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Journal articles on the topic 'Electromagnetic bias'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Elfouhaily, T., D. R. Thompson, B. Chapron, and D. Vandemark. "Improved electromagnetic bias theory." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 105, no. C1 (January 15, 2000): 1299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900277.

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2

Wertheimer, Nancy, and Ed Leeper. "Bias in studies of electromagnetic fields." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 47, no. 9 (September 1994): 1081–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(94)90124-4.

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3

Melville, W. K., R. H. Stewart, W. C. Keller, J. A. Kong, D. V. Arnold, A. T. Jessup, M. R. Loewen, and A. M. Slinn. "Measurements of electromagnetic bias in radar altimetry." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C3 (1991): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jc02114.

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4

Cao, Yang, Ming Zong, and Jing Zhang. "Electromagnetic Force Modelling for Hybrid Magnetic Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7428.

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In this paper, a novel structure of hybrid magnetic bearing with PM bias and inductance displacement sensor is proposed. The operating principle of the hybrid magnetic bearing with PM bias is introduced. The Electromagnetic Force Model is built in the paper, which is useful for the hybrid magnetic bearing control. An example is given. The analysis of finite element method shows that the structure of the hybrid magnetic bearing with PM bias proposed in the paper is feasible and the calculation method for hybrid magnetic circuit is correct.

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5

Elfouhaily, T., D. R. Thompson, B. Chapron, and D. Vandemark. "Improved electromagnetic bias theory: Inclusion of hydrodynamic modulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 106, no. C3 (March 15, 2001): 4655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000086.

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6

Liang, Liping, Kejun Xu, Ran Zhang, and Zhen Zhang. "Threshold control based bias adjustment method for electromagnetic flowmeter." JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT 27, no. 1 (November 29, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1187.2013.00089.

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7

Rodríguez, Ernesto, and Jan M. Martin. "Estimation of the electromagnetic bias from retracked TOPEX data." Journal of Geophysical Research 99, no. C12 (1994): 24971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jc02029.

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8

Arnold, D. V., W. K. Melville, R. H. Stewart, J. A. Kong, W. C. Keller, and E. Lamarre. "Measurements of electromagnetic bias at Ku and C bands." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. C1 (1995): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jc02587.

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9

Branger, H., A. Ramamonjiarisoa, and L. F. Bliven. "A Ku-band laboratory experiment on the electromagnetic bias." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 31, no. 6 (1993): 1165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.317446.

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10

Simbolon, Tuaraja. "Theoretical Study of Negative Material Bias Index Symptoms." Journal of Technomaterials Physics 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jotp.v2i1.5204.

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Theoretical research on the phenomenon of negative refractive index materialwas cunducted. The material is a known metamaterial that can manipulate electromagneticwaves through it. By changing the permeability and permittivity of a medium that is worthimaginary, then the value is included in the equation will produce a refractive index that isnegative. This value can be achieved through material forms are designed so that themagnetic field and electric field manipulation. The equation used on electromagnetic wavesthat Maxwell's equations, is revealed to be some similarities propagation magnetic field andelectric field. The Methods Finite Difference Time Domain (FDT D) as a modifier equationwas then equations analysis, simulated using MatlabR2014 program. Based on simulationresults, visible when the electromagnetic waves through a material metamaterial, the wavesare deflected, do not pass part of the material covered.

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11

Hrokholskyi, J. M., and B. A. Sus. "Development of ideas about "bias current"." Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6761-2020-3-1.

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Purpose. In electrical engineering, radio engineering, such concepts as charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, direct electric current, alternating current are used. These abstract concepts reflect certain real physical phenomena. For example, current is understood as the directed movement of electric charges. However, there is also a conditionally abstract concept of "bias current", which was introduced by Maxwell to explain the passage of current through a section of capacitor where there are no charges. The purpose of the article is to reveal the substantive meaning of this term and to explain the real mechanism of current flow in an electric circuit. Methodology. Analysis of the phenomenon is performed on the basis of such traditional concepts as charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, direct electric current, alternating current. Analysis of the contradiction between the concept of current as a directed movement of charges and the concept of "bias current" as a current without charges is presented. Theoretical coordination of the "bias current "concepts and current as a directed motion of charges is done. Findings. It is shown that for all sections of a closed electric circuit, the definition of current as a directed movement of charges is valid only for direct current, when the charges are actually moving in all sections of the circuit. In the circuit with the capacitor, direct current does not flow, because there are no charges in the gap between the plates of the capacitor. However, alternating current occurs, at the moment when the circuit is closed. In the area of the conductor there is a directed movement of charges and the cause of the movement is an electric field, which is variable and occurs together with the alternating magnetic field in all parts of the circuit, including the part of the capacitor where there are no charges. It is shown that in general the concept of current as a directed motion of charges is correct, but conditionally abstract, because in fact the root cause is what is called an electromagnetic field. The concept of bias current is a conditionally abstract expression of the electromagnetic field. Originality. The novelty is that it is possible to understand adequately and non-abstractly the processes that occur in an electric circuit during the passage of current, that no current creates an electric field around the conductor on which charges move, and vice versa, alternating electric field leads to charges ,which are in the conductor areas. Practical value. Understanding the real essence of the term makes it possible to assess correctly the processes occurring in the electrical circuit; gives the answer whether the movement of charges occurs gradually or immediately around the circle when connecting an e.r.s. and closing the circuit. This understanding gives you an idea of what happens when the capacitor electrodes are connected to an e.r.s. and why do the electrons in a conductor come in a directed motion, what is the nature of the force acting on the electrons.

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12

Yong, Xiaoju, Youli Wu, Mingwu Tu, Xiaowei Du, and Shuang Zhang. "Improving Bias Estimation Precision via a More Accuracy Radar Bias Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 10, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3083258.

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Radar bias estimation is an important part of a multisensor tracking system. Because the radar bias models in current efforts are not sufficiently accurate, the bias estimation accuracy is not satisfied. First, a general radar bias model, in which the importance of the sensor-target pair-related bias is emphasized, is proposed in this paper. Moreover, the target-sensor pair-related bias is considered on the grounds of the impact of atmospheric refraction on the electromagnetic wave propagation path. Second, by using the augmented state vector with the target state and radar bias, a dynamic equation and measurement equation under the IMM framework are obtained. Last, the IMM-UKF estimator is utilized to obtain the target state and radar bias simultaneously. The numerical simulations show that the accuracy of the bias estimation together with the target states estimation can be improved via the proposed radar bias model.

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13

Ghavidel, Ali, and Adriano Camps. "Time-domain Statistics of the Electromagnetic Bias in GNSS-Reflectometry." Remote Sensing 7, no. 9 (August 31, 2015): 11151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70911151.

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14

Walsh, Edward J., Frederick C. Jackson, Enzo A. Uliana, and Robert N. Swift. "Observations on electromagnetic bias in radar altimeter sea surface measurements." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, no. C10 (1989): 14575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc094ic10p14575.

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15

Rodríguez, Ernesto, Yunjin Kim, and Jan M. Martin. "The effect of small-wave modulation on the electromagnetic bias." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. C2 (1992): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jc02511.

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16

Ghavidel, Ali, Domenico Schiavulli, and Adriano Camps. "Numerical Computation of the Electromagnetic Bias in GNSS-R Altimetry." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54, no. 1 (January 2016): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2460212.

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17

Shin, Do Hoon, Ri Ichi Murakami, Jun Minamiguchi, and Yun Hae Kim. "A Study on the Deposition of ITO Films at Low Temperature by Inclination Opposite Target Type DC Magnetron Sputtering Method." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2003): 1229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920301879x.

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In the present study, the ITO films were produced onto plastic film substrate at room temperature by the inclination opposite target type DC magnetron sputtering equipment, in which a metallic indium tin alloy target was used. The effects of oxygen flow rate and bias voltage on the electric resistivity and transparency of the ITO films were discussed. For low electric resifitivity of the ITO films, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness was studied. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The ITO films produced at room temperature has very smooth surface. (2) The electric resistivity of ITO films deposited at room temperature showed minimum value at the oxygen flow 0.4 sccm. (3) The electric resistivity of ITO films deposited at room temperature depended on the bias voltage and showed the minimum value in the bias voltage of -70V. (4) When the optimum coating conditions were selected, the electric resistivity of 3.l2 × l0-4Ω·cm was obtained. (5) When the bias voltage was -70V, the ITO films deposited at room temperature showed the most electromagnetic shielding effectiveness.

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18

Bar, D. E., and Y. Agnon. "A fractal model for the sea state bias in radar altimetry." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 4, no. 4 (December 31, 1997): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-4-213-1997.

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Abstract. The Kirchhoff approximation is used to determine the sea state bias in radar altimetry. A weakly nonlinear model of the sea waves is used to derive the joint moments of two different points separated by a distance R; the bias moment is formulated, and found for power law spectra. The method provides a consistent analysis of the sea state bias and avoids the need to truncate the high frequency tail of power-law wave spectra. The model exhibits dependence of the "electromagnetic bias" on the radar frequency, an effect observed in field experiments.

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19

Wang, Huan, An Lan Mao, and Qiong Xiang. "Research on Performance of Current Transformer Affected by DC Bias." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.741.

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This paper expatiates on the transfer characteristics of current transformer (CT) affected by DC bias. It explains the causations and approaches of the DC bias established, base on equivalent circuit models, electromagnetic equations and results of test analyze the effects of CT by DC bias. Result indicates that, the DC bias current will move error curve of instrument CTs to negative coordinate, and accelerate initial saturation time of protective CTs. Finally, simulation has been done to prove theory analysis. The presented result provides consultation for proper selection of both instrument and protective CTs.

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20

HUANG, Fengying. "Effect of Static Bias Magnetic Field on Electromagnetic Acoustic Tranducer Sensitivity." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 47, no. 10 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2011.10.001.

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21

Dudis, Joseph J. "Electromagnetic bias of airborne off-nadir laser backscatter from the ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, no. C9 (1986): 10750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc091ic09p10750.

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22

Gobov, Yu L., A. V. Mikhailov, and Ya G. Smorodinskii. "Magnetostriction electromagnetic–acoustic excitation of ultrasonic waves without a bias field." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 52, no. 12 (December 2016): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106183091612007x.

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23

Kuprienko, Viktor. "Bias signal control in differential protection." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821201035.

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The problem is to ensure the stability of the differential protection functioning at deep saturation of the cores of electromagnetic current transformers. The errors of current transformers support the greatest influence on the operation of differential protections. Features of the differential protection operation at deep saturation of current transformers in short-circuit transient modes are considered. Comparison results of various algorithms for the formation of a bias signal are given. The control capability of the bias signal generation algorithm was analyzed. The harmonic composition of the differential current on the mathematical model of two-arm differential protection in the transient mode with external and internal short circuits at saturation of the current transformers of one arm was investigated. The stability of the differential protection functioning can be enhanced by the selectivity of the bias signal generation algorithm. A bias signal control criterion using a relative level of higher harmonics to a differential signal was proposed.

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24

Zlobin, D. V., and L. V. Volkova. "INFLUENCE OF DYNAMIC MAGNETIZATION TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC-ACOUSTIC TRANSFORMATION WITH WAVEGUIDE CONTROL RODS." Devices and Methods of Measurements 8, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2017-8-3-236-245.

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The disadvantage of the electromagnetic-acoustic (EMA) method receiving ultrasonic waves are low efficiency. The traditional way to enhance its effectiveness is increase the bias field. The aim of the study was research the way to improve the efficiency of the EMA transformation, using a time-varying bias field.The researches held with the help of a specially designed installation that allows the magnetization to be performed by a constant and alternating magnetic field (dynamic bias), synchronously with the passage of the received pulse. The object of the study were rods made of different grades of steel with a diameter of 4–6 mm, in which the symmetrical zero mode S0 of the rod wave was excited by the EMA method (in the frequency range of about 40 kHz). A comparative analysis of the amplitudes and form pulses of multiple reflections during static and dynamic reversal of magnetization and with a full cycle of magnetization reversal conducted.The result of the efficiency measurements EMA reception during static and dynamic bias found a significant (up to 5 times) increase in the signal amplitude on the receiving transducer. Taking into account that the main contribution to the excitation mechanism and the reception mechanism made the magnetostrictive effect on low frecuncy, it can assumed that using a dynamic bias field is impacting significant on the effective mobility of magnetic domains (that is changes the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of the material). It is established that it is possible to monitor steel at lower values of the bias field, and, consequently, to reduce the mass dimensions of the magnetic system.Thus, in the course of the researchers found of effect of dynamic bias and effect of dynamic bias increase acoustic pulse amplitude of the signal of the received EMA method. Using this method will improve the quality EMA testing by creating more efficient EMA transducer. Taking into account that the value of the detected effect depends significantly on the steel grade, we can assume its possible application in the methods of express analysis, estimation of structural and stressed states.

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25

Walsh, E. J., F. C. Jackson, D. E. Hines, C. Piazza, L. G. Hevizi, D. J. McLaughlin, R. E. McIntosh, et al. "Frequency dependence of electromagnetic bias in radar altimeter sea surface range measurements." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C11 (1991): 20571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jc02097.

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26

Naenna, Praphun, and Joel T. Johnson. "A Monte Carlo Study of Altimeter Pulse Returns and the Electromagnetic Bias." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48, no. 8 (August 2010): 3218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2045655.

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27

Jia, Yanbing, Bo Lu, and Huaguang Gu. "Excitatory electromagnetic induction current enhances coherence resonance of the FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 21 (August 20, 2019): 1950242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219502424.

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The effect of electromagnetic induction on neural firing activities has been widely investigated and has also been related to neural information coding. In this study, electromagnetic induction and Gaussian white noise (GWN) are introduced to the FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron, and the effect of induction current on GWN-induced coherence resonance (CR) is investigated. For an appropriate value of bias voltage source, the induction current is excitatory (respectively, inhibitory) when the gain of induction current is positive (respectively, negative). When the induction current is excitatory, the degree of CR is enhanced. When the induction current is inhibitory, however, the degree of CR is weakened. Furthermore, by varying the value of bias voltage source, we show that the degree of CR increases with the increase in the gain of induction current. Bifurcation analysis shows that the supercritical Hopf bifurcation point gets close to the resting state with the increase in the gain of induction current, which causes the increase in the degree of CR. The results of this study show that excitatory electromagnetic induction current can enhance noise-induced CR. This finding provides a possible way to modulate CR of the nervous system.

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28

Aiello, Orazio. "Design of an Ultra-Low Voltage Bias Current Generator Highly Immune to Electromagnetic Interference." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea11010006.

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The paper deals with the immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) of the current source for Ultra-Low-Voltage Integrated Circuits (ICs). Based on the properties of IC building blocks, such as the current-splitter and current correlator, a novel current generator is conceived. The proposed solution is suitable to provide currents to ICs operating in the sub-threshold region even in the presence of an electromagnetic polluted environment. The immunity to EMI of the proposed solution is compared with that of a conventional current mirror and evaluated by analytic means and with reference to the 180 nm CMOS technology process. The analysis highlights how the proposed solution generates currents down to nano-ampere intrinsically robust to the Radio Frequency (RF) interference affecting the input of the current generator, differently to what happens to the output current of a conventional mirror under the same conditions.

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29

Spies, Brian R. "Local noise prediction filtering for central induction transient electromagnetic sounding." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 8 (August 1988): 1068–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442543.

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Local noise prediction filtering (LNPF) is a method of noise reduction designed for use with the in‐loop transient electromagnetic (TEM) method of exploration. LNPF is based on simultaneous measurements of three orthogonal magnetic‐field components and the calculation of a time‐domain filter which predicts the vertical component from the two horizontal components. For in‐loop, or central induction, sounding over a horizontally layered earth, the TEM signal is contained wholly within the vertical component. Thus the predicted time series obtained with LNPF is the predicted electromagnetic noise which can be subtracted from the measured vertical component in subsequent processing. For low‐frequency noise, the method results in improvements in the signal‐to‐noise ratio of about a factor of five using a three‐point prediction filter. Longer filters give superior performance but are computationally intensive. The depth of exploration should increase by 40 percent, due to the five‐fold increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio, a figure which could be obtained otherwise only by increasing the transmitter power or the acquisition time by a factor of 25. In areas with lateral variations in conductivity the TEM response has both horizontal and vertical components. Applying LNPF in nonlayered areas will bias the vertical‐component TEM signal by a proportion of any horizontal TEM signal present. This bias error will generally be less than 5 to 10 percent, and usually will be insignificant in geologic environments where EM soundings are carried out. A new parameter, termed TEM tipper by analogy with magnetotellurics, is defined as the ratio of horizontal‐to‐vertical TEM response and is used to estimate the maximum LNPF bias error. The TEM tipper is useful for interpretation of TEM in‐loop data in areas of complex geology.

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30

Xiao, Ling, Xiwu He, Wenjie Cheng, Hongwei Fan, and Ming Li. "Optimization and dynamic characteristics of a new type of permanent magnet bias bearing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 22 (April 29, 2020): 4366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220922277.

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Unlike traditional magnetic thrust bearings, a new type of permanent magnet biased bearing structure made of soft magnetic composites in the bevel gear coupled rotor system was proposed that requires both lower eddy currents and greater thrust force. This paper presents the optimization of structure parameters, analysis of magnetic field and dynamic stiffness for two kinds of permanent magnet biased bearing. Firstly, the structural parameters for the bearing were optimized based on the adaptive particle swarm optimization. Secondly, the dynamic magnetic flux distribution for the permanent magnet biased bearing made of carbon steel at 1000 Hz was obtained by finite element method. Then, the equivalent reluctance models for the new type of permanent magnet biased bearing considering the effect of eddy currents are derived. Finally, based on the equivalent reluctance models, the dynamic force–current factor and force–displacement factor are given. The results show that the permanent magnet biased bearing made of soft magnetic composites can provide more stable electromagnetic force and larger bandwidth in the frequency range of 1000 Hz, and have greater electromagnetic force at the same frequency comparing with that made of carbon steel.

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31

Tohara, Makoto, and Yuji Gotoh. "Electromagnetic inspection for defect of ferromagnetic tube using rectangular wave with DC bias." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209332.

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The ferromagnetic steel tubes are used as heat exchangers in power plants or oil plants. When the usual eddy current testing (ECT) of inner type is used for the defect inspection of these steel tubes, it is difficult to detect defects on the opposite side due to the influence of skin effects. In this research, the non-destructive inspection method using rectangular wave excitation current with DC bias is proposed for detecting of the opposite side defect. It is shown that the detecting of the opposite side defect in the steel tube is possible, and the detection sensitivity using the alternating magnetic field of rectangular wave is higher than that with sine wave. The detailed phenomenon of the inspection method is examined using the 3-D nonlinear FEM (finite element method) taking account of minor loop magnetizing properties using the play model method.

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32

Liu, Qing, Li Wang, Shiping Zhang, Xinjie Wang, Chengyu Yu, and Gang Lei. "Quantitative control of the zero-bias-current electromagnetic bearings for lower power consumption." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 62, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-180127.

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33

Mitsuhata, Y., and T. Imasato. "On-Site Bias Noise Correction in Multi-Frequency Slingram-type Electromagnetic Induction Measurements." Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg14.4.179.

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34

Millet, Floyd W., David V. Arnold, Karl F. Warnick, and Justin Smith. "Electromagnetic bias estimation using in situ and satellite data: 1. RMS wave slope." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108, no. C2 (February 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jc001095.

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35

Millet, Floyd W., David V. Arnold, Philippe Gaspar, Karl F. Warnick, and Justin Smith. "Electromagnetic bias estimation using in situ and satellite data: 2. A nonparametric approach." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108, no. C2 (February 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jc001144.

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36

Beltrán Jiménez, Jose, Dario Bettoni, and Philippe Brax. "Screening away the H0 tension." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 14 (September 5, 2020): 2043010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820430105.

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This Essay explores consequences of a dark nonlinear electromagnetic sector in a universe with a net dark charge for matter. The cosmological dynamics can be described by a Lemaître model and can be understood, thanks to a screening mechanism driven by the electromagnetic nonlinearities that suppress the dark force on small scales. Only at low redshift, when the screening scale enters the Hubble horizon, do cosmological structures commence to feel the dark repulsion. This repulsive force enhances the local value of the Hubble constant, thus providing a promising scenario for solving the Hubble tension. Remarkably, the dark electromagnetic interaction can have a crucial impact on peculiar velocities, i.e. introducing a bias in their reconstruction methods, and having the potential to explain the presence of a dark flow.

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37

Lerer, Alexander M., and Galina S. Makeeva. "Diffraction of electromagnetic waves on the resonance graphene metasurfaces." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 12016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193012016.

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By using three independent numerical approaches to solve the 3D diffraction boundary problems the reflection, transmittance coefficients and losses of metasurfaces of graphene strip elements, depending on the frequency and values of the chemical potential were calculated in the terahertz frequency range. The results of numerical simulation of performances of tuned by the external bias electric field THz absorbers and THz polarizers based on the resonance metasurfaces of single square and two connected rectangular graphene strips in the unit cell placed on the dielectric or multilayer graphene-dielectric substrates were obtained.

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38

GRIMALSKY, V., S. KOSHEVAYA, and J. ESCOBEDO-A. "INTERACTION OF INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN RESONANT LAYERED STRUCTURES WITH n-GaAs SEMICONDUCTOR FILM." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 01 (March 2009): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863509004506.

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Interaction of infrared electromagnetic (EM) waves in a layered structure with n- GaAs film is investigated theoretically. An oblique incidence of EM wave is considered, when the total internal reflection and resonant transmission occur. It is demonstrated that this structure modulates effectively the infrared EM wave. The modulation mechanism is due to the transfer of electrons from the upper valley to the higher ones in a strong bias electric field. An interaction of strong incident infrared EM pulses with this structure is also considered in the case of the absence of a bias electric field. Both the nonlinear switching of short pulses and the modulation instability of long strong pulses take place.

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39

Zhang, Yinghong, Zhenghua Qian, and Bin Wang. "Modes Control of Lamb Wave in Plates Using Meander-Line Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 3491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103491.

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The multimode and dispersion characteristics of Lamb waves make them difficult to apply to nondestructive evaluation. This paper presents a paired configuration of a meander-line coil electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) to generate a single-mode symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb wave in aluminum plates. In the paired structure, the bias magnetic field of the EMAT that generates symmetric mode Lamb waves is perpendicular to the plate surface, while the bias magnetic field of the EMAT that generates antisymmetric Lamb waves is parallel to the plate surface. The symmetric and antisymmetric exciting forces generated by these two EMATs are consistent with the dispersion equations of single symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb wave modes, respectively. The numerical simulations and experiments verified that the presented paired configurations of meander-line coil EMATs can effectively control the generation of single-mode Lamb waves at low frequencies.

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40

Huang, Yue Hua, Qing Xie, Ming Gao, Zhe Heng Zhou, and Xu Liu. "Study on DC Bias Magnetic Properties of Transformer with Different Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.793.

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When the HVDC works in mono-polar operation or bipolar unbalanced operation, DC flows through the neutral point and causes DC bias magnetic of transformer around HVDC grounding electrode, which influences the operation security of transformers. Beside highly saturated core, it also causes the distortion of exciting current, increasing harmonics and leakage magnetic flux, and thus the losses, which in turn results in the structures of transformer overheating and insulation aging. Based on the principle of transformer DC bias magnetic and UMEC of transformer in PSCAD/EMTDC, electromagnetic transient simulation platform of transformer DC bias magnetic is built. Considering the effect of DC bias magnetic on different structure of transformer, three kinds of typical transformer that has been widely applied are selected including three-phase three-limb transformer, three-phase five-limb transformer, three-phase bank transformer. After comparing the differences between these three kinds of transformer, related parameters are set such as the core structure and mode of winding connection and so on.

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41

Yang, Yongming, Xingmou Liu, Fan Yang, Ammad Jadoon, and Chenyang Zhang. "Analysis of DC bias vibration of transformer core based on electromagnetic force field coupling." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 50, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-150078.

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Hevizi, L. G., E. J. Walsh, R. E. McIntosh, D. Vandemark, D. E. Hines, R. N. Swift, and J. F. Scott. "Electromagnetic bias in sea surface range measurements at frequencies of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 31, no. 2 (March 1993): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.214914.

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43

Parsons, C. L., and L. S. Miller. "A laboratory study of the electromagnetic bias of rough surface scattering by water waves." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 28, no. 6 (1990): 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.62624.

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Ghavidel, Ali, and Adriano Camps. "Impact of Rain, Swell, and Surface Currents on the Electromagnetic Bias in GNSS-Reflectometry." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 9, no. 10 (October 2016): 4643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181.

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Mirhashem, Behzad, and Richard A. Ferrell. "Bias current dependence of the electromagnetic response of thin granular films and Josephson arrays." Physica C: Superconductivity 161, no. 3 (November 1989): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(89)90348-1.

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Yang, Yong Ming, Xing Mou Liu, and Xu Duan. "Analysis for Temperature Rise of a Three-Phase Four Limbs Transformer by Soil Structure with DC Bias." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.481.

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In this paper, a method for earth potential computation of layered soil structure is discussed. To calculate thermal field of the transformer with dc bias, simulation models using MAXWELL and COMSOL are proposed. Based on the electromagnetic analysis, electric power loss resulted in temperature rise is calculated. Under the case of normal operation of transformer, a research was carried out to compare the abnormal changes of temperature of transformer. It worked out that if there are different DC parts in transformer, the loss will increase with DC bias and the temperature of transformer core will also increase. If it is increasing continuously and no preventive measures are taken soon, the thermal aging of some parts in transformer will speed up and gradually affect the normal operation of transformer. The research lays the groundwork for further research of transformer DC bias and aging.

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Chen, Lu, Longfei Wang, Hua Huang, Chunming Liu, Tianyi Wu, Lei Su, and Dandan Zhao. "Calculation of 220kV Transformer Bias Current Based on the Earth and Power Grid Model in the Metro Area." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301050.

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The metro stray current will be generated during subway operation, which will affect the electromagnetic environment near the subway, and then affect the surrounding 220kV transformer. In order to analyze the influence of stray current on the DC bias of the transformer, this paper calculates the magnitude of the stray current through the resistance network model, and then analyzes the changes in the surrounding ground potential caused by the stray current based on the earth resistivity model. Finally, the 220kV transformer network topology model of the city network was established, and the relationship between the neutral point current of the transformer and time was obtained. It provided a quantitative method for research the correlation between subway stray current and 220kV transformer bias current phenomenon and calculate the bias current of 220kV transformer in urban network near subway.

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Wang, Ya Ming, Yi Qiang Wang, Xiao Qin Zhou, and Ai Yun Hao. "A New 2-DOF Fast Tool Servo for Diamond Turning of Freeform Optical Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 1010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.1010.

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This paper discusses the design of a new type fast tool servo (FTS) for precision diamond turning. The FTS has two degrees. One of them is transversal along the Z axis of lathe and the other is rotation around the Y axis. Both of the two movements are driven by electromagnetic force. The moving assembly is designed to be parallel structure for guarantying both of the two movements has similar response frequency and maximum stroke. The output force of normal electromagnetic force generated by magnetic flux bias motor has been calculated. The design of transmission mechanism has been presented. The result of acceleration calculation shows that the FTS achieves acceleration up to about 650G in both directions of movement.

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Moreva, Ekaterina. "The biosensing with NV centers in diamond: Related challenges." International Journal of Quantum Information 18, no. 01 (February 2020): 1941023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749919410235.

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Here, we discussed the current challenges related with the application of Nitrogen-vacancy (NV)-based magnetometers for biological systems. Major constraints for diamond sensor type as optical illumination, microwave field, bias magnetic field, optics, method of photoluminescence detection and sample preparation have been analyzed. Special attention was paid to the estimation of electromagnetic fields in the nervous system. The mechanism of action potential generation and resultant local current flows was discussed, corresponding magnetic field outside an axon was estimated. It was shown that sensitivity of upcoming generation of NV magnetic field sensors may not be enough for the measurement of single neuron action potential, while monitoring electromagnetic signals in brain slices or cardiac tissues seems very promising.

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Kim, Ha-Yong, and Seung-Jong Kim. "Design of Combined Radial and Axial 4-pole Electromagnetic Bearing (I) - with Uncoupled Bias Flux -." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 29, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2005.29.12.1561.

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