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Journal articles on the topic 'Electromagnetic theory. Electromagnetic fields'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Hena, Hasna, Jenita Jahangir, and Md Showkat Ali. "Electromagnetics in Terms of Differential Forms." Dhaka University Journal of Science 67, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v67i1.54564.

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The calculus of differential forms has been applied to electromagnetic field theory in several papers and texts, some of which are cited in the references. Differential forms are underused in applied electromagnetic research. Differential forms represent unique visual appliance with graphical apprehension of electromagnetic fields. We study the calculus of differential forms and other fundamental principle of electromagnetic field theory. We hope to show in this paper that differential forms make Maxwell’s laws and some of their basic applications more intuitive and are a natural and powerful research tool in applied electromagnetics. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 67(1): 1-4, 2019 (January)

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2

Ambjørn, Jan, Yuri M. Makeenko, Gordon W. Semenoff, and Richard J. Szabo. "String theory in electromagnetic fields." Journal of High Energy Physics 2003, no. 02 (February 17, 2003): 026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2003/02/026.

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3

Turunen, J., and A. T. Friberg. "Electromagnetic theory of reflaxicon fields." Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of the European Optical Society Part A 2, no. 5 (September 1993): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/2/5/013.

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4

Gradoni, Gabriele, Johannes Russer, Mohd Hafiz Baharuddin, Michael Haider, Peter Russer, Christopher Smartt, Stephen C. Creagh, Gregor Tanner, and David W. P. Thomas. "Stochastic electromagnetic field propagation— measurement and modelling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2134 (October 29, 2018): 20170455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0455.

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This paper reviews recent progress in the measurement and modelling of stochastic electromagnetic fields, focusing on propagation approaches based on Wigner functions and the method of moments technique. The respective propagation methods are exemplified by application to measurements of electromagnetic emissions from a stirred, cavity-backed aperture. We discuss early elements of statistical electromagnetics in Heaviside's papers, driven mainly by an analogy of electromagnetic wave propagation with heat transfer. These ideas include concepts of momentum and directionality in the realm of propagation through confined media with irregular boundaries. We then review and extend concepts using Wigner functions to propagate the statistical properties of electromagnetic fields. We discuss in particular how to include polarization in this formalism leading to a Wigner tensor formulation and a relation to an averaged Poynting vector. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

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5

Chanyal, B. C. "A relativistic quantum theory of dyons wave propagation." Canadian Journal of Physics 95, no. 12 (December 2017): 1200–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0080.

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Beginning with the quaternionic generalization of the quantum wave equation, we construct a simple model of relativistic quantum electrodynamics for massive dyons. A new quaternionic form of unified relativistic wave equation consisting of vector and scalar functions is obtained, and also satisfy the quaternionic momentum eigenvalue equation. Keeping in mind the importance of quantum field theory, we investigate the relativistic quantum structure of electromagnetic wave propagation of dyons. The present quantum theory of electromagnetism leads to generalized Lorentz gauge conditions for the electric and magnetic charge of dyons. We also demonstrate the universal quantum wave equations for two four-potentials as well as two four-currents of dyons. The generalized continuity equations for massive dyons in case of quantum fields are expressed. Furthermore, we concluded that the quantum generalization of electromagnetic field equations of dyons can be related to analogous London field equations (i.e., current to electromagnetic fields in and around a superconductor).

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6

Zhang, Pi Cui, Wei He, Liu Ling Wang, and Li Feng Ma. "Analysis on Lightning Electromagnetic Fields." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.350.

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t is generally needed to know precisely spatial distribution of lightning electromagnetic fields in the lightning protection measurements. Therefore, the research on the lightning electromagnetic field is of practical significance. In this paper, the Maxwell equations were used to calculate and analyze the spatial distribution of lightning electromagnetic fields surrounding lightning current. And the expressions of lightning current electromagnetic fields were deduced under the assumption that the earth was under the condition of perfect conductor. The spatial distributions of the components of lightning electromagnetic fields have been plotted by Matlab. The results would provide fundamental theory for the research of lightning electromagnetic field and lightning protection measurements.

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7

Inskeep, Warren H. "On Electromagnetic Spinors and Electron Theory." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-0414.

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Abstract The relationship between the Dirac theory and electromagnetic spinors is extended to the case of finite mass. Certain products of the electromagnetic fields give rise to the Dirac differential operator upon the usual subsitutions for the energy and momentum. By placing mass in the proper place for the wave mechanical approach to quantum theory, the algebra of the fields, interpreted as quantum operators, may be deduced.

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8

Schantz, Hans G. "Energy velocity and reactive fields." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2134 (October 29, 2018): 20170453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0453.

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Conventional definitions of ‘near fields’ set bounds that describe where near fields may be found. These definitions tell us nothing about what near fields are, why they exist or how they work. In 1893, Heaviside derived the electromagnetic energy velocity for plane waves. Subsequent work demonstrated that although energy moves in synchronicity with radiated electromagnetic fields at the speed of light, in reactive fields the energy velocity slows down, converging to zero in the case of static fields. Combining Heaviside's energy velocity relation with the field Lagrangian yields a simple parametrization for the reactivity of electromagnetic fields that provides profound insights to the behaviour of electromagnetic systems. Fields guide energy. As waves interfere, they guide energy along paths that may be substantially different from the trajectories of the waves themselves. The results of this paper not only resolve the long-standing paradox of runaway acceleration from radiation reaction, but also make clear that pilot wave theory is the natural and logical consequence of the need for quantum mechanics correspond to the macroscopic results of the classical electromagnetic theory. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

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9

SNEYD, A. D. "Theory of electromagnetic stirring by AC fields." IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 5, no. 1 (1993): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imaman/5.1.87.

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10

Bouchal, ZdeněK, Richard Horák, and Jaroslav Wagner. "Propagation-invariant electromagnetic fields: Theory and experiment." Journal of Modern Optics 43, no. 9 (September 1996): 1905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349608232859.

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11

Jeffries, Clark. "A theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields." Applied Mathematics Letters 4, no. 6 (1991): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-9659(91)90066-5.

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12

Bertolini, Erica, and Nicola Maggiore. "Holographic Projection of Electromagnetic Maxwell Theory." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071134.

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The 4D Maxwell theory with single-sided planar boundary is considered. As a consequence of the presence of the boundary, two broken Ward identities are recovered, which, on-shell, give rise to two conserved currents living on the edge. A Kaç-Moody algebra formed by a subset of the bulk fields is obtained with central charge proportional to the inverse of the Maxwell coupling constant, and the degrees of freedom of the boundary theory are identified as two vector fields, also suggesting that the 3D theory should be a gauge theory. Finally the holographic contact between bulk and boundary theory is reached in two inequivalent ways, both leading to a unique 3D action describing a new gauge theory of two coupled vector fields with a topological Chern-Simons term with massive coefficient. In order to check that the 3D projection of 4D Maxwell theory is well defined, we computed the energy-momentum tensor and the propagators. The role of discrete symmetries is briefly discussed.

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13

Uchida, Toshio. "Theory of force-free electromagnetic fields. I. General theory." Physical Review E 56, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 2181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2181.

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14

Longair, Malcolm. "‘…a paper …I hold to be great guns’: a commentary on Maxwell (1865) ‘A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2039 (April 13, 2015): 20140473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0473.

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Maxwell's great paper of 1865 established his dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. The origins of the paper lay in his earlier papers of 1856, in which he began the mathematical elaboration of Faraday's researches into electromagnetism, and of 1861–1862, in which the displacement current was introduced. These earlier works were based upon mechanical analogies. In the paper of 1865, the focus shifts to the role of the fields themselves as a description of electromagnetic phenomena. The somewhat artificial mechanical models by which he had arrived at his field equations a few years earlier were stripped away. Maxwell's introduction of the concept of fields to explain physical phenomena provided the essential link between the mechanical world of Newtonian physics and the theory of fields, as elaborated by Einstein and others, which lies at the heart of twentieth and twenty-first century physics. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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15

Donaghy-Spargo, Christopher, and Alex Yakovlev. "Oliver Heaviside's electromagnetic theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2134 (October 29, 2018): 20180229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0229.

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The year 2018 marks the 125th anniversary of the first of three published volumes on electromagnetic theory by the eminent Victorian electrical engineer, physicist and mathematician, Oliver Heaviside FRS. This commemorative issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A celebrates the publication of this work by collecting papers on a broad spectrum across the field of electromagnetic theory, including innovative research papers interspersed between historical perspectives and relevant reviews. Heaviside was a remarkable man, an original thinker with brilliant mathematical powers and physical insight who made many significant contributions in his fields of interest, though he is remembered primarily for his ‘step function’, commonly used today in many branches of physics, mathematics and engineering. Here, we celebrate the man and his work by illustrating his major contributions and highlighting his great success in solving some of the great telegraphic engineering problems of the Victorian era, in part due to his development and detailed understanding of the governing electromagnetic theory. We celebrate his Electromagnetic theory : three volumes of insights, techniques and understanding from mathematical, physical and engineering perspectives—as dictated by J. C. Maxwell FRS, but interpreted, reformulated and expanded by Heaviside to advance the art and science of electrical engineering beyond all expectations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

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16

Haider, Michael, and Johannes A. Russer. "Differential form representation of stochastic electromagnetic fields." Advances in Radio Science 15 (September 21, 2017): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-21-2017.

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Abstract. In this work, we revisit the theory of stochastic electromagnetic fields using exterior differential forms. We present a short overview as well as a brief introduction to the application of differential forms in electromagnetic theory. Within the framework of exterior calculus we derive equations for the second order moments, describing stochastic electromagnetic fields. Since the resulting objects are continuous quantities in space, a discretization scheme based on the Method of Moments (MoM) is introduced for numerical treatment. The MoM is applied in such a way, that the notation of exterior calculus is maintained while we still arrive at the same set of algebraic equations as obtained for the case of formulating the theory using the traditional notation of vector calculus. We conclude with an analytic calculation of the radiated electric field of two Hertzian dipole, excited by uncorrelated random currents.

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17

Wu, Liang Neng, Jiang Feng Xu, Li Zhen Jiang, and Yun Zhou. "Approximation Theory on the Electromagnetic Fields in Metal Cavity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.175.

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A new method in perturbation theory of electromagnetic fields in metal cavity has been proposed in this paper. When a medium is introduced in metal cavity, the electromagnetic fields and oscillating frequency will be changed. The changed fields can be expanded as the fields of all modes in the original empty metal cavity. The expressions of the fields and the frequency in the various orders of approximation have been derived, that is important for such applications as the precise measurement of high permittivity of microwave materials.

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18

L Dawe, Ross, and Kenneth C Hines. "The Physics of Tachyons III. Tachyon Electromagnetism." Australian Journal of Physics 47, no. 4 (1994): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph940431.

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A new formulation of the theory of tachyons using the same two postulates as in special relativity is applied to electromagnetism. Tachyonic transformations of the electromagnetic fields E and B are rigorously derived from Maxwell's equations and are shown to be the same as for bradyonic transformations. Tachyonic transformations of current density, charge density, scalar and vector potentials are also derived and discussed. Tachyonic optics and the four-potential of a moving tachyonic charge are also discussed, along with generalised four-vector transformations and electromagnetic four-tensors in extended relativity. Use is made of a switching principle to show how tachyons automatically obey the law of conservation of electric charge in any inertial reference frame, even though the observed tachyon electric charge is not an invariant between observers. The electromagnetic field produced by a charged tachyon takes the form of a Mach cone, inside which the electromagnetic field is real and detectable, while outside the cone the field generated by the tachyon is imaginary and undetectable.

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19

Andrey, Chaykin. "Unified Theory of Force Fields (Electromagnetic and Gravitational)." World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 07, no. 01 (2017): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2017.71003.

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20

Liu, Mario. "Hydrodynamic theory of electromagnetic fields in continuous media." Physical Review Letters 70, no. 23 (June 7, 1993): 3580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.70.3580.

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21

de Hoop, Adrianus T., Michael L. Oristaglio, Tarek M. Habashy, and Carlos Torres-Verdin. "Asymptotic ray theory for transient diffusive electromagnetic fields." Radio Science 31, no. 1 (January 1996): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95rs02593.

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22

Toivanen, P. K. "Deformation method for electromagnetic magnetospheric fields: 1. Theory." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112, A6 (June 2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006ja011814.

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23

OLIVEIRA, A. L. "ON THE AMPLIFICATION OF COSMOLOGICAL NON-MAXWELLIAN FIELDS IN CURVED BACKGROUND." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 09 (March 21, 2001): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301003656.

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We study the influence of the gravitational field of Friedmann geometries upon an electromagnetic potential, through the Proca electromagnetic theory in a Dirac æther. The results are compared with those as foreseen by the Maxwellian theory in curved space–time. Our findings show that strong amplification effects of electromagnetic fields are a distinctive possibility. Thence we discuss some related topics.

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24

PIANTINI, ALEXANDRE, and JORGE M. JANISZEWSKI. "ANALYSIS OF LIGHTNING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb051875.

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25

Mukerji, Saurabh Kr, Sandeep Kr Goel, Sunil Bhooshan, and Kartik Prasad Basu. "Electromagnetic Fields Theory of Electrical Machines Part II: Uniqueness Theorem for Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields in Hysteretic Media." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 42, no. 2 (April 2005): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.42.2.7.

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Conditions resulting in a unique solution of Maxwell's equations are investigated. For this purpose, time-varying electromagnetic fields in media exhibiting a linearized form of hysteresis are considered. The treatment is an extension of the uniqueness theorem for electromagnetic fields in hysteresis-free media. The major conclusions are that there is no initial condition for fields in lossy regions, however, boundary conditions must be satisfied for all values of time. The treatment presented may be useful to students preparing for a masters degree or final year bachelor's degree.

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26

Lazar, Markus, and Jakob Leck. "Second Gradient Electromagnetostatics: Electric Point Charge, Electrostatic and Magnetostatic Dipoles." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071104.

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In this paper, we study the theory of second gradient electromagnetostatics as the static version of second gradient electrodynamics. The theory of second gradient electrodynamics is a linear generalization of higher order of classical Maxwell electrodynamics whose Lagrangian is both Lorentz and U ( 1 ) -gauge invariant. Second gradient electromagnetostatics is a gradient field theory with up to second-order derivatives of the electromagnetic field strengths in the Lagrangian. Moreover, it possesses a weak nonlocality in space and gives a regularization based on higher-order partial differential equations. From the group theoretical point of view, in second gradient electromagnetostatics the (isotropic) constitutive relations involve an invariant scalar differential operator of fourth order in addition to scalar constitutive parameters. We investigate the classical static problems of an electric point charge, and electric and magnetic dipoles in the framework of second gradient electromagnetostatics, and we show that all the electromagnetic fields (potential, field strength, interaction energy, interaction force) are singularity-free, unlike the corresponding solutions in the classical Maxwell electromagnetism and in the Bopp–Podolsky theory. The theory of second gradient electromagnetostatics delivers a singularity-free electromagnetic field theory with weak spatial nonlocality.

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CORTÉS, J. L., J. GAMBOA, and L. VELÁZQUEZ. "ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION OF ANYONS IN NONRELATIVISTIC QUANTUM FIELD THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 09, no. 06 (March 10, 1994): 953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x94000431.

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The nonrelativistic quantum-field-theoretic Lagrangian which describes an anyon system in the presence of an electromagnetic field is identified. A nonminimal magnetic coupling to the Chern–Simons statistical field as well as to the electromagnetic field together with a direct coupling between both fields are the nontrivial ingredients of the Lagrangian obtained from the nonrelativistic limit of the fermionic relativistic formulation. The results, an electromagnetic gyromagnetic ratio 2 for any spin together with a nontrivial dynamical spin-dependent contact interaction between anyons as well as the spin dependence of the electromagnetic effective action, agree with the quantum-mechanical formulation.

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JIMÉNEZ, JOSE BELTRÁN, and ANTONIO L. MAROTO. "THE DARK MAGNETISM OF THE UNIVERSE." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 40 (December 28, 2011): 3025–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311037315.

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Despite the success of Maxwell's electromagnetism in the description of the electromagnetic interactions on small scales, we know very little about the behavior of electromagnetic fields on cosmological distances. Thus, it has been suggested recently that the problems of dark energy and the origin of cosmic magnetic fields could be pointing to a modification of Maxwell's theory on large scales. Here, we review such a proposal in which the scalar state which is usually eliminated by means of the Lorenz condition is allowed to propagate. On super-Hubble scales, the new mode is essentially given by the temporal component of the electromagnetic potential and contributes as an effective cosmological constant to the energy–momentum tensor. The new state can be generated from quantum fluctuations during inflation and it is shown that the predicted value for the cosmological constant agrees with observations, provided inflation took place at the electroweak scale. We also consider more general theories including non-minimal couplings to the spacetime curvature in the presence of the temporal electromagnetic background. We show that both in the minimal and non-minimal cases, the modified Maxwell's equations include new effective current terms which can generate magnetic fields from sub-galactic scales up to the present Hubble horizon. The corresponding amplitudes could be enough to seed a galactic dynamo or even to account for observations just by collapse and differential rotation in the protogalactic cloud.

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29

McFadden, Johnjoe. "The Electromagnetic Will." NeuroSci 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2030021.

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The conscious electromagnetic information (cemi) field theory proposes that the seat of consciousness is the brain’s electromagnetic (EM) field that integrates information from trillions of firing neurons. What we call free will is its output. The cemi theory also proposes that the brain has two streams. Most actions are initiated by the first non-conscious stream that is composed of neurons that are insulated from EM field influences. These non-conscious involuntary actions are thereby invisible to our EM field-located thoughts. The theory also proposes that voluntary actions are driven by neurons that receive EM field inputs and are thereby visible to our EM field-located thoughts. I review the extensive evidence for EM field/ephaptic coupling between neurons and the increasing evidence that EM fields in the brain are a cause of behaviour. I conclude by arguing that though this EM field-driven will is not free, in the sense of being acausal, it nevertheless corresponds to the very real experience of our conscious mind being in control of our voluntary actions. Will is not an illusion. It is our experience of control by our EM field-located mind. It is an immaterial, yet physical, will.

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Dond, Shantaram, Hitesh Choudhary, Tanmay Kolge, Archana Sharma, and G. K. Dey. "Robust electromagnet design for pulse forming application." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-05-2018-0229.

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Purpose An electromagnet that can produce strong pulsed magnetic fields at kHz frequencies is potentially very favourable to exert a Lorentz force on the metallic workpiece. One of the applications of the pulsed magnetic field is the electromagnetic forming where the design of robust electromagnet is critical. The purpose of this paper is to design a robust electromagnet (coil) for high velocity electromagnetic tube forming operation. Design/methodology/approach First of all, an analytical model is developed to design the electromagnet and predict the aluminium tube velocity under the action of the estimated pulsed magnetic field. Next, the finite element-based numerical model is used to test the robustness of the designed coil and validate the analytical model. The coil is fabricated and implemented for free forming of aluminium tube. Experimental results of tube displacement are further compared with numerical and analytical model results. Findings The experimental tube displacement results are showing a good match with analytical and numerical results. The designed electromagnet has generated a peak magnetic field around 14 T at 20 µs rise time and deformed the aluminium tube with a peak velocity of 160 m/s. Robustness of the electromagnet under the action of forming stress is insured by numerical stress analysis and experiments. Practical implications Though the designed model in this work is for the 2.4 mm aluminium tube forming, it can also be used for different tube materials, tube dimensions and other electromagnetic forming applications with some modifications. Originality/value The research results provide powerful theoretical, numerical simulation and experimental support for the robust electromagnet design.

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Vegt, Wim. "Stability and Interaction Processes within Separate Magnetic and Electric Fields and Equilibrium within Electromagnetic Confinements." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1568.

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The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

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32

Guo, Shaohua. "A Second-Order Eigen Theory for Static Electromagnetic Fields." Journal of Modern Physics 01, no. 02 (2010): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2010.12015.

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33

Sahni, Viraht, and Xiao-Yin Pan. "Schrödinger Theory of Electrons in Electromagnetic Fields: New Perspectives." Computation 5, no. 4 (March 9, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation5010015.

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Carminati, R., R. Pierrat, J. de Rosny, and M. Fink. "Theory of the time reversal cavity for electromagnetic fields." Optics Letters 32, no. 21 (October 19, 2007): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.003107.

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35

Rozov, Andrey. "Maxwell Equations for Slow-Moving Media." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 70, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2015-0142.

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AbstractIn the present work, the Minkowski equations obtained on the basis of theory of relativity are used to describe electromagnetic fields in moving media. But important electromagnetic processes run under non-relativistic conditions of slow-moving media. Therefore, one should carry out its description in terms of classical mechanics. Hertz derived electrodynamic equations for moving media within the frame of classical mechanics on the basis of the Maxwell theory. His equations disagree with the experimental data concerned with the moving dielectrics. In the paper, a way of description of electromagnetic fields in slow-moving media on the basis of the Maxwell theory within the frame of classical mechanics is offered by combining the Hertz approach and the experimental data concerned with the movement of dielectrics in electromagnetic fields. Received Maxwell equations lack asymmetry in the description of the reciprocal electrodynamic action of a magnet and a conductor and conform to known experimental data. Comparative analysis of the Minkowski and Maxwell models is carried out.

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SPANIOL, E. P., and V. C. DE ANDRADE. "GRAVITOMAGNETISM IN TELEPARALLEL GRAVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 19, no. 04 (April 2010): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271810016476.

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The assumption that matter charges and currents could generate fields, which are called, in analogy with electromagnetism, gravitoeletric and gravitomagnetic fields, dating from the origins of General Relativity (GR). On the other hand, the Teleparallel Equivalent of GR (TEGR), as a gauge theory, seems to be the ideal scenario to define these fields, based on the gauge field strength components. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the nature of the gravitational electric and magnetic fields in the context of the TEGR, where the tetrad formalism on which it is based seems more suited to deal with phenomena related to observers. As its applications, we have studied the gravito-electromagnetic fields for the Schwarzschild solution and for the geometry produced by a spherical rotating shell in slow motion and weak field regime. The expressions obtained, at the linear regime, are very similar to those of electromagnetism.

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37

Shi, T. Y. "Pair Production in Intense Electromagnetic Fields of Pulsars." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 125 (1987): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900160474.

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The possible existence of strong electromagnetic fields in pulsars has motivated extensive interest in investigation of various quantum electrodynamics processes. In particular, the process of converting high energy photons into electron-positron pairs is of great significance in pulsar theory.

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38

Du, Matthew, Luis A. Martínez-Martínez, Raphael F. Ribeiro, Zixuan Hu, Vinod M. Menon, and Joel Yuen-Zhou. "Theory for polariton-assisted remote energy transfer." Chemical Science 9, no. 32 (2018): 6659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc00171e.

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Nemamcha, Abdelmalek, and Mourad Houabes. "Electromagnetic Fields Produced by Inclined Return Stroke Channel." Journal of Electrical Engineering 65, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2014-0023.

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Abstract In this paper further theoretical investigations to understand and elucidate recently raised questions on the characteristics of lightning return-strokes curried out. Using Antenna Theory (AT) model, which is extended to take into account the channel inclination, the electromagnetic fields expressions for vertical dipole are completed, and an inclined channel is properly modeled, vertical electric and azimuthally magnetic fields are computed at different distances (close, intermediate and far distance ranges). The computations show that amplitudes and wave forms of the electromagnetic fields at close and intermediate lightning environment are considerably affected by the channel inclination.

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Hillion, Pierre. "Fourier-Bessel Expansions of Electromagnetic Fields in Chiral Cylindrical Structures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2008-0905.

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To handle electromagnetic wave propagation in a semi-infinite, perfectly conducting, chiral cylinder with a circular base, on which an harmonic Bessel beam impinges, we present a theory relying on the Fourier-Bessel expansion of electromagnetic fields. The chiral medium is successively described by the Tellegen and Post constitutive relations. Conditions of wave propagation are discussed.

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41

Nekrasov, A. K., and F. Z. Feygin. "Dust grain dynamics due to nonuniform and nonstationary high-frequency radiations in cold magnetoplasmas." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 2 (March 23, 2006): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-467-2006.

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Abstract. A general nonlinear theory for low-frequency electromagnetic field generation due to high-frequency nonuniform and nonstationary electromagnetic radiations in cold, uniform, multicomponent, dusty magnetoplasmas is developed. This theory permits us to consider the nonlinear action of all waves that can exist in such plasmas. The equations are derived for the dust grain velocities in the low-frequency nonlinear electric fields arising due to the presence of electromagnetic cyclotron waves travelling along the background magnetic field. The dust grains are considered to be magnetized as well as unmagnetized. Different regimes for the dust particle dynamics, depending on the spatio-temporal change of the wave amplitudes and plasma parameters, are discussed. It is shown that induced nonlinear electric fields can have both an electrostatic and electromagnetic nature. Conditions for maximum dust acceleration are found. The results obtained may be useful for understanding the possible mechanisms of dust grain dynamics in astrophysical, cosmic and laboratory plasmas under the action of nonuniform and nonstationary electromagnetic waves.

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KLISHEVICH, S. M. "ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION OF MASSIVE SPIN-3 STATE FROM STRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 03 (January 30, 2000): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00000185.

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In our present work we study an interaction of second mass level of an open bosonic string with constant electromagnetic field. This state contains massive fields with spins 3 and 1. Using a method based on the BRST quantization of an open string, we obtain gauge-invariant Lagrangian, describing the electromagnetic interaction of these fields. From the explicit form of transformations and Lagrangian it follows that the presence of the external constant e.m. field induces the mixing of the states at the given level. Most likely, the presence of the external field will lead to the mixing of the states on other mass string levels as well.

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Weng, Zi-Hua. "Field Equations in the Complex Quaternion Spaces." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/450262.

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The paper aims to adopt the complex quaternion and octonion to formulate the field equations for electromagnetic and gravitational fields. Applying the octonionic representation enables one single definition to combine some physics contents of two fields, which were considered to be independent of each other in the past. J. C. Maxwell applied simultaneously the vector terminology and the quaternion analysis to depict the electromagnetic theory. This method edified the paper to introduce the quaternion and octonion spaces into the field theory, in order to describe the physical feature of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, while their coordinates are able to be the complex number. The octonion space can be separated into two subspaces, the quaternion space and theS-quaternion space. In the quaternion space, it is able to infer the field potential, field strength, field source, field equations, and so forth, in the gravitational field. In theS-quaternion space, it is able to deduce the field potential, field strength, field source, and so forth, in the electromagnetic field. The results reveal that the quaternion space is appropriate to describe the gravitational features; meanwhile, theS-quaternion space is proper to depict the electromagnetic features.

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Razmjoo, Hooman, and Masoud Movahhedi. "Unconditionally stable improved meshless methods for electromagnetic time-domain modeling." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 1/2 (December 20, 2013): 463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2012-0368.

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Purpose – In this paper, a modified meshless method, as one of the numerical techniques that has recently emerged in the area of computational electromagnetics, is extended to solving time-domain wave equation. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In space domain, the fields at the collocation points are expanded into a series of new Shepard's functions which have been suggested recently and are treated with a meshless method procedure. For time discretization of the second-order time-derivative, two finite-difference schemes, i.e. backward difference and Newmark-β techniques, are proposed. Findings – Both schemes are implicit and always stable and have unconditional stability with different orders of accuracy and numerical dispersion. The unconditional stability of the proposed methods is analytically proven and numerically verified. Moreover, two numerical examples for electromagnetic field computation are also presented to investigate characteristics of the proposed methods. Originality/value – The paper presents two unconditionally stable schemes for meshless methods in time-domain electromagnetic problems.

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Siauve, N., R. Scorretti, N. Burais, L. Nicolas, and A. Nicolas. "Electromagnetic fields and human body: a new challenge for the electromagnetic field computation." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 22, no. 3 (September 2003): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321640310474868.

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Kostin, Mykola, Anatolii Nikitenko, Tetiana Mishchenko, and Lyudmila Shumikhina. "Electrodynamics of Reactive Power in the Space of Inter-Substation Zones of AC Electrified Railway Line." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123510.

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In railway traction, the definition of “electromagnetic field” is functionally connected to the concept of the reactive power consumed by the electric rolling stock, and characterized by the running and standing electromagnetic waves in the space of the inter-substation zones from the site of the AC traction system. Such a definition is established and theoretically justified by the theory of electromagnetic fields. This article uses the methodology of this theory, in particular, a method for power balance estimation in electromagnetic fields based on Maxwell’s equations, as well as methods for the analysis of running and standing electromagnetic waves based on the theory of reflection, propagation and transmission of plane harmonic waves. The research considers the regularities of standing electromagnetic waves in the space of inter-substation zones of electric traction systems, which occur due to the incomplete reflection of incident waves from the contact wire and metal parts of the roof surface and the frontal part of the body of the electric rolling stock. The flow of electricity to the roof surface and the frontal part of the body of an electric locomotive is considered. The possibility of using existing methods to reduce wave reflections and thereby to effectively compensate for reactive power in the space of inter-substation zones is discussed.

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Onoda, Shigeki, Naoyuki Sugimoto, and Naoto Nagaosa. "Theory of Non-Equilibirum States Driven by Constant Electromagnetic Fields." Progress of Theoretical Physics 116, no. 1 (July 2006): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.61.

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48

Uchida, Toshio. "Theory of force-free electromagnetic fields. II. Configuration with symmetry." Physical Review E 56, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 2198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.2198.

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Körner, T. O., and J. T. Sheridan. "Near fields of periodic gratings calculated using rigorous electromagnetic theory." Scanning 16, no. 3 (1994): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950160311.

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Körner, T. O., and J. T. Sheridan. "Near fields of periodic gratings calculated using rigorous electromagnetic theory." Scanning 16, no. 6 (April 16, 2008): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950160605.

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