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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron Clouds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Lehmann, Andrew, and Mark Wardle. "Diffusion of cosmic-ray electrons in the Galactic centre molecular cloud G0.13–0.13." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S303 (2013): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314001082.

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AbstractThe Galactic center (GC) molecular cloud G0.13–0.13 exhibits a shell morphology in CS J = (1 − 0), with ∼ 105 solar masses and expansion speed ∼ 20 km s−1, yielding a total kinetic energy ∼ 1051 erg. Its morphology is also suggestive of an interaction with the nonthermal filaments of the GC arc. 74 MHz emission indicates the presence of a substantial population of low energy electrons permeating the cloud, which could either be produced by the interaction with the arc or accelerated in the shock waves responsible for the cloud's expansion. These scenarios are explored using time depend

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2

Bakhareva, O. A., V. Yu Sergeev, and I. A. Sharov. "On the Formation of a Plasma Cloud at the Ablation of a Pellet in a High-Temperature Magnetized Toroidal Plasma." JETP Letters 117, no. 3 (2023): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364022603190.

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The investigation of cold secondary plasma clouds near pellets ablating in the hot plasma of magnetic confinement devices (tokamaks and stellarators) provides valuable information on the physical characteristics of a pellet cloud. In this work, the characteristic sizes of emitting clouds around fusible polystyrene pellets and refractory carbon pellets have been analyzed. The calculation of the ionization length of C+ ions in both carbon and hydrocarbon clouds has shown that the contribution of only hot electrons is insufficient to ensure the experimentally observed decay lengths of the CII lin

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Le Bars, G., J. Loizu, J. Ph Hogge, et al. "First self-consistent simulations of trapped electron clouds in a gyrotron gun and comparison with experiments." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 3 (2023): 030702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0136340.

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We report on the initial validation of the novel code FENNECS, which simulates the spontaneous formation of trapped electron clouds in coaxial geometries with strong externally applied azimuthal flows and in the presence of a residual neutral gas. For this purpose, a realistic gyrotron electron gun geometry is used in the code, and a self-consistent electron cloud build-up is simulated. The predicted electronic current resulting from these clouds that is collected on the gun electrodes is simulated and successfully compared with the previous experimental results for configurations with differe

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4

John, P. I. "Physics of toroidal electron clouds." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 34, no. 13 (1992): 2053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/34/13/039.

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5

Tkachev, A. N., and S. I. Yakovlenko. "Electron clouds around charged particulates." Technical Physics 44, no. 1 (1999): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259250.

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6

Dimant, Y. S., and M. M. Oppenheim. "Interaction of plasma cloud with external electric field in lower ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 3 (2010): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-719-2010.

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Abstract. In the auroral lower-E and upper-D region of the ionosphere, plasma clouds, such as sporadic-E layers and meteor plasma trails, occur daily. Large-scale electric fields, created by the magnetospheric dynamo, will polarize these highly conducting clouds, redistributing the electrostatic potential and generating anisotropic currents both within and around the cloud. Using a simplified model of the cloud and the background ionosphere, we develop the first self-consistent three-dimensional analytical theory of these phenomena. For dense clouds, this theory predicts highly amplified elect

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7

Zhang, Tao. "Average value of the shape and direction factor in the equation of refractive index." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 29 (2017): 1750263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917502633.

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The theoretical calculation of the refractive indices is of great significance for the developments of new optical materials. The calculation method of refractive index, which was deduced from the electron-cloud-conductor model, contains the shape and direction factor [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] affects the electromagnetic-induction energy absorbed by the electron clouds, thereby influencing the refractive indices. It is not yet known how to calculate [Formula: see text] value of non-spherical electron clouds. In this paper, [Formula: see text] value is derived by imaginatively di

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8

del Valle, Maria V. "Gamma-rays from reaccelerated cosmic rays in high-velocity clouds colliding with the Galactic disc." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, no. 3 (2021): 4448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3206.

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ABSTRACT High-velocity clouds moving towards the disc will reach the Galactic plane and will inevitably collide with the disc. In these collisions, a system of two shocks is produced, one propagating through the disc and the other develops within the cloud. The shocks produced within the clouds in these interactions have velocities of hundreds of kilometres per second. When these shocks are radiative they may be inefficient in accelerating fresh particles; however, they can reaccelerate and compress Galactic cosmic rays from the background. In this work, we investigate the interactions of Gala

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9

Stein, Benjamin P. "An “orbital glass” of electron clouds." Physics Today 58, no. 3 (2005): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4796921.

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10

Zharkova, Valentina V., and Taras Siversky. "Formation of electron clouds during particle acceleration in a 3D current sheet." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S274 (2010): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311007472.

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AbstractAcceleration of protons and electrons in a reconnecting current sheet (RCS) is investigated with the test particle and particle-in-cell (PIC) approaches in the 3D magnetic configuration including the guiding field. PIC simulations confirm a spatial separation of electrons and protons towards the midplane and reveal that this separation occur as long as protons are getting accelerated. During this time electrons are ejected into their semispace of the current sheet moving away from the midplane to distances up to a factor of 103 – 104 of the RCS thickness and returning back to the RCS.

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11

Dremin, Igor M. "Positronia’ Clouds in Universe." Universe 7, no. 2 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7020042.

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The intense emission of 511 keV photons from the Galactic center and within terrestrial thunderstorms is attributed to the formation of parapositronia clouds. Unbound electron–positron pairs and positronia can be created by strong electromagnetic fields produced in interactions of electrically charged objects, in particular, in collisions of heavy nuclei. Kinematics of this process favors abundant creation of the unbound electron–positron pairs with very small masses and the confined parapositronia states which decay directly to two 511 keV quanta. Therefore, we propose to consider interaction

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12

Dieckmann, M. E. "The formation of relativistic plasma structures and their potential role in the generation of cosmic ray electrons." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 15, no. 6 (2008): 831–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-831-2008.

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Abstract. Recent particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation studies have addressed particle acceleration and magnetic field generation in relativistic astrophysical flows by plasma phase space structures. We discuss the astrophysical environments such as the jets of compact objects, and we give an overview of the global PIC simulations of shocks. These reveal several types of phase space structures, which are relevant for the energy dissipation. These structures are typically coupled in shocks, but we choose to consider them here in an isolated form. Three structures are reviewed. (1) Simulations of in

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13

Le Bars, G., J. Ph Hogge, J. Loizu, S. Alberti, F. Romano, and A. Cerfon. "Self-consistent formation and steady-state characterization of trapped high-energy electron clouds in the presence of a neutral gas background." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 8 (2022): 082105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098567.

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This study considers the self-consistent formation and dynamics of electron clouds interacting with a background neutral gas through elastic and inelastic (ionization) collisions in coaxial geometries similar to gyrotron electron guns. These clouds remain axially trapped as the result of crossed magnetic field lines and electric equipotential lines creating potential wells similar to those used in Penning traps. Contrary to standard Penning traps, in this study, we consider a strong externally applied radial electric field which is of the same order as that of the space-charge field. In partic

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Despringre, V., and D. Fraix-Burnet. "Relativistic Electron-Positron Clouds in VLBI Jets." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 175 (1996): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900081390.

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Extragalactic jets have always had two characteristics : the presence of knots and the requirement for particle acceleration. Shock fronts provide an explanation for both. However, the knotty appearance is less obvious at kp-scale on very high resolution observations from the VLA and the HST. The evidence for shock fronts is therefore weakened. At the pc-scale (or VLBI scale), a lot of these blobs are moving superluminally and they have been interpreted and modelled as shock fronts in a relativistic jet.

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15

Cohen, R. H., A. Friedman, M. Kireeff Covo, et al. "Simulating electron clouds in heavy-ion accelerators." Physics of Plasmas 12, no. 5 (2005): 056708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1882292.

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16

Padovani, Marco, Shmuel Bialy, Daniele Galli, et al. "Cosmic rays in molecular clouds probed by H₂ rovibrational lines." Astronomy & Astrophysics 658 (February 2022): A189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142560.

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Context. Low-energy cosmic rays (<1 TeV) play a fundamental role in the chemical and dynamical evolution of molecular clouds, as they control the ionisation, dissociation, and excitation of H2. Their characterisation is therefore important both for the interpretation of observations and for the development of theoretical models. However, the methods used so far for estimating the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in molecular clouds have several limitations due to uncertainties in the adopted chemical networks. Aims. We refine and extend a previously proposed method to estimate the cosmic-ray ioni

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17

Owens, M. J., N. U. Crooker, and T. S. Horbury. "The expected imprint of flux rope geometry on suprathermal electrons in magnetic clouds." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 10 (2009): 4057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-4057-2009.

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Abstract. Magnetic clouds are a subset of interplanetary coronal mass ejections characterized by a smooth rotation in the magnetic field direction, which is interpreted as a signature of a magnetic flux rope. Suprathermal electron observations indicate that one or both ends of a magnetic cloud typically remain connected to the Sun as it moves out through the heliosphere. With distance from the axis of the flux rope, out toward its edge, the magnetic field winds more tightly about the axis and electrons must traverse longer magnetic field lines to reach the same heliocentric distance. This incr

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18

Abelha, Thais S., Geovane G. A. de Souza, and Marco Bregant. "Comparing different methods of position reconstruction considering 1D readout of GEM detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2340, no. 1 (2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2340/1/012049.

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Abstract Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) based detectors contain microstructures that provide amplification, via avalanche multiplication, for the charges generated due to ionizing radiation. The readout of the detector is responsible for collecting electrons multiplied by the GEM structure and it may be position sensitive. In this preliminary study, we created algorithms to compare the error of three different methods for position reconstruction. All these methods are based on weighted averages. In the algorithm we modeled an electron cloud as a normalized Gaussian function that is collected by

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19

Alcocer, Giovanni. "Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 03 (2022): 01–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6301.

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The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass clo

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20

Yuan, Shaohua, Nizar Naitlho, Roman Samulyak, et al. "Lagrangian particle simulation of hydrogen pellets and SPI into runaway electron beam in ITER." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 10 (2022): 103903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110388.

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Numerical studies of the ablation of pellets and shattered pellet injection (SPI) fragments into a runaway electron beam in ITER have been performed using a time-dependent pellet ablation code [Samulyak et al., Nucl. Fusion, 61(4), 046007 (2021)]. The code resolves detailed ablation physics near pellet fragments and large-scale expansion of ablated clouds. The study of a single-fragment ablation quantifies the influence of various factors, in particular, the impact ionization by runaway electrons and cross-field transport models, on the dynamics of ablated plasma and its penetration into the r

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21

Tahani, M., R. Plume, J. C. Brown, and J. Kainulainen. "Helical magnetic fields in molecular clouds?" Astronomy & Astrophysics 614 (June 2018): A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732219.

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Context. Magnetic fields pervade in the interstellar medium (ISM) and are believed to be important in the process of star formation, yet probing magnetic fields in star formation regions is challenging. Aims. We propose a new method to use Faraday rotation measurements in small-scale star forming regions to find the direction and magnitude of the component of magnetic field along the line of sight. We test the proposed method in four relatively nearby regions of Orion A, Orion B, Perseus, and California. Methods. We use rotation measure data from the literature. We adopt a simple approach base

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22

Zaveri, Puravi, P. I. John, K. Avinash, and P. K. Kaw. "Low-aspect-ratio toroidal equilibria of electron clouds." Physical Review Letters 68, no. 22 (1992): 3295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.3295.

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23

Nieves-Chinchilla, Teresa, and Adolfo F. Viñas. "Solar wind electron distribution functions inside magnetic clouds." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113, A2 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007ja012703.

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24

Bastrukov, S. I., J. Yang, and D. V. Podgainy. "Helicoidal magneto-electron waves in interstellar molecular clouds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 330, no. 4 (2002): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05168.x.

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25

Douglas, John E. "Visualization of electron clouds in atoms and molecules." Journal of Chemical Education 67, no. 1 (1990): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed067p42.

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26

Wright, C. Alan, and Santiago D. Solares. "On Mapping Subangstrom Electron Clouds with Force Microscopy." Nano Letters 11, no. 11 (2011): 5026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl2030773.

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27

Das, Amita, and Predhiman Kaw. "Instability of elliptical vortex cores in electron clouds." Physics Letters A 164, no. 5-6 (1992): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(92)90106-v.

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28

Jones, T., A. Morgan, and R. Richards. "Primary blasting in a limestone quarry: physicochemical characterization of the dust clouds." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 2 (2003): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036720092.

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Airborne dust generated by primary blasting was collected in Taffs Well Quarry, just north of Cardiff, Wales. Collections of airborne particulate matter were also made in the nearby village of Morganstown at the same time as the blasting collections. The explosions were recorded on a motor-driven camera and a digital video camera. These images show that the dust clouds generated by the explosions consist of three distinct components; a reddish-grey dust cloud, followed by a light grey dust cloud, and finally a pale grey cloud that stayed near the blast face. It is believed that the reddish-gre

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29

Kucherov, Olexandr. "Direct Visualization of Si and Ge Atoms by Shifting Electron Picoscopy." Applied Functional Materials 2, no. 4 (2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/afm2022v02.04.0002.

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The picoscopy images of the Si/Ge(100) system were analyzed, and electron cloud densitometry of silicon is presented in this study. The picoscopy is used to distinguish Ge, Si, and other chemical elements because different atoms have different densities of electron clouds. This result is in full accordance with Kucherov's law which states that the current passed through an electron cloud is proportional to the density of the cloud. The picoscopy image has shown Si crystals, Si/Ge solid solution, and their interface as the single crystal without defects. Local deformations in crystals were inve

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Kandagalla, Shivananda, Hrvoje Rimac, Vladimir A. Potemkin, and Maria A. Grishina. "Complementarity principle in terms of electron density for the study of EGFR complexes." Future Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 10 (2021): 863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2020-0265.

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The complementarity principle is a well-established concept in the field of chemistry and biology. This concept is widely studied as the lock-and-key relationship between two structures, such as enzyme and ligand interactions. These interactions are based on the overlap of electron clouds between two structures. In this study, a mathematical relation determining complementarity of intermolecular contacts in terms of overlaps of electron clouds was examined using a quantum orbital-free AlteQ method developed in-house for 64 EGFR–ligand complexes with experimentally measured binding affinity dat

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31

Paul, Daniel, Manfred Grieser, Florian Grussie, et al. "Experimental Determination of the Dissociative Recombination Rate Coefficient for Rotationally Cold CH⁺ and Its Implications for Diffuse Cloud Chemistry." Astrophysical Journal 939, no. 2 (2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8e02.

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Abstract Observations of CH+ are used to trace the physical properties of diffuse clouds, but this requires an accurate understanding of the underlying CH+ chemistry. Until this work, the most uncertain reaction in that chemistry was dissociative recombination (DR) of CH+. Using an electron–ion merged-beams experiment at the Cryogenic Storage Ring, we have determined the DR rate coefficient of the CH+ electronic, vibrational, and rotational ground state applicable for different diffuse cloud conditions. Our results reduce the previously unrecognized order-of-magnitude uncertainty in the CH+ DR

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32

Adachi, Kouji, Yutaka Tobo, Makoto Koike, Gabriel Freitas, Paul Zieger, and Radovan Krejci. "Composition and mixing state of Arctic aerosol and cloud residual particles from long-term single-particle observations at Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 21 (2022): 14421–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14421-2022.

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Abstract. The Arctic region is sensitive to climate change and is warming faster than the global average. Aerosol particles change cloud properties by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles, thus influencing the Arctic climate system. Therefore, understanding the aerosol particle properties in the Arctic is needed to interpret and simulate their influences on climate. In this study, we collected ambient aerosol particles using whole-air and PM10 inlets and residual particles of cloud droplets and ice crystals from Arctic low-level clouds (typically, all-liquid or mixe

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33

Pratt, Kerri A., Andrew J. Heymsfield, Cynthia H. Twohy, et al. "In Situ Chemical Characterization of Aged Biomass-Burning Aerosols Impacting Cold Wave Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 8 (2010): 2451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3330.1.

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Abstract During the Ice in Clouds Experiment–Layer Clouds (ICE-L), aged biomass-burning particles were identified within two orographic wave cloud regions over Wyoming using single-particle mass spectrometry and electron microscopy. Using a suite of instrumentation, particle chemistry was characterized in tandem with cloud microphysics. The aged biomass-burning particles comprised ∼30%–40% by number of the 0.1–1.0-μm clear-air particles and were composed of potassium, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and sulfate. Aerosol mass spectrometry measurements suggested these cloud-processed particles

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34

Goicoechea, Javier R., François Lique, and Miriam G. Santa-Maria. "Anomalous HCN emission from warm giant molecular clouds." Astronomy & Astrophysics 658 (January 27, 2022): A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142210.

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Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is considered a good tracer of the dense molecular gas that serves as fuel for star formation. However, recent large-scale surveys of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) have detected extended HCN rotational line emission far from star-forming cores. Such observations often spectroscopically resolve the HCN J = 1–0 (partially also the J = 2–1 and 3–2) hyperfine structure (HFS). A precise determination of the physical conditions of the gas requires treating the HFS line overlap effects. Here, we study the HCN HFS excitation and line emission using nonlocal radiative transfer mo

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35

Boamah, Mavis D., Kristal K. Sullivan, Katie E. Shulenberger, et al. "Low-energy electron-induced chemistry of condensed methanol: implications for the interstellar synthesis of prebiotic molecules." Faraday Discuss. 168 (2014): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3fd00158j.

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In the interstellar medium, UV photolysis of condensed methanol (CH<sub>3</sub>OH), contained in ice mantles surrounding dust grains, is thought to be the mechanism that drives the formation of “complex” molecules, such as methyl formate (HCOOCH<sub>3</sub>), dimethyl ether (CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>), acetic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH), and glycolaldehyde (HOCH<sub>2</sub>CHO). The source of this reaction-initiating UV light is assumed to be local because externally sourced UV radiation cannot penetrate the ice-containing dark, dense molecular clouds. Specifically, exceedingly penetrative h

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36

Brüggen, Marcus, Evan Scannapieco, and Philipp Grete. "The Launching of Cold Clouds by Galaxy Outflows. V. The Role of Anisotropic Thermal Conduction." Astrophysical Journal 951, no. 2 (2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd63e.

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Abstract Motivated by observations of multiphase galaxy outflows, we explore the impact of isotropic and anisotropic electron thermal conduction on the evolution of radiatively cooled, cold clouds embedded in hot, magnetized winds. Using the adaptive-mesh refinement code AthenaPK, we conduct simulations of clouds impacted by supersonic and transonic flows with magnetic fields initially aligned parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction. In cases with isotropic thermal conduction, an evaporative wind forms, stabilizing against instabilities and leading to a mass-loss rate that matches the

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Caselli, Paola. "The Fractional Ionization in Molecular Cloud Cores." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 197 (2000): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164666.

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Ions and electrons play a key role in the chemical and dynamical evolution of interstellar clouds. Gas phase ion–molecule reactions are major chemical routes to the formation of interstellar molecules. The ionization degree determines the coupling between the magnetic field and the molecular gas through ion–neutral collisions, and thus regulates the rate of star formation. In the theoretical determination of the degree of ionization we run into several sources of uncertainty, including the poorly known cosmic ray flux and metal depletion within the cores, the penetration of UV radiation deep i

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38

Harrison, Stephen, Alexandre Faure, and Jonathan Tennyson. "CN excitation and electron densities in diffuse molecular clouds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 435, no. 4 (2013): 3541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1544.

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39

Pynzar’, A. V. "The electron density in clouds of turbulent interstellar plasma." Astronomy Reports 60, no. 3 (2016): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063772916030124.

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40

Tanabe, Y., and K. Ohtaka. "Overlap integral between two electron clouds at different sites." Physical Review B 34, no. 6 (1986): 3763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.34.3763.

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Poznanski, Roman R., Lleuvelyn A. Cacha, Ahmad Z. A. Latif, et al. "Molecular orbitals of delocalized electron clouds in neuronal domains." Biosystems 183 (September 2019): 103982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.103982.

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42

Khirwadkar, S. S., P. S. Pathak, S. Chaturvedi, and P. I. John. "2-D Guiding Centre Simulation of Toroidal Electron Clouds." Journal of Computational Physics 132, no. 2 (1997): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.5636.

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43

Sauvaud, J. A., P. Koperski, T. Beutier, et al. "The INTERBALL-Tail ELECTRON experiment: initial results on the low-latitude boundary layer of the dawn magnetosphere." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 5 (1997): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0587-z.

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Abstract. The Toulouse electron spectrometer flown on the Russian project INTERBALL-Tail performs electron measurements from 10 to 26 000 eV over a 4<pi> solid angle in a satellite rotation period. The INTERBALL-Tail probe was launched on 3 August 1995 together with a subsatellite into a 65° inclination orbit with an apogee of about 30 RE. The INTERBALL mission also includes a polar spacecraft launched in August 1996 for correlated studies of the outer magnetosphere and of the auroral regions. We present new observations concerning the low-latitude boundary layers (LLBL) of the magnetosp

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FAZEKAS, Patrik, and Hiroyuki SHIBA. "VARIATIONAL THEORY OF CORRELATED FERMI-LIQUID STATE IN THE KONDO LATTICE MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 01n02 (1991): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000183.

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A variational wave function is constructed and studied for the spin-compensated Fermi-liquid-type ground state in the Kondo lattice model. The spins of the localized f-electrons are compensated by overlapping conduction-electron clouds. In accordance with Luttinger’s theorem, the volume enclosed by the Fermi surface corresponds to the total number of electrons, i.e., it includes the f-electrons as well as the conduction electrons. An approximate analytic treatment of the correlated heavy Fermi liquid is given by using the Gutzwiller approximation.

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45

McCall, Benjamin J. "Dissociative recombination of cold and its interstellar implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1848 (2006): 2953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1876.

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plays a key role in interstellar chemistry as the initiator of ion–molecule chemistry. The amount of observed in dense interstellar clouds is consistent with expectations, but the large abundance of seen in diffuse clouds is not easily explained by simple chemical models. A crucial parameter in predicting the abundance of in diffuse clouds is the rate constant for dissociative recombination (DR) with electrons. The value of this constant has been very controversial, because different experimental techniques have yielded very different results, perhaps owing to varying degrees of rotational and

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Johansson, L. E. B. "Chemistry in the LMC and SMC." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 178 (1997): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900009670.

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Molecular abundances derived in a sample of CO complexes in the Magellanic Clouds are discussed. With a possible exception of HCO+, the chemical compositions observed in this sample show a striking uniformity. The data indicate that the molecular concentrations are down by a factor of 5 in the SMC, relative those observed in a cloud associated with the H II region N159 in the LMC. A similar difference seems to exist within the LMC, between the 30 Doradus region and the N159 area. An estimate of the electron abundance in the N159 cloud is presented, based on a recent detection of DCO+.

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Barlow, M. J. "Chemical Abundances from Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600011813.

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AbstractHeavy element abundances, in particular those of oxygen, obtained from recent spectroscopic surveys of Magellanic Cloud planetary nebulae (PN), are reviewed and compared with those derived for H regions and objects in our own galaxy. These abundances have been based on collisionally excited lines and are very sensitive to the adopted electron temperature. There is increasing evidence that temperature or density fluctuations within nebulae lead to the electron temperatures being overestimated, with the corollary that the heavy element abundances have been underestimated.

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Padovani, Marco, Alexei V. Ivlev, Daniele Galli, and Paola Caselli. "Cosmic-ray ionisation in circumstellar discs." Astronomy & Astrophysics 614 (June 2018): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732202.

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Context. Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are a ubiquitous source of ionisation of the interstellar gas, competing with UV and X-ray photons as well as natural radioactivity in determining the fractional abundance of electrons, ions, and charged dust grains in molecular clouds and circumstellar discs. Aims. We model the propagation of various components of Galactic CRs versus the column density of the gas. Our study is focussed on the propagation at high densities, above a few g cm−2, especially relevant for the inner regions of collapsing clouds and circumstellar discs. Methods. The propagation of

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Sattonnay, G., S. Bilgen, B. Mercier, D. Longuevergne, S. Della-Negra, and I. Ribaud. "Role of surface chemistry in conditioning of materials in particle accelerators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (2023): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012083.

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Abstract For the vacuum scientists and the accelerator community, finding solutions to mitigate pressure rises induced by electron, photon and ion desorption, and also beam instabilities induced by ion and electron clouds is a major issue. Along the time, changes in the surface chemistry of vacuum chambers are observed during beam operations, leading to modifications of: outgassing rates, stimulated desorption processes and secondary emission yields (SEY). To understand the role of the surface chemistry of air exposed materials in the electron conditioning process, typical air exposed material

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Pasmanik, D. L., V. Y. Trakhtengerts, A. G. Demekhov, et al. "A quantitative model for cyclotron wave-particle interactions at the plasmapause." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 3 (1998): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0322-4.

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Abstract. The formation of a zone of energetic electron precipitation by the plasmapause, a region of enhanced plasma density, following energetic particle injection during a magnetic storm, is analyzed. Such a region can also be formed by detached cold plasma clouds appearing in the outer magnetosphere by restructuring of the plasmasphere during a magnetic storm. As a mechanism of precipitation, wave-particle interactions by the cyclotron instability between whistler-mode waves and electrons are considered. In the framework of the self-consistent equations of quasi-linear plasma theory, the d

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