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1
Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.
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The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.
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Proost, Joris. "(Invited) Techno-Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341735mtgabs.
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Hydrogen production today Today, hydrogen is still mainly being used as a specialty chemical, including the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, and during steel and glass manufacturing where it is the preferred reducing gas during annealing and forming processes. The great majority of all these H2 is being produced by 2 large-scale chemical processes : steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification. Both of these processes are heavily CO2 intensive, SMR emitting up to 8 tons of CO2 per ton of H2 produced. Therefore, with the objective of reaching the CO2 emission targets already in today's fossil-based H2 production, the part of electrolytic hydrogen produced from renewable electricity should significantly increase. However, in order to meet the current global H2 demand of around 80 Mton/year, a total of 300 GW installed electrolyser capacity would already be needed today. Such instantaneous massive electrolyser deployment is not very realistic. Alternatively, a selection of technologically feasible market penetrations for electrolytic H2 needs to be made. In the ideal case, such a selection also implies that todays local H2 consumers, besides becoming local (on-site) producers of renewable electricity, also need to become local (on-site) producers of electrolytic H2, at a production scale which still allows to meet the stringent requirement of fossil parity. The cost of electrochemical hydrogen production As compared to an individual large-scale SMR production unit, typically corresponding to an electrolyser power equivalent well above 100 MW, the basic units of a water electrolyser are rather small-scale : both the geometrical area of the electrodes (a few m2 at most) and the number of electrodes that can be compiled in series in a single stack is relatively limited. As a result, the unit size of water electrolysers has long been limited to the kW-range, a typical on-site containerized production unit being a few 100 kW at most. However, in order to be able to realize the coupling to renewables, the power scale of water electrolysers needs to become at least of the same order of magnitude as the renewable electricity source itself, i.e. multi-MW. Such an electrolyser scale-up is typically being realised by increasing the number of cells per stack. However, from the state-of-the-art data that we recently collected from a number of electrolyser manufacturers, such a "keep-on-stacking" approach seems to have a practical limit at around 200 cells/stack [2]. Beyond that number, other balance-of-plant issues come into play. Therefore, for multi-MW applications, multi-stack electrolyser systems are typically being used. While it is technically feasible to produce electrolytic hydrogen with such multi-stack systems at the multi-MW scale (even >100MW), as was already demonstrated several decades ago, the critical question still remains at what price/cost this can be done today. In this respect, the 3 major parameters affecting the electrolytic H2 production cost are the operational time of the electrolyser, the cost of renewable electricity, and the electrolyser CAPEX. Hence, before becoming a realistic alternative production technology, there is a need for cheap(er) renewable electricity (well below 70 €/MWh) and the investment cost of electrolysers needs to be brought down (to about 500 €/kW). Luckily, with respect to all these requirements, significant progress has been made over the past years, as we will highlight in our presentation using the most recent data from both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The scale of fossil parity for electrolytic hydrogen An important techno-economic aspect then relates to the production scale required for obtaining fossil parity with electrolytic H2. Indeed, one might wrongly conclude that reaching the required reduction in electrolyser CAPEX down to about 500 €/kW would require very large-scale electrolytic H2 production units around 100 MW or above, on the same order of today's SMR units. However, our own recent data suggest that there might be a much smaller production scale for reaching such low CAPEX values. Indeed based on an extrapolation of the currently available CAPEX data for single-stack alkaline electrolysers, the level of 500 €/kW could already be reached at less than 10 MW [3]. Such a significant reduction in the scale required for fossil parity is directly related to the much steeper reduction in CAPEX that can be realised for single-stack as compared to multi-stack water electrolysis systems. Some promising implications of such small-scale fossil parity will be discussed during our presentation as well. [1] Global Hydrogen Review 2023, International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023 [2] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, 4406-4413 (2019) [3] J. Proost, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45, 17067-17075 (2020)
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Zhang, Fan, Junjie Zhou, Xiaofeng Chen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yayun Zhao, Yulong Tang, Ziqi Tian, et al. "The Recent Progresses of Electrodes and Electrolysers for Seawater Electrolysis." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030239.
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The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis.
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de les Valls, E. Mas, R. Capdevila, J. Jaramillo, and W. Buchholz. "Modelling thermal dynamics in intermittent operation of a PEMEL for green hydrogen production." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012044.
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Abstract Green hydrogen plays a pivotal role in the imminent energy transition, addressing energy storage and electricity generation decarbonization. The European Commission’s hydrogen strategy underscores the goal to install at least 40 GW of green hydrogen electrolysers by 2023. Despite various electrolyser technologies, efficiency improvement and durability enhancement remain challenges, especially considering voltage intermittencies from renewable energy sources. This study emphasizes the impact of thermal gradients within electrolysers due to voltage interruptions, affecting membrane operation and causing premature wear. The study explores methods to minimize thermal gradients, revealing trade-offs between efficiency and durability. A lumped-parameter numerical model is developed and experimentally adjusted to simulate electrochemical and energy transport phenomena. Experimental and numerical results are compared, highlighting the need for a comprehensive thermal management code for effective electrolyser performance. The study addresses the importance of accurately modelling transient thermal responses for both proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEMEL) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOEL) designs, providing insights for future advancements in thermal management strategies.
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Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.
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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.
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Borm, Oliver, and Stephen B. Harrison. "Reliable off-grid power supply utilizing green hydrogen." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab025.
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Abstract Green hydrogen produced from wind, solar or hydro power is a suitable electricity storage medium. Hydrogen is typically employed as mid- to long-term energy storage, whereas batteries cover short-term energy storage. Green hydrogen can be produced by any available electrolyser technology [alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), anion exchange membrane (AEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC)] if the electrolysis is fed by renewable electricity. If the electrolysis operates under elevated pressure, the simplest way to store the gaseous hydrogen is to feed it directly into an ordinary pressure vessel without any external compression. The most efficient way to generate electricity from hydrogen is by utilizing a fuel cell. PEM fuel cells seem to be the most favourable way to do so. To increase the capacity factor of fuel cells and electrolysers, both functionalities can be integrated into one device by using the same stack. Within this article, different reversible technologies as well as their advantages and readiness levels are presented, and their potential limitations are also discussed.
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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Alejandro O. Barnett, Thulile Khoza, Patrick Fortin, Sara Andrenacci, Alaa Y. Faid, Pål Emil England Karstensen, Svein Sunde, and Simon Clark. "An Open-Source Continuum Model for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362002mtgabs.
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Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis has the potential to produce green hydrogen at low cost by combining the advantages of conventional alkaline electrolysis and proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. The alkaline environment in AEM electrolysis enables the use of less expensive catalysts such as nickel, whereas the use of a solid polymer electrolyte enables differential pressure operation. Recent advancements in AEM performance and lifetime have spurred interest in AEM electrolysis, but many open research areas remain, such as understanding the impacts of water transport in the membrane and salt content in the electrolyte on cell performance and degradation. Furthermore, integrating electrolyser systems into renewable energy grids necessitates dynamic operation of the electrolyser cell, which introduces additional challenges. Computational modelling of AEM electrolysis is ideally suited to tackle many of these open questions by providing insight into the transport processes and electrochemical reactions occurring in the cell under dynamic conditions. In this work, an open-source, transient continuum modelling framework for anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is presented and applied to study electrolyzer cell dynamic performance. The one-dimensional cell model contains coupled equations for multiphase flow in the porous transport layers, a parameterized solution property model for potassium hydroxide electrolytes, and coupled ion and water transport equations to account for water activity gradients within the AEM. The model is validated with experimental results from an AEM electrolyser cell. We find that pH gradients develop within the electrolyte due to the production and consumption of hydroxide, which can lead to voltage losses and cell degradation. The influence of these pH gradients on potential catalyst dissolution mechanisms is explored and discussed. Finally, initial studies of transient operation will be presented. This work has been performed in the frame of the CHANNEL project. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under grant agreement No 875088. This Joint undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Some of this work has been performed within the MODELYS project "Electrolyzer 2030 – Cell and stack designs" financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project number 326809.
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Kumar Gupta, Pankaj, Akshay Dvivedi, and Pradeep Kumar. "Effect of Electrolytes on Quality Characteristics of Glass during ECDM." Key Engineering Materials 658 (July 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.141.
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Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an ideal process for machining of nonconductive materials in micro-domain. The material removal takes place due to combined action of localised sparks and electrolysis in an electrolytic chamber. The electrolyte is most important process parameter for ECDM as it governs spark action as well as electrolysis. This article presents a comparison of three preferred electrolytes used in ECDM viz. NaCl, KOH and NaOH on drilling of glass workpiece material. The quality characteristics measured are material removal rate (MRR) and hole overcut. Results reveal that NaOH provides 9.7 and 3.8 times higher MRR than NaCl and KOH respectively. MRR and hole overcut are found significantly affected by spark characteristics.
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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.06.
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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.42.
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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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Górecki, Krzysztof, Małgorzata Górecka, and Paweł Górecki. "Modelling Properties of an Alkaline Electrolyser." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123073.
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This paper proposes a model of an electrolyser in the form of a subcircuit dedicated for SPICE. It takes into account both the electric static and dynamic properties of the considered device and is devoted to the optimisation of the parameters of the signal feeding this electrolyser, making it possible to obtain a high productivity and efficiency of the electrolysis process. Parameter values the describing current-voltage characteristics of the electrolyser take into account the influence of the concentration of the potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. A detailed description of the structure and all the components of this model is included in the paper. The correctness of the elaborated model is verified experimentally in a wide range of changes in the value of the feeding current and concentration of the KOH solution. Some computations illustrating the influence of the amplitude, average value, duty factor, and frequency of feeding current on the productivity and efficiency of the electrolysis process are performed. On the basis of the obtained results of the investigations, some recommendations for the operating conditions of electrolysers are formulated.
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Therkildsen, Kasper T. "(Invited) Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: An Industrial Perspective." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341692mtgabs.
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Electrolysers is a novel component in the energy system and is expected to play a key role in the transition to a fossil free energy system and supply Green Hydrogen to a number of small- and large-scale applications within a number of industries e.g. transportation, industry etc. with several hundreds of GW is projected to be installed towards 2030. Modularity and mass production are key factors for the large scale deployment of electrolysis as envisioned in Hydrogen Strategies across the World. However, a number of different design strategies and modularities can be chosen in order to achieve this. This talk focuses on fundamental aspects of alkaline electrolysis including industrial requirements for catalysts and diaphragms, how to develop an electrolyser product and the development of multi-MW alkaline electrolysers plants with factory assembled modules allowing rapid on-site installation in order to keep up with the pace needed to reach deployment targets.
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Riester, Christian Michael, Gotzon García, Nerea Alayo, Albert Tarancón, Diogo M. F. Santos, and Marc Torrell. "Business Model Development for a High-Temperature (Co-)Electrolyser System." Fuels 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3030025.
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There are increasing international efforts to tackle climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, the use of electrolytic hydrogen as an energy carrier in decentralised and centralised energy systems, and as a secondary energy carrier for a variety of applications, is projected to grow. Required green hydrogen can be obtained via water electrolysis using the surplus of renewable energy during low electricity demand periods. Electrolysis systems with alkaline and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology are commercially available in different performance classes. The less mature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) promises higher efficiencies, as well as co-electrolysis and reversibility functions. This work uses a bottom-up approach to develop a viable business model for a SOEC-based venture. The broader electrolysis market is analysed first, including conventional and emerging market segments. A further opportunity analysis ranks these segments in terms of business attractiveness. Subsequently, the current state and structure of the global electrolyser industry are reviewed, and a ten-year outlook is provided. Key industry players are identified and profiled, after which the major industry and competitor trends are summarised. Based on the outcomes of the previous assessments, a favourable business case is generated and used to develop the business model proposal. The main findings suggest that grid services are the most attractive business sector, followed by refineries and power-to-liquid processes. SOEC technology is particularly promising due to its co-electrolysis capabilities within the methanol production process. Consequently, an “engineering firm and operator” business model for a power-to-methanol plant is considered the most viable option.
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Corda, Giuseppe, Antonio Cucurachi, Stefano Fontanesi, and Alessandro d’Adamo. "Three-Dimensional CFD Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 13, 2023): 5968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165968.
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The energy shift towards carbon-free solutions is creating an ever-growing engineering interest in electrolytic cells, i.e., devices to produce hydrogen from water-splitting reactions. Among the available technologies, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis is the most promising candidate for coping with the intermittency of renewable energy sources, thanks to the short transient period granted by the solid thin electrolyte. The well-known principle of PEM electrolysers is still unsupported by advanced engineering practices, such as the use of multidimensional simulations able to elucidate the interacting fluid dynamics, electrochemistry, and heat transport. A methodology for PEM electrolysis simulation is therefore needed. In this study, a model for the multidimensional simulation of PEM electrolysers is presented and validated against a recent literature case. The study analyses the impact of temperature and gas phase distribution on the cell performance, providing valuable insights into the understanding of the physical phenomena occurring inside the cell at the basis of the formation rate of hydrogen and oxygen. The simulations regard two temperature levels (333 K and 353 K) and the complete polarization curve is numerically predicted, allowing the analysis of the overpotentials break-up and the multi-phase flow in the PEM cell. An in-house developed model for macro-homogeneous catalyst layers is applied to PEM electrolysis, allowing independent analysis of overpotentials, investigation into their dependency on temperature and analysis of the cathodic gas–liquid stratification. The study validates a comprehensive multi-dimensional model for PEM electrolysis, relevantly proposing a methodology for the ever-growing urgency for engineering optimization of such devices.
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Reimanis, Madars, Jurijs Ozoliņš, Juris Mālers, and Vizma Nikolajeva. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH IN WATER." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 3, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol2.1031.
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Use of the TinO2n-1 electrode for water electrolysis process promotes the destruction of organic matter as shown by the changes in permanganate index different values of electrolysed and non electrolysed solution. Using the TinO2n-1 electrode in the electrolysis process with the presence of chlorine and bromine ions can create a lasting disinfectant effect that was demonstrated by the sharp decrease in the number of bacterial colony forming units in electrolysed solutions. Using the TinO2n-1 electrode in the electrolysis process with the presence of iodine ions can create a bacteriostatic effect which was maintained for at least 10 days in electrolysed solutions
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Jiao, Handong. "The Current Progress of the Titanium Preparation by Electrolysis in the Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Electrolytes." Journal of Advanced Thermal Science Research 8 (December 28, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5826.2021.08.8.
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Titanium is a beneficial metallic material due to its excellent properties. However, the large-scale application of titanium is inhibited by the high production cost of the Kroll process. To address this challenge, researchers have proposed many new strategies based on electrochemical technology over the past decades. Those electrochemical methods show potential practical value to replace the Kroll process. Nevertheless, many of them are conducted in high-temperature melts, limiting the rapid development of those methods. Accordingly, room-temperature electrolysis in ionic liquid electrolytes was employed in titanium production. At present, there is no systematic and in-depth summary on room-temperature titanium electrolysis, although many pathways in room-temperature melts have been reported. In this review, we briefly outline the development of the titanium electrolysis methods firstly and summarize the room-temperature titanium electrolysis in ionic liquid electrolytes. Furthermore, we have discussed the fundamental mechanisms and key challenges occurring in room-temperature titanium electrolysis. Finally, we proposed the opportunities and research direction on room-temperature titanium electrolysis. We hope this review will be a valuable roadmap for room-temperature titanium electrolysis.
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Park, Habin, Chenyu Li, and Paul Kohl. "Durability and Performance of Poly(norbornene) Anion Exchange Membrane Alkaline Electrolyzer with High Ionic Strength Anolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341792mtgabs.
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Anion exchange polymer electrolytes enable low-temperature alkaline water electrolysis for reliable green hydrogen production. Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) with alkaline electrolytes has several advantages over the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis using acid-based polymer electrolytes. The advantages include low-cost catalysts, all hydrocarbon non-fluorinated polymer membrane, and low-cost cell components. Long-term durability of AEMWEs in high pH operation has been challenging, although there have been significant performance improvements. AEMWE operated at low hydroxide anolyte provides improved chemical stability. In this study, an understanding of the high ionic-strength anolyte is provided along with demonstration of the AEMWE performance and durability. Anion exchange poly(norbornene) solid polymer electrolytes show high-performance, durable membrane electrode assemblies for alkaline electrolysis. Covalently bonded, self-adhesive solid polymer ionomers were used in electrodes for durable electrolysis. Hydration problem with the low pH alkaline anolyte in dry-cathode AEMWE is presented. The effect of anolyte concentration and mobile cations on the cathode electrolysis performance using a low hydroxide anolyte was investigated. High ionic strength anolyte was prepared by changing the mobile cation concentration while maintaining a constant anolyte pH. The mechanism of cathode hydration improvement through use of a high ionic strength anolyte is presented. Long-term durability with the optimal high ionic strength electrolyte is discussed.
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González-Cobos, Jesús, Bárbara Rodríguez-García, Mabel Torréns, Òscar Alonso-Almirall, Martí Aliaguilla, David Galí, David Gutiérrez-Tauste, Magí Galindo-Anguera, Felipe A. Garcés-Pineda, and José Ramón Galán-Mascarós. "An Autonomous Device for Solar Hydrogen Production from Sea Water." Water 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030453.
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Hydrogen production from water electrolysis is one of the most promising approaches for the production of green H2, a fundamental asset for the decarbonization of the energy cycle and industrial processes. Seawater is the most abundant water source on Earth, and it should be the feedstock for these new technologies. However, commercial electrolyzers still need ultrapure water. The debate over the advantages and disadvantages of direct sea water electrolysis when compared with the implementation of a distillation/purification process before the electrolysis stage is building in the relevant research. However, this debate will remain open for some time, essentially because there are no seawater electrolyser technologies with which to compare the modular approach. In this study, we attempted to build and validate an autonomous sea water electrolyzer able to produce high-purity green hydrogen (>90%) from seawater. We were able to solve most of the problems that natural seawater electrolyses imposes (high corrosion, impurities, etc.), with decisions based on simplicity and sustainability, and those issues that are yet to be overcome were rationally discussed in view of future electrolyzer designs. Even though the performance we achieved may still be far from industrial standards, our results demonstrate that direct seawater electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ≈7% can be achieved with common, low-cost materials and affordable fabrication methods.
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Prits, Alise-Valentine, Martin Maide, Ronald Väli, Mona Tammemägi, Huy Quí Vinh Nguyen, Rainer Küngas, and Jaak Nerut. "Bridging the Gap between Laboratory and Industrial Scale Electrochemical Characterisation of Raney Ni Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 34 (August 9, 2024): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01341816mtgabs.
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The most mature water electrolysis technology is alkaline electrolysis, where an aqueous solution of KOH is used as the electrolyte. While this technology has been used for decades, there is still a lot of potential to improve the performance of these devices. Much research is focused on the optimisation of the electrodes containing novel catalyst materials that lower the activation energy barrier of the electrolysis process. However, one of the issues described by Ehlers et al.1 is that the current academic electrolysis research is done under conditions that are far from practical (e.g. at low current densities, room temperature, and dilute electrolytes). In this study, we characterise a commercial Raney nickel electrode in various setups using a systematic series of experiments, including a typical laboratory-scale three-electrode setup, two different flow-cell setups and a 10-kW electrolysis stack of 17 cells. In addition to the cell geometry (electrode area ranging from 1 cm2 to 960 cm2), the varied measurement conditions include temperature (ranging from room temperature to 80 degrees Celsius), pressure (from atmospheric pressure to ), electrolyte concentration (from 0.1 M to 30 wt% KOH), and the level of Fe impurities in the electrolyte. The resulting electrochemical data received from different measurement setups and measurement conditions are compared, and insights about the challenges related to correlating laboratory experiments to industrial-scale experiments are provided. Figure 1. Alkaline electrolysis measurement setups with the typical measurement conditions used to study Raney nickel electrodes within this work – a typical laboratory-scale three-electrode setup (a), two different flow-cell setups (b, c) and a 10-kW electrolysis stack of 17 cells (d). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Applied Research Program of Enterprise Estonia ("Developing and Validating Alkaline Electrolysis Stack Technology with Nanoceramic Electrodes", RE.5.04.22-0109) and by the Estonian Research Council (EAG273 "Highly active electrodes for precious metal free alkaline electrolysers" (1.09.2023−31.08.2024)). References J. C. Ehlers, A. A. Feidenhans’l, K. T. Therkildsen, and G. O. Larrazábal, ACS Energy Lett., 8, 1502–1509 (2023). Figure 1
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Vukicevic, Natasa, Vesna Cvetkovic, Nebojsa Nikolic, Goran Brankovic, Tanja Barudzija, and Jovan Jovicevic. "Formation of the honeycomb-like MgO/Mg(OH)2 structures with controlled shape and size of holes by molten salt electrolysis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 83, no. 12 (2018): 1351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc180913084v.
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Synthesis of the honeycomb-like MgO/Mg(OH)2 structures, with controlled shape and size of holes, by the electrolysis from magnesium nitrate hexahydrate melt onto glassy carbon is presented. The honeycomb-like structures were made up of holes, formed from detached hydrogen bubbles, surrounded by walls, built up of thin intertwined needles. For the first time, it was shown that the honeycomb-like structures can be obtained by molten salt electrolysis and not exclusively by electrolysis from aqueous electrolytes. Analogies with the processes of the honeycomb-like metal structures formation from aqueous electrolytes are presented and discussed. Rules established for the formation of these structures from aqueous electrolytes, such as the increase of number of holes, the decrease of holes size and coalescence of neighbouring hydrogen bubbles observed with increasing cathodic potential, appeared to be valid for the electrolysis of the molten salt used.
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Radionov, E. Yu. "Development of a technology for setting a high-amperage electrolytic cell for electrical preheating using fusible links." iPolytech Journal 28, no. 4 (January 4, 2025): 634–46. https://doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2024-4-635-646.
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The paper aims to develop and test a design procedure for setting an electrolytic cell for electrical preheating without current interruption in a series of electrolysis units using aluminum fusible links. For the analysis of a complex electrical circuit, the circuit conversion technique, a direct application of Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, was used. The obtained patterns were identified and determined using graphical and analytical methods. Mathematical modeling was performed by means of approved programs. A design procedure was developed for setting an electrolytic cell for electrical preheating without current interruption in the series of electrolysis units. The computations (mathematical modeling) were performed for two startup variants: without current load interruption in the series of electrolysis units and with the lowering of current load in the series (to 250 kA). Pilot startup tests of two high-amperage electrolytic cells were performed without current interruption in the series of electrolysis units, i.e., at an operating current of 330 kA, as well as the startup of one electrolytic cell with the current load lowered to 250 kA. The study results indicate that the developed method allows a high-amperage electrolytic cell to be set for electrical preheating with the use of fusible links without interrupting the current load or with its lowering in the series of electrolysis units. Successful pilot tests of three high-amperage electrolytic cells operating at a current strength of 330 kA provide a means to extrapolate this preheating method to other high-amperage electrolytic cells operating at current strengths of 400 and 550 kA.
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Heizmann, Sören, and Chiara Manfletti. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Cathode-Vapour-Feed PEM-Electrolyser for Space Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 25 (November 22, 2024): 2002. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02252002mtgabs.
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Water electrolysis is experiencing growing interest due to its importance in the transition to a carbon-neutral transportation sector and even in spaceflight it can play a vital role. Here, its typical application has been the oxygen generation for the life support of astronauts onboard a spacecraft or the International Space Station. However, in recent years the application of electrolysis for a new form of spacecraft propulsion is receiving increasing attention, as well. This technology is called Water Electrolysis Propulsion (WEP). So far highly toxic and expensive propellants have been used for in-space propulsion, like hydrazine-derivatives and dinitrogen tetroxide. However, with a constantly growing number of satellite-launches per year, the spaceflight industry is searching for more inexpensive solutions which do not entail the corresponding safety hazards and engineering challenges of these conventional propellants. WEP is currently considered to be one of the most promising solutions for these issues. Within such a system a satellite is filled on ground with pure water. Once launched into space an electrolyser, powered by the satellite’s solar panels, is used to split the water into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen which are stored in intermediate storage tanks at pressures of up to 100 bar. Subsequently the gases can be combusted in a rocket engine to generate thrust and to propel the spacecraft for various propulsive needs. One of the core components of such a system is the electrolyser. In order to be competitive, an electrolyser type has to be found, which is lightweight, able to operate in zero-gravity and is able to pressurize the gases without the need for additional mechanical pumps. Currently the most promising electrolyser type is the so-called Cathode-Vapour-Feed (CVF) PEM electrolyser. Here a conventional PEM electrolyser is operated in cathode feed and modified by integrating a second membrane (Water Feed Barrier) between the electrolysis membrane and the water inlet. In order for the electrolyser to operate, the water has to diffuse through this Water Feed Barrier (WFB) and is subsequently present in a vapour state at the electrolysis membrane. Therefore, no phase separators are needed and the electrolyser is able to operate independently and unaffected by gravity. Furthermore, a low voltage is applied on the Water Feed Barrier slightly exceeding the Nernst-Voltage. Hence the WFB is effectively acting as an electrochemical pump which allows the generation of the gases at higher pressures than the water inlet pressure. This conceptual change is however introducing several unconventional mechanisms and phenomena that have to be considered during the design of such a device. However, previous research on the CVF technology has been very limited due to its niche application so far and most of these phenomena and mechanisms remain unanalysed. This paper is aiming to contribute towards the closure of this knowledge gap. The working principle and the theory behind these additional phenomena appearing in the CVF electrolyser are presented. These are the significantly affected mass transport of the water towards the anode side of the electrolysis membrane, the gas diffusion through both membranes and its effect on the electrolyser’s performance, as well as the mutual interaction between the applied voltages on the three electrodes. Furthermore, many researchers have used the same membrane type for the WFB as for the electrolysis membrane, although it serves a different purpose and is exposed to different operating conditions. Therefore, special attention will be devoted to the determination of the optimal membrane type for the WFB since barely any research has been conducted on this topic. In addition, a proof-of-concept electrolyser has been built and tested in a parameter study to validate the theoretical considerations. The experimental findings on the effect of membrane selection for the WFB, distance between the membranes and impact of flow field topology are presented and discussed. Therefore, the paper contributes towards a more targeted development of space electrolysers in the future. Figure 1
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Savira, Deandra, and Rahadian Zainul. "Efektifitas Variasi Plat 4//4 dan 5//5 Elektroda Al/Cu terhadap Kinerja Generator Penghasil Gas Hidrogen." Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 3, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v3i2.377.
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This study aims to compare the effectiveness of plate variations 4//4 and 5//5 Al/Cu on the performance of hydrogen gas generators. The method used is electrolysis using electrolytes H2O and CH3COONa. The result obtained is that the 4/4 Al/Cu electrode plate variation is more effective in producing hydrogen gas during electrolysis than the 5/5 al/cu electrode plate variation. The 4/4 plate variation produces hydrogen gas with 8 ml and 102 ml of H2O and CH3COONa electrolytes, respectively. The use of electrolytes in the form of salt and variations of the electrode plates during the electrolysis process affect the yield of hydrogen gas produced using a hydrogen generator.
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Andročec, Ivan, Martina Mikulić, and Martina Rubil. "Development of Electrolyser Projects for Production of Renewable Hydrogen." Journal of Energy - Energija 73, no. 3 (December 15, 2024): 9–16. https://doi.org/10.37798/2024733518.
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Hydrogen is one of the important factors in reaching climate neutrality from the European Green Deal, particularly hydrogen made from renewable energy sources. The paper describes electrolysis plants in technical, environmental and regulatory aspects and presents obstacles that need to be overcome for the successful implementation of electrolyser projects, looking at the bigger picture of the energy sector. Part of the paper is dedicated to the research of existing projects and the plans for the development of electrolysers. Possible contribution of the development of electrolysis plants is in the application at the locations of existing thermal power plants that are no longer suitable for operation due to technological, economic or environmental reasons, which would take advantage of the existing location of the power plant for the installation of new technology that meets the concept of low-carbon development.
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Bespalko, Sergii, and Jerzy Mizeraczyk. "Overview of the Hydrogen Production by Plasma-Driven Solution Electrolysis." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 7508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207508.
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This paper reviews the progress in applying the plasma-driven solution electrolysis (PDSE), which is also referred to as the contact glow-discharge electrolysis (CGDE) or plasma electrolysis, for hydrogen production. The physicochemical processes responsible for the formation of PDSE and effects occurring at the discharge electrode in the cathodic and anodic regimes of the PDSE operation are described. The influence of the PDSE process parameters, especially the discharge polarity, magnitude of the applied voltage, type and concentration of the typical electrolytic solutions (K2CO3, Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH, H2SO4), presence of organic additives (CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3COOH), temperature of the electrolytic solution, the active length and immersion depth of the discharge electrode into the electrolytic solution, on the energy efficiency (%), energy yield (g(H2)/kWh), and hydrogen production rate (g(H2)/h) is presented and discussed. This analysis showed that in the cathodic regime of PDSE, the hydrogen production rate is 33.3 times higher than that in the anodic regime of PDSE, whereas the Faradaic and energy efficiencies are 11 and 12.5 times greater, respectively, than that in the anodic one. It also revealed the energy yield of hydrogen production in the cathodic regime of PDSE in the methanol–water mixture, as the electrolytic solution is 3.9 times greater compared to that of the alkaline electrolysis, 4.1 times greater compared to the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, 2.8 times greater compared to the solid oxide electrolysis, 1.75 times greater than that obtained in the microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma, and 5.8% greater compared to natural gas steam reforming.
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Prokhorov, Konstantin, Alexander Burdonov, and Peter Henning. "Study of flow regimes and gas holdup in a different potentials medium in an aerated column." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202013.
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A generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles by of aqueous solutions of electrolytes was carried out. Two electrolysis modifications was study: electrolysis without a membrane to production of oxygen and hydrogen and membrane electrolysis with separation of catholyte and anolyte. The influence of the model conditions of the experiment such as electrolyte pH, concentration, and current density and the distribution of bubble sizes and gas holdup in the column are discussed. An inverse dependence of the hydrogen bubbles diameter in the catholyte medium on the current density and a direct dependence on the concentration of electrolytes are experimentally investigated. The oxygen bubbles tend to become larger with increasing current density and electrolyte concentration in anolyte medium. In electrolysis without a membrane, bubbles become smaller with increasing current density and decreasing the electrolyte concentration.
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Dilrukshi, Ekanayaka Achchillage Ayesha, Takeshi Fujino, and Shun Motegi. "Behavior of bentonite in an aqueous electrolytic solution – evaluation of electrolytic aggregation for adsorption capacity of Cd2+ ions onto bentonite." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 12 (June 18, 2018): 2841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.277.
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Abstract In this study, we used aqueous solutions containing 1 mg/L of Cd2+ for electrolysis while varying the current density (CD), amount of bentonite added and the effective submerged area to investigate the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ ions onto bentonite by electrolytic aggregation. The adsorption of Cd2+ ions increased with increasing amount of bentonite added to the electrolytic solution. The addition of bentonite also regulated the pH of the electrolytic solution during the electrolysis process in addition to the hydrolysis of water. The maximum adsorption capacities at equilibrium (qe) for current densities of 3.14 and 7.49 mA/cm2 (i.e. for 2 and 1 L electrolytic solutions) with 0.2 g of bentonite were 4.54 and 2.92 mg/g, respectively. The removal of Cd2+ (RCd) clearly depended on the pH of the electrolytic solution. Moreover, qe decreased with increasing amount of bentonite used for electrolytic aggregation. The findings of this study will be useful for understanding the aggregation of clay particles under electrolysis and their adsorption behaviors.
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Li, Lin Bo, Juan Qin Xue, Tao Hong, Miao Wang, and Jun Yang. "Preparation of Atomic Oxygen Oxidant by Electrolysis with Ultrasonic." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.1.
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The atomic oxygen oxidant—Peroxy-monosulfuric acid was prepared by the method of electrolysis under the condition of with and without ultrasonic. The influence of electrolysis time, electrolyte concentration, electrolytic voltage and the additive concentration on the concentration of oxidant were investigated. The result indicated that with the usage of ultrasonic, combination the cavitation effect and the chemical effect enhanced the concentration of electrolysis oxidant; with the electrolytic time of 3 hours, the electrolytic tension of 6V, the sulfuric acid weight concentration of 35%, the additive concentration of 0.5g/L, the ultrasonic frequency of 40kHz and the power of 150W, the oxidant concentration could reach to 0.9177mol/L. This research is helpful for decreasing the production cost of atomic oxygen oxidant.
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Ferguson, J. L. B., M. Kervyn, and A. Nambiar. "Optimising the operation of wind powered electrolysers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2626, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2626/1/012015.
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Abstract Integrated wind power – hydrogen systems may make a useful contribution to achieving climate targets. Both centralised wind powered electrolysers and multi-MW decentralised solutions are likely to see multiple electrolyser units/systems deployed together. Since the efficiency of electrolysers is a function of their load factor, there is a possibility of optimising operation of the individual units in order to maximise the overall plant efficiency. Here we outline optimal strategies for electrolysis facilities with two, three and four independent units, and find that using these optimised strategies can increase annual wind powered hydrogen production by 2.3 - 3.8%, depending on the specific set up. By quantifying the increase in hydrogen production through using optimised control strategies, this research can help industry to identify the best overall control scheme for electrolyser plants composed of multiple units.
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Hayashi, Toru, Nadège Bonnet-Mercier, Akira Yamaguchi, Kazumasa Suetsugu, and Ryuhei Nakamura. "Electrochemical characterization of manganese oxides as a water oxidation catalyst in proton exchange membrane electrolysers." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 5 (May 2019): 190122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190122.
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The performance of four polymorphs of manganese (Mn) dioxides as the catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers was examined. The comparison of the activity between Mn oxides/carbon (Mn/C), iridium oxide/carbon (Ir/C) and platinum/carbon (Pt/C) under the same condition in PEM electrolysers showed that the γ-MnO 2 /C exhibited a voltage efficiency for water electrolysis comparable to the case with Pt/C, while lower than the case with the benchmark Ir/C OER catalyst. The rapid decrease in the voltage efficiency was observed for a PEM electrolyser with the Mn/C, as indicated by the voltage shift from 1.7 to 1.9 V under the galvanostatic condition. The rapid deactivation was also observed when Pt/C was used, indicating that the instability of PEM electrolysis with Mn/C is probably due to the oxidative decomposition of carbon supports. The OER activity of the four types of Mn oxides was also evaluated at acidic pH in a three-electrode system. It was found that the OER activity trends of the Mn oxides evaluated in an acidic aqueous electrolyte were distinct from those in PEM electrolysers, demonstrating the importance of the evaluation of OER catalysts in a real device condition for future development of noble-metal-free PEM electrolysers.
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Inazaki, Thelma Helena, Antonio Carlos Simões Pião, and Ederio Dino Bidoia. "Treatment of simulated wastewater containing n-phenyl-n-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine using electrolysis system with Ti/TiRuO2 electrodes." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 6 (November 2004): 983–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000600018.
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This study investigated the effects of the electrolytic treatment in the simulated wastewater with aromatic amine n-phenyl-n-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine (Flexzone 3P®) using Ti/TiRuO2 electrodes under 0.025 A/cm² (DC) for different electrolysis durations (5; 15; 30; 45 and 60 min). Conductivity, pH, UV-visible spectra, gas chromatograms, toxicity and biodegradation tests were carried out. During the electrolytic treatment the pH decreased and conductivity increased slightly. After 60 min of electrolysis, the concentration of Flexzone 3P decreased by 65.1%. UV-vis spectra and chromatograms of simulated wastewater showed changes in the molecular structure of the aromatic amine. After 5 and 15 min of electrolysis, the simulated wastewater containing the Flexzone 3P showed detoxification by Saccharomyces cerevisiae toxicity test. The electrolysis of 5 min improved the biodegradation of the simulated wastewater containing Flexzone 3P.
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Discepoli, Gabriele, Silvia Barbi, Matteo Venturelli, Monia Montorsi, Luca Montorsi, and Massimo Milani. "Enhancing PEM Electrolyzer Performance through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: A Review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2893, no. 1 (November 1, 2024): 012072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2893/1/012072.
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Abstract The development of electrolyser technology is currently undergoing a breakthrough phase, poised to meet the upcoming demands for widespread hydrogen production under stringent requirements including high efficiency, purity, affordability, and rapid response to harness the full potential of renewable energy sources. In recent years, this rapid advancement necessitated concerted efforts supported by various diagnostic tools to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing electrolytic processes across diverse operating conditions. These tools prove particularly effective when capable of providing real-time insights into the features and behaviour of the studied system during operation. This paper presents a review of the latest diagnostic tools employed in the investigation of modern electrolyzers, with particular emphasis on electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS). It delves into how this tool facilitates a deeper comprehension of the fundamental electrochemical principles governing electrolysis, its evolution in the study of electrolysis, and its interconnectedness with other diagnostic methodologies.
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Gerhardt, Michael Robert, Jenny S. Østenstad, Xavier Raynaud, and Alejandro O. Barnett. "Modelling of a Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell with Liquid-Fed Cathode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (August 28, 2023): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01361979mtgabs.
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Conventional proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysers use much thicker membranes (>175 µm) than their PEM fuel cell counterparts (<25 µm), which reduces hydrogen crossover but also reduces electrolyzer efficiency due to the increased Ohmic resistance1. Reduction of hydrogen crossover is critical in conventional systems to avoid buildup of hydrogen in the anode above the lower explosive limit. Due to the use of liquid water at the anode in conventional systems, the anode cannot be flushed with air or an inert gas to reduce the hydrogen concentration. If the liquid water supply is moved to the cathode, the anode can be easily purged with air, reducing the safety concern related to hydrogen crossover. Proof-of-concept experiments2 have demonstrated the viability of this approach, but many open questions remain regarding the interplay between water transport, water consumption, membrane hydration, and cell performance, as well as understanding what components and properties are most important in improving the efficiency of such a device. In this work, a framework for modelling of PEM electrolysis cells will be outlined, with special attention to wet and dry anode conditions. The model will be used to provide guidance for optimizing system performance while contributing to understanding of local processes inside an electrolysis cell such as water transport, heat generation, reaction distribution, and bubble formation. We study the impact of various design and operational choices, such as membrane thicknesses, PTL structure, air feed humidity, and differential pressure operation, on the rate of water transport from cathode to anode and on overall cell polarization performance. Using these results, we provide design recommendations for PEM electrolysers with liquid-fed cathodes. Finally, progress towards an open-source implementation of this model will be discussed. This work has been performed within the HOPE (Revolutionizing Green Hydrogen Production with Next Generation PEM Water Electrolyser Electrodes) and HYSTACK (Low cost, high efficiency PEM electrolyser stack) projects financially supported by the Research Council of Norway under project numbers 325873 and 321466, respectively. Ayers, K. et al. Perspectives on Low-Temperature Electrolysis and Potential for Renewable Hydrogen at Scale. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 10, 219–239 (2019). Barnett, A. O. & Thomassen, M. S. Method for producing hydrogen in a PEM water electrolyser system, PEM water electrolyser cell, stack and system. Patent No.: WO 2019/009732. EP3649276B1. US11408081B2.
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McHugh, Patrick J., Arindam K. Das, Alexander G. Wallace, Vaibhav Kulshrestha, Vinod K. Shahi, and Mark D. Symes. "An Investigation of a (Vinylbenzyl) Trimethylammonium and N-Vinylimidazole-Substituted Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoropropylene) Copolymer as an Anion-Exchange Membrane in a Lignin-Oxidising Electrolyser." Membranes 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060425.
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Electrolysis is seen as a promising route for the production of hydrogen from water, as part of a move to a wider “hydrogen economy”. The electro-oxidation of renewable feedstocks offers an alternative anode couple to the (high-overpotential) electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction for developing low-voltage electrolysers. Meanwhile, the exploration of new membrane materials is also important in order to try and reduce the capital costs of electrolysers. In this work, we synthesise and characterise a previously unreported anion-exchange membrane consisting of a fluorinated polymer backbone grafted with imidazole and trimethylammonium units as the ion-conducting moieties. We then investigate the use of this membrane in a lignin-oxidising electrolyser. The new membrane performs comparably to a commercially-available anion-exchange membrane (Fumapem) for this purpose over short timescales (delivering current densities of 4.4 mA cm−2 for lignin oxidation at a cell potential of 1.2 V at 70 °C during linear sweep voltammetry), but membrane durability was found to be a significant issue over extended testing durations. This work therefore suggests that membranes of the sort described herein might be usefully employed for lignin electrolysis applications if their robustness can be improved.
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Nishi, Ayana, Tatsuya Sasaki, Toshihide Takenaka, Toshiharu Matsumoto, and Katsushi Nagayasu. "Effects of Temperature and Different Electrolysis Processes on Mg Metal Deposition in Molten Salt Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (November 22, 2024): 4633. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674633mtgabs.
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Metallic Mg has excellent mechanical properties, and its demand is growing worldwide. However, the supply risk and high greenhouse gas emission in its production became non-negligible nowadays. Our laboratory has been studying the Mg production process by molten salt electrolysis using the raw material extracted from seawater. In this study, Mg metal deposition was attempted by potentio-static and galvano-static electrolysis, and the influence of electrolysis temperature was discussed. Molten MgCl2-NaCl-CaCl2 was used as the electrolytic bath. Mo wire was used as the working electrode, and carbon rod was used as the counter electrode. The reference electrode was a Ag/AgCl couple in the same bath in a mullite tube, and its potential of the reference electrode was calibrated against the Mg deposition potential. Experiments were conducted in an Ar atmosphere, and the electrolysis temperature was 680°C~740°C. After observing the cathodic behavior by cyclic voltammetry, potentio-static electrolysis or galvano-static electrolysis was performed. The obtained electrodeposits were evaluated by XRD and XRF, and the cathodic current efficiency was calculated from the weight of the deposit and the quantity of electricity. The current in the potentio-static electrolysis became almost stable after the initial change in electrolysis. The stable current was 2.0A/cm2 at -0.2V (vs. Mg dept.), and depended on the applied potential. The potential in the galvano-static electrolysis also became stable after the initial change. The stable potential was -0.3V (vs. Mg dept.) at 1.0A/cm2. The stable potential was slightly affected by the applied current, but this potential was usually equivalent to that of Mg metal deposition. The values by the potentio-static electrolysis and those by the galvano-static electrolysis were almost consistent. Metallic Mg was obtained with either potentio-static or galvano-static electrolysis. The purity was generally higher than 99.9%, and rarely depended on the electrolysis method. The cathodic current efficiency was about 90% usually, and not influenced by the electrolysis method significantly. Figure 1 was shown the relationship between the electrolysis temperature and Mg purity of the electrodeposits. A clear dependence of the Mg purity on electrolysis temperature was not seen, and the purity was usually better than 99.8%. The current efficiency was not affected significantly by electrolysis temperature. In the case that the galvano-static electrolysis where the temperature changed during electrolysis was performed, the Mg purity and the current efficiency were not changed so much. The influences of electrolysis temperature and electrolysis method on the Mg purity and the current efficiency were studied in this study, and their influences were shown limited. Since the change in electrolytic current causes the change in the bath temperature in the actual Mg metal production by molten salt electrolysis, the results above indicate that the Mg deposition with variable temperature was possible under the actual electrolysis condition:1.0A/cm2 at 680~740°C. This work was performed under the support of the commissioned work (JPNP14004) of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Figure 1
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Kim, Hong Bae, and Jong Hoon Chung. "Incorporation of Reversible Electroporation Into Electrolysis Accelerates Apoptosis for Rat Liver Tissue." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 19 (January 1, 2020): 153303382094805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033820948051.
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Tissue electrolysis is an alternative modality that uses a low intensity direct electric current passing through at least 2 electrodes within the tissue and resulting electrochemical products including chlorine and hydrogen. These products induce changes in pH around electrodes and cause dehydration resulting from electroosmotic pressure, leading to changes in microenvironment and thus metabolism of the tissues, yielding apoptosis. The procedure requires adequate time for electrochemical reactions to yield products sufficient to induce apoptosis of the tissues. Incorporation of electroporation into electrolysis can decrease the treatment time and enhance the efficiency of electrolytic ablation. Electroporation causes permeabilization in the cell membrane allowing the efflux of potassium ions and extension of the electrochemical area, facilitating the electrolysis process. However, little is known about the combined effects on apoptosis in liver ablation. In this study, we performed an immunohistochemical evaluation of apoptosis for the incorporation of electroporation into electrolysis in liver tissues. To do so, the study was performed with microelectrodes for fixed treatment time while the applied voltage varied to increase the applied total energy for electrolysis. The apoptotic rate for electrolytic ablation increased with enhanced applied energy. The apoptotic rate was 4.31 ± 1.73 times that of control in the synergistic combination compared to 1.49 ± 0.33 times that of the control in electrolytic ablation alone. Additionally, tissue structure was better preserved in synergistic combination ablation compared to electrolysis with an increment of 3.8 mA. Thus, synergistic ablation may accelerate apoptosis and be a promising modality for the treatment of liver tumors.
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Guo, Hao, Hyeon-Jung Kim, and Sang-Young Kim. "Research on Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis Using a Rotating Magnetic Field." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010086.
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In this paper, the effect of rotating magnetic fields on hydrogen generation from water electrolysis is analyzed, aiming to provide a research reference for hydrogen production and improving hydrogen production efficiency. The electrolytic environment is formed by alkaline solutions and special electrolytic cells. The two electrolytic cells are connected to each other in the form of several pipes. The ring magnets are used to surround the pipes and rotate the magnets so that the pipes move relative to the magnets within the ring magnetic field area. Experimentally, the electrolysis reaction of an alkaline solution was studied by using a rotating magnetic field, and the effect of magnetic field rotation speed on the electrolysis reaction was analyzed using detected voltage data. The experimental phenomenon showed that the faster the rotation speed of the rotating magnetic field, the faster the production speed of hydrogen gas.
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Hsu, Han-Hung, Tom Breugelmans, Thomas Cardinaels, and Bart Geboes. "Electrolytic Reduction of UO2 Microspheres Synthesized Via Internal Gelation Method." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 24 (December 22, 2023): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02241334mtgabs.
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Pyroprocessing is the combination of process steps to extract and recycle actinides from fission products in spent nuclear fuels in high-temperature molten salt media. Pyroprocessing has been studied extensively over the past decades. One of the key sub-processes is the electrolytic reduction of uranium oxides. The electrolytic reduction process originated from the FFC Cambridge process, an approach for electrochemically reducing titanium dioxide into titanium metal in molten CaCl2. In the electrolytic reduction of uranium oxides, the uranium oxide feed is applied as the cathode in LiCl-Li2O molten salt electrolyte at 650°C. LiCl appears more promising than conventional CaCl2 owing to the lower melting point (878 K), and higher decomposition voltage (3.46 V at 923 K). Additionally, Li2O is expected to speed up the reduction via an additional chemical reduction pathway with the participation of Li metal, and prevents the direct dissolution of the Pt anode. This work aims to study the morphology effect of the oxide feed on the reduction kinetics and the incorporation of impurities during the electrolytic reduction process. The electrolytic reduction of UO2 is carried out on sintered UO2 pellets, as well as various UO2 microspheres synthesized via internal gelation. The introduction of uranium oxide microspheres holds several advantages. The spheres provide a higher surface area, which is expected to improve the overall reduction efficiency of uranium oxide during electrolysis. In addition, it is easier to handle the feed during loading and unloading of the cathode basket compared to powder feeds. The potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolysis of UO2 is performed, and the comparison between the electrolytic reduction of UO2 pellets and microspheres is investigated. The SEM micrographs in figure 1show the morphology change of a UO2 pellet to uranium metals particles. A significant morphology change between the flat surface of the sintered UO2 feed and the reduced U particles is observed at the surface. Further characterization is performed using XRD and TGA to identify the products of the electrolytic reduction process qualitatively and quantitatively. Results show that galvanostatic electrolysis shows a better reduction efficiency compared to potentiostatic electrolysis, applied both below and above the Li formation onset potential. Overall, there is barely un-reacted UO2 visible in the XRD patterns of the reduced feed after galvanostatic electrolysis. U metal and UO are identified in the XRD patterns depending on electrolysis parameters. The presence of UO can be as an intermediate of UO2 reduction during electrolysis, which is a rare compound to be reported in literature. Overall, the reduction of microspheres does improve the overall reduction efficiency compared to the conventional pellet feeds. Figure 1
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Franco, Alessandro, and Caterina Giovannini. "Recent and Future Advances in Water Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Generation: Critical Analysis and Perspectives." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (December 17, 2023): 16917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416917.
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This paper delves into the pivotal role of water electrolysis (WE) in green hydrogen production, a process utilizing renewable energy sources through electrolysis. The term “green hydrogen” signifies its distinction from conventional “grey” or “brown” hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, emphasizing the importance of decarbonization in the hydrogen value chain. WE becomes a linchpin, balancing surplus green energy, stabilizing the grid, and addressing challenges in hard-to-abate sectors like long-haul transport and heavy industries. This paper navigates through electrolysis variants, technological challenges, and the crucial association between electrolytic hydrogen production and renewable energy sources (RESs). Energy consumption aspects are scrutinized, highlighting the need for optimization strategies to enhance efficiency. This paper systematically addresses electrolysis fundamentals, technologies, scaling issues, and the nexus with energy sources. It emphasizes the transformative potential of electrolytic hydrogen in the broader energy landscape, underscoring its role in shaping a sustainable future. Through a systematic analysis, this study bridges the gap between detailed technological insights and the larger energy system context, offering a holistic perspective. This paper concludes by summarizing key findings, showcasing the prospects, challenges, and opportunities associated with hydrogen production via water electrolysis for the energy transition.
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Boyd, Tony, Clive Brereton, Jeremy Moulson, Warren Wolfs, and Luke GLynn. "Application of Industrial-Scale Lithium Sulphate Electrolysis in Battery Recycling." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 24 (December 22, 2023): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02241333mtgabs.
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As the world charges towards electrification and sustainable transportation, it is critical that the entire supply chain is equally sustainable. Industrial processes must be tailored towards circular processes in which emissions and effluents to the environment are minimized, if not eliminated altogether. When it comes to the production of battery grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate, a critical component of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the recovery of the lithium in spent LIBs. NORAM Electrolysis Systems Inc (NESI) has developed electrochemical technologies in which effluents are greatly reduced. NESI has developed a flexible, multi-compartment industrial electrolyser for salt splitting (NORSCAND®) applications including electrolysis of lithium sulphate to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide (LHM). This electrolysis step can be used for the initial production of LHM or for recovering the LHM from recycling LIBs. In either case sulphuric acid is a by-product of the electrolysis process and it can then be recycled for dissolution of black mass in battery recycling processes or for e.g. SX regeneration. In both cases the incorporation of electrolysis in the flowsheet eliminates effluent streams. This presentation will outline the product quality and environmental benefits of electrolysis applied as part of a battery recycling flowsheet. It will outline the approach to electrolyser scale-up and present test and performance data from industrial-scale application. Figure 1
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Chen, Long, Xiaoli Dong, Fei Wang, Yonggang Wang, and Yongyao Xia. "Base–acid hybrid water electrolysis." Chemical Communications 52, no. 15 (2016): 3147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc09642a.
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Gorlanov, E. S., and A. A. Polyakov. "On the question of using solid electrodes in the electrolysis of cryolite-alumina melts. Part 3. Electric field distribution on the electrodes." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2021): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-2-235-251.
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The aim of this work is to identify the theoretical limitations of molten salts electrolysis using solid electrodes to overcome these limitations in practice. We applied the theory of electric field distribution on the electrodes in aqueous solutions to predict the distribution of current density and potential on the polycrystalline surface of electrodes in molten salts. By combining the theoretical background of the current density distribution with the basic laws of potential formation on the surface of the electrodes, we determined and validated the sequence of numerical studies of electrolytic processes in the pole gap. The application of the method allowed the characteristics of the current concentration edge effect at the periphery of smooth electrodes and the distribution of current density and potential on the heterogeneous electrode surface to be determined. The functional relationship and development of the electrolysis parameters on the smooth and rough surfaces of electrodes were established by the different scenario simulations of their interaction. It was shown that it is possible to reduce the nonuniformity of the current and potential distribution on the initially rough surface of electrodes with an increase in the cathode polarisation, alumina concentration optimisation and melt circulation. It is, nonetheless, evident that with prolonged electrolysis, physical and chemical inhomogeneity can develop, nullifying all attempts to stabilise the process. We theoretically established a relationship between the edge effect and roughness and the distribution of the current density and potential on solid electrodes, which can act as a primary and generalising reason for their increased consumption, passivation and electrolytic process destabilisation in standard and low-melting electrolytes. This functional relationship can form a basis for developing the methods of flattening the electric field distribution over the anodes and cathodes area and, therefore, stabilising the electrolytic process. Literature overview, laboratory tests and theoretical calculations allowed the organising principle of a stable electrolytic process to be formulated -the combined application of elliptical electrodes and the electrochemical micro-borating of the cathodes. Practical verification of this assumption is one direction for further theoretical and laboratory research.
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Hadiyanto, Mochammad Feri, and Agus Kuncaka. "SILVER RECYCLING FROM PHOTO-PROCESSING WASTE USING ELECTRODEPOSITION METHOD." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 2, no. 2 (June 8, 2010): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21921.
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Silver electrodeposition of photo-processing waste and without addition of KCN 1,0 M has been studied for silver recycling. Photo procesing waste containing silver in form of [Ag(S2O3)2]3- was electrolysed at constant potential and faradic efficiency was determined at various of electrolysis times. Electrolysis of 100 mL photo processing waste without addition of KCN 1,0 M was carried out at constant potential 1.20 Volt, while electrolysis 100 mL photo procesing waste with addition of 10 mL KCN 1,0 M electrolysis was done at 1.30 Volt.The results showed that for silver electrodeposition from photo processing waste with addition of KCN 1,0 M was more favorable with faradic efficiency respectively were 93,16; 87,02; 74,74 and 78,35% for 30; 60; 90 and 120 minutes of electrolysis. Keywords: Silver extraction, electrodeposition, photo-processing waste
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Zhang, Qian, Dalton Cox, Clarita Yosune Regalado Vera, Hanping Ding, Wei Tang, Sicen Du, Alexander F. Chadwick, et al. "Interface Problems in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02472425mtgabs.
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In this talk, I introduce topics, that I have been working on, in solid oxide electrolysis cells involving complicated interfacial structures and dynamics of interfaces. Then I will focus on my recent work on nickel (Ni) particle migration in electrodes consisting of Ni, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and pores during the operation of oxygen-ion conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (o-SOECs) and Faraday efficiency in proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (p-SOECs) under electrolysis operations. SOECs can have a significant impact on climate change over the next decade and beyond, in applications such as balancing renewable grid electricity via electrolytic fuel production. However, long-term performance degradation remains a key issue that may limit further implementation of O-SOECs, and the dependency of operation conditions on Faraday efficiency in P-SOECs has been under debate. In particular, in Ni/YSZ/pore electrode of O-SOEC, a phase-field model is proposed that employs the Ni-YSZ 3D microstructure as the initial condition and large-scale numerical simulation is implemented that predicts the directional Ni migration. The results are thus directly comparable to experimental observations. Quantitative predictions of the evolution of the Ni/YSZ/pore system's microstructures due to Ni particles' migration are studied through theoretical analysis and data analysis. In P-SOECs, an electrochemical model is proposed to study the dependency of Faraday efficiency on operation conditions for P-SOECs with yttrium-doped barium zirconates (BZY) and co-doping barium zirconate-cerate oxides with ytterbium and yttrium (BCZYYb) as electrolytes respectively. Our numerical predictions are verified by experimental results obtained in INL. An optimal structure of electrolyte is proposed to boost the Faraday efficiency in P-SOECs.
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Gao, Peng, Zhifeng Li, Ming Gao, Jianuo Cai, and Like Tao. "Study on the Effect of Current Density on Electrolysis State in a 6kA Praseodymium Electrolyzer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2483, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2483/1/012010.
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Abstract Current density is an important index parameter to study the state of rare earth electrolysis, and the lack of simulation modelling of current density in the electrolyzer in the actual process production chain affects the quality of products and the improvement of electrolytic current efficiency. Considering the process parameters in the electrolysis process, the simulation model of the 6kA praseodymium electrolyzer was constructed by using the numerical simulation software COMSOL to improve the electrolysis current efficiency and reduce the electrolysis power consumption. The simulation analysis of the electrolysis process was realized by using the coupled electric-thermal field simulation. The simulation results verified the accuracy of the coupling theory and combined it with the coupling simulation study and verification experiments. It was concluded that the electrolysis environment in the tank was ideal when the cathode current density was in the range of 5.72 A/cm2~6.80 A/cm2. The ratio of anode current density to cathode current density was in the range of 1.37~1.62, the current efficiency was higher than 75%, and the electrolysis power consumption was lower than 200 kW·h·kg−1. The electrolysis efficiency is good.
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Ovechenko, Dmitry, and Alexander Boychenko. "Transformation of the Nanoporous Structure of Anodic Aluminium Oxide and its “Nonelectrolysis” Electroluminescence." Solid State Phenomena 312 (November 2020): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.312.166.
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On a film of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) formed by electrolytic oxidation in distilled water (DW), the growth, transformation of its nanoporous structure, and the generation of electroluminescence (EL) in ketones and related compounds containing carbonyl groups were studied. For those contributing to the brightest EL – acetylacetone and methylpyrrolidone, it was found that the processes described in these electrolytes proceed with the highest intensity. Under the same electrolytes and conditions, similar processes, but with a lower intensity, proceed for A2O3 formed on pure aluminum. It was found that, with the external voltage, thermodynamic and geometrical parameters of the electrolytic system being constant, the brightness characteristics of the EL of the anodic Al2O3 are influenced by its structural organization and the electrophysical characteristics of the electrolyte surrounding the oxide film, which is proposed to be arbitrarily called “nonelectrolysis” because electrolysis products are not revealed in it.
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Omel’chuk, A. A. "Thin-layered electrolysis in molten electrolytes." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 43, no. 9 (September 2007): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1023193507090042.
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Şahin, Mustafa Ergin. "An Overview of Different Water Electrolyzer Types for Hydrogen Production." Energies 17, no. 19 (October 2, 2024): 4944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17194944.
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While fossil fuels continue to be used and to increase air pollution across the world, hydrogen gas has been proposed as an alternative energy source and a carrier for the future by scientists. Water electrolysis is a renewable and sustainable chemical energy production method among other hydrogen production methods. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a popular and expensive method that meets the high energy requirements of most industrial electrolyzers. Scientists are investigating how to reduce the price of water electrolytes with different methods and materials. The electrolysis structure, equations and thermodynamics are first explored in this paper. Water electrolysis systems are mainly classified as high- and low-temperature electrolysis systems. Alkaline, PEM-type and solid oxide electrolyzers are well known today. These electrolyzer materials for electrode types, electrolyte solutions and membrane systems are investigated in this research. This research aims to shed light on the water electrolysis process and materials developments.
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Tian, Tian, Zhaohui Wang, Kun Li, Honglei Jin, Yang Tang, Yanzhi Sun, Pingyu Wan, and Yongmei Chen. "Study on Influence Factors of H2O2 Generation Efficiency on Both Cathode and Anode in a Diaphragm-Free Bath." Materials 17, no. 8 (April 11, 2024): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17081748.
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Electrosynthesis of H2O2 via both pathways of anodic two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) and cathodic two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) in a diaphragm-free bath can not only improve the generation rate and Faraday efficiency (FE), but also simplify the structure of the electrolysis bath and reduce the energy consumption. The factors that may affect the efficiency of H2O2 generation in coupled electrolytic systems have been systematically investigated. A piece of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode was used as the anode, and in this study, its catalytic performance for 2e-WOR in Na2CO3/NaHCO3 and NaOH solutions was compared. Based on kinetic views, the generation rate of H2O2 via 2e-WOR, the self-decomposition, and the oxidative decomposition rate of the generated H2O2 during electrolysis in carbonate electrolytes were investigated. Furthermore, by choosing polyethylene oxide-modified carbon nanotubes (PEO-CNTs) as the catalyst for 2e-ORR and using its loaded electrode as the cathode, the coupled electrolytic systems for H2O2 generation were set up in a diaphragm bath and in a diaphragm-free bath. It was found that the generated H2O2 in the electrolyte diffuses and causes oxidative decomposition on the anode, which is the main influent factor on the accumulated concentration in H2O2 in a diaphragm-free bath.
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Wahyono, Y., R. Irviandi, N. K. Lo, M. I. A. Rahman, F. Herdiansyah, B. T. Haliza, A. H. Nurauliyaa, et al. "Producing Fe and Cu ions and oxides in water with electrolysis as artificial liquid waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1098, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012032.
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Abstract Water - in the context of an inland water source - is complex when used as an object of research. Often when using river water samples, researchers struggle to find the desired composition. Therefore, a simple and controlled method is needed to produce test samples with specific substance compositions. This study aims to use electrolysis to produce artificial heavy metal waste. Iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) provided the electrodes and water the electrolytes. Electrolysis of water with Fe electrodes produced Fe3+ ions and Fe(OH)3 precipitation. Electrolysis of water with Cu electrodes produced Cu2+ ions and Cu(OH)2 precipitation. Electrolyte samples were collected at intervals of 30 min for 180 min and were tested with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Fe and Cu concentrations increased during electrolysis. Electrolysis can therefore be used to produce artificial heavy metal waste cheaply and on a small scale.