of new patients with inborn errors of metabolism and other neurological conditions in paediatric patients. These advances have been published in 3 different international scientific journals. In the first aim, we have applied a previously validated procedure in our laboratory for the diagnosis of patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). We were able to identify 2 new cases with a very mild phenotype, who were misdiagnosed with the classical diagnostic procedures (Casado et al, Cerebellum 2012). Moreover, this method allows the analysis of large series of patients, since it is automatable. Furthermore, it allows the quantification of the different forms of sialotransferrin according to its glycosylation pattern, which is the more important biomarker for the study of patients with CDG syndromes. In the second aim, we standardized the quantification of the neurotransmitter GABA in cerebrospinal fluid of neuropediatric patients, since there was not scientific references about this topic (only procedures for the analysis of GABA in animal models were available). We got to separate GABA from glutamine, which co-eluted with GABA and it is about 5,000 times more concentrated than GABA is. Once these technical problems were solved, we established reference values for a paediatric population and we analyzed GABA in a cohort of neuropaediatric patients. As a milestone, we demonstrated that GABA analysis may be useful for the monitoring of antiepileptic therapy, since several antiepileptic drugs modulate GABA metabolism. This work has been published in Electrophoresis journal (Casado et al, 2013). For the last aim, we planned to develop a new procedure for the analysis of urinary oligosaccharides, as a diagnostic tool for the study of patients under the suspicion of having some lysosomal storage diseases and also those with some carbohydrate metabolism defects. The only diagnostic tool generally accepted for this purpose is a thin layer chromatography method (TLC), which is time-consuming, not automatable and probably no sensitive enough for identification of some patients with mild phenotypes. We have developed a new CZE procedure with laser-induced fluorescence detection which dramatically improves the conventional TLC method. The description and validation of this new procedure has been recently accepted for publication (Casado et al, Anal Bioanal Chem 2014).
Ferrer, Sacristán Rocío. "Determinación de alantoína en baba de caracol, mediante electroforesis capilar y su relación con el consumo de purinas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130849.
Full textLa Alantoína es un producto derivado del metabolismo de las purinas, que se produce específicamente por la oxidación del Ácido Úrico. En el reino animal la excreción de Alantoína es sintetizada por varias clases, una son los gastrópodos; los seres humanos no la producen. Es utilizada hace décadas en productos cosmetológicos, dadas sus propiedades antioxidantes. Montar un proceso que permita determinar Alantoína en baba de caracol a través de la técnica de electroforesis capilar y cuantificar la producción de este compuesto bajo diferentes condiciones dietarias han sido los grandes objetivos de esta memoria de título. Se determinaron las condiciones que permitieran distinguir la Alantoína de otros derivados nitrogenados como Xantina, Hipoxantina, Urea y Ácido Alantoico, metabolitos nitrogenados presentes también en la baba de caracol. Las condiciones más adecuadas fueron capilar de 75 μm y 60 cm de largo, a 30 ºC y corriente de 20 KV. Se identificó la presencia de Alantoína en muestras de baba de caracol, previamente concentradas utilizando Alantoína como estándar interno. El método montado permitió la detección de Alantoína, Hipoxantina y Xantina en baba de caracol, simultáneamente. Los análisis efectuados en base a ayuno, dieta con soya y sin soya, demuestran que en un período de tres semanas las diferencias son significativas a favor de la dieta con soya, que aumenta la Alantoína, siendo la dieta sin soya y el ayuno bajos en ésta y sus diferencias no son significativas. La Alantoína en la baba de caracol está directamente relacionada al consumo de purinas en la dieta. Los resultados obtenidos nos han permitido montar una técnica rápida, de bajo costo y sensible para la determinación de Alantoína, permitiendo la investigación para manipular la dieta y mejorar las propiedades antioxidantes de la baba de caracol, utilizada con fines cosméticos
Morán, Arias Kevin Walter Alejandro. "Análisis y propuesta de un modelo de fuente de poder de voltaje variable para electroforesis en gel de agarosa." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15955.
Full textTrabajo de investigación
Olivera, García José Enrique. "Diferenciación de clones de papa resistentes y susceptibles a mosca minadora Liriomyza hudobrensis, Blanchard. (Agromizydae:Diptera), por electroforesis de proteínas." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2000. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3085.
Full textTesis
Ruiz, Marrondo Santiago. "Desarrollo de métodos de electroforesis capilar en fase micelar. Aplicación al análisis de herbicidas y de sus productos de degradación." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6423.
Full textLa presente tesis doctoral se ha planteado con el objetivo principal de profundizar en esta técnica analítica y estudiar su aplicación en la determinación de compuestos de interés medioambiental, concretamente herbicidas de las familias de los fenoxiácidos y las fenilureas y productos derivados de su degradación.
Para ello se ha dividido la memoria en 5 capítulos:
En el capítulo 1º se realiza una introducción de la técnica CZE, estudiándose fundamentos teóricos de separación y detección y su instrumentación. Finalmente se realiza un pequeño estudio experimental de separación de varios herbicidas fenoxiácidos. Con ello se obtiene una base teórica y experimental sobre la Electroforesis Capilar necesaria para el capítulo 2º, en el cual se profundiza en el análisis mediante MECC.
En este capítulo se estudian las bases teóricas de esta técnica y se aplica en la resolución de una mezcla de herbicidas fenoxiácidos y fenilureicos. El estudio de la técnica MECC se completa en el capítulo 3º, donde se optimiza la separación de la mezcla de los herbicidas adicionando a la disolución de trabajo diferentes alcoholes alifáticos. Se discuten las variaciones experimentales observadas y se desarrolla un modelo teórico que explica estas variaciones. En este modelo entran en juego factores como las características fisico-químicas de las micelas y sus variaciones cuando están en contacto con alcoholes lineales.
En el capítulo 4º intentamos superar una de las mayores limitaciones de la Electroforesis Capilar que es la falta de sensibilidad. Para ello se desarrollan sistemas de pre-concentración de la muestra on-line, basados en la inyección de grandes volúmenes de muestra y la posterior eliminación de parte la matriz que contiene esta muestra, y sistemas de pre-concentración off-line mediante columnas de extracción en fase sólida de carbono grafitizado. Con estos dos procedimientos de concentración se consigue llegar a las sensibilidades necesarias para utilizar el sistema MECC en el análisis de pesticidas de muestras medioambientales.
Toda la información obtenida en los capítulos anteriores es aplicada en el capítulo 5º en un estudio de degradación de varios herbicidas fenoxiácidos y fenilureicos. Para ello se tuvo en cuenta diversas vías de degradación como son la fotodegradación o la hidrólisis, y diferentes condiciones ambientales. Con este estudio se consiguieron datos relevantes en la comprensión de los mecanismos de degradación de los herbicidas estudiados: cinéticas de reacción y constantes de velocidad de degradación, productos de derivados de la fotodegradación y la hidrólisis, etc.
Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC) is a new separation technique developed from Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) and based on chromatographic and electrophoretic principles. It is able to separate anionic and neutral compounds simultaneously. The separation of neutral compounds by MECC is similar to that by Liquid Chromatography. For anionic compounds, the separation is largely based on its different electrophoretic mobilities.
The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to study this analytical technique and its application in the determination of compounds of environmental interest, concretely, phenylurea and phenoxyalkyl acid herbicides and products derived of their degradation.
The thesis has been divided in 5 chapters:
In the 1st chapter, it is carried out an introduction of CZE procedure, being considered theoretical principles of separation and detection and their instrumentation. It finishes by performing a brief experimental study of separation of several phenoxyalkyl acid herbicides. We obtain a theoretical and experimental basis about Capillary Zone Electrophoresis required in 2nd chapter, in which we examine the analytical technique MECC.
In this chapter, the theoretical principles of this technique are developed and applied in the resolution of a mixture of phenylurea and phenoxyalkyl acid herbicides. The study of MECC is completed in 3rd chapter, where the separation of the mixture of herbicides is optimised adding aliphatic alcohols. The observed experimental variations are discussed and explained by a theoretical model. In this model, it is explained factors like the physico-chemical characteristics of the micelles and their variations when they are in contact with aliphatic alcohols.
In the 3rd chapter, we try to overcome one of the biggest limitations in the Capillary Electrophoresis: the sensibility. We develop on-column sample pre-concentration systems, based on the injection of a very large volume of sample and the elimination of the sample matrix. We also expose off-column sample pre-concentration systems by means of solid phase extraction cartridge of graphitized carbon black. With these concentration procedures, it was possible to achieve the necessary sensibilities to use MECC system in environmental analysis.
All the information obtained in previous chapters is applied in 5th chapter in a degradation study of several phenylurea and phenoxyalkyl acid herbicides. We kept in mind various degradation processes like photodegradation or hydrolysis and different environmental conditions. We reach interesting data to the understanding of degradation mechanisms of the determined herbicides: kinetic of reaction and degradation constants, products derived of photodegradation and hydrolysis, et cetera.
Linares, Gonzáles José Ricardo. "Estudio de la diversidad genética de individuos de poblaciones silvestres de Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze "Tara" mediante análisis de patrones electroforéticos de proteínas seminales." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3846.
Full textTesis
Brum, Itaraju Junior Baracuhy. "Ferramentas de bioinformática para proteômica." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314739.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A área de proteômica visa estudar um conjunto completo de proteínas expressas por um organismo ou tecido numa dada situação, através da identificação e quantificação. Apesar de limitações nas técnicas disponíveis, vem se aumentando o volume de informações oriundos desta área, situação que exige o emprego de ferramentas computacionais para permitir o uso eficiente de dados disponíveis, além de buscar-se novas formas de análise destes. Este projeto visa o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de bioinformática para aplicação em proteômica. Estas ferramentas abrangem as seguintes aplicações: Cálculo Teórico de Ponto Isoelétrico e Peso Molecular de seqüências de aminoácidos, eletroforese-bidimensional teórica, digestão teórica e simulação de eletroforese e identificação de peptídeos, ferramenta para análise de Vias Metabólicas a partir de dados de proteômica
Abstract: The proteomics field aims to study sets of proteins expressed in a cell or tissue, according to a specific situation, through protein identification and quantification. Though technical limitations do exist, the amount of information derived from this field increases each day. And so, there is a need for employing computational tools that enable efficient analysis of data. This project aims developing bioinformatics tools for application in proteomics. The tools here presented comprehend the following tasks: theoretical computation of isoeletric point and molecular weight of aminoacid sequences, theoretical two-dimensional electrophoresis, theoretical triptic digestion and electrophoresis simulation for peptide identification, and analysis of metabolic pathways with proteomics data
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
Rubio, Valladares Laura Elizabeth. "Caracterización de la microbiota intestinal de Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833) de medio silvestre comparación de métodos tradicionales versus métodos moleculares de identificación." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151012.
Full textEl jurel cola amarilla (Seriola lalandi) se viene cultivando en chile, durante los últimos años, y su expansión se debe a la gran demanda en el mercado internacional. El mayor conocimiento científico - técnico ha sustentado su incremento en producción, convirtiéndose en una prominente especie para el desarrollo acuícola. Dentro de las áreas de estudio en acuicultura para el aumento en producción, la nutrición ha tenido un rol relevante, que debido a los tipos de dietas, uso de antibióticos, cambia el status sanitario del pez y la composición microbiana intestinal. Estos últimos son microorganismos asociados a la microbiota normal, que otorgan beneficios como proteger al pez de ataque de patógenos y ayudar en la digestión de los ingredientes incorporados en la dieta. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de la microbiota de esta especie es muy limitada, es por eso que el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la microbiota intestinal de Seriola lalandi de medio silvestre.
Albillos, García Silvia María Ortega Santamaría Natividad Busto Núñez Ma Dolores. "Aplicación de la electroforesis capilar para el análisis y seguimiento del grado de maduración de quesos de oveja y mezcla de la provincia de Burgos." Burgos : Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Burgos, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10259/63.
Full textRecurso electrónico gratuito. Bibliografía.
Sánchez, Navarro Juan Manuel. "Síntesis y caracterización de materiales poliméricos para la separación no cromatográfica de metales nobles. Separación y determinación de iridio mediante cromatografía líquida y electroforesis capilar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96656.
Full textNuevos polímeros quelatantes con el mismo grupo funcional, basado en el sulfuro de tri-isobutilfosfina, han sido sintetizados para la separación selectiva de los Metales Nobles. Se han introducido diferentes espaciadores entre la matriz polimérica y los grupos funcionales, variando su longitud y el número de heteroátomos (O, S) presentes. Estos polímeros muestran una buena afinidad para los iones oro y plata, y una capacidad de adsorción inferior para los iones paladio, mientras que no adsorben al resto de Metales Nobles y metales base evaluados
Nous polímers quelatants amb el mateix grup funcional, basat en el sulfur de tri-isobutilfosfina, han estat sintetitzats per a la separació selectiva dels Metalls Nobles. S’han introduit diferents espaiadors entre la matriu polimèrica i els grups funcionals, variant la seva longitud i el nombre d’heteroàtoms (O, S) presents. Aquests polímers mostren una bona afinitat per als ions or i plata, i una capacitat d’adsorció inferior per als ions paladi, mentre que no adsorbeixen la resta de Metalls Nobles i metalls base avaluats
Baciu, Tatiana. "Solid-phase extraction coupled in-line to capillary electrophoresis: determination of drugs of abuse in biological samples." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458371.
Full textCabot, Canyelles Joan Marc. "Determinació de constants d’acidesa de substàncies d’interès biològic per electroforesi capil·lar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288290.
Full textThe Dissertation is then focused on the study of the acidity constant determination of drugs using this electroseparation technique, capillary electrophoresis. The acidity constant or pKa is a useful physicochemical property in drug discovery and development, where the knowledge of the ionization state of a functional group is often essential to understand the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of new potential drugs. In the past, a new method to determine acidity constants by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed by the use of an internal standard (IS), the IS-CE method. However, this method was only developed for simple monoprotic compounds. Thus, the main objective of this Thesis is to establish the IS-CE method as a high throughput method for the determination of acidity constants of bioactive compounds as well as to design a specific prototype for this method in order to implement it for the routine analysis of potential drugs in physicochemical analysis laboratories. This goal has been pursued throughout this Dissertation in order to meet the need during the development of this method. First of all, this Thesis establishes the pKa of a list of acidic and basic internal standards with different structures that covers the entire pH-range useful in capillary electrophoresis, and expands the applicability of this method to compounds with several acidity constants. Afterwards, instrumental parameters and experimental conditions are optimized in order to transform the IS-CE method into a high throughput method. Subsequently, the method is evaluated for sparingly soluble compounds in water and extended for the determination of acidity constants of highly insoluble compounds using methanol-water mixtures. At this point a specific instrumentation is designed and adapted to the IS-CE method, simplifying and accelerating the pKa determination process. Overall, the conducted scientific research has allowed the development of a consolidated fast, robust, precise and accurate method for the determination of acidity constants of bioactive compounds. Likewise, a new prototype has been designed for the implementation of this method to the analysis of potential drugs in routine laboratory of physicochemical measurements and drug discovery and development.
De, la Cruz Peralta Viridiana. "Identificación de la diversidad morfológica y genética de variedades de maíz nativo Zea mays mediante microsatélites, dentro de la comunidad de Tlachichilpa Estado de México." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/95215.
Full textEl maíz es uno de los cereales más importantes a nivel mundial, tiene importancia alimentaria, cultural y económica. México es considerado el centro de diversificación del maíz debido a la gran variedad de razas y colores existentes. La caracterización es un parámetro importante en la evaluación de la diversidad, en la generación de conocimiento de la evolución génica, y en el planteamiento de estrategias de conservación. La revaloración de los recursos genéticos ha ido renovándose por avances en técnicas biotecnológicas que permiten la caracterización mediante huella genética. En este estudio se evaluaron morfológicamente, mediante la distancia euclidiana, 4 variedades cónicas de 2 productores de la comunidad de Tlachichilpa (San Felipe), así como 3 variedades de una parcela experimental de El Cerrillo. Se usaron 6 marcadores moleculares SSR (microsatélites) con el objetivo de caracterizar la diversidad genética. Las relaciones genéticas se calcularon por el método de distancia genética de Rogers y se generó un dendrograma mediante el método de UPGMA. Morfológicamente se observó mayor distribución de las variedades en el dendrograma. También, los datos muestran que no hay distancia genética entre el maíz negro y el maíz blanco de cada productor. Por otro lado, fue evidente un flujo genético mayor para la variedad blanca con Nm=0.362 individuos que migran por generación y menor para la variedad roja con Nm=0.058 individuos que migran por generación.
Peró, Gascón Roger. "Nuevas estrategias para la mejora de la sensibilidad y la selectividad en el análisis de biomarcadores proteómicos y miRNómicos en fluidos biológicos mediante CE-MS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669938.
Full textIn recent years, an increased emphasis has been placed on the analysis of biomarker compounds in biological samples for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of numerous diseases. The leading difficulties in many of these analyses are the low concentration of the biomarkers, their structural complexity, the sample matrix effects and the limited availability of sample. In this doctoral thesis, we present novel strategies based on capillary electrophoresis- mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for the separation, detection, characterization and quantification of peptide, protein and microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers in biological fluids. MS is a powerful technique for the unequivocal identification of biomolecules due to its potential with regard to the detailed structural characterization of unknown compounds. However, due to the complexity of most biological fluids, the hyphenation of high-performance separation techniques is essential prior to MS analysis. In this regard, CE is a microscale technique that is very suitable for the separation of charged biomolecules. Nevertheless, electrophoretic separation methods must be properly optimized to achieve rapid, efficient, sensitive and high-resolution separations. In this thesis, we have investigated novel strategies to predict and optimize the separation of complex mixtures of peptides in CE. To assess these strategies, amyloid beta peptides, which are biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, were studied. A major limitation of CE is the relatively poor concentration sensitivity for most analytes due to the small sample volume that can be injected in the separation capillary. On-line solid- phase extraction capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) is a powerful approach for sample clean-up and reduction of the limits of detection. In SPE-CE, analytes from a large volume of sample are retained on a sorbent contained in a microcartridge. In unidirectional SPE-CE, the most typical configuration, the microcartridge is mounted in series to the separation capillary, inserted near the capillary inlet. After sample loading, the microcartridge is washed to remove non-selectively retained molecules. Then, the retained analytes are desorbed in a small volume of eluent, resulting in sample clean-up and concentration enhancement before electrophoretic separation and detection. In the present thesis, selective sorbents, such as immunoaffinity, aptamer affinity, immobilized metal affinity and silicon carbide sorbents have been explored in unidirectional SPE-CE-MS for the analysis of intact proteins, such as transthyretin, which is a biomarker of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I, and α-synuclein, which is related to Parkinson’s disease, protein digests and miRNAs, which are related to cancer, in biological fluids. Unidirectional SPE-CE-MS is straightforward to implement. However, this simple setup has some inherent limitations. On the one hand, the sample volumes introduced using pressure depend on the dimensions of the separation capillary. On the other hand, sample loading is conducted in the same direction as the subsequent separation. Therefore, some of the matrix components could be irreversibly adsorbed in the inner wall of the separation capillary. Furthermore, in many cases, the requirements of on-line preconcentration are incompatible with the BGE necessary for an efficient separation or sensitive MS detection. In order to overcome these drawbacks, some new configurations where the sample is introduced in an orthogonal direction to the separation have been proposed, requiring the use of valves. We have investigated SPE-CE-MS with a nanoliter valve (nvSPE-CE-MS). A nvSPE-CE-MS method with a C18 sorbent for the analysis of opioid peptides and amyloid beta peptide fragments has been developed and the advantages and disadvantages compared to the unidirectional SPE-CE- MS have been discussed. New strategies for high-throughput bottom-up analysis of proteins have also been investigated. Tryptic digestion has been traditionally conducted in solution and requires long digestion times. In contrast, immobilized enzymes allow decreasing the sample volume and the total digestion times, minimize the sample handling, improve the digestion yields, as well as to stabilize the enzyme, avoid its autoproteolysis and simplify its recovery making it reusable. In this thesis, we have investigated on-line immobilized enzyme microreactor capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (IMER-CE-MS) using microreactors packed with immobilized trypsin particles.
Torre, Gómez Carolina de la. "Aplicación de técnicas de proteómica para el estudio de enfermedades neuromusculares." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83278.
Full textProteomic techniques application to study neuromuscular diseases Nowadays, proteomics constitutes one of the most frequently used tools to study human diseases. Recent advances in proteomics, including sample preparation, mass spectrometry and data analysis, make this technology a central approach for biomedical research. Mass spectrometry is the basis for proteomics. This field has evolved very fast in terms of development of qualitative and quantative analysis of proteins, dissection of post-translational modifications and unravelling subcellular location and interactions between proteins. Neuromuscular diseases encompass a heterogeneous group of pathologies that can affect from the spinal cord, motor and sensory roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular diseases have a high impact on the health system and society because in many cases they lead to patient’s disability due to a progressive muscle weakness. The diagnosis of these diseases is based on neurological examination, electrophysiology, muscle MRI, nerve or muscle biopsy and detection of autoantibodies in patient’s sera. In this thesis we have applied different proteomic strategies to address questions related to the pathophysiology of the neuromuscular diseases studied: • The use of bidimensional electrophoresis as a tool to identify changes in protein expression in patient’s sample during the progression of the disease and after a therapeutic intervention. We have studied a patient with scleromyxedema, a dermic mucinosis that in some cases also affects skeletal muscle. Analysis of fibroblasts proliferation has been analyzed before and after treatment. • Identification of new target antigens of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with immune-mediated neuropathies. We have combined bidimensional electrophoresis and Western-blot and found autoantibodies against P2, a myelin protein. Results were validated by ELISA • The use of bidimensional electrophoresis gels stained with different dyes to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of different muscular dystrophies. We found changes common to all dystrophic samples and differential expression of some proteins specific for each muscular dystrophy. .
Pizarro, Lozano Mª Nieves. "La Influència de l'estereroquímica en el metabolisme de la 3,4-metilendioximetamfetamina (MDMA, èxtasi)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7079.
Full textLa MDMA té un centre estereogènic. Es consumeix com a racemat, però els enantiòmers tenen perfils farmacològics diferenciats. A més, la MDMA té una depuració metabòlica enantioselectiva i autoinhibible (CYP2D6).
Aquesta tesi presenta l'enantioselectivitat de la depuració metabòlica de la MDMA en consumidors recreatius participants d'un assaig clínic (dosi: 100 mg).
Es sintetitzà material de referència i es desenvolupà metodologia per a l'anàlisi enantioselectiu i diastereoselectiu dels compostos.
S'estudià l'enantioselectivitat en el metabolisme fins a 48h post-administració, obtenint-se raons (R)-MDMA/(S)-MDMA>1 i en augment amb el temps. Les raons del metabòlits majoritaris foren pràcticament constants i properes a 1, possiblement degut a la inhibició metabòlica del CYP2D6 i a la participació d'altres enzims no enantioselectius.
La MDMA es la cabeza de serie de los entactógenos. Su consumo provoca toxicidad aguda y neurodegeneración serotonérgica a medio/corto plazo. Se postula que una bioactivación metabólica podría ser responsable del desarrollo de neurotoxicidad.
La MDMA tiene un centro estereogénico. Se consume como racemato, pero los enantiómeros tienen perfiles farmacológicos diferenciados. Además, presenta depuración metabólica enantioselectiva y autoinhibible (CYP2D6).
Esta tesis presenta la enantioselectividad de la depuración metabólica de la MDMA en consumidores recreativos participantes de un ensayo clínico (dosis: 100 mg).
Se sintetizó material de referencia y se desarrolló metodología para el análisis enantioselectivo y diastereoselectivo de los compuestos.
Se estudió la enantioselectividad en el metabolismo hasta 48h post-administración, obteniéndose relaciones (R)-MDMA/(S)-MDMA>1 y en aumento con el tiempo. Las relaciones de los metabolitos mayoritarios fueron prácticamente constantes y cercanas a 1, posiblemente debido a la inhibición metabólica del CYP2D6 y a la participación de otros enzimas no enantioselectivos.
MDMA is the head of entactogenic compounds. Its consumption causes acute toxicity and mid/long term serotonergic neurodegeneration. It is postulated that a metabolic bioactivation may be responsible for development of neurotoxicity.
MDMA has a stereogenic center. It is consumed as a racemate, but its enantiomers have different pharmacological profiles. Also, MDMA presents an enantioselective and self-inhibited metabolic disposition (CYP2D6).
The present thesis shows data about enantioselective metabolic disposition of MDMA in recreative consumers that participated in a clinical trial (dose: 100 mg).
It was synthesised reference material and it was developed methodology for both enantioselective and diastereoselective analysis MDMA and its main metabolites.
It was studied the enantioselectivity in the metabolism after 48h post-administration. (R)-MDMA/(S)-MDMA ratios were >1 and increasing over time. Major metabolites ratios were practically constant and close to 1, possibly because of the metabolic inhibition of CYP2D6 and the role of other non-enantioselective enzymes.
Mancera, Arteu Montserrat. "Separación y caracterización de glicopéptidos y glicanos en fluidos biológicos. Aplicación al diagnóstico del cáncer y otras patologías." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672552.
Full textThe present thesis is focused on the development of novel analytical methods for the identification and separation of glycopeptides and glycans by microseparative techniques coupled to mass spectrometry. Although the analysis of glycopeptides is a commonly used strategy for glycan characterization of biopharmaceuticals, the detection of low abundant glycopeptides that could be essential to differentiate endogenous and recombinant variants of certain proteins continues to be a challenge. In this thesis, methods to selectively enrich glycopeptides from glycoprotein digests were developed using recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) as model glycoprotein. On the other hand, alterations in glycan structures have been described in presence of important inflammatory processes and many types of cancer. As certain glycan isomers or linkage-types have been related to specific pathologies, the in depth characterization of glycan isomer linkage-types has aroused great interest in last years. In this regard, different methodologies were established in this thesis to characterize human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (hAGP) glycan isomers, whose glycosylation has been described to be altered in several diseases. Exoglycosidase digestions, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) as well as ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) were used with this purpose. Finally, the established method for glycan isomer separation in combination with the GRIL strategy with [12C6]/[13C6]aniline was used in this thesis to evaluate possible glycan isomer modifications in two acute-phase proteins, hAGP and mouse transferrin (mTf), caused by certain inflammatory diseases and cancer. Moreover, multivariate data tools, such as PCA and PLS-DA, were also employed in these studies to identify glycan-based biomarker candidates.
Hernández, Navarro Sergi. "Colloidal Dispersions in Fluid Media: Electric, Magnetic and Light Control." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/292362.
Full textDurant aquesta tesi, he treballat amb dispersions de partícules en l'aigua, així com també amb dispersions en cristall líquid nemàtic (NLC). Com a primer estudi d'aquesta tesi, he investigat la influència de camps elèctrics en dispersions col·loïdals de partícules sòlides en un medi aquós. He estudiat l'agregació de partícules col·loïdals isotròpiques (esfèriques) i anisomètriques allargades (amb forma de pera) en un medi aquós confinat en dues dimensions, quan se sotmet a un camp elèctric de corrent alterna (AC) perpendicular a la superfície de confinament. En un segon estudi he demostrat que es poden utilitzar inclusions anisomètriques paramagnètiques per controlar localment l'orientació d’un NLC, per mitjà de camps magnètics febles. Per entendre millor el fenomen també he desenvolupat un model teòric basat en la densitat d'energia lliure del NLC. A més, he estat capaç de generar patrons complexos, que també s’expliquen amb model proposat. En la tercera fase d'aquest projecte, he investigat el moviment controlat d'inclusions micromètriques disperses en NLC, impulsades per un corrent altern (AC) a traves d’un mecanisme anomenat “electroforesi habilitada per cristall líquid” (LCEEP). He demostrat que microgotes aquoses es poden propulsar per LCEEP. Es pot fer que aquestes microgotes transportin micropartícules sòlides de poliestirè, o dur a terme una reacció química mitjançant la coalescència de dos microgotes que contenen reactius separats. A més, també he demostrat el control de l'activació o desactivació de la LCEEP mitjançant l'ús de partícules fotosensibles, en funció de la irradiació UV-visible. En l'última part d’aquesta tesi he desenvolupat una nova tècnica per a controlar separadament la propulsió i la direcció de moviment de les partícules transportades per LCEEP. Mitjançant l’ús de patrons fotoinduïts, es poden formar i controlar dinàmicament conjunts de partícules en un medi de NLC. Aquests eixams es formen, es transporten i es dirigeixen dinàmicament per irradiació local amb llum UV. Amb aquesta tècnica he pogut demostrat diferents aplicacions potencials: des de la formació i reconfiguració de xarxes cristal·lines compostes d'eixams de partícules, a la segregació de partícules de diferents mides, així com l'emmagatzematge i posterior alliberament d'un eixam dins d’un canal micromètric, o la formació de jets de partícules. Tots aquests fenòmens revelen noves possibilitats en el camp del transport col·lectiu d'inclusions propulsades.
Romero, Gamero Miguel Ángel. "Desarrollo de nuevas metodologías analíticas en el control de calidad de la industria famacéutica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3127.
Full textEC se ha utilizado para el desarrollo y la validación de un método para la separación y determinación de los componentes de un preparado farmacéutico. Dado el carácter iónico de los componentes, se trabaja con la modalidad de electroforesis capilar de zona (CZE). La resolución y alta eficacia obtenidas permiten aplicar este método tanto a la determinación del contenido en principio activo como al seguimiento de la estabilidad del preparado. Para resolver los seis posibles isómeros posicionales de un producto derivado del preservante del fármaco se han comparado tres opciones: HPLC, CZE y la cromatografía electrocinética micelar (MEKC). Ésta última es la que permite obtener la mejor resolución, separando cinco de los seis isómeros posibles.
NIR ha sido aplicado tanto en análisis cualitativo como en el análisis cuantitativo de distintos fármacos. La identificación se ha realizado desarrollando bibliotecas de espectros y para mejorar la discriminación entre productos semejantes se ha propuesto una estrategia de trabajo de bibliotecas en cascada (identificación en la biblioteca general y si es necesario en una segunda más restringida y discriminante) que permiten identificar completamente una muestra. También se ha utilizado la técnica NIR en el desarrollo de métodos para la determinación de los principios activos en dos preparados farmacéuticos con presentaciones distintas: un granulado y un gel. Para el granulado, se han comparado distintas estrategias posibles en el desarrollo del método, mientras que para el gel se han discutido las posibilidades para el registro de los espectros. Ambos métodos han sido desarrollados y validados con éxito.
Las metodologías analíticas desarrolladas han demostrado su eficacia en la resolución de varios aspectos del control de calidad farmacéutico. Tanto la electroforesis capilar como la espectroscopia NIR poseen un gran potencial como alternativas a los métodos ya implantados, permitiendo optimizar tiempos y costes.
The high number and diversity of analytical tests required for pharmaceutical products encourages the development of expeditious and reliable analytical methods. Nowadays, the application of analytical techniques to obtain results more and economic and rapidly is a very active research field in pharmaceutical industry. In this work, two recently appeared techniques: capillary electrophoresis (CE) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), have been used in the development of analytical methodologies for different drug products. Despite its differences, both techniques have been successfully applied to solve different analytical problems.
CE has been used in the development and validation of a method for separation and determination of all components in a formulation. Due to ionic condition of all components, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been chosen as the better electrophoretic mode. The high resolution and efficiency obtained allow to apply this method not only in the determination of the active substance but also for stability control of the formulation. In order to resolve the six possible isomers of a product derived of the preservative in the formulation, three different options have been compared: HPLC, CZE and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Characteristics of the last, which includes a surfactant as pseudostationary phase, allow to obtain a higher resolution, resolving five of the six possible isomers.
NIR has been applied in qualitative and quantitative analysis. In qualitative analysis, NIR has been used in the development of spectral libraries for identifying a vast number of products. A new strategy has been proposed, with the design of cascade libraries (a first identification in a general library and, if necessary, a second one in a more reduced and discriminating sub-library) for complete identification of a sample. In quantitative analysis, NIR has been employed in the development of methods for determining the active in two drug products with different presentations: a granulate and a hydrogel. In the granulate method, different calibration strategies have been compared, while in the hydrogel method the spectral register method has been discussed. Both methods have been successfully developed and validated, yielding very good results.
Analytical methodologies developed have confirmed its usefulness for pharmaceutical quality control. Both CE and NIR show a great potential as alternative methods to conventional techniques, allowing the optimisation of costs and times of analysis.
Medina, Casanellas Sílvia. "Anàlisi de biomarcadors neuropeptídics en fluids biològics per SPE-CE-MS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128569.
Full textThe determination of peptide biomarkers in biological fluids has become crucial for the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of numerous disorders. This doctoral thesis explores several on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (SPE-CE-MS) methodologies for the analysis of peptide biomarkers that are found at low concentration in complex matrices, such as opioid peptides. Several commercial sorbents have been compared for the analysis of opioid peptides by SPE-CE using microcartridges with frits and the C18 sorbent has provided the best results for the analysis of human plasma samples. The saturation of the on-line SPE microcartridge has been prevented by a double-step sample clean-up pretreatment that consists of precipitation with acetonitrile and centrifugal filtration. The coupling of SPE-CE with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) by a conventional sheathflow interface has provided better LODs. In order to detect lower concentrations, the combination of SPE-CE with the electrophoretic preconcentration technique transient isotachophoresis (tITP) has demonstrated to be a good alternative. The performances of frit and fritless microcartridges have been compared for the analysis of opioid peptides by C18-SPE-CE-UV and C18-SPE-CE-TOF-MS. A recently developed sheathless nanoelectroespray (nanoESI) interface based on a porous tip has also been evaluated for the analysis of opioid peptides by CE-TOF-MS and a C18-SPE-CE-TOF-MS using a novel fritless microcartridge. Finally, two different procedures for the preparation of immunoaffinity sorbents (IA) have been explored: the immobilization of intact antibodies (immunoglobulin G, IgG) or IgG fragments (antigen binding fragment, Fab’) to silica particles. Two IA sorbents against Endomorphins 1 and 2 have been prepared following the established procedures. IA-SPE-CE-TOF-MS methodologies have been optimized and evaluated for the analysis of standards solutions of End1 and End2 and human plasma samples. The suitability of an immunoaffinity sorbent with IgG has also been explored for the analysis of large biomolecules by IA-SPE-CE-TOF-MS using the glycoprotein transferrin as a model.
Astefanei, Alina. "Analysis and characterisation of fullerene nanoparticles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/346062.
Full textLos fulerenos son cada vez más utilizados en medicina (administración de fármacos), en procesos ambientales (remediación) y en la industria (células solares) debido a sus propiedades estructurales y electrónicas únicas. En este contexto, es importante aumentar el conocimiento actual con respecto a las características, el comportamiento, el destino y la toxicidad de los fulerenos, una nueva clase de contaminantes emergentes orgánicos. Por lo tanto, es cada vez es más importante ser capaz de caracterizar y cuantificar las nanopartículas de fulerenos en una amplia gama de tipos de matriz y para este fin, se necesita el desarrollo de métodos analíticos para su análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Además de la determinación de las concentraciones de fulerenos en matrices complejas, se requiere su caracterización en términos de grado de agregación, distribución del tamaño y morfología de la superficie en soluciones acuosas de diferentes características (fuerza iónica y pH) con el fin de proporcionar herramientas para establecer su riesgo. En esta tesis se han establecido metodologías para el análisis de ocho fulerenos en muestras ambientales (agua y sedimentos) por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se ha detectado por la primera vez la presencia de tres derivados de fulerenos. Además, se ha desarollado metodología para el análisis de fulerenos hidrofobicos y solubles en agua mediante la electroforesis capilar en medio no-acuoso (NACE) y la cromatografía capilar electrocinética micelar (MECC) y los metodos se han aplicado para la determinación de C60 en productos cosmeticos. Por último, se ha estudiado el comportamiento de agregación de los fulerenos en soluciones acuosas de diferentes características (pHs, fuerzas iónicas) mediante diferentes técnicas (electroforesis capilar (CE), asymetrical flow-field flow fractionation (AF4), microscopia electrónica de transmisión (TEM)). En este contexto se han determinado los tamaños de los agregados formados en las condiciones evaluadas, y la morfología de las partículas.
Barrabés, Vera Sílvia. "Detecció de la Ribonucleasa 1 anòmalament glicosilada en sèrums humans: possible ús com a marcador tumoral del càncer de pàncreas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7626.
Full textPancreatic adenocarcinoma has one of the highest mortality rates of all neoplasias and it has no specific markers. In this work, possible alterations in the glycan structures of human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1) present in serum are investigated with the aim of determining its diagnostic utility. Serum and endothelial RNase 1 glycan structures have been described and an increase of biantennary structures with Fc in serum RNasen 1 from pancreatic cancer patients could be observed, what can be of diagnosis utility. Also, due to the high similarity between serum RNase 1 and endothelial RNase 1 glycan structures, it was concluded that endothelium can be the main producer of serum RNase 1. RNase 1 was also evaluated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and a correlation between the sialic acid content and the observed pI decrease could be establish, what may be very significant for understanding and interpreting two-dimensional maps from other glycoproteins.
Pont, Villanueva Laura. "Detección y caracterización de péptidos, proteínas y glicoproteínas como biomarcadores en fluidos biológicos. Aplicación al diagnóstico y seguimiento de diversas patologías." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462905.
Full textThe present thesis is focused on the separation, detection and characterization of proteins, glycoproteins and metabolites in biological fluids that may be able to act as disease biomarkers. Specifically, it addresses the analysis of amyloidotic neurodegenerative and cancer biomarkers from different proteomics and metabolomics perspectives, depending on the analytical and the sample preparation strategies employed: (i) targeted or untargeted strategies and (ii) top-down or bottom-up strategies (only in the case of proteomics analysis). Furthermore, different microscale separation techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE), capillary liquid chromatography (CapLC) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), all of them hyphenated to mass spectrometry (CE-MS, CapLC-MS and IM-MS, respectively) are evaluated for the analysis of different proteins and metabolites of interest. Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric protein known to misfold and aggregate causing different types of amyloidosis. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I (FAP-I), which is the most common hereditary systemic amyloidosis, is associated with a TTR variant that presents a single amino acid substitution of valine for methionine at position 30 of the monomeric sequence (Met30). In this thesis, we describe different off-line and on-line immunoprecipitation (IP) procedures under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions for the isolation of TTR from healthy controls and FAP-I human serum samples prior analysis by CE- MS, CapLC-MS and IM-MS. The obtained results permit us to propose complementary and reliable methods to screen, diagnose, and follow-up patients with suspected TTR amyloidosis, as well as to gain a novel insight into the structural changes on TTR proteoforms or oligomers to understand the mechanism underlying FAP-I. Huntington’s disease (HD) is also subject of study of this thesis. HD is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat in the exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (HTT), which encodes a stretch of glutamines in the huntingtin protein that make it prone to form amyloid fibrils. However, the mechanisms involving aggregation onset or progression are not fully understand yet. Therefore, studies targeting metabolism as an alternative to the huntingtin protein are regarded as necessary. The present thesis describes the optimization of a plasma pretreatment for optimized recovery of low molecular mass compounds prior to on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry with a C18 chromatographic sorbent (C18-SPE-CE-MS), a novel sensitive method for on-line sample clean-up and concentration enhancement in metabolomics studies. Moreover, it presents the capacity of the C18-SPE-CE-MS methodology to analyze low molecular mass compounds in plasma samples from wild-type (wt) and HD mice in combination with advanced chemometric data analysis tools, such as multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), for the identification of potential metabolite biomarker candidates involved in HD progression, which could provide a window of opportunity for prediction of disease onset, evaluation of HD early progression and response to treatment. Colorectal cancer (CRC) and liver metastatic disease are also studied in this thesis. Specifically, human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a highly N-glycosylated protein (60% m/m of glycans and 28 N-linked glycosylation sites) found in normal human colonic epithelial cells, as well as in tumor forming CRC cell lines. Despite the demonstrated usefulness of CEA as a biomarker for monitoring CRC and liver metastatic disease patients’ therapy, improvement in the selectivity of CEA detection remains a challenge for clinical tumor diagnosis. This thesis describes a multienzyme sheathless capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry (CE- MS/MS) strategy for the N-glycosylation analysis of CEA samples purified from human colon carcinoma and human liver metastases. The obtained results permit us to propose novel potential N-glycopeptide markers, which could provide important biologic information on how N-glycosylation may influence CEA structure in CRC and liver metastatic disease.
Hernández, Socías Margarita. "Determinació d'antibiòtics en mostres biològiques per electroforesi capil·lar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8989.
Full textThe main objective of this Thesis is the development of analytical methods for determining several antibiotic families by capillary electrophoresis.
Other objective of this Thesis is the application of capillary electrophoresis as analytical technique for determining antibiotic residues in biological samples. These samples are very complex and for this reason we have developed pretreatment systems for extracting the compounds from the matrix and to diminish the amount of interfering substances.
In the other way, one of the most important disadvantages in capillary electrophoresis is that usually we can not determine low concentrations. For this reason another objective of this Thesis is to study several ways to decrease detection limits of capillary electrophoresis system. Thus we have studied several on-column preconcentration systems, such as field amplified sample injection and capillary isotacophoresis. These systems are able to increase rapidly and simply the sensibility of the system several magnitude orders.
By this way in this Thesis we have developed several analytical methods for determining several antibiotics and antibiotic families in different types of biological samples. We have studied the following antibiotic families: penicillins, quinolones, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. Moreover, they have been analysed in several biological samples, such as plasma and different tissue samples (e.g. liver, kidney and muscle). All of these studies have been developed in animal samples except in one of them in which it was developed in human serum.
This Doctoral Thesis is structured in four chapters. The first one includes an introduction in which is explained the antibiotic concept and is described the legislation which controls the administration of antibiotics in animals, and explains the necessity of developing analytical methods to determine residues at low levels in biological samples.
The second one includes a review about several papers in which are developed the analysis of antibiotics in biological samples. There is described which are the systems more used in this kind of studies and the use of capillary electrophoresis as a real and suitable alternative. Moreover, this chapter includes a copy of work which analyzed antibiotics in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis. This work will be published in an international journal, Trends in Analytical Chemistry.
The third chapter includes the experimental part of this Thesis. By this way, this chapter includes the eight works published in international journals (Electrophoresis, Journal of Chromatography B and Chromatographia). Before each paper there is included a brief explanation about the paper contents. Some of published papers are based in the study of several types of pretreatment systems. And the other works include comparative studies to determine which is the best system to increase system sensitivity.
The last chapter describes the conclusions obtained through these works.
DETERMINACIÓ D´ANTIBIÒTICS EN MOSTRES BIOLÒGIQUES PER ELECTROFORESI CAPIL·LAR
L'objectiu fonamental de la present Tesi Doctoral ha estat desenvolupar mètodes analítics per dur a terme la determinació de diferents famílies d'antibiòtics per electroforesi capil·lar.
Un altre objectiu de la present Tesi Doctoral ha estat aplicar l'electroforesi capil·lar com a tècnica analítica per a la determinació de residus d'antibiòtics en mostres biològiques. Degut a la complexitat d'aquestes mostres ha estat necessari desenvolupar sistemes de pretractament de les mostres per tal d'extreure els analits de la matriu i disminuir d'aquesta manera la quantitat de substàncies interferents degudes als components de la matriu de la mostra, els quals molts cops es troben a concentracions molt majors que els compostos d'interès.
Per altra banda, un dels principals inconvenients de l'electroforesi capil·lar és que en molts casos no és una tècnica el suficientment sensible per tal de determinar concentracions baixes. És per això que un altre objectiu d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral ha estat estudiar maneres d'augmentar la sensibilitat del sistema. S'han estudiat sistemes de preconcentració on-column, com és la injecció de grans volums de mostra i la isotacoforesi capil·lar. Aquests sistemes es caracteritzen perque permeten augmentar de manera ràpida i simple la sensibilitat del sistema diversos ordres de magnitud.
D'aquesta manera en la present Tesi Doctoral s'han desenvolupat diferents mètodes analítics per a la determinació de diferents antibiòtics i famílies d'antibiòtics en diferents tipus de mostres biològiques. Les famílies d'antibiòtics estudiades han estat les penicil·lines, les quinolones, les tetraciclines i els aminoglicòsids. I s'han analitzat en diferents tipus de mostres biològiques com són plasma i diferents teixits (fetge, ronyó i múscul). En tots els casos els estudis s´han realitzat en mostres animals, excepte en un cas en el que es va desenvolupar l´estudi en sèrum humà.
Aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'ha estructurat en quatre capítols. En el primer es fa una introducció al concepte d'antibiòtic i es descriu la normativa que hi ha establerta per a la seva administració en animals així com la necessitat de desenvolupar estudis de residus que permetin determinar els antibiòtics a baixos nivells de concentració en les mostres biològiques.
En el segon capítol es mostra una revisió actualitzada de l'estat d'investigació en el camp dels antibiòtics. Es descriu quins han estat els sistemes més utilitzats en aquestes anàlisis i l'alternativa que suposa l'ús de l'electroforesi capil·lar en aquests estudis degut a les seves característiques. Aquest capítol inclou els diferents sistemes de tractament de mostres així com es descriuen diferents sistemes de preconcentració on-column per electroforesi capil·lar. Aquest mateix capítol inclou una còpia del treball que serà publicat a la revista internacional "Trends in Analytical Chemistry" que va sorgir arrel de l'estudi bibliogràfic sobre l'anàlisi d'antibiòtics en mostres biològiques per electroforesi capil·lar.
En el tercer capítol s'inclou la part experimental realitzada en aquesta Tesi Doctoral. Aquest capítol es divideix en vuit apartats que corresponen als vuit treballs publicats en revistes internacionals ("Electrophoresis", "Journal of Chromatography B" i "Chromatographia"). Cada apartat inclou una breu explicació del que s'ha estudiat en el treball així com una còpia del treball publicat. En alguns dels treballs s'han desenvolupat mètodes analítics basats en l'estudi de sistemes de pretractament de les mostres biològiques per tal de dur a terme l'anàlisi dels antibiòtics. S´ha determinat quins tipus de tractament és més adequat en funció de l´antibiòtic i de la mostra. També en aquests treballs s'han desenvolupat estudis comparatius per tal de determinar quins sistemes de preconcentració resulten més efectius per tal d'augmentar la sensibilitat del sistema i com varien els resultats en funció de la família d'antibiòtics que s'està estudiant.
Finalment, en el quart capítol es descriu a quines conclusions s'ha arribat després de l'estudi de recerca realitzat així com dels resultats obtinguts a la part experimental.
Guerrero, Barrado Pedro Enrique. "Altered glycosylation in pancreatic cancer: development of new tumor markers and therapeutic strategies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671007.
Full textEl adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático o PDA, es el tipo más frecuente de cáncer de páncreas. El PDA es uno de los tumores más letales, con tasas de supervivencia extremadamente bajas, debido principalmente al diagnóstico tardío y su amplia resistencia a las terapias actuales. La expresión de antígenos carbohidratos asociados a tumores como el SLeX potencia varias características tumorales como la migración celular o metástasis, por lo cual representa una buena fuente de nuevas dianas terapéuticas y biomarcadores. En este trabajo, se ha estudiado el efecto de la inhibición de la expresión de los principales genes que codifican para las enzimas responsables de la biosíntesis de SLeX en sus etapas finales (las α2,3-sialiltransferasas). El silenciamiento de ST3GAL3 y ST3GAL4 en dos líneas celulares de PDA produjo a una reducción significativa en los niveles de SLeX. Este descenso se asoció con una disminución en la migración, invasión y adhesión celular a E-selectina, disminuyendo el potencial metastásico del PDA. Además, mediante técnicas glico-proteómicas, pudimos identificar la glicoproteína MFAP4 portadora de SLeX como potencial biomarcador de PDA, ya que esta glicoforma solo fue detectada en la cohorte de muestras de tejido de PDA
Subirats, i. Vila Xavier. "Solvents orgànics en electroforesi capil·lar i cromatografia de líquids." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2734.
Full textL'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral en relació a la cromatografia de líquids ha residit en l'establiment d'un model que expliqui la variació del pH en fases mòbils hidroorgàniques en funció de la fracció del solvent orgànic. El pH de la fase mòbil condiciona el grau d'ionització dels anàlits amb propietats àcid/base, i en funció d'aquesta ionització es produeixen variacions significatives en la retenció cromatogràfica dels anàlits, que poden afectar notablement la selectivitat. Aquest model s'ha desenvolupat pels dos solvents orgànics més usats en HPLC, acetonitril i metanol, i pels sistemes amortidors més comuns (amoni/amoníac, àcid acètic/acetat, àcid fosfòric/dihidrogenfosfat/hidrogenfosfat i àcid cítric/dihidrogencitrat/hidrogencitrat/ citrat) a les concentracions de treball més habituals (de 0.001 a 0.1 mol·L-1), fins a un 60% en volum de modificador orgànic per l'acetonitril i un 80% pel metanol.
Un cop desenvolupat i avaluat el model, el segon objectiu ha consistit en la interpretació i l'estimació dels temps de retenció cromatogràfics d'anàlits amb propietats àcid/base, en termes de la variació dels seus valors de pKa i del pH de les fases mòbils hidroorgàniques en funció del contingut del solvent orgànic.
En relació a l'electroforesi capil·lar zonal (CZE) el primer objectiu ha consistit en la caracterització del nitrometà com a solvent orgànic d'ús en electroforesi capil·lar no aquosa (NACE), en estudiar la viabilitat de la detecció conductimètrica i ultraviolada, la dependència de la mobilitat dels ions en funció de la força iònica del medi, l'establiment d'una escala adequada de pH i fenòmens d'associació. El segon objectiu ha residit en la resolució d'un problema analític concret, la separació d'un fàrmac antidepressiu atípic poc soluble en aigua de dos dels seus metabòlits principals, usant electroforesi capil·lar amb solvents no aquosos, concretament metanol i acetonitril.
"Organic solvents in capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography"
TEXT:
The use of methanol- and acetonitrile- aqueous buffer mobile phases in RP-HPLC is a common election when performing chromatographic separations of ionisable analytes. The addition of organic solvent to the aqueous buffer to prepare such a mobile phase changes the buffer capacity and the pH of the solution. In this thesis work, the variation of these buffer properties is studied for acetic acid-acetate, phosphoric acid-dihydrogenphosphate-hydrogenphosphate, citric acid-dihydrogencitrate-hydrogencitrate-citrate, and ammonium-ammonia buffers. It is well established that the pH change of the buffers depends on the initial concentration and aqueous pH of the buffer, on the percentage of organic solvent added, and on the particular buffer used. The proposed equations allow the pH estimation of methanol- and acetonitrile-water buffered mobile phases up to 80% and 60%, respectively, in volume of organic modifier from initial aqueous buffer pH and buffer concentration (before adding the organic modifier) between 0.001 and 0.01 mol L−1. From both the estimated pH values of the mobile phase and the estimated pKa of the ionisable analytes, it is possible to predict the degree of ionisation of the analytes and therefore, the interpretation of acid-base analytes behaviour in a particular hydroorganic buffered mobile phase.
Nitromethane has several properties that make it an interesting solvent for capillary electrophoresis especially for lipophilic analytes that are not sufficiently soluble in water. In the present thesis we investigated the change of electrophoretically relevant analyte properties (mobilities and pKa values) in nitromethane in dependence on the most important experimental conditions determined by the background electrolyte: the ionic strength and the pH.
Sertindole, an atypical antipsychotic drug, was separated by capillary electrophoresis from its two main metabolites norsertindole and dehydrosertindole. The low solubility of the analytes in water was overcome by the use of methanol and acetonitrile as solvents for the background electrolyte.
Belda, Palazón Borja. "Hipusinación del factor de traducción eIF5A dependiente de poliaminas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/48474.
Full textBelda Palazón, B. (2014). Hipusinación del factor de traducción eIF5A dependiente de poliaminas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48474
TESIS
Jiménez, Meneses Pilar. "Study of substrate modulation and bioreceptor anchoring for the development of high performance microarrays." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/137993.
Full text[ES] La presente tesis tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de nuevas aproximaciones capaces de mejorar el rendimiento de los microarrays. Aspectos como la naturaleza de las superficies y las sondas, la funcionalización de los sustratos, la impresión, la inmovilización y la detección de las sondas se consideraron en el proceso de fabricación. Dentro de todas estas características, la modulación de la superficie y el anclaje de la sonda fueron los aspectos más desafiantes, ya que la interfaz es clave para la inmovilización de los receptores y la posterior detección, lo que determinará el rendimiento del dispositivo final. En este trabajo, se han desarrollado dos tipos de microarrays, uno para oligonucleótidos y otro para anticuerpos. Luego, se ha realizado una caracterización de los logros alcanzados. Todas las rutas tienen en común el uso de la luz para catalizar la unión de los biorreceptores en los sustratos de la superficie, empleando reacciones de la química clic. En el primer capítulo, se facilita una visión general del estado del arte de la tecnología de microarrays con un enfoque especial en los aspectos principales del diseño de microarrays. En el segundo capítulo, se establecen los objetivos de esta tesis doctoral. Estos objetivos generales se abordan en los siguientes capítulos experimentales. En el tercer capítulo, se estudia el efecto de la hidrofobia y el uso de sondas con múltiples puntos de unión, en el rendimiento del microarray. De este modo, se llevó a cabo la modulación de superficies vidrio con grupos alquenilo y alquinilo para el anclaje de sondas de oligonucleótidos mono y multitioladas mediante las reacciones de foto anclaje del tiol-eno y tiol-ino, respectivamente. Las superficies modificadas con el silano más hidrofóbico (alquinilo) y las sondas politioladas ancladas, revelaron mejores rendimientos. Estos sistemas de microarrays se aplicaron a la discriminación de SNPs y a la detección de productos de PCR de bacterias. En el cuarto capítulo, se realiza un diseño racional para la preparación de microarrays de anticuerpos. El enfoque de inmovilización muestra el anclaje orientado de los fragmentos de anticuerpos que contienen tiol sobre superficies de vidrio alqueniladas mediante reacción de foto anclaje del tiol-eno. De esta forma, se demuestra la detección multiplexada de biomarcadores cardíacos. El microarray diseñado muestra una mayor capacidad de reconocimiento en comparación con los microarrays de anticuerpos completos. En el quinto capítulo, se ha desarrollado una nueva metodología para mejorar el anclaje de oligonucleótidos tiolados. Dado el interés en modificar superficies altamente hidrófobas, se establece una nueva reacción fotoinducida. Gracias a las características de la llamada "reacción de fotoacoplamiento de fluor-tiol", se logró la inmovilización de sondas tioladas a superficies que contienen enlaces C-F de una manera rápida, fácil y biocompatible con medios acuosos. La hidrofobicidad de las superficies se controló para obtener hibridaciones exitosas. Debido a la alta hidrofobicidad de las superficies, se logra un gran confinamiento de las sondas, lo que permite la aproximación de los analitos solo donde está unida la sonda, manteniendo una alta repulsión en la superficie restante. Las superficies de vidrio perfluoradas mejoraron las densidades de inmovilización y la capacidad de detección, con respecto a las superficies alqueniladas y alquiniladas, y también, permitieron la discriminación de SNPs y la detección de productos de PCR bacterianos. En el sexto capítulo, se exploran otras superficies diferentes al vidrio. Por lo tanto, membranas de fluoruro de polivinilideno se emplearon como sustratos para el desarrollo de microarrays de oligonucleótidos. Para ello, se desarrolló un proceso de funcionalización rápido, fácil y suave, mediante el empleo de irradiación UV y la química de los organosilanos.
[CAT] La present tesi doctoral es centra en l'estudi de noves aproximacions capaces de millorar el rendiment dels microarrays. Aspectes com ara la naturalesa de les superfícies i les sondes, la funcionalització dels substrats, la impressió, la immobilització i la detecció de les sondes es van considerar en el procés de fabricació. Dins de totes aquestes característiques, la modulació de la superfície i l'ancoratge de la sonda van ser els aspectes més desafiadors, ja que la interfície és clau per a la immobilització dels receptors i la posterior detecció, la qual cosa determinarà el rendiment del dispositiu final. En aquest treball, s'han desenvolupat dos tipus de microarrays, un per a oligonucleòtids i un altre per a anticossos. Després, s'ha realitzat una caracterització dels resultats aconseguits. Totes les rutes tenen en comú l'ús de la llum per a catalitzar la unió dels biorreceptores en els substrats de la superfície, emprant reaccions de la química clic. En el primer capítol, es facilita una visió general de l'estat de l'art de la tecnologia de microarrays amb un enfocament especial en els aspectes principals del disseny de microarrays. En el segon capítol, s'estableixen els objectius d'aquesta tesi doctoral. Aquests objectius generals s'aborden en els següents capítols experimentals. En el tercer capítol, s'estudia l'efecte de la hidrofòbia i l'ús de sondes amb múltiples punts d'unió, en el rendiment del microarray. D'aquesta manera, es va dur a terme la modulació de superfícies de vidre amb grups alquenil i alquinil per a l'ancoratge de sondes de oligonucleòtids mono i multitiolades mitjançant les reaccions de foto ancoratge del tiol-doble enllaç i tiol-triple enllaç, respectivament. Les superfícies modificades amb el silà més hidrofòbic (alquinil) i les sondes politiolades ancorades, van revelar els millors rendiments. Aquests sistemes de microarrays es van aplicar a la discriminació de SNPs i a la detecció de productes de PCR de bacteris. En el quart capítol, es realitza un disseny racional per a la preparació de microarrays d'anticossos. L'enfocament d'immobilització mostra l'ancoratge orientat dels fragments d'anticossos que contenen el grup tiol sobre superfícies de vidre alquenilades mitjançant reacció de foto ancoratge del tiol-doble enllaç. D'aquesta forma, es demostra la detecció multiplexada de biomarcadors cardíacs. El microarray dissenyat mostra una major capacitat de reconeixement en comparació amb els microarrays d'anticossos complets. En el cinqué capítol, s'ha desenvolupat una nova metodologia per a millorar l'ancoratge de oligonucleòtids tiolats. Donat l'interés de modificar superfícies altament hidròfobes, s'estableix una nova reacció fotoinduïda. Gràcies a les característiques de l'anomenada "reacció de fotoacoplament de fluor-tiol", es va aconseguir la immobilització de sondes tioladas a superfícies que contenen enllaços C-F d'una manera ràpida, fàcil i biocompatible amb medis aquosos. La hidrofobicitat de les superfícies es va controlar per a obtindre bones hibridacions reeixides. A causa de l'alta hidrofobicidad de les superfícies, s'aconsegueix un gran confinament de les sondes, la qual cosa permet l'aproximació dels anàlits únicament on està unida la sonda i manté una alta repulsió en la superfície restant. Les superfícies de vidre perfluorades van millorar les densitats d'immobilització i la capacitat de detecció, respecte a les superfícies alquenilades i alquinilades, i també van permetre la discriminació de SNPs i la detecció de productes de PCR bacterians. En el sisé capítol, s'exploren altres superfícies diferents al vidre. Per tant, membranes de fluorur de polivinilidé es van emprar com a substrats per al desenvolupament de microarrays d'oligonucleòtids. Per a això, es va desenvolupar un procés de funcionalització ràpid, fàcil i suau, mitjançant l'ús d'irradiació UV i la química dels organosilan
Agradecer al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, por su programa de becas doctorales FPI
Jiménez Meneses, P. (2020). Study of substrate modulation and bioreceptor anchoring for the development of high performance microarrays [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/137993
TESIS
Cugat, Tomàs Maria Josep. "Determinació de compostos aromàtics sulfonats en aigües per electroforesi capil·lar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9034.
Full textEls benzensulfonats (BZS) i els naftalensulfonats (NS), objecte d'aquest estudi, constitueixen un grup important de compostos aromàtics sulfonats. L'electroforesi capil·lar ha esdevingut una de les tècniques analítiques més utilitzades en els darrers anys per la seva determinació.
En la present tesi s'han desenvolupat:
-nous mètodes de separació, emprant l'electroforesi capil·lar per zones (CZE) i la cromatografia micel·lar electrocinètica (MEKC)
-nous sistemes de preconcentració on-capillary, el sample stacking mitjançant la injecció de grans volums de mostra i un sistema de preconcentració basat en els procediments isotacoforètics emprant un únic capil·lar per la preconcentració i la separació
-un nou mètode de detecció per millorar la selectivitat de la tècnica, l'acoblament CE-ESI-MS per identificar BZS i NS en aigües.
Aromatic sulfonates such as benzenesulfonates and naphthalenesulfonates are widely used in a variety of industrial processes.
They are highly soluble in water and they only have a slight tendency to adsorb on organic material. So, they are very mobile in the aquatic environment. The microbiological persistence of some BZS and NSs presents an ecotoxicological risk in natural waters.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly used for determining benzenesulfonates and naphthalenesulfonates. Because of this, two modes of CE, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), were investigated for the separation of these compounds.
CE has two major limitations: the sample injection volume is low and the optical path-length for on-capillary UV detection is short.
So, they were developed two methods using on-line preconcentration techniques: it was used a stacking procedure (LVSS) and a single-capillary configuration for performing an isotachophoretic procedure.
A CZE-ESI-MS method was optimised in order to overcoming the ambiguous identification of these analytes when they are analysed by CE. It enabled aromatic sulfonates to be identified and quantified in water samples.
Borges, Álvarez Marta. "Establiment de metodologia analítica per a la purificació, separació i caracterització de biomarcadors proteics de malalties neurodegeneratives." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119540.
Full textIn this thesis, we developed an analytical method for the purification, separation and characterization of cellular prion (PrPC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), two proteins related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), respectively. The TSEs are characterized by the accumulation of the pathological form of PrPC (PrPSc) in the brain of affected animals, whereas in ALS it is observed the formation of aggregates of SOD-1. Today, factors that initiate and regulate the interactions that lead to the formation of protein aggregates in many neurodegenerative diseases are still unknown. Some authors suggest mechanisms based on the structural changes observed between the native and the pathology protein which cold be related with the conformation, the amino acid sequence, metals or post-translational modifications. In oligomeric proteins such as SOD-1, the dissociation of oligomers to monomers before aggregation it is also considered. So, it is crucial to increase the knowledge of the structure of these proteins and the mechanisms that govern its aggregation for understanding the disease development. This paper proposes a strategy for having an efficient recovery in the purification of bovine brain PrPC using conventional purification methods that not involves immunochemical procedures. The presence of PrPC was checked at different stages by western blot (WB). Then, the separation and characterization of the SOD-1 by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry with ion trap and time of flight analyzers (CE-IT-MS and CE-TOF-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with a time of flight mass analyzer (MALDI-TOF-MS) and ion mobility mass spectrometry with power nano-electrospray ionization source (n-ESI-IM-MS) was studied. The comparison of purified SOD-1 from blood samples of healthy individuals and patients with ALS have yielded some preliminary interesting conclusions about structural changes in the protein associated with cold be related with the disease.
Ferrarezi, Ana Lúcia. "Estudos estruturais e funcionais das hemoglobinas de Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87592.
Full textOrientador: Gustavo Orlando Bonilla Rodriguez
Coorientador: Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos
Banca: Maria Luisa Schwantes
Banca: Carlos Roberto Ceron
Mestre
Ferrer, Navarro Mario. "Análisis de los proteomas de dos micoplasmas: Mycoplasma penetrans y Mycoplasma genitalium." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3549.
Full textEn la primera part del treball s'ha realitzat l'estudi del proteoma de Mycoplasma penetrans mitjançant electroforesis bidimensional i espectrometria de masses. S'ha generat un mapa de referència del proteoma d'aquest patogen humà, que compren els rangs de pH de 4 a 11 en tres finestres, de 4 a 7, de 6 a 9 i de 7 a 11NL (No lineal).
Mitjançant tinció especifica s'ha obtingut el fosfoproteoma d'aquest organisme en el rang de pH de 4 a 7, i també s'han determinat els llocs específics de fosforilació de dos proteïnes, un transportador ABC i el Factor de elongació Tu.
En la segona part del treball s'ha realitzat l'anàlisi del proteoma de Mycoplasma genitalium, ampliant la informació ja existent sobre el proteoma d'aquest patogen humà. S'ha analitzat el proteoma d'aquest organisme en fase de creixement estacionaria final utilitzant gradients estrets de pH.
Per aquest micoplasma també s'ha generat una imatge del fosfoproteoma en el rang de pH de 4 a7, i s'ha pogut, també, determinar el lloc específic de fosforilació d'una proteïna implicada en l'adhesió d'aquest micoplasma, la proteïna P110.
La memoria que se presenta está formada por dos trabajos de investigación que todo y estar relacionados entre si, forman cada uno un capítulo independiente.
En la primera parte del trabajo se ha realizado un estudio del proteoma de Mycoplasma penetrans mediante electroforesis bidimensional y espectrometría de masas. Se ha generado un mapa de referencia del proteoma de este patógeno humano, que comprende el rango de pH de 4 a 11 en tres ventanas, de 4 a 7 de 6 a 9 y de 7 a 11NL (no lineal).
Mediante tinción específica se ha obtenido el fosfoproteoma de este organismo en el rango de pH de 4 a 7, y también se han determinado los sitios específicos de fosforilación de dos proteínas, un transportador ABC y el Factor de elongación Tu.
En la segunda parte del trabajo se ha realizado un análisis del proteoma de Mycoplasma genitalium, ampliando la información ya existente sobre el proteoma de este patógeno humano. Se ha analizado el proteoma de este organismo en la fase de crecimiento estacionaria final utilizando gradientes estrechos de pH.
Para este micoplasma también se ha generado una imagen del fosfoproteoma en el rango de pH de 4 a 7, y se ha podido determinar también, el sitio específico de fosforilación de una proteína implicada en la adhesión de este micoplasma, la proteína P110.
The report herein presented is composed of two research works that although they are related, they form an independent chapter.
In the first part of this research the proteome of Mycoplasma penetrans has been analyzed using the combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
A proteome reference map of this human pathogen has been constructed including the pH ranges of 4 to 11 in three windows, from 4 to 7, from 6 to 9 and from 7 to 11NL (Non lineal).
With a specific phosphoprotein staining method, the phosphoproteome of this microorganism has been obtained in the pH range of 4 to 7. The specific phosphorylation sites have been characterized for two proteins, an ABC transporter and the Elongation Factor Tu.
In the second part of this research, the proteome of Mycoplasma genitalium has been analyzed, extending the previous information of the proteome of this human pathogen. The proteome of this microorganism has been analyzed in the final stationary growth phase using narrow pH gradients.
The phosphoproteome has been also analyzed for this microorganism using the specific phosphoprotein staining in the pH range of 4 to 7. The specific phosphorylation site has been characterized in a protein involved in adhesion, the protein P110.
Canals, Bosch Joan Miquel. "Aplicació de técniques de cromatografia líquida de proteïnes (fplc) a l'estudi de vins blancs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8675.
Full textEl treball realitzat ha consistit en la posta a punt d'un mètode de separació de les proteïnes dels vins per mitjà de tècniques de cromatografia en columna a baixes pressions, coneguda com FPLC. Aquest mètode te una gran precisió i repetibilitat. Així es poden separar les proteïnes del vi en una proteïna de 60 kDa i un nombre variable en una franja de 20 a 30 kDa, que presenten diferent càrrega elèctrica. La fracció de inferior massa molecular presenta un perfil de separació segons la carrega elèctrica diferent per las cinc varietats viníferes estudiades: chardonnay, pinot noir, macabeu, xarel.lo i parellada.
S'observa una disminució de la concentració de proteïna durant el procés de vinificació que afecta a totes les fraccions separades; no obstant aquesta davallada és major a les fraccions de 20 a 30 kDa de més càrrega elèctrica positiva, el que s'explica per una més gran reactivitat en front als compostos amb carrega negativa en el vi. S'ha estudiat la influència del temps de contacte amb els baixos fins de fermentació sobre les diferents fraccions de proteïnes sense observar cap variació significativa pel fraccionament estudiat. Al llarg de la maduració s'ha detectat un increment de la concentració de proteïna a la fracció de baixa massa molecular, mentre que la fracció de 60 kDa es manté en concentracions similars en el període estudiat. D'aquesta fracció de 20 a 30 kDa s'ha constatat un increment més gran de les proteïnes amb menys càrrega elèctrica. Després d'analitzar el fraccionament de la fracció de 20 a 30 kDa per bescanvi catiònic de les cinc varietats viníferes durant dos anys s'han observat perfils característics per cada varietat vinífera que permeten classificar-les en funció de les fraccions obtingudes, el que fa pensar en una possible eina per la caracterització varietal.
Proteins are present in white wines in small amounts (a few milligrams per litre). These proteins have a positive electric charge because their isoelectric point is higher than the pH of the wine. This charge makes them react with the negatively-charged substances in the wine, particularly polyphenols or fining agents. These proteins have a negative effect on the wine quality due to their tendency to precipitate and produce cloudiness but they are also positive because they stabilize the foam in sparkling wines and increase the permanence of the molecules responsible for the aroma of white wines.
The study consisted of establishing a method for separating proteins from wines using column chromatography techniques at low pressures known as FPLC. This method has high precision and repeatability. Thus the proteins in wine can be separated into a protein of 60 kDa and a variable number of proteins ranging from 20 to 30 kDa, which have different electrical charges. The fraction with the lowest molecular weight has a separation profile which depends on the electrical charge for the five grape varieties studied: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Macabeo, Xarel·lo and Parellada.
The protein concentration decreases during the vinification process in all the separated fractions. However, this decrease is more pronounced in the fractions from 20 to 30 kDa which had larger positive charges because they react more to the negatively-charged compounds in the wine. The effect of the contact time between the low fermentation fines and the different protein fractions was studied but no significant variation in the fractioning studied was observed. Throughout the maturation the protein concentration was seen to increase in the low molecular weight fraction, while the concentration of the 60 kDa fraction hardly changed. In the 20 to 30 kDa fraction there was a greater increase in proteins with less electrical charge. The fractioning of the 20 to 30 kDa fraction by cationic exchange of the five grape varieties was analyzed for two years and characteristic profiles were observed for each variety which enables them to be classified according to the fractions obtained. This suggests that it may be a possible tool for characterizing varieties.
Martí, i. Gregorio Vicenç. "Anàlisi i control de cianurs i productes relacionats presents en aigües residuals i dissolucions de processos industrials mitjançant electroforesi capil.lar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6460.
Full textEn la primera parte de la tesis se ha realizado un estudio detallado de las características de la técnica CE, y posteriormente se ha optimizado una metodología para aplicarla a los distintos problemas que se recogen en el resto de la memoria.
La segunda parte de la tesis se ha dedicado a la aplicación de la ce al estudio de la lixiviación con NaCN de los metales preciosos y estratégicos presentes en minerales auriferos (Au, Ag) y en convertidores de automóviles (PT, PD, RH), obteniendo finalmente un método analítico capaz de ser utilizado para el seguimiento de este tipo de procesos.
En la tercera parte de la tesis se ha realizado la determinación del cianuro libre, del débilmente ligado y del total en aguas procedentes de la industria de los recubrimientos electrolíticos y en disoluciones de cianuros oxidadas con hipoclorito, que es el método mas extendido para tratar las aguas industriales. Para analizar estas formas de cianuros, se han planteado dos soluciones, basadas en la detección indirecta y en la derivatización.
La problemática de la detección del cianuro libre (CN- y HCN (aq)) y de especies relacionadas (CNO-, SCN-, NO3, CI-, SO42- y CIO-) resuelto con la utilización de la fluorescencia indirecta con un detector prototipo con fuente láser.
La determinación de cianuros en muestras reales de disoluciones de recubrimientos electrolíticos se ha conseguido mediante su derivatizacion a NI(CN)42- utilizando una disolución de NI(II)-NH3.
Lopes, Henrique José Alves. "Caracterização de uma proteinase aspártica de Cynara cardunculus L. por electroforese em gel e espectrometria de massa." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18883.
Full textUma nova proteinase aspártica foi extraída do cardo Cynara cardunculus L., à semelhança das cardosinas A e B, através de extracção acídica, seguida de purificação em três passos. A purificação envolveu cromatografia de exclusão molecular e cromatografia de troca iónica usando uma coluna Q-Sepharose. Como a cardosina A0 não se encontrava pura efectuou-se uma nova cromatografia de troca iónica usando uma coluna de Mono Q. Após esta cromatografia obtiveram-se 4 fracções denominadas de 1P, 2P, 3P e 4P. Para cada uma destas fracções determinou-se a actividade proteolítica e a especificidade. Fizeram-se estudos de mobilidade aparente quer por SDSPAGE, quer por electroforese em condições nativas. Para as fracções 3P e 4P foi determinado o ponto isoeléctrico da proteína em condições nativas e das subunidades separadamente. Foi determinada a glicosilação dessas duas fracções. Foram, ainda, feitos estudos das fracções 3P e 4P por espectrometria de massa, utilizando electrospray. Os resultados de SDS - PAGE demonstraram não existirem diferenças de massa aparente entre a cardosina A e as fracções 1P, 2P, 3P e 4P da cardosina A0. A electroforese em condições nativas revelou diferenças ao nível de mobilidade de cada uma das fracções e entre estas e a cardosina A, o que demonstra a existência de diferenças de carga entre todas as fracções. Estudos de hidrólise da caseína total e da cadeia ß da insulina oxidada revelaram diferenças de actividade entre a cardosina A e as fracções 1P, 2P, 3P e 4P da cardosina A0. Os resultados da hidrólise da cadeia ß da insulina oxidada indicam que todas as fracções da cardosina A0 apresentam a mesma especificidade que a cardosina A e apontam no sentido de todas elas eventualmente possuírem diferenças ao nível da selectividade. A determinação do ponto isoeléctrico das fracções 3P e 4P, na forma nativa e das subunidades separadamente, permitiu verificar diferenças ao nível do ponto isoeléctrico entre elas. A revelação de géis de SDS -PAGE usando o regente de Schiff (método de PAS) permitiu constatar que as fracções 3P e 4P são glicosiladas nas duas subunidades à semelhança da cardosina A. Os estudos de espectrometria de massa dos digestos trípticos das proteinases, com e sem açúcares ligados, revelam diferenças entre a cardosina A e as fracções 3P e 4P. Todos os estudos das fracções 3P e 4P apontam para o facto de estarmos perante formas enzimáticas distintas da cardosina A possuindo pequenas diferenças ao nível da sequência peptídica e/ou da fracção glicosídica.
A new aspartic proteinase was extracted from the cardoon Cynara cardunculus L. as well as the known cardosins A and B, with acid extraction and further purification in three steps. This purification involves size exclusion and anion exchange chromatographies using Q-sepharose column. Cardosin A0 was not pure and it was resolved a new anion exchange chromatography with a Mono Q column. After this step four fractions denominated 1P, 2P, 3P and 4P were purified. For each fraction proteolytic activity and specificity was determined. Relative mobility for each fraction by SDS-PAGE and electrophoresis under native conditions was carried out. For 3P and 4P fractions isoeléctric point of native protein and subunities separately were determined. Glycosilated was determinate of fractions 3P and 4P. Studies by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation of fractions 3P and 4P were performed. Results of SDSPAGE demonstrate that do not exist apparently differences in migration of cardosin A and 1P, 2P, 3P and 4P fractions. Electrophoreses in native conditions revelled protein migration differences between fractions 1P, 2P, 3P and 4P of cardosin A0 and between this fractions and cardosin A. There results demonstrate differences of charge between all fractions. Hydrolytic studies of total casein and ß-chain of oxidised insulin revelled differences of activity between cardosin A and fractions 1P, 2P, 3P and 4P of cardosin A0. Results of hydrolysis of ß-chain of oxidised insulin indicate that all fractions of cardosin A0 have the same specificity as cardosin A and suggest eventually differences in selectivity between all fractions and cardosin A. Isoeletric point determination of fractions 3P and 4P of the native proteins and of each subunit reveal differences between them. Revelation of SDS -PAGE gels by Schiff reagent (PAS method) allowed to verify that fractions 3P and 4P are glycosilated in both subunits as cardosin A. Mass spectrometry studies of tryptic digests of fractions 3P and 4P of cardosin A0 with and without sugars linked reveal differences between cardosin A and fractions 3P and 4P of cardosin A0. All studies of fractions 3P and 4P indicate the fact that we are in the presence of enzymatic forms different from cardosin A, with small differences in peptide sequence and/or glycosydic fraction.
Macià, i. Puig Ma Alba. "Diferents estratègies per augmentar la sensibilitat en eleccroforesi capil·lar. Aplicació a la determinació de fàrmacs antiinflamatoris." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9008.
Full textLa present Tesi Doctoral s'ha centrat en la determinació de fàrmacs antiinflamatoris no esteroïdals (NSAIDs) en el medi ambient aquàtic a baixos nivells de concentració. L'interès a la determinació d'aquests ha augmentat molt darrerament degut al seu elevat consum tant en espècies humanes com en animals. Aquests fàrmacs arriben a les estacions de tractament d'aigües residuals (EDAR) a través de diferents procedències, i posteriorment aquests poden entrar en el medi ambient aquàtic degut a la seva gran estabilitat.
Diferents estudis han demostrat la determinació d'aquests fàrmacs a nivells de baixos ng·L-1 en les aigües superficials. Aquests estudis s'han realitzat principalment tant per cromatografia de gasos (GC) com per cromatografia de líquids (HPLC) emprant l'MS com a sistema de detecció. L'CE també ha estat emprada per la determinació d'aquests fàrmacs, però la seva aplicació principal ha estat en l'anàlisi de mostres biològiques.
Tot i els grans avantatges que proporciona la tècnica d'CE, aquesta presenta una baixa sensibilitat que limita la determinació d'analits a baixos nivells de concentració. Aquest fet és degut com a conseqüència del petit volum de mostra que es pot injectar en el capil·lar i del petit camí òptic que tenen els capil·lars que sutilitzen. Amb l'objectiu de millorar la sensibilitat de la tècnica i
d'ampliar la seva aplicabilitat en altres camps, com el mediambiental, el desenvolupament de diferents estratègies per a disminuir els LODs són molt importants i són objecte d'estudi de diferents grups d'investigació.
En la present Tesi Doctoral s'han aplicat i comparat diferents tècniques de preconcentració electroforètiques per la determinació d'aquests fàrmacs en els diferents modes electroforètics, com l'electroforesi capil·lar per zones (CZE), la cromatografia capil·lar de microemulsió electrocinètica (MEEKC) i la cromatografia capil·lar micel·lar electrocinètica (MEKC). La majoria d'aquestes tècniques s'han basat en la supressió del flux electroosmòtic (EOF) per eliminar la matriu de la mostra del capil·lar desprès d'haver injectat un gran volum de mostra. L'avantatge d'addicionar un supressor de l'EOF al medi electrolític és que aplicant un sol voltatge negatiu es duu consecutivament la preconcentració i la separació electroforètica.
L'aplicació d'una tècnica de preconcentració cromatogràfica, basada en l'acoblament in-line entre l'extracció en fase sòlida (SPE) i l'CE, també s'ha aplicat a la determinació de NSAIDs en una mostra d'aigua. El gran potencial de les tècniques de preconcentració tant electroforètiques com cromatogràfiques és que ha permès la determinació d'aquests fàrmacs a nivells de ng·L-1. Aquests resultats s'han obtingut emprant prèviament la tècnica d'SPE off-line per preconcentrar els analits i netejar la matriu de la mostra.
Una altra estratègia emprada per la determinació de NSAIDs en el medi ambient aquàtic ha estat l'ús de l'MS com a sistema de detecció. Aquest acoblament permet la confirmació i la identificació dels diferents analits que puguin estar presents en una mostra. D'aquesta manera, ha estat possible la determinació dels fàrmacs en estudi en aigües superficials i la identificació d'aquests en les aigües procedents de diferents estacions EDAR. En aquest cas s'han emprat com a tècniques de pretractament la tècnica d'SPE off-line, i la combinació de l'extracció líquid-líquid (LLE) i l'SPE off-line, respectivament.
The entitled Doctoral Thesis, "Diferents estratègies per augmentar la sensibilitat en electroforesi capil·lar. Aplicació a la determinació de fàrmacs antiinflamatoris", has been based on the development of different strategies to decrease the limits of detection (LODs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine anti-inflammatory drugs. The developed strategies have been based on injecting a large volume of sample into the capillary by application electrophoretic and chromatographic preconcentration techniques, and using the mass spectrometry (MS) as the detection system to increase the detection capacity of the analytes.
This Doctoral Thesis has been centred on the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment at low concentration levels. In the last years, the interest to determine them has considerably grown due to the high consume in humans and in animals. These drugs arrive in the sewage treatment plants (STPs) by different source, and subsequently these can entry into the aquatic environment due to its high stability.
Different studies have demonstrated the determination of these drugs at low ng·L-1 levels in surface waters. These studies have principally carried out by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) by using mass spectrometry as the detection system. CE has also been used to determine these drugs, but its principal application has been for the analysis of biological samples.
Although the high advantages that presents the technique, this shows a low sensitivity that overcomes the determination of analytes at low concentration levels. This is a consequence of the low amount of sample that can be injected into the capillary and the small path length. With the aim of improving the sensitivity and extending the CE applicability in others fields, such as the
environmental, then the development of different strategies to decrease the LODs are very important and these are object of studying of different research groups.
In this Doctoral Thesis have been applied and compared different electrophoretic preconcentration techniques to determine these drugs in the different electrophoretic modes, such as capillary zones electrophoresis (CZE), microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEEKC) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Frequently, in these preconcentration techniques the sample matrix has been removed from the capillary by suppressing the electroosmotic flow (EOF). The advantage of adding an EOF suppressor in the electrophoretic medium is that the preconcentration and the electrophoretic separation can consecutively be performed by applying an only negative voltage.
The application of a chromatographic preconcentration technique, based on the in-line coupling between solid phase extraction (SPE) and CE, has also been applied to determine NSAIDs in water samples. The high potential of the electrophoretic and the chromatographic preconcentracion techniques, is that allow to determine these drugs at ng·L-1 levels. These results have been obtained by using the technique off-line SPE to preconcentrate the analytes and to clean-up the sample matrix before the application of the preconcentration technique.
Other strategy used to determine NSAIDs in the aquatic environment at low levels has been the use of MS as the detection system. This coupling allows confirming and identifying the presence of the analytes in the sample. So, it has been possible the determination of the studied drugs in surface waters and their identification in the STPs. In this study, the technique off-line SPE and the combination of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and off-line SPE off-line, respectively, have been used as the sample pretreatment technique.
Puig, Guiral Patricia. "Tècniques de preconcentració combinades amb l'espectroforesi capil·lar per a la determinació d'antibiòtics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9018.
Full textEls antibiòtics beta;-lactàmics són uns fàrmacs àmpliament utilitzats tant en humans com en animals amb finalitats terapèutiques i profilàctiques. A més, en veterinària també s'empren com a promotors del creixement. Degut al seu extens ús i a que sovint no són completament metabolitzats per l'individu tractat amb aquests fàrmacs, ha sorgit la problemàtica de la seva presència en el medi ambient i en productes alimentaris de consum humà a baixos nivells de concentració. Això ha provocat l'aparició de resistències a aquest tipus d'antibiòtics fet que va lligat a la pèrdua d'eficàcia bacteriana. Així doncs, és important el desenvolupament de mètodes analítics per tal de controlar la presència d'aquests compostos a baixos nivells de concentració.
L'electroforesi capil·lar (CE) és una interessant estratègia per a la determinació d'aquests antibiòtics degut al seu elevat poder de separació, bona resolució i gran eficàcia. A més, els volums de reactius, solvents orgànics i mostra que habitualment s'empren són molt baixos i això es tradueix en un baix cost econòmic i un mínim impacte mediambiental. Tot i això, l'CE presenta una limitació important que és la limitada de sensibilitat en la determinació d'analits a baixos nivells de concentració. Amb l'objectiu de millorar la sensibilitat de la tècnica, en la present Tesi Doctoral s'han estudiat diferents estratègies per tal de preconcentrar els analits i així incrementar la seva concentració prèviament a la separació electroforètica.
D'entre les diferents opcions per a preconcentrar els analits es destaquen les tècniques electroforètiques, basades en la variació de la mobilitat dels analits en diferents medis, i les tècniques cromatogràfiques que consisteixen, fonamentalment, en la retenció dels analits en un sorbent d'extracció en fase sòlida (SPE) i la posterior elució en un volum de solvent més petit que el de la mostra.
En la present Tesi Doctoral s'han aplicat els dos tipus de tècniques en diferents modalitats. Pel que fa a l'aplicació de les tècniques electroforètiques, les diferents opcions estudiades es van establir en funció del mode de separació electroforètica emprat i en el cas de les tècniques cromatogràfiques el paràmetre que es va tenir en compte, va ser el tipus d'acoblament entre l'SPE i l'CE. Finalment, per tal de millorar encara més la sensibilitat de l'CE es va emprar la combinació d'una tècnica electroforètica i una cromatogràfica.
Així doncs, s'han avaluat diferents tècniques electroforètiques de preconcentració en la determinació d'antibiòtics beta-lactàmics per electroforesi capil·lar per zones (CZE), cromatografia de microemulsió electrocinètica (MEEKC) i cromatografia micel·lar electrocinètica (MEKC). Tots els sistemes emprats s'han basat en la introducció d'un gran volum de mostra i la posterior eliminació de la matriu de la mostra de forma que en tots els casos s'han millorat els límits de detecció obtinguts.
Pel que fa a les tècniques de preconcentració cromatogràfiques, les diferents combinacions entre l'SPE i el sistema electroforètic que s'han utilitzat són: l'off-line, l'in-line i l'on-line. En tots els casos s'ha aconseguit una important millora de la sensibilitat dels mètodes d'anàlisi ja que els límits de detecció obtinguts emprant l'etapa d'SPE són considerablement més baixos. A diferència de les tècniques electroforètiques, en aquest cas, la preconcentració sovint implica una neteja de la matriu de la mostra de forma que ha estat possible l'aplicació dels mètodes desenvolupats a mostres reals tal com aigües de riu o residuals d'hospital i fins i tot matrius biològiques com plasma de vaca.
The thesis entitled "Combination of preconcentration techniques with capillary electrophoresis for determining beta-lactam antibiotics" has been focused in the development of several strategies for improving sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis. These strategies have been applied for determining beta-lactam antibiotics in different matrices.
beta-Lactam antibiotics are a family of drug compounds widely used in human and veterinary medicine with therapeutic and prophylactic aims. Moreover, in veterinary medicine they have been used as growth promotors. However, abusive and inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to unexpected problems. On the one hand, they are thought to be responsible for the appearance of bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics. As a result, antibiotics can not treat infections efficiently. On the second hand, the presence of antibiotics in the food chain can lead to allergic reactions in certain patients. Therefore, it is important to control their presence in different samples.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a good strategy for the determination of these antibiotics due to its high efficiency, resolution and separation power. Moreover, the amount of reagents, organic solvents and sample needed are really small which makes this technique in a cheap and green one. However, CE presents an important drawback, it lacks sensitivity when low concentration levels are needed. To solve this, in the thesis, several strategies have been studied in order to preconcentrate the analytes and then increase their concentration prior to the electrophoretic separation.
Among the different options for preconcentrating analytes it is important to emphasize the electrophoretic-based and the chromatographic-based techniques. The first ones are based on the principle of focusing the analytes according to their different velocities in two separate zones inside the capillary. Of the chromatographic techniques, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is the most important and allows a large sample volume with low concentration to be converted into a low sample volume with higher concentration.
Both, electrophoretic and chromatographic-based techniques have been applied in this thesis for improving sensitivity. Regarding to the application of the firsts ones, different separation modes were studied. When the chromatographic preconcentration was used, the studies differ in how they combine SPE and CE.
In this way different preconcentration techniques have been evaluated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC, MEEKC). In all the cases, a large sample volume has been introduced into the capillary and then, the sample matrix has been removed in a way that the detection limits decreased.
As far as chromatographic preconcentration is concerned, the combinations studied between SPE and CE were: off-line, in-line and on-line. Unlike when the electrophoretic preconcentration is used, by using the chromatographic-based one, the sample preconcentration usually involves a sample clean-up. So, it allows the analysis of real samples like river water, hospital sewage water or even biological matrices like cow plasma. Detection limits considerably decreased so, a great improvement in sensitivity has been achieved. Finally, in order to increase even further the sensitivity in CE, the combination of electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques has been studied.
Caseiro, Armando José Cerejo. "Proteómica das glândulas salivares de ratinho." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2959.
Full textA saliva é uma mistura complexa de proteínas, glicoproteínas, enzimas, hormonas, minerais e desempenha funções fisiológicas importantes. A maior produção de proteínas da saliva ocorre nas glândulas salivares, parótida, submandibular e sublingual e outras pequenas glândulas da mucosa oral. Apesar das glândulas salivares apresentarem fulcral importância para compreensão de determinadas patologias orais, o conhecimento da sua expressão proteica é ainda reduzido. Assim, o objectivo principal deste trabalho caracterização do proteoma das glândulas salivares, usando o ratinho como modelo animal. A caracterização do proteoma glandular envolveu o fraccionamento subcelular das glândulas parótida e submandibular, obtendo-se para cada uma delas, as fracções nuclear, citoplasmática e a correspondente aos grânulos secretores. Complementarmente foram isoladas células acinares das glândulas, procedendo-se ao seu fracionamento com obtenção da fracção citoplasmática. análise das diferentes fracções efectuou-se utilizando electroforese bidimensional e cromatografia líquida de alta resolução para a separação proteínas e péptidos e a digestão tríptica para posterior identificação por espectrometria de massa. Após a análise comparativa dos mapas 2DE das glândulas parótida submandibular observaram-se perfis característicos distintos. Dos mapas 2DE obtidos para as diferentes fracções de parótida e submandibular foram identificadas, respectivamente, um total de 125 e 100 proteínas, sendo 33 das quais comuns. Da análise dos digestos trípticos dos grânulos indentificaram- parótida 52 péptidos pertencentes a 17 proteínas e na submandibular 255 péptidos pertencentes a 19 proteínas. As diferentes proteínas identificadas pertenciam as diversas classes funcionais, destacando-se a classe proteolítica. Ambas as glândulas apresentaram uma grande variedade de calicreínas, principalmente a glândula submandibular onde se identificaram 15 membros desta família. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem generalista da composição proteica das diferentes fracções das glândulas salivares de ratinho, facilitando desenvolvimento futuro de investigações mais específicas e/ou relacionadas com uma patologia específica. ABSTRACT: Saliva is a complex mixture of proteins, glycoproteins, enzymes and hormones that play important physiological functions. The main protein sources of saliva are the salivary glands; parotid, submandibular, sublingual and numerous small glands distributed on the oral mucosa. The knowledge of salivary glands protein expression is scarce and important for the understanding of some oral pathologies. The aim of this work is the characterization of the mouse salivary glands proteome, using the mouse as the animal model. For the glandular proteome characterisation subcelular fractionation of the parotid and submandibular glands was performed, getting for each gland the nuclear, cytoplasmic and secretory granules fractions. Complementarily, glandular acinar cells were isolated and fractionated and the cytoplasmic fraction characterised. The analysis of the different fractions were performed by the separation of proteins and peptides by two-dimension gel electrophoresis (2DE) and high resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS) and tryptic digestion used to further mass spectrometry identification. After the comparative analysis of mouse parotid and submandibular 2DE maps, we observed distinct profiles. From the 2DE maps obtained to the different fractions of parotid and submandibular were respectively identified a total of 125 and 100 proteins, being 33 of them commons. From the HPLC-MS data were identified 52 peptides belonging to 17 proteins in parotid and 255 peptides that belong to 19 proteins in submandibular gland. The different proteins identified belong to several functional classes, namely the proteolytic ones. In the submandibular gland about 32% of the identified proteins were from kallikreins family. The salivary glands express a great variety of kallikreins, mainly the submandibular gland in which was identified 15 proteins of this family. This work is a general approach to the protein composition of the different mouse salivary glands fractions, contributing to future research with clinical applications.
Mahajan, Amit. "Fabrication of composite thick films of BaLa4Ti4O15 and Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 by electrophoretic deposition." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2306.
Full textAs comunicações sem fios experimentaram um crescimento excepcional nas últimas décadas e que se prevê que continue nos próximos anos (Capítulo 1, Referêcia 3) Com este crescimento há uma procura crescente de dispositivos de menores dimensões e mais versáteis, do que os actualmente existentes, que permitam maiores níveis de integração, possibilidade de operação a altas frequências e produção a custos reduzidos. Actualmente existe também a necessidade de desenvolver materiais com permitividade dieléctrica relativa (εr) entre 40 - 80, baixas perdas dieléctricas e coeficiente de temperatura da frequência de ressonância (tf) próximo de zero. Actividades de investigação e desenvolvimento para explorar a utilização de tecnologias de fabrico de filmes finos e espessos para substituir os materiais cerâmicos em uso corrente, estão actualmente em curso. Neste contexto, foi explorada no presente trabalho a fabricação de filmes espessos por deposição electroforética (EPD) do composto BaLa4Ti4O15 (BLT), cuja selecção se relaciona com as óptimas propriedades que apresenta para aplicação às frequências das microondas. Foi igualmente tentada a preparação de filmes espessos compósitos de BaLa4Ti4O15 (BLT) - Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 (BNT) para preenchimento do intervalo existente em termos de materiais com permitividades dieléctricas 40-80. A escolha da deposição electroforética de entre os vários processos de fabricação de filmes espessos prende-se com as características únicas desta técnica, nomedamente, elevada flexibilidade e simplicidade para aplicação a vários materiais e combinação de materiais, possibilidade de aplicação a uma gama variada de formas e estruturas tridimensionais complexas, densas e porosas e a capacidade de ser utilizada à escala industrial a baixos custos. Neste trabalho foi seguida uma aproximação sistemática para a fabricação dos filmes espessos compósitos pr EPD. Primeiramente procedeu-se à síntese de pós monofásicos de BLT e BNT pelo processo convencional de reacção no estado sólido e a sua pureza foi confirmada por análises de Difracção de Raios X. O tamanho e distribuição de tamanho e a morfologia dos pós de BLT e BNT foram caracterizados por recurso a técnicas de determinação de tamanho de partícula e microscopia electrónica de varrimento. De seguida foram preparadas suspensões dos pós de BNT e BLT em diferentes meios suspensores, como água, etanol e trietanolamina. Ao mesmo tempo, foi estudada a estabilidade das suspensões por análises de tamanho de partícula e medidas de transmitância de luz UV. As suspensões com estabilidade optimizada foram utilizadas para deposição de filmes espessos, em meio básico e meio ácido e foram estudadas as variáveis de processamento, como espessura, massa do depósito, corrente eléctrica em função do tempo e voltagem. Foi também discutido o efeito do passo de prensagem isostática, após deposição, na morfologia e densidade dos filmes e também na sua resposta dieléctrica. Filmes de BLT de 10 mm de espessura depositados sobre folhas de platina e sinterizados a 1600ºC/1h exibem εr = 58, TCεr +30ppm/ºC e perda dieléctrica de 0.002 a 1 MHz. Como termo de comparação foram preparados cerâmicos de BLT. Foi feita a caracterização estrutural, microestrutural e dieléctrica de filmes e cerâmicos de BLT, sinterizados entre 1400ºC e 1600ºC. Filmes espessos compósitos de BNT/BLT e BLT/BNT foram preparados com sucesso por EPD. Através da combinação de camadas de BLT e BNT foram preparados filmes espessos compósitos de 30 μm com εr ~71, TCεr ~-16ppm/ºC e perda dieléctrica de a 1 MHz. Estes resultados são de particular relevância visto que combinam a possibilidade de preparar filmes espessos com propriedades desenhadas para aplicações a frequências elevadas e das microondas com a capacidade de diminuir o tamanho do dispositivo. Embora preliminares estes resultados abrem novas oportunidades tecnológicas, que deverão ser mais exploradas ABSTRACT: Wireless communications have experienced an exceptional growth in the last decades and similar growth is expected for next coming years, according to the ABI analysis [Chapter 1, Reference 3]. With this growth there is an increase demand for the production of devices of smaller dimensions and more flexible than the current in use ones, with increased integration, possibility of operation at high frequencies and produced with reduced costs. There is also a present demand to develop materials with relative permittivity (εr) between 40 - 80, low loss and near zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (tf). Research activities to exploit thin and thick film technologies to replace the bulk ceramics are currently underway. Within this context, in this work, the fabrication of thick films by electrophoretic deposition of the tertiary compound BaLa4Ti4O15 (BLT) was exploited, because of the optimal properties for microwave applications of BLT. Simultaneously, the preparation of BaLa4Ti4O15 (BLT) - Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 (BNT) composite thick films was attempted to fill the permittivity gap of 40-80 as describe above. The choice of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique over other thick film processing techniques is obvious because of its unique features, such as the high flexibility and simplicity for application with various materials and combinations of materials, and on a wide range of shapes and 3D complex and porous structures, and its ability to be scaled-up to the fabrication of large product volumes and sizes at low costs. A systematic approach was used to fabricate the composite thick films. Firstly, BLT and BNT powders were prepared by solid state reaction synthesis and the phase purity of the powders was confirmed by XRD. The size and morphology of the powders were assessed by particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy. BNT and BLT suspensions were prepared in different suspension media such as water, ethanol and acetone. The pH of the suspension was varied by dilute nitric acid and triethanolamine. Concomitantly the stability of the suspensions was characterised by particle size analysis and UV transmittance measurements. Stable suspensions were used for the deposition of particles in acidic and basic conditions, and the processing parameters such as thickness, deposit weight, current as a function of time and voltage were studied. The effect of iso static pressing and film thickness on the properties and morphology was also discussed. 10 mm thick BLT films on platinum foils and sintered at 1600ºC/1h exhibit εr = 58, TCεr +30ppm/ºC and loss tangent 0.002 at 1 MHz. As a comparison tool, BLT ceramics were prepared as well. Films and ceramics were sintered between 1400ºC to 1600ºC and their morphology and dielectric response assessed. BNT/BLT and BLT/BNT composite thick films were successfully prepared by electrophoretic deposition. By the combination of BLT and BNT layers a 30 μm composite thick film with εr ~71, TCεr ~-16ppm/ºC and loss tangent of 0.002 at 1 MHz were prepared. These results are of particular relevance since they combine the possibility to prepare thick films with tailored properties for high frequency and microwave properties with the aptitude to decrease the device size. Although preliminary these results open further technological opportunities, that should be more explored
Medeiros, José António Amaro Correia. "Optimal sample size for assessing bacterioneuston structural diversity." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10901.
Full textThe surface microlayer (SML) is located at the interface atmospherehydrosphere and is theoretically defined as the top millimeter of the water column. However, the SML is operationally defined according to the sampling method used and the thickness varies with weather conditions and organic matter content, among other factors. The SML is a very dynamic compartment of the water column involved in the process of transport of materials between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. Bacterial communities inhabiting the SML (bacterioneuston) are expected to be adapted to the particular SML environment which is characterized by physical and chemical stress associated to surface tension, high exposure to solar radiation and accumulation of hydrophobic compounds, some of which pollutants. However, the small volumes of SML water obtained with the different sampling methods reported in the literature, make the sampling procedure laborious and time-consuming. Sample size becomes even more critical when microcosm experiments are designed. The objective of this work was to determine the smallest sample size that could be used to assess bacterioneuston diversity by culture independent methods without compromising representativeness and therefore ecological significance. For that, two extraction methods were tested on samples of 0,5 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL of natural SML obtained at the estuarine system Ria de Aveiro. After DNA extraction, community structure was assessed by DGGE profiling of rRNA gene sequences. The CTAB-extraction procedure was selected as the most efficient extraction method and was later used with larger samples (1 mL, 20 mL and 50 mL). The DNA obtained was once more analyzed by DGGE and the results showed that the estimated diversity of the communities does not increase proportionally with increasing sample size and that a good estimate of the structural diversity of bacterioneuston communities can be obtained with very small samples.
A microcamada superficial marinha (SML) situa-se na interface atmosferahidrosfera e teoricamente é definida como o milímetro mais superficial da coluna de água. Operacionalmente, a espessura da SML depende do método de amostragem utilizado e é também variável com outros fatores, nomeadamente, as condições meteorológicas e teor de matéria orgânica, entre outros. A SML é um compartimento muito dinâmico da coluna de água que está envolvida no processo de transporte de materiais entre a hidrosfera e a atmosfera. As comunidades bacterianas que habitam na SML são designadas de bacterioneuston e existem indícios de que estão adaptadas ao ambiente particular da SML, caracterizado por stresse físico e químico associado à tensão superficial, alta exposição à radiação solar e acumulação de compostos hidrofóbicos, alguns dos quais poluentes de elevada toxicidade. No entanto, o reduzido volume de água da SML obtidos em cada colheita individual com os diferentes dispositivos de amostragem reportados na literatura, fazem com que o procedimento de amostragem seja laborioso e demorado. O tamanho da amostra torna-se ainda mais crítico em experiências de microcosmos. O objectivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se amostras de pequeno volume podem ser usadas para avaliar a diversidade do bacterioneuston, através de métodos de cultura independente, sem comprometer a representatividade, e o significado ecológico dos resultados. Para isso, foram testados dois métodos de extracção em amostras de 0,5 mL, 5 mL e 10 mL de SML obtida no sistema estuarino da Ria de Aveiro. Após a extracção do DNA total, a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana foi avaliada através do perfil de DGGE das sequências de genes que codificam para a sub unidade 16S do rRNA. O procedimento de extracção com brometo de cetil trimetil de amônia (CTAB) foi selecionado como sendo o método de extração com melhor rendimento em termos de diversidade do DNA e mais tarde foi aplicado a amostras de maior dimensão (1 mL, 20 mL e 50 mL). O DNA obtido foi mais uma vez usado para análise dos perfis de DGGE de 16S rDNA da comunidade e os resultados mostraram que a estimativa da diversidade de microorganismos não aumentou proporcionalmente com o aumento do tamanho da amostra e que com amostras de pequeno volume podem ser obtidas boas estimativas da diversidade estrutural das comunidades de bacterioneuston.
Fu, Zhi. "BaNd2Ti5O14 thick films for microelectronics fabricated by electrophoretic deposition." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2319.
Full textNos dias que correm os engenheiros de circuítos na área da microelectrónica são confrontados com a necessidade de desenhar circuítos que permitam um maior transporte de informação numa menor largura de banda, que consumam menos energia e ao mesmo tempo com a necessidade de criar produtos de dimensões menores e mais flexíveis, com maiores níveis de integração, operação a frequências mais elevadas e a custos mais reduzidos. Neste contexto, a substituição de componentes dieléctricos cerâmicos na forma de monolitos, que são parte integrante de determinados dispositivos microelectrónicos que operam a frequências elevadas (filtros e antennas, por exemplo), por dieléctricos processados na forma de filmes espessos está sob consideração. Com esta aproximação espera-se, por um lado conseguir uma redução do tamanho do dispositivo e dos custos associados à sua produção e por outro lado, e de particular relevância, explorar as oportunidades criadas pela possibilidade de processar filmes conformes com substratos de diferentes formas e de natureza metálica. Novas estruturas e concepções para dispositivos que operam a frequências elevadas deverão ser criadas. Ao mesmo tempo, crê-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento de processos de fabrico de produção em massa de filmes de materiais dieléctricos com desempenho reproductível e a baixos custos. As técnicas de preparação de filmes finos incluem a fabricação por cinta (“tape casting”), por impressão em tela (“screen printing”), por jacto de tinta (“jet printing”) e por deposição electroforética (“electrophoretic deposition”, EPD). A importância da deposição electroforética advém das suas características únicas, que incluem a simplicidade e flexibilidade na aplicação a vários tipos de materiais e combinações de materiais numa gama alargada de formas e dimensões de estruturas, na relação fabricação – custos e na capacidade de dimensionar o processo à escala industrial para fabricação de volumes elevados de produtos e de grandes dimensões. Concomitantemente, quando comparado com os outros processos de fabricação de filmes espessos, a deposição electroforética permite a produção de camadas de uniformidade excepcional com um fácil controlo da sua espessura. Desta forma a fabricação de filmes espessos por deposição electroforética vai de encontro às actuais necessidades da indústria da microelectrónica no que respeita à substituição dos componentes dieléctricos monolitos em uso hoje em dia. Em relação aos materiais, os dieléctricos que podem ser utilizados como componentes de dispositivos de operação às frequências das microondas, deverão possuir perdas dieléctricas baixas, factor de qualidade (definido como o inverso das perdas dieléctricas) elevado, permitividade dieléctrica elevada e coeficiente de temperatura da permitividade baixo. De entre os dieléctricos com baixas perdas, o sistema BaO-Nd2O3-TiO2 representa uma importante família comercial de materiais para utilização às frequências das microondas, em particular a composição 1:1:5, que, porque reúne as características acima mencionadas, é um material de referência para estas aplicações. Embora cerâmicos de BaO-Nd2O3-TiO2 estejam actualmente em produção e comercialmente disponíveis em resonadores, filtros e substratos, entre outras aplicações, o uso de filmes espessos de BNT não foi até à realização deste estudo, referido. Neste trabalho, é explorada a fabricação por deposição electroforética de filmes espessos de BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT). Para tal é conduzido um estudo sistemático do processo de deposição, desde a prova de conceito de aplicação do processo de deposição electroforética até à definição de condições reprodutíveis e optimizadas de deposição. São utilizados pós comerciais e pós fabricados em laboratório que foram depositados sobre folhas metálicas flexíveis de platina e substratos de alumina. Inicia-se o trabalho pela prova do conceito de aplicação da deposição electroforética ao fabrico de filmes de BNT. Filmes de BNT com 12 a 52 μm de espessura são fabricados a partir de pós de BNT comerciais sobre substratos de platina. Para melhorar a densidade em verde e a microestutura dos filmes obtidos recorre-se a uma etapa intermédia de prensagem isostática dos filmes em verde. O efeito da espessura dos filmes nas propriedades dieléctricas a baixas frequências é analisado. À medida que a espessura do filme aumenta, as propriedades dieléctricas dos filmes de BNT aproximam-se das propriedades dos cerâmicos de BNT em termos de permitividade e perdas dieléctricas. Filmes de BNT com 52 μm de espessura e sinterizados a 1300 °C durante 1 h exibem uma constante dieléctrica e uma perda dieléctrica de 107 e 0.0006 ou um factor de perda Q de 1600 a 1 MHz, respectivamente. A variação de permitividade dieléctrica é inferior a 0.02 % a um campo eléctrico de ±8 kV/cm e na gama de temperatura entre 30-120 °C é abaixo de +58.5 ppm/°C. O estudo revela ainda que não há degradação das propriedades dos filmes de BNT até 1.4 GHz, relativamente às propriedades medidas à frequência de 1 MHz. Após a prova de conceito, são conduzidos estudos de optimização do processo de deposição. Para tal foram especificamente sintetizados por processo convencional de reacções no estado sólido pós de BNT. O sucesso no processo de fabricação por EPD está intimamente relacionado com a escolha do meio de suspensão e aditivos, que devem originar uma suspensão estável com um grau de dispersão das partículas elevado. Neste trabalho são estudados quatro meios suspensores diferentes, que incluem, água, acetona, etanol e ácido acético. As propriedades físico – químicas das diferentes suspensões foram analisadas pelo determinação do potencial zeta, da distribuição do tamanho de partícula e transmitância de luz. Os resultados experimentais revelam que o potencial zeta é uma medida directa da estabilidade das suspensões, visto que o máximo do potencial zeta corresponde ao máximo de dispersão da suspensão que se reflecte também na distribuição do tamanho de partícula e no comportamento em termos de transmissão de luz através da suspensão. O máximo de potencial zeta (61 mV) é obtido para o meio suspensor de acetona com adições de I2, a que corresponde uma transmitância de 10%. O efeito dos diferentes meios suspensores é estudado na deposição, microestrutura e propriedades dieléctricas dos filmes de BNT. De entre os vários meios suspensores, apenas o ácido acético e a acetona com I2 apresentam a capacidade para formação de depósitos e as limitações do ácido acético são analisadas em termos da reproductibilidade do processo. Camadas depositadas de homogeneidade e taxa de deposição elevadas e com superfícies macias foram obtidas com o meio suspensor à base de acetona. Para este caso, o efeito de vários parâmetros de processamento, que incluem o campo eléctrico aplicado, o tempo de deposição e a composição da suspensão e a espessura e morfologia dos filmes é investigada e a discutida. Conjuntamente, e sob as condições optimizadas de deposição é estudado o efeito da temperatura de sinterização na estrutura, microestrutura e propriedades dieléctricas dos filmes espessos de BNT. Para tal filmes de BNT com 10 a 80 μm de espessura foram fabricados por EPD sobre folhas de Pt em diferentes condições. O impacto dos parâmetros de processamento: campo eléctrico, substrato e temperatura de sinterização são analisados e discutidos. Observa-se que um aumento da temperatura de sinterização aumenta acentuadamente a razão de aspecto dos grãos, decresce a permitividade dieléctrica relativa e o coeficiente de temperatura da permitividade TCεr varia de -114 para +12 ppm/°C. É então proposto que a anisotropia do grão observada é facilidade pelas condições de sinterização restrictas (“constrained sintering”). Através do controlo da temperatura de sinterização filmes espessos de TCεr quase nulo, Q elevado com 45< εr<70 podem ser fabricados. Esta descoberta é de especial relevância tecnológica visto que demonstra que o controlo da tensão originada pelo substrato e as condições de sinterização podem ser usadas para controlar a anisotropia do cerscimento do grão e consequentemente as propriedades dieléctricas dos filmes de BaO-Re2O3-TiO2. Ao mesmo tempo o fabrico de filmes com propriedades controladas contribui para a diminuição das dimensões dos dispositivos que operam a frequências elevadas. Esperam-se observações semelhantes em outros sistemas de materiais, o que abre ainda mais o leque de oportunidades em termos tecnológicos. Para aplicações específicas, camadas espessas de dieléctricos sobre substratos isoldaores podem ser necassárias. Contudo a fabricação de filmes por deposição electroforética é incompatível com o uso de substratos isoladores; assim sendo foi desenvolvido e é apresentado neste trabalho um método de fabricação de filmes sobre substratos isoladores por deposição electroforética. Para ultrapassar esta dificuldade, substratos de alumina foram recobertos com uma “camada sacríficio” de grafite. Filmes uniformes e densos foram então depositados sobre substratos de alumina (Al2O3). A influência da espessura da camada de grafite e a sua interacção com os filmes de BNT na estrutura, microestrutura e resposta dieléctrica é avaliada e discutida. Intercações marcadas entre os filems de BNT e os substratos de alumina foram observadas a temperaturas superiores a 1300 ºC. A difusão dos iões de Al para o interior dos filmes origina a formação de segundas fases de aluminatos de neodimio. Contudo filmes de BNT de espessura de 100 μm e sinterizados a 1250 ºC durante 1h exibem uma permitividade dieléctrica relativa e valores de Q de146 e 1161 a cerca de 10 GHz, respectivamente. Crê-se que esta aproximação do uso de uma “camada sacríficio” de grafite sobre substratos não condutores é muito importante e válida, já que pode ser extendida para a deposição de filmes espessos e finos a uma variedade alargada de materiais funcionais sobre um leque também alargado de substratos não condutores. Um outro desafio em termos de industria microelectónica, em particular a relacionada com o fabrico de dispositivos sintonizáveis de operação a frequências elevadas, é a fabricação de dieléctricos de perdas baixas e sintonabilidade elevada. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma aborgadem de engenharia para ultrapassar esta limitação. Assim reporta-se a preparação e caracterização de compósitos de BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT) - Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) sobre folhas de Pt, através da combinação do processo de deposição electroforética com o processo sol gel. Filmes compósitos de BNT – BST com espessuras de 9μm sobre Pt, homogéneos, densos e uniformes exibem permitividade e perda dieléctrica de 287 e 0.0013 a 1MHz, e sintonização da permitividade dieléctrica de 12% a 33 kV/cm, e coeficiente de temperatura da permitividade de 0.26% entre 28 ºC e 120 ºC, respectivamente. Acima de tudo estes filmes exibem um dos facoters de qualidade K mais elevados referidos na literatura. Assim, a actual limitação de dieléctricos sintonizáveis de baixa perda é de certo modo ultrapassada e considera-se que estes resultados têm uma implicação alargada na comunidade microelectrónica de dispositivos sintonizáveis a frequências elevadas.
Currently RF and MW design engineers are being asked to send more bits over less bandwidth, use less battery power, and create products that are smaller and more flexible, which include increased integration, operation at higher frequencies and reduced costs. In this context the replacement of the current bulk ceramic dielectric components of some microelectronic devices (filters, baluns and antennas) by dielectrics processed as thick films is now being considered. With this methodology it is expected, besides reducing device size, to reduce processing costs and of particular relevancy are the opportunities created by the possibility to process thick films conformally on substrates and on metal foils. New structures and designs for such devices to operate at high frequencies are then expected. At the same time, this drives the search for fabrication processes for films materials to be mass-produced with repeatable performance at very low costs. The techniques for the preparation of thick films include tape casting, screen printing, jet printing or electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The importance of EPD comes from its unique features, such as the high flexibility and simplicity for application with various materials and combinations of materials, and on a wide range of shapes and 3D complex and porous structures, its costeffectiveness, and its ability to be scaled-up to the fabrication of large product volumes and sizes. In addition, when compared with the other methods, EPD enables the fabrication of highly uniform layers with an easy control of the layer thickness. As so, EPD matches well with the current considerations of the microelectronics industry of replacement of bulk dielectric components by dielectrics processed as thick films. Pertaining to materials, dielectrics which may be employed as microwave components must exhibit low loss or high quality factor Q, high relative permittivity and small temperature coefficient of relative permittivity (TCεr). Within low loss dielectrics, the BaO-Nd2O3-TiO2 system represents an important commercial family of microwave materials, particularly the 1:1:5 composition, that because it exhibits low dielectric losses, high quality factor, high relative permittivity and small temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, have been known as an important microwave dielectric material. Although BaO-Nd2O3-TiO2 ceramics are currently being produced for resonators, filters and substrates, among others applications, the use of BNT thick films have not been reported until the realization of this PhD program. In this work, the fabrication of BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT) thick films by EPD is exploited. For that a systematic research study of the EPD process is conducted from the proof-of-concept till the definition of reproducible and optimised process conditions. Commercial and “home made” BaNd2Ti5O14 powders were used to fabricate BNT films on platinum foils and polycrystalline alumina substrates. The technological feasibility of using EPD for the fabrication of BNT thick films was firstly studied. 12 to 52 μm thick BNT films were fabricated from BNT commercial powders on platinum metallic foils by EPD. To improve the microstructure and density of the films a post deposition isostatic pressing step was used. The effect of film thickness on the dielectric properties at low frequencies was investigated. As the film thickness increases, the dielectric properties of BNT films approach those of BNT ceramics in terms of permittivity and loss tangent. 52 μm-thick BNT film sintered at 1300 °C for 1 h exhibit a dielectric constant and a loss tangent of 107 and 0.0006 (or Q of 1600) at 1 MHz, respectively. The variation in permittivity is less than 0.02 % at a bias voltage ±8 kV/cm. The change of film permittivity with the temperature within the range 30-120 °C is below +58.5 ppm/°C. Compared to at 1 MHz, the dielectric properties of 52 μm thickness BNT films do not show tremendously degradation till up to 1.4 GHz. After the proof-of-concept, the optimization of the EPD process was conducted. For that BNT powders were specifically synthesised by the conventional solid state reaction method. The success in the EPD process is intimately related to a careful choice of the suspension media and additives, which should lead to well-dispersed and stable suspensions for EPD. Four different suspension media, which included de-ionized water, acetone, ethanol, and glacial acetic acid (HAC), were studied. The physicochemical properties of the different suspensions were evaluated and analyzed by zeta potential, particle size distribution and light transmittance. Experimental results revealed that the zeta potential is a straightforward indication of the stability of these suspensions, since the maximum absolute zeta potential corresponds to a maximum of the suspension dispersibility, also reflected in the particle size distribution and suspension light transmittance behaviour. The maximum zeta potential was obtained for acetone with iodine suspensions (61 mV), and the corresponding transmittance was 10%. The effect of different solvents was studied on the deposition, microstructure and dielectric properties of BNT thick films. Among the used solvents, only the acetic acid and acetone with I2 based suspensions showed the ability of forming deposits and the limitations of acetic acid solvent was analyzed in terms of the process reproducibility. Deposits with homogeneous, smooth surface and high deposition yield were obtained upon adding I2 to the acetone based suspension. For the case of acetone with I2 suspensions, the effect of EPD process parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time and suspension composition, deposited thickness of BNT and film morphology was investigated and discussed. In addition, under the definition of the optimal conditions for EPD BNT thick films, the effect of the post deposition sintering temperature was addressed on the structure, microstructure and dielectric properties of BNT thick films. For that 10 to 80 μm thick BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT) films were fabricated by electrophor-etic deposition on Pt foils under different conditions. The impact of the processing parameters: electric field during EPD, the substrate effect and the sintering temperature were analyzed and discussed. It was observed that the increase of the sintering temperature increases markedly the aspect ratio of the grains, decreases the dielectric permittivity and TCεr changes from -114 to +12 ppm/°C. It was then proposed that the o bserved anisotropic grain growth is facilitated by the constrained sintering. By controlling the sintering temperature, near – zero TCεr, high Q thick films can be fabricated with 45< εr<70. These findings are of technological relevance since they demonstrate that control of substrate constraint and sintering conditions can be used to control grain anisotropy and thus microwave properties of the BaO-Re2O3-TiO2. The thick films facilitate scaling to small device sizes for high frequency operation. Similar observations are expected in other MW systems thus opening further technological opportunities. For some specific applications, such as multilayer microstrip for band-pass microwave filter applications, thick dielectric layers on insulating substrates may be required. However the fabrication by EPD is incompatible with the use of insulating substrates, so a method of performing EPD on non-conducting substrates was developed and is reported in this work. To overcome the requirement of a conducting substrate, insulating polycrystalline alumina substrates were covered with a sacrificial graphite layer. Uniform and dense BNT layers have been then deposited on alumina (Al2O3) substrate by EPD. The influence of the graphite layer thickness and the interactions between the BNT films and alumina substrates on the final structure, microstructure and dielectric response were addressed and discussed. Severe interactions between the BNT films and alumina substrates were observed for sintering temperatures >1300 °C. The diff usion of Al ions into the films resulted in the formation of neodymium aluminates second phases. However 100 μm thick BNT films sintered at 1250 ºC/1h show relative permittivity and Q values of 146 and 1161 at about 10 GHz, respectively. It is believed that this approach of using sacrificial graphite layers for EPD on non-conducting substrates is extremely valuable since it can be extended for both thin and thick film deposition on a large variety of other non-conducting substrates. Another challenge for the microelectronics agile / tunable industries is the fabrication of low loss tunable microwave dielectrics because lower loss tangents provide lower insertion loss in the device. In the work an approach to overcome this limitation is proposed. The preparation and characterization of BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT) - Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) composite thick films on flexible platinum foil substrate, via an EPD process combined with a sol gel one was reported. Homogeneous, dense, and uniform 9μm-thick BNT-BST composite thick films on flexible Pt foils exhibit dielectric constants and loss tangent of 287 and 0.0013 at 1MHz, and dielectric tunability of 12% at 33kV/cm, and tempera-ture coefficient of relative permittivity of 0.26% between 28ºC to 120ºC, respectively. Above all these films exhibit one of the highest quality factor (K = 70) reported for dielectric films. As such the actual limitation of low loss high tunable dielectrics is somehow surmount and these results are expected to have broad implications in the community of microwave agile devices.
Fernandes, Carla Sofia. "Análise retrospectiva do achado de pico monoclonal em proteinogramas de rotina." Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/770.
Full textIntroduction: Monoclonal gammopathies comprise of a heterogeneous group of pathologies, characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasmocytes, which produce and secrete immunoglobulins or fragments of these. In the majority of cases, this is a benign entity known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. However, it is possible that these gammopathies may lead to the development of more serious conditions, mainly multiple myeloma and other malignant gammopathies. Critical to the diagnosis of these immunoglobinopathies is the routine detection of the monoclonal component by means of electrophoresis and serous/urinary immunofixation, as they may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. The main objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of laboratorial screening in the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, consisting in the analysis of electrophoresis and immunofixations applied to patients of the Clinical Pathology Department of the Cova da Beira Hospital Centre throughout the year 2009. Results: This study comprised of 3407 participants, 1983 (58.2%) females and 1424 (41.8%) males, with an average age of 65 years. Throughout the year 2009, the incidence of monoclonal peaks pregistered at the Cova da Beira Hospital Centre was 3.55%. The departments which detected the largest number of monoclonal peaks were Hematology and Internal Medicine. Within the total number of individuals presenting with monoclonal components, 74 (61.2%) were male and 47 (38.8%) were female, with an average age of 72 years. The incidence of heavy chains was 59.5% for IgG, 22.4% for IgM and 15.6 % for IgA. With respect to the light chains, the incidence of kappa chains was 62% and lambda chains 38%. Biclonal peaks were found in 5 individuals with a corresponding incidence of 4.13%. Conclusion: The electrophoresis of proteins may be considered as a good screening method for the early detection of monoclonal gammopathies, and immunofixation can be employed for confirmation of the diagnosis and characterization of the monoclonal gammopathies.