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Academic literature on the topic 'Electrolysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 March 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrolysis"

1

Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.

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The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.

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Proost, Joris. "(Invited) Techno-Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341735mtgabs.

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Hydrogen production today Today, hydrogen is still mainly being used as a specialty chemical, including the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, and during steel and glass manufacturing where it is the preferred reducing gas during annealing and forming processes. The great majority of all these H2 is being produced by 2 large-scale chemical processes : steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification. Both of these processes are heavily CO2 intensive, SMR emitting up to 8 tons of CO2 per ton of H2 produced. Therefore, with the objective of reaching the CO2 emission targets already in today's fossil-based H2 production, the part of electrolytic hydrogen produced from renewable electricity should significantly increase. However, in order to meet the current global H2 demand of around 80 Mton/year, a total of 300 GW installed electrolyser capacity would already be needed today. Such instantaneous massive electrolyser deployment is not very realistic. Alternatively, a selection of technologically feasible market penetrations for electrolytic H2 needs to be made. In the ideal case, such a selection also implies that todays local H2 consumers, besides becoming local (on-site) producers of renewable electricity, also need to become local (on-site) producers of electrolytic H2, at a production scale which still allows to meet the stringent requirement of fossil parity. The cost of electrochemical hydrogen production As compared to an individual large-scale SMR production unit, typically corresponding to an electrolyser power equivalent well above 100 MW, the basic units of a water electrolyser are rather small-scale : both the geometrical area of the electrodes (a few m2 at most) and the number of electrodes that can be compiled in series in a single stack is relatively limited. As a result, the unit size of water electrolysers has long been limited to the kW-range, a typical on-site containerized production unit being a few 100 kW at most. However, in order to be able to realize the coupling to renewables, the power scale of water electrolysers needs to become at least of the same order of magnitude as the renewable electricity source itself, i.e. multi-MW. Such an electrolyser scale-up is typically being realised by increasing the number of cells per stack. However, from the state-of-the-art data that we recently collected from a number of electrolyser manufacturers, such a "keep-on-stacking" approach seems to have a practical limit at around 200 cells/stack [2]. Beyond that number, other balance-of-plant issues come into play. Therefore, for multi-MW applications, multi-stack electrolyser systems are typically being used. While it is technically feasible to produce electrolytic hydrogen with such multi-stack systems at the multi-MW scale (even >100MW), as was already demonstrated several decades ago, the critical question still remains at what price/cost this can be done today. In this respect, the 3 major parameters affecting the electrolytic H2 production cost are the operational time of the electrolyser, the cost of renewable electricity, and the electrolyser CAPEX. Hence, before becoming a realistic alternative production technology, there is a need for cheap(er) renewable electricity (well below 70 €/MWh) and the investment cost of electrolysers needs to be brought down (to about 500 €/kW). Luckily, with respect to all these requirements, significant progress has been made over the past years, as we will highlight in our presentation using the most recent data from both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The scale of fossil parity for electrolytic hydrogen An important techno-economic aspect then relates to the production scale required for obtaining fossil parity with electrolytic H2. Indeed, one might wrongly conclude that reaching the required reduction in electrolyser CAPEX down to about 500 €/kW would require very large-scale electrolytic H2 production units around 100 MW or above, on the same order of today's SMR units. However, our own recent data suggest that there might be a much smaller production scale for reaching such low CAPEX values. Indeed based on an extrapolation of the currently available CAPEX data for single-stack alkaline electrolysers, the level of 500 €/kW could already be reached at less than 10 MW [3]. Such a significant reduction in the scale required for fossil parity is directly related to the much steeper reduction in CAPEX that can be realised for single-stack as compared to multi-stack water electrolysis systems. Some promising implications of such small-scale fossil parity will be discussed during our presentation as well. [1] Global Hydrogen Review 2023, International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023 [2] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, 4406-4413 (2019) [3] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45, 17067-17075 (2020)

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Zhang, Fan, Junjie Zhou, Xiaofeng Chen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yayun Zhao, Yulong Tang, Ziqi Tian, et al. "The Recent Progresses of Electrodes and Electrolysers for Seawater Electrolysis." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030239.

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The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis.

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de les Valls, E. Mas, R. Capdevila, J. Jaramillo, and W. Buchholz. "Modelling thermal dynamics in intermittent operation of a PEMEL for green hydrogen production." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012044.

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Abstract Green hydrogen plays a pivotal role in the imminent energy transition, addressing energy storage and electricity generation decarbonization. The European Commission’s hydrogen strategy underscores the goal to install at least 40 GW of green hydrogen electrolysers by 2023. Despite various electrolyser technologies, efficiency improvement and durability enhancement remain challenges, especially considering voltage intermittencies from renewable energy sources. This study emphasizes the impact of thermal gradients within electrolysers due to voltage interruptions, affecting membrane operation and causing premature wear. The study explores methods to minimize thermal gradients, revealing trade-offs between efficiency and durability. A lumped-parameter numerical model is developed and experimentally adjusted to simulate electrochemical and energy transport phenomena. Experimental and numerical results are compared, highlighting the need for a comprehensive thermal management code for effective electrolyser performance. The study addresses the importance of accurately modelling transient thermal responses for both proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEMEL) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOEL) designs, providing insights for future advancements in thermal management strategies.

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Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.

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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.

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Borm, Oliver, and Stephen B. Harrison. "Reliable off-grid power supply utilizing green hydrogen." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab025.

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Abstract Green hydrogen produced from wind, solar or hydro power is a suitable electricity storage medium. Hydrogen is typically employed as mid- to long-term energy storage, whereas batteries cover short-term energy storage. Green hydrogen can be produced by any available electrolyser technology [alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), anion exchange membrane (AEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC)] if the electrolysis is fed by renewable electricity. If the electrolysis operates under elevated pressure, the simplest way to store the gaseous hydrogen is to feed it directly into an ordinary pressure vessel without any external compression. The most efficient way to generate electricity from hydrogen is by utilizing a fuel cell. PEM fuel cells seem to be the most favourable way to do so. To increase the capacity factor of fuel cells and electrolysers, both functionalities can be integrated into one device by using the same stack. Within this article, different reversible technologies as well as their advantages and readiness levels are presented, and their potential limitations are also discussed.

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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Alejandro O. Barnett, Thulile Khoza, Patrick Fortin, Sara Andrenacci, Alaa Y. Faid, Pål Emil England Karstensen, Svein Sunde, and Simon Clark. "An Open-Source Continuum Model for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362002mtgabs.

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Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis has the potential to produce green hydrogen at low cost by combining the advantages of conventional alkaline electrolysis and proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. The alkaline environment in AEM electrolysis enables the use of less expensive catalysts such as nickel, whereas the use of a solid polymer electrolyte enables differential pressure operation. Recent advancements in AEM performance and lifetime have spurred interest in AEM electrolysis, but many open research areas remain, such as understanding the impacts of water transport in the membrane and salt content in the electrolyte on cell performance and degradation. Furthermore, integrating electrolyser systems into renewable energy grids necessitates dynamic operation of the electrolyser cell, which introduces additional challenges. Computational modelling of AEM electrolysis is ideally suited to tackle many of these open questions by providing insight into the transport processes and electrochemical reactions occurring in the cell under dynamic conditions. In this work, an open-source, transient continuum modelling framework for anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is presented and applied to study electrolyzer cell dynamic performance. The one-dimensional cell model contains coupled equations for multiphase flow in the porous transport layers, a parameterized solution property model for potassium hydroxide electrolytes, and coupled ion and water transport equations to account for water activity gradients within the AEM. The model is validated with experimental results from an AEM electrolyser cell. We find that pH gradients develop within the electrolyte due to the production and consumption of hydroxide, which can lead to voltage losses and cell degradation. The influence of these pH gradients on potential catalyst dissolution mechanisms is explored and discussed. Finally, initial studies of transient operation will be presented. This work has been performed in the frame of the CHANNEL project. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under grant agreement No 875088. This Joint undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Some of this work has been performed within the MODELYS project "Electrolyzer 2030 – Cell and stack designs" financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project number 326809.

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Kumar Gupta, Pankaj, Akshay Dvivedi, and Pradeep Kumar. "Effect of Electrolytes on Quality Characteristics of Glass during ECDM." Key Engineering Materials 658 (July 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.141.

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Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an ideal process for machining of nonconductive materials in micro-domain. The material removal takes place due to combined action of localised sparks and electrolysis in an electrolytic chamber. The electrolyte is most important process parameter for ECDM as it governs spark action as well as electrolysis. This article presents a comparison of three preferred electrolytes used in ECDM viz. NaCl, KOH and NaOH on drilling of glass workpiece material. The quality characteristics measured are material removal rate (MRR) and hole overcut. Results reveal that NaOH provides 9.7 and 3.8 times higher MRR than NaCl and KOH respectively. MRR and hole overcut are found significantly affected by spark characteristics.

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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.06.

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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.

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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.42.

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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrolysis"

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Sathe, Nilesh. "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1147975951.

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Nemeth, Regina. "Electrolysis of chalcopyrite." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70590.

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Copper is one of the most important metals globally, due to its wide application range and excellent chemical properties. Today it is commonly produced from chalcopyrite concentrates by the pyrometallurgical route with high emissions of greenhouse gasses. Tougher restrictions from authorities and governments on the industry give rise to research on other production routes for metals. Research has proven that copper production from chalcopyrite concentrates by the electrochemical route is possible. The project purposes were to produce copper from a chalcopyrite concentrate by removing sulfur during molten salt electrolysis and determine how the trace elements arsenic and antimony distributed. The chalcopyrite concentrate used in the trials was clean with low amount of impurities, therefore a dirty pyrite concentrate with higher content of impurities was used for determining the distribution of As and Sb. The electrolysis would roughly process 80 g of raw concentrate. The experimental set-up consisted of a pit-furnace with a stainless-steel crucible filled with 43.9 wt% NaCl and 56.1 wt% KCl.. The working electrode was composed of baskets made of molybdenum mesh containing either 2 or 4 briquettes of 20 g. The counter electrode was composed of a graphite block and the atmosphere was kept inert with nitrogen gas. The equimolar salt mixture was heated to 770 ° and a constant cell voltage at 2.5 V was applied until the current had decreased and stabilized. It was concluded that the time-current curve for reduction of chalcopyrite followed a similar trend to that reported in the literature. The up-scaling of electrolysis of sulfuric concentrates was proven to be successful. Iron was captured on the inside of the sample holder and copper from the outside, separating the two elements into two fractions. This indicated that the separation of copper and iron occurred spontaneously, probably due to the magnetization of the reduced iron particles under the influence of the electromagnetic field induced by the electrolysis current. Analyses by XRD, SEM, LECO and XRF proved that sulfur was reduced to < 0.2 wt% in the two product fractions. Most of the sulfuric compounds in the raw concentrates ended up as pure elements (As, Sb, Pd and Zn) in the copper product followed by the loss of the corresponding metallic elements in the exhaust gas due to evaporation of these elements. Much knowledge of electrolysis of chalcopyrite was gained. To reach the original objectives further trials with an improved basket holder functioning as the cathode must be made. The results indicated that the electrochemical approach is suitable for copper production from chalcopyrite concentrates and further studies are recommended.

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Ni, Meng, and 倪萌. "Mathematical modeling of solid oxide steam electrolyzer for hydrogen production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39011409.

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SIRACUSANO, STEFANIA. "Development and characterization of catalysts for electrolytic hydrogen production and chlor–alkali electrolysis cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1337.

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Gli argomenti di questa tesi hanno riguardato l’elettrolisi cloro-soda e l’elettrolisi dell’acqua mediante sistemi basati su membrane a scambio protonico (PEM). • Elettrolisi cloro-soda. Il cloro è oggi essenzialmente ottenuto mediante i processi industriali di elettrolisi di cloro-soda ed, in minore quantità, dall’elettrolisi dell’acido cloridrico. Il principale problema di questi processi è l’elevato consumo di energia elettrica che, solitamente, rappresenta una parte sostanziale del costo totale di produzione. Per l’ottimizzare di tale processo è necessario, quindi, ridurre il consumo energetico. La sostituzione del tradizionale catodo ad evoluzione di idrogeno, con un elettrodo a diffusione gassosa ad ossigeno, comporta una nuova reazione che riduce il potenziale termodinamico di cella e questo si traduce in un risparmio energetico del 30-40%. L’attività di ricerca è stata indirizzata verso lo studio di elettrodi a diffusione gassosa per la reazione di riduzione di ossigeno con particolare attenzione all’analisi superficiale e morfologica degli elettrocatalizzatori. In particolare l’attenzione è stata focalizzata sui fenomeni di deattivazione che coinvolgono questo tipo di elettrodi. Test di durata sono stati condotti sugli elettrodi in cella cloro-soda. Analisi di tipo comparativo sugli stessi sono state condotte, prima e dopo il loro funzionamento, nelle condizioni operative di interesse. La superficie degli elettrodi è stata analizzata mediante microscopio elettronico a scansione e spettroscopia fotoelettronica a raggi X. Analisi di bulk sono state effettuate mediante diffrattometria a raggi X ed analisi termogravimetrica. • Elettrolisi dell’acqua (PEM). L’idrogeno può essere prodotto a partire da sorgenti energetiche rinnovabili come fotovoltaico, eolico mediante l’elettrolisi dell’acqua. In particolare, l’elettrolisi, mediante l’utilizzo di un elettrolita polimerico (PEM), è considerata una promettente metodologia per la produzione di idrogeno, alternativa al convenzionale processo di elettrolisi il cui elettrolita è un liquido alcalino, altamente tossico e corrosivo. Un elettrolizzatore PEM possiede certamente dei vantaggi confrontato con il classico processo alcalino in termini di semplicità, sicurezza ed alta efficienza energetica. Questo sistema utilizza la già affermata tecnologia delle celle a combustibile ad elettrolita polimerico. Sfortunatamente il processo di scissione elettrochimica dell’acqua è associata ad un elevato consumo energetico, principalmente dovuto agli alti sovrapotenziali nella reazione anodica di evoluzione di ossigeno. Risulta quindi di fondamentale importanza trovare elettrocatalizzatori per l’evoluzione di ossigeno ottimali in modo da minimizzare le perdite. Il platino è utilizzato al catodo per la reazione di evoluzione di idrogeno (HER) e gli ossidi di iridio o rutenio sono usati all’anodo per la reazione di evoluzione di ossigeno (OER). Questi ossidi metallici sono richiesti perché, confrontati al platino metallico, offrono alta attività catalitica, una migliore stabilità a lungo termine ed una minore perdita di efficienza dovuta alla corrosione o all’inquinamento. Il lavoro è stato principalmente indirizzato verso: 1) la sintesi e caratterizzazione di anodi a base di RuO2 e IrO2; 2) la sintesi di supporti conduttori a base di subossidi di titanio con alta area superficiale. 1) Catalizzatori nanostrutturati a base di RuO2 e IrO2 sono stati preparati mediante un processo colloidale a 100°C; gli idrossidi così ottenuti sono stati calcinati a differenti temperature. L’attenzione è stata focalizzata sugli effetti che il trattamento termico produce sulla struttura cristallografica e sulla dimensione delle particelle di questi catalizzatori e come queste proprietà possono influenzare le performance degli elettrodi per la reazione di evoluzione di ossigeno. Caratterizzazioni elettrochimiche sono state fatte mediante curve di polarizzazioni, spettroscopia d’impedenza, e misure di crono-amperometria. 2) Una nuova metodologia di sintesi per la preparazione dei subossidi di titanio con fase Magneli (TinO2n-1) è stata sviluppata. Le caratteristiche di questi materiali sono state valutate sotto condizioni operative, in elettrolizzatori di tipo SPE, e confrontate con la polvere commerciale Ebonex. La stessa fase attiva a base di IrO2 è stata usata, come elettrocatalizzatore, per entrambi i sistemi.
The topics of this PhD thesis are concerning with Chlor alkali electrolysis and PEM water electrolysis. • Chlor alkali electrolysis. The industrial production of chlorine is today essentially achieved through sodium chloride electrolysis, with only a minor quantity coming from hydrochloric acid electrolysis. The main problem of all these processes is the high electric energy consumption which usually represents a substantial part of the total production cost. Therefore, in order to improve the process, it is necessary to reduce the power consumption. The substitution of the traditional hydrogen-evolving cathodes with an oxygen-consuming gas diffusion electrode (GDE) involves a new reaction that reduces the thermodynamic cell voltage and leads to an energy savings of 30-40%. My research activity was addressed to the investigation of the oxygen reduction at gas-diffusion electrodes as well as to the surface and morphology analysis of the electrocatalysts. Specific attention was focused on deactivation phenomena involving this type of GDE configuration. The catalysts used in this study were based on a mixture of micronized silver particles and PTFE binder. In this study, fresh gas diffusion electrodes were compared with electrodes tested at different times in a chlor-alkali cell. Electrode stability was investigated by life-time tests. The surface of the gas diffusion electrodes was analyzed for both fresh and used cathodes by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The bulk of gas diffusion electrodes was investigated by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. • PEM water electrolysis. Water electrolysis is one of the few processes where hydrogen can be produced from renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic or wind energy without evolution of CO2. In particular, an SPE electrolyser is considered as a promising methodology for producing hydrogen as an alternative to the conventional alkaline water electrolysis. A PEM electrolyser possesses certain advantages compared with the classical alkaline process in terms of simplicity, high energy efficiency and specific production capacity. This system utilizes the well know technology of fuel cells based on proton conducting solid electrolytes. Unfortunately, electrochemical water splitting is associated with substantial energy loss, mainly due to the high over-potentials at the oxygen-evolving anode. It is therefore important to find the optimal oxygen-evolving electro-catalyst in order to minimize the energy loss. Typically, platinum is used at the cathode for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Ir or Ru oxides are used at the anode for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). These metal oxides are required, compared to the metallic platinum, because they offer a high activity, a better long-term stability and less efficiency losses due to corrosion or poisoning. My work was mainly addressed to a) the synthesis and characterisation of IrO2 and RuO2 anodes; b) conducting Ti-suboxides support based on a high surface area. a) Nanosized IrO2 and RuO2 catalysts were prepared by using a colloidal process at 100°C; the resulting hydroxides were then calcined at various temperatures. The attention was focused on the effect of thermal treatments on the crystallographic structure and particle size of these catalysts and how these properties may influence the performance of oxygen evolution electrode. Electrochemical characterizations were carried out by polarization curves, impedance spectroscopy and chrono-amperometric measurements. b) A novel chemical route for the preparation of titanium suboxides (TinO2n−1) with Magneli phase was developed. The relevant characteristics of the materials were evaluated under operating conditions, in a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) electrolyser, and compared to those of the commercial Ebonex®. The same IrO2 active phase was used in both systems as electrocatalyst.

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Owais, Ashour A. [Verfasser]. "Packed Bed Electrolysis for Production of Electrolytic Copper Powder from Electronic Scrap / Ashour A Owais." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1181600782/34.

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Owais, Ashour [Verfasser]. "Packed Bed Electrolysis for Production of Electrolytic Copper Powder from Electronic Scrap / Ashour A Owais." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1181600782/34.

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Udagawa, Jun. "Hydrogen production through steam electrolysis : model-based evaluation of an intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8310.

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Steam electrolysis using a solid oxide electrolysis cell at elevated temperatures might offer a solution to high electrical energy consumption associated with conventional water electrolysers through a combination of favourable thermodynamics and kinetics. Although the solid oxide electrolysis cell has not. received significant attention over the past several decades and is yet to be commercialised, there has been an increased interest towards such a technology in recent years, aimed at reducing the cost of electrolytic hydrogen. Here, a one-dimensional dynamic model of a planar cathode-supported intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell stack has' been developed to investigate the potential for hydrogen production using such an electrolyser. Steady state simulations have indicated that the electrical energy consumption of the modelled stack is significantly lower than those of water electrolysers commercially available today. However, the dependence of stack temperature on the operating point has suggested that there is a need for temperature control. Analysis of a possible temperature control strategy by variation of the air flow rate through the stack has shown that the resulting changes in the convective heat transfer between the air flow and stack can alter the stack temperature. Furthermore, simulated transient responses indicated that manipulation of such an air flow rate can reduce stack temperature excursions during dynamic operation, suggesting that the p,oposed control strategy. has a good potential to prevent issues related to the stack temperature fluctuations.

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Stemp, Michael C. "Homogeneous catalysis in alkaline water electrolysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/MQ45844.pdf.

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Engel, Johanna Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Advanced photoanodes for photoassisted water electrolysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89856.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2014.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
127
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 189-199).
With continuously growing energy demands, alternative, emission-free solar energy solutions become ever more attractive. However, to achieve sustainability, efficient conversion and storage of solar energy is imperative. Photoelectrolysis harnesses solar energy to evolve hydrogen and oxygen from water, thereby enabling energy storage via chemical means. Hematite or [alpha]-Fe₂O₃ has emerged as a highly promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical cells. While significant improvements in its performance have recently been achieved, it remains unclear why the maximum photocurrents still remain well below their theoretical predictions. This study investigates the defect chemistry and conduction mechanism of hematite in order to understand and improve this material's shortcomings. A defect model for donor doped hematite was derived and its predictions conformed by the electrical conductivity of ilmenite hematite solid solution bulk samples as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The enthalpies of the Schottky defect formation and the reduction reaction for hematite were determined as 13.4 eV and 5.4 eV, respectively. In addition, a temperature independent value for the electron mobility of 0.10 cm2/Vs for 1% Ti donor doped hematite was derived. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of nanometer scale, epitaxially grown thin films of the ilmenite hematite solid solution system was characterized by electrical impedance spectroscopy. This work reports a detailed correlation between the electrical conductivity of the undoped hematite, the 1 atom% Ti doped hematite and the thin films with higher ilmenite content and the conditions under which they were annealed (20° C=/< T =/< 800° c and 10-4 atm =/< po2 =/< atm). Hematite's room temperature conductivity can be increased from ~10-11 S/cm for undoped hematite films by as much as nine orders of magnitude by doping with the Ti donor. Furthermore, by controlling the non-stoichiometry of Ti-doped hematite, one can tune its conductivity by up to five orders of magnitude. Depending on processing conditions, donor dopants in hematite may be compensated largely by electrons or by ionic defects (Fe vacancies). The electron mobility of the film was determined to be temperature independent at 0.01 cm2/Vs for the < 0001 > epitaxial film containing a Ti donor density of 4.0 x 1020 cm-3. Finally, the photoelectrochemical performance of these materials was tested by cyclic voltammetry and measurements of their quantum efficiencies. The 1% Ti doped hematite thin film exhibited the highest photocurrent density of these dense, thin films at 0.9mA/cm2 with an applied bias of 1.5V vs. RHE. The IPCE of this sample reached 15% at wavelengths between 300nm and 350nm after an annealing treatment at 580° for 36 h. The solid solution containing 33% ilmenite preformed nearly as well as the doped hematite. The performance decreased with higher ilmenite concentrations in the solid solution. For all samples containing any ilmenite, the onset potential shifted to lower values by ~200mV after the annealing treatment. The increase in charge carrier density upon reduction of Ti doped hematite was conformed by a Mott-Schottky analysis of the hematite/electrolyte interface. In contrast, only minor changes in the carrier density were observed when reducing an undoped hematite photoanode. Changes in slope of the Mott-Schottky plots revealed the presence of deep trap states in the hematite films. In-situ UV-vis spectroscopy displayed a pronounced optical signature corresponding to the existence of such deep levels. These results highlight the importance of carefully controlling photoanode processing conditions, even when operating within the material's extrinsic dopant regime, and more generally, provide a model for the electronic properties of semiconducting metal oxide photoanodes.
by Johanna Engel.
Ph. D.

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Kopecek, Radovan. "Electrolysis of Titanium in Heavy Water." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5023.

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The purpose of these studies was to determine if results similar to those of Fleischmann and Pons could be obtained using a titanium cathode instead of palladium in an electrolysis in a heavy water cell. The electrolyte consists of D20 and H2S04• Two experiments have been performed to examine the features of this electrolysis. As titanium shows the same properties to attract hydrogen, it seemed possible that excess heat could be produced. Radiation was monitored, and the surface of the titanium cathode was examined before and after electrolysis for any changes in the morphology and composition, hoping to discover new elements that can be created only by fusion reactions in the cell, i.e. by transmutation. The heat and radiation effects have been evaluated in comparison to a control cell, using the same electrolyte and current. The only difference was the cathode, which was of platinum. It appears that excess heat is produced during electrolyses of heavy water with a titanium cathode. The amount of this excess heat was 750 cal in a one hour period, an energy gain of 44%. No significant emission of any of the products associated with a "classical" deuterium-deuterium fusion was observed during either experiment, i.e. heat but no radiation. Unexpected elements were found in both experiments, i.e. K. Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Remarkable is the fact that the new elements always occur very close in the periodic table to an impurity element, i.e. Cu and Zn.

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Books on the topic "Electrolysis"

1

Laguna-Bercero, Miguel Angel, ed. High Temperature Electrolysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22508-6.

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Sørlie, Morten. Cathodes in aluminium electrolysis. Düsseldorf: Aluminium-Verlag, 1989.

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Yaqoob, Asim Ali, and Akil Ahmad, eds. Microbial Electrolysis Cell Technology. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3356-9.

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Canadian Society of Civil Engineers., ed. Electrolysis in the city of Winnipeg. [Canada?: s.n., 1996.

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Xianxi, Wu. Inert Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28913-3.

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Saur, Genevieve. Wind electrolysis: Hydrogen cost optimization. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Galasiu, Ioan. Inert anodes for aluminium electrolysis. Düsseldorf: Aluminium-Verlag, 2007.

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Cavaliere, Pasquale. Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8.

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Shing, Kuai, and Meng Ji, eds. Electrolysis: Theory, types, and applications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Saur, Genevieve. Wind electrolysis--hydrogen cost optimization. Golden, Colo.]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrolysis"

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Rieger, Philip H. "Electrolysis." In Electrochemistry, 371–426. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0691-7_7.

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Schmiermund, Torsten. "Electrolysis." In The Chemistry Knowledge for Firefighters, 295–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64423-2_20.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Electrolysis." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 260. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4285.

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Chen, J. Paul, Shoou-Yuh Chang, and Yung-Tse Hung. "Electrolysis." In Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 359–78. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:359.

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Hine, Fumio. "Water Electrolysis." In Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering, 111–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0109-8_5.

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Huber, F., and K. Grätz. "By Electrolysis." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 331. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145241.ch198.

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Huber, F., and K. Grätz. "By Electrolysis." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 365. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145258.ch121.

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Huber, F., and K. Grätz. "By Electrolysis." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 209–10. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145258.ch61.

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Lehner, Markus, Robert Tichler, Horst Steinmüller, and Markus Koppe. "Water Electrolysis." In Power-to-Gas: Technology and Business Models, 19–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03995-4_3.

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Matsumoto, Hiroshige, and Kwati Leonard. "Steam Electrolysis." In Green Energy and Technology, 151–57. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56042-5_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrolysis"

1

Wang, Jie, Yongfang Xie, Shiwen Xie, and Xiaofang Chen. "Operational Decision-Making Optimization of Aluminum Electrolysis Process Based on Health Evaluation of Aluminum Electrolytic Cell." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS) and IEEE International Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM), 156–61. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cis-ram61939.2024.10672923.

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Almajed, Hussain M., Omar J. Guerra, Ana Somoza-Tornos, Wilson A. Smith, and Bri-Mathias Hodge. "The design and operational space of syngas production via integrated direct air capture with gaseous CO2 electrolysis." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 641–51. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.134920.

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The overarching goal of limiting the increase in global temperature to = 2.0� C likely requires both decarbonization and defossilization efforts. Direct air capture (DAC) and CO2 electrolysis stand out as promising technologies for capturing and utilizing atmospheric CO2. In this effort, we explore the details of designing and operating an integrated DAC-electrolysis process by examining some key parameters for economic feasibility. We evaluate the gross profit and net income to find the most appropriate capacity factor, average electricity price, syngas sale price, and CO2 taxes. Additionally, we study an optimistic scenario of CO2 electrolysis and perform a sensitivity analysis of the CO2 capture price to elucidate the impact of design decisions on the economic feasibility. Our findings underscore the necessity of design improvements of the CO2 electrolysis and DAC processes to achieve reasonable capacity factor and average electricity price limits. Notably, CO2 taxes and tax credits in the order of $400 per t-CO2 or greater are essential for the economic viability of the optimistic DAC-electrolysis route, especially at competitive syngas sale prices. This study serves as a foundation for further work on designing appropriate power system models that integrate well with the presented air-to-syngas route.

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Hua, Yuwei, Ying Tian, and Yuepeng Tao. "Modeling, Simulation and Hardware in the Loop Test of PEM Electrolysis System." In SAE 2024 Vehicle Powertrain Diversification Technology Forum. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-7097.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">PEM electrolysis system has characteristic of excellent performance such as fast response, high electrolysis efficiency, compact design and wide adjustable power range. It provides a sustainable solution for the production of hydrogen, and is well suited to couple with renewable energy sources. In the development process of PEM electrolysis controller, this article originally applied the V-mode development process, including simulation modeling, RCP testing, and HIL testing, which can provide guidance in the practical application of electrolytic hydrogen production. In this paper, we present modeling and simulation study of PEM water electrolysis system. Model of electrolytic cell, hydrogen production subsystem and thermal management subsystem are constructed in Matlab/Simulink. Controller model was designed based on PI control strategy. A rapid prototyping controller with MPC5744 chip was used to develop the control system of electrolytic hydrogen production system. Hardware in the loop test system is designed with PXI hardware and NI VeriStand software. The simulation results indicate that the working current density is 1.0 Acm-2, at 25°C and 55°C, the electrolytic voltage of PEM electrolytic cell is 2.0093V and 2.06218V, respectively, and the electrolytic efficiency is 74.25% and 72.35% relative to the thermal neutral voltage of 1.492V. Performance simulation of electrolytic hydrogen production system and hardware in the loop testing of the controller were completed on this development platform. Practical applications have shown that this model based development platform can greatly improve development efficiency. It is applied to the development process of PEM electrolysis controllers to accelerate development speed and efficiency, and has certain engineering significance.</div></div>

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Dominguez, Rodrigo, Enrique Calderón, and Jorge Bustos. "Safety Process in electrolytic green hydrogen production." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001634.

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The article objective is to analyze the electrolytic process of green hydrogen production from process safety and process safety management (PSM) points of views. The green hydrogen through water electrolysis production of is emerging as one of the main and best alternatives to replace the use of fossil fuels and thus mitigate environmental pollution and its consequences to the planet. For this purpose, the principles of the electrolysis process were established, as well as the different ways to carry it out, among which are: Alkaline electrolysis (AE); Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and High-Temperature electrolysis (HTE). Its associated hazards and risks were mentioned, and the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) was calculated for the three electrolysis methods, obtaining similar results with each other. In addition, the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE) PSM standard and the main international standards must be applied to electrolytic hydrogen production systems, such as: ISO 31000:2018 ; ISO 15916:2015 and ISO 22734:2019, was observed. Like other fuels, hydrogen processes production must be managed with preventive measures avoid events may have negative consequences to people, structures, and surrounding environment.

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Sharma, Neeraj, and Gerardo Diaz. "Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis as an Efficient Means of Generating Steam From Liquid Waste." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64062.

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The present study focuses on the performance evaluation of contact glow discharge electrolysis as a potential means for efficient generation of steam from liquid waste in the form of cooling tower blowdown produced at the campus of the University of California at Merced. The cooling tower blowdown, which acts as an electrolyte is fed into a stainless steel electrolytic cell connected to a DC power supply. After describing the transition from normal electrolysis to contact glow discharge electrolysis, the electrolytic cell is run in glow discharge mode for a specific duration of time and data for current, voltage, and rate of steam generation are recorded. Steam generation efficiency as high as 87% is obtained. High efficiency of steam generation makes it a practical method of generating steam from liquid waste.

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Zhang, X., J. E. O’Brien, R. C. O’Brien, and N. Petigny. "Performance Assessment of Single Electrode-Supported Solid Oxide Cells Operating in the Steam Electrolysis Mode." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64795.

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An experimental study has been conducted to assess the performance of electrode-supported solid-oxide cells operating in the steam electrolysis mode for hydrogen production. Results presented in this paper were obtained from single cells, with an active area of 16 cm2 per cell. The electrolysis cells are electrode-supported, with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes (∼10 μm thick), nickel-YSZ steam/hydrogen electrodes (∼1400 μm thick), and modified LSM or LSCF air-side electrodes (∼90 μm thick). The purpose of the present study is to document and compare the performance and degradation rates of these cells in the fuel cell mode and in the electrolysis mode under various operating conditions. Initial performance was documented through a series of voltage-current (VI) sweeps and AC impedance spectroscopy measurements. Degradation was determined through long-term testing, first in the fuel cell mode, then in the electrolysis mode. Results generally indicate accelerated degradation rates in the electrolysis mode compared to the fuel cell mode, possibly due to electrode delamination. The paper also includes details of an improved single-cell test apparatus developed specifically for these experiments.

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Hu, X., L. Sundqvist Ökvist, and J. Björkvall. "Electrolytic reduction of metal sulfides/oxides in molten salts for sustainable metal production." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings, 1395–99. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/unyj2040.

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The metal production industry is a significant contributor to global CO2 emissions due to the use of fossil fuels such as coal and coke. To mitigate these emissions and meet climate goals, innovative and sustainable technologies are required. Molten salt electrolysis is a promising technology that directly produces metals from their precursor sulfides or oxides using electricity. When combined with renewable electricity and an inert anode, the electrolysis process can be carbon neutral. This paper presents the results of two pilot-scale studies on the electrolytic reduction of metal oxides and sulfides in molten salts. The first study focuses on the electrolytic reduction of chalcopyrite in molten NaCl-KCl salt. The results demonstrate that in situ separation of copper, iron, and sulfur is possible, enabling the extraction of all valuable elements without CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the findings underscore the capability to eliminate impurities like zinc, antimony, arsenic, and mercury from the electrolysis product. The second study investigates the electrolytic reduction of pure/synthetic chemicals of wüstite, hematite, and magnetite, as well as a magnetite-type iron ore in molten NaOH salt. The findings reveal a stepwise reduction of iron oxides from high valence to low valence, ultimately leading to the production of metallic iron electrolytically. Notably, this study underscores the challenges associated with the selection of an economically viable and durable inert anode material for efficient oxygen generation. These results indicate that molten salt electrolysis provides a sustainable and green route for base metal production. The use of this technology has the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions in the metal production industry, contributing to achieving climate goals.

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TANIGUCHI, S., S. SHIMADU, H. YAMADA, S. NARITA, T. ODASHIMA, N. TESHIMA, and T. OHMORI. "ICP–MS ANALYSIS OF ELECTRODES AND ELECTROLYTES AFTER HNO3/H2O ELECTROLYSIS." In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cold Fusion. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812772985_0029.

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Sakhnenko, Mykola, Gulsara Zhamanbayeva, Tatyana Nenastina, Aiman Kemelzhanova, and Lyazzat Dalabay. "KINETIC REGULARITIES OF OBTAINING ELECTROLYTIC NANO-COATINGS AND COBALT COMPOSITES WITH REFRACTORY METALS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s24.05.

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Electrodeposition of composite coatings based on cobalt alloys from citratepyrophosphate electrolytes is investigated. The features of the co-reduction of cobalt with refractory metals (Mo, W, Zr) directly from the electrolyte solution are due to the mutual influence of thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of alloy-forming components. Modern electrochemical technologies for surface treatment of titanium alloys to create protective, antifriction, dielectric, and catalytically active materials are considered. The physicochemical fundamentals of the processes of plasma-electrolytic formation of conversion and composite electrolytic coatings are highlighted. Separate stages of electrode reactions, regularities of the influence of electrolyte components, and electrolysis parameters on the composition, structure, and morphology of synthesized materials are examined in detail. Considerable attention is paid to improving the synthesis of multicomponent alloys and composites based on cobalt from aggregative stable and stable electrolyte solutions, and flexible control of the composition and functional properties of materials is an urgent scientific and technical problem, the solution of which is the presented study.

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Geng, Jiafeng, Di Su, Tongkun Deng, Luotong Mo, Haojie Li, Lanwen Hu, and Chenyu Guo. "Optimization of A Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic Direct-Coupled Alkaline Water Electrolysis Setup by Experiment Method and Simulink Modeling." In SAE 2024 Vehicle Powertrain Diversification Technology Forum. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-7102.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Photovoltaic water electrolysis hydrogen production technology has garnered significant attention due to its zero carbon emissions and its potential to address the issue of grid fluctuations associated with solar power generation. However, the direct coupling technology for photovoltaic electrolyzer system remains underdeveloped, leading to the predominance of indirect coupling methods. This limitation results in a low overall conversion efficiency, which significantly hinders the application and promotion of this technology. In this paper, we first constructed a set of miniaturized photovoltaic water electrolysis devices, utilizing commercial photovoltaic modules and self-manufactured electrolyzer, and subsequently tested the operational characteristics of both components. Based on the experimental results, we established a simulation model for direct coupling of photovoltaic water electrolysis. This model incorporates the concept of supplying photovoltaic power to the electrolytic cells through DC conversion via an MPPT controller. This approach is deemed more operationally feasible compared to traditional series-parallel adjustment methods for electrolytic cells. The experimental findings also indicate that the series connection of electrolytic cells is necessary, with the number of cells not being too small to avoid fluctuations. In this paper, a configuration of six cells was selected as the final optimization solution. Additionally, we tested the adaptability of the system across a wide range of radiation intensities. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed solution and configuration can effectively adapt to variations in radiation intensity.</div></div>

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Reports on the topic "Electrolysis"

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Skone, Timothy J. Rare Earth Oxide Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509117.

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Steven Cohen, Stephen Porter, Oscar Chow, and David Henderson. Hydrogen Generation From Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/948808.

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RIchard Bourgeois, Steven Sanborn, and Eliot Assimakopoulos. Alkaline Electrolysis Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/886689.

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Saur, G., and T. Ramsden. Wind Electrolysis: Hydrogen Cost Optimization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1015505.

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Xu, Hui, Judith Lattimer, Yamini Mohan, and Steve McCatty. High-Temperature Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1826376.

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Lin, Rui. The Application of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2024014.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Hydrogen has gained global recognition as a crucial energy resource, holding immense potential to offer clean, efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly energy solutions. Through water electrolysis powered by green electricity, the production of decarbonized “green hydrogen” is achievable. Hydrogen technology emerges as a key pathway for realizing the global objective of “carbon neutrality.” Among various water electrolysis technologies, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) stands out as exceptionally promising. It boasts high energy density, elevated electrolysis efficiency, and the capacity for high output pressure, making it a frontrunner in the quest for sustainable hydrogen production.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>The Application of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis</b> delves into the challenges and trends ahead of PEMWE—from fundamental research to practical application—and briefly describes its relative characteristics, key components, and future targets. The cost-effectiveness of PEMWE is illustrated and the report explores the potential for deeper integration into various industries, such as renewable energy consumption and hydrogen for industrial purposes. It further points the current trends, concluding with a series of recommendations for consideration by government, industry stakeholders, and researchers.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>

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Linkous, C. A., R. Anderson, and R. W. Kopitzke. Development of solid electrolytes for water electrolysis at intermediate temperatures. Task 3 report; Annual report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564091.

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Eichman, Joshua D., Mariya Koleva, Omar Jose Guerra Fernandez, and Brady McLaughlin. Optimizing an Integrated Renewable-Electrolysis System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1606147.

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Kopecek, Radovan. Electrolysis of Titanium in Heavy Water. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6899.

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Zaczek, Christoph. Electrolysis of Palladium in Heavy Water. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6927.

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