Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electron confinement'
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Touati, Michaël. "Fast Electron Transport Study for Inertial Confinement Fusion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0076/document.
Full textA new hybrid reduced model for relativistic electron beam transport in solids and dense plasmas is presented. It is based on the two first angular moments of the relativistic kinetic equation completed with the Minerbo maximum angular entropy closure. It takes into account collective effects with the self-generated electromagnetic fields as well as collisional effects with the slowing down of the elec- trons in collisions with plasmons, bound and free electrons and their angular scattering on both ions and electrons. This model allows for fast computations of relativistic electron beam transport while describing the kinetic distribution function evolution. Despite the loss of information concerning the angular distribution of the electron beam, the model reproduces analytical estimates in the academic case of a collimated and monoenergetic electron beam propagating through a warm and dense Hydro- gen plasma and hybrid PIC simulation results in a realistic laser-generated electron beam transport in a solid target. The model is applied to the study of the emission of Kα photons in laser-solid experiments and to the generation of shock waves
Dil, Jan Hugo. "Electron confinement in thin metal films structure, morphology and interactions /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2006/513/index.html.
Full textWelander, Anders. "An experimental investigation of electron confinement in reversed-field pinches /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 1998. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs98/wela0616.pdf.
Full textScott, Robert H. H. "Fast electron transport suries for east ignition inertial confinement fusion." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538699.
Full textDecker, Joan 1977. "Electron Bernstein wave current drive modeling in toroidal plasma confinement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33937.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 333-340).
The steady-state confinement of tokamak plasmas in a fusion reactor requires non-inductively driven toroidal currents. Radio frequency waves in the electron cyclotron (EC) range of frequencies can drive localized currents and are thus particularly attractive for control of the current profile. In the high-[beta] regimes of spherical tokamaks (ST) such as NSTX and MAST, heating and current drive (CD) by conventional electron cyclotron waves is not possible. However, electron Bernstein waves (EBW) have been proposed as an alternative for CD in these overdense devices. Given the important role predicted for CD by EBWs in high-[beta] STs, a detailed study of EBWCD must be undertaken. In this thesis a systematic analysis of EBWCD is provided. In particular, the characteristics of EBWs, the physics of resonant wave-particle interaction, and the CD mechanisms are investigated in detail. The CD efficiency and the current deposition profile are calculated using the numerical code DKE, which solve the drift-kinetic equation. Two scenarios for EBWCD are identified. The first scenario consists of approaching a harmonic of the EC resonance from a lower B-field region and drives current in the plasma core using the Fisch-Boozer mechanism.
(cont.) The other scenario consists of approaching a harmonic of the EC resonance from a higher B-field region and drives current off-axis on the outboard side using the Ohkawa mechanism. Both schemes drive current in the toroidal direction opposite to the parallel wave vector. The EBWCI) efficiency is found to be higher than ECCD efficiency because the EBW power is deposited in the tail of the electron distribution function. The results of this thesis confirm the important role of EBWs for driving currents in high-[beta] plasmas. The analytical and numerical tools developed as part of this thesis can be used to design, predict, and analyze future EBWCD experiments. Among these tools is the kinetic solver DKE, which can be used for electron current drive calculations in toroidal plasmas for different types of radio-frequency waves, such as lower hybrid and electron cyclotron waves.
by Joan Decker.
Ph.D.
Patel, Sailesh. "Magneto-optical studies of 2D, 1D and 0D electron systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337804.
Full textRenken, Volker. "Electron confinement and quantum well states in two-dimensional magnetic systems." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=985573546.
Full textAndrew), Patterson Alex A. (Alex. "An analytical framework for field electron emission, incorporating quantum- confinement effects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84863.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 141-151).
As field electron emitters shrink to nanoscale dimensions, the effects of quantum confinement of the electron supply and electric field enhancement at the emitter tip play a significant role in determining the emitted current density (ECD). Consequently, the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) equation, which primarily applies to field emission from the planar surface of a bulk metal may not be valid for nanoscale emitters. While much effort has focused on studying emitter tip electrostatics, not much attention has been paid to the consequences of a quantum-confined electron supply. This work builds an analytical framework from which ECD equations for quantum-confined emitters of various geometries and materials can be generated and the effects of quantum confinement of the electron supply on the ECD can be studied. ECD equations were derived for metal emitters from the elementary model and for silicon emitters via a more physically-complete version of the elementary model. In the absence of field enhancement at the emitter tip, decreasing an emitter's dimensions is found to decrease the total ECD. When the effects of field enhancement are incorporated, the ECD increases with decreasing transverse emitter dimensions until a critical dimension dpeak, below which the reduced electron supply becomes the limiting factor for emission and the ECD decreases. Based on the forms of the ECD equations, alternate analytical methods to Fowler-Nordheim plots are introduced for parameter extraction from experimental field emission data. Analysis shows that the FN equation and standard analysis procedures over-predict the ECD from quantum-confined emitters. As a result, the ECD equations and methods introduced in this thesis are intended to replace the Fowler-Nordheim equation and related analysis procedures when treating field emission from suitably small field electron emitters.
by Alex A. Patterson.
S.M.
Ogunjobi, Taiwo A. "Computational Study of Ring-Cusp Magnet Configurations that Provide Maximum Electron Confinement." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1166226698.
Full textKumar, Santhosh Tekke Athayil, and santhosh kumar@anu edu au. "Experimental Studies of Magnetic Islands, Configurations and Plasma Confinement in the H-1NF Heliac." The Australian National University. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080611.171513.
Full textThébaud, Simon. "Electron and phonon transport in disordered thermoelectric materials : dimensional confinement, resonant scattering and localization." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1168/document.
Full textOver the past decades, the increasingly pressing need for clean energy sources and the realization that a huge proportion of the world energy consumption is wasted in heat have prompted great interest in developing efficient thermoelectric generation modules. These devices could harvest waste heat from industrial processes or other sources, turning a temperature gradient into a voltage through the Seebeck effect. Efficient thermoelectric materials should exhibit a low thermal conductivity, a high electrical conductivity and a high Seebeck coefficient. Simultaneously optimizing these parameters is a great challenge of condensed matter physics and materials science. With a view to enhance the thermoelectric properties of several promising materials, we explore several strategies in which defects (atomic substitutions, vacancies…), disorder and dimensional confinement play a crucial role. We perform density functional theory calculations and projections on Wannier orbitals to construct realistic Hamiltonians and dynamical matrices describing their electronic and vibrational structure in real space. These parameters are then used to compute the thermoelectric transport properties using the Kubo formalism, the Boltzmann transport equation, the Landauer formalism, and the Chebyshev polynomial Green's function method that allows for an exact treatment of disorder. We investigate the electronic transport properties and thermoelectric performances of two promising materials for high-temperature power generation, strontium titanate and rutile titanium dioxide. Comparison of our predictions with a wealth of experimental data yields a very good agreement. We show that the increase of the Seebeck coefficient observed in strontium titanate superlayers, until now attributed to quantum confinement effects, is in fact well explained assuming delocalized electrons. The general effects of resonant states on electronic transport are explored in a model study, showing a sixfold increase of the thermoelectric performances. The particular case of strontium titanate is then examined, and localization effects are shown to destroy the performances if Vanadium atoms are introduced as resonant impurities. The influence of defects in two-dimensional materials is investigated. Contrary to adatoms, substitutions in transition metal dichalcogenides are shown to localize the charge carriers. We study the effect of vacancies on phonon transport in graphene, and determine the phonon-vacancy scattering rate. Comparison with thermal conductivity data for irradiated and finite-size graphene samples yields a very good agreement between theory and experiments
Lehmann, Dietmar. "Phonon Spectroscopy and Low-Dimensional Electron Systems: The Effect of Acoustic Anisotropy and Carrier Confinement." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2004. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24636.
Full textDie vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Ausbreitung von akustischen Nichtgleichgewichtsphononen und deren Wechselwirkung mit Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen. Güte und Effizienz moderner Halbleiter-Bauelemente hängen wesentlich vom Verständnis der Wechselwirkung akustischer Phononen mit niederdimensionalen Elektronensystemen ab. Traditionelle Untersuchungsmethoden, wie die Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit oder der Thermospannung, erlauben nur eingeschränkte Aussagen. Sie mitteln über die beteiligten Phononenmoden und eine Trennung der einzelnen Wechselwirkungsmechanismen ist nur näherungsweise möglich ist. Demgegenüber erlaubt die in der Arbeit diskutierte Methode der winkel- und zeitaufgelösten Phononen-Spektroskopie ein direktes Studium des Beitrags einzelner Phononenmoden, d.h. in Abhängigkeit von Wellenzahlvektor und Polarisation der Phononen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Fragestellung, wie akustische Anisotropie und Ladungsträger-Confinement die Ergebnisse der winkel- und zeitaufgelösten Phononen-Spektroskopie beeinflussen und prägen. Dazu wird ein umfassendes theoretisches Modell zur Simulation von Phononen-Spektroskopie-Experimenten an niederdimensionalen Halbleitersystemen vorgestellt. Dieses erlaubt sowohl ein qualitatives Verständnis der ablaufenden physikalischen Prozesse als auch eine quantitative Analyse der Messergebnisse. Die Vorteile gegenüber anderen Modellen und Rechnungen liegen dabei in dem konsequenten Einbeziehen der akustischen Anisotropie, nicht nur für die Ausbreitung der Phononen, sondern auch für die Matrixelemente der Wechselwirkung, sowie eine saubere Behandlung des Confinements der Elektronen in den niederdimensionalen Systemen. Dabei werden die Grenzen weit verbreiteter Näherungsansätze für die Elektron-Phonon-Matrixelemente und das Elektronen-Confinement deutlich aufgezeigt. Für den quantitativen Vergleich mit realen Experimenten werden aber auch solche Größen, wie die endliche räumliche Ausdehnung von Phononenquelle und Detektor, die Streuung der Phononen an Verunreinigungen oder die Abschirmung der Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung durch die Elektron-Elektron-Wechselwirkung berücksichtigt.Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird der theoretische Apparat auf typische experimentelle Fragestellungen angewandt. Im Falle der Phonon-Drag-Experimente an GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostrukturen wird der durch akustische Nichtgleichgewichtsphononen in zwei- und eindimensionalen Elektronensystemen induzierte elektrische Strom (Phonon-Drag-Strom) als Funktion des Ortes der Phononenquelle bestimmt. Das in der Arbeit hergeleitete theoretische Modell kann die experimentellen Resultate für die Winkelabhängigkeit des Drag-Stromes sowohl für Messungen mit und ohne Magnetfeld qualitativ gut beschreiben. Außerdem wird der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Confinementmodelle und unterschiedlicher Wechselwirkungsmechanismen studiert. Dadurch ist es möglich, aus Phonon-Drag-Messungen Rückschlüsse auf die elektronischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften der niederdimensionalen Elektronensysteme zu ziehen (Fermivektor, effektive Masse, Elektron-Phonon-Kopplungskonstanten, Form des Confinementpotentials). Als weiteres Anwendungsbeispiel wird das Problem der Energierelaxation (aufgeheizter)zweidimensionaler Elektronensysteme in GaAs Heterostrukturen und Quantentrögen untersucht. Für Elektronentemperaturen unterhalb 50 K werden die Gesamtemissionsrate als Funktion der Temperatur und die winkelaufgelöste Emissionsrate (als Funktion der Detektorposition) berechnet. Für beide Größen wird erstmals eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment gefunden. Es zeigt sich, dass akustische Anisotropie und Abschirmungseffekte zu überraschenden neuen Ergebnissen führen können. Ein Beispiel dafür ist der unerwartet große Beitrag der mittels Deformationspotential-Wechselwirkung emittierten transversalen akustischen Phononen, der bei einer Emission der Phononen näherungsweise senkrecht zum zweidimensionalen System beobachtet werden kann.
Riquier, Raphaël. "Magnetic field in laser plasmas : non-local electron transport and reconnection." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX004/document.
Full textIn the framework of the inertial confinement fusion, a pellet filled with the deuterium-tritium fuel is imploded, either through laser irradiation (direct drive, laser – low atomic number target interaction) or by the black body radiation from a cavity converting the laser radiation (indirect drive, laser – high atomic number target interaction).In both cases, a correct modeling of the electron transport is of first importance in order to have predictive hydro-radiative simulations. Nonetheless, it has been shown early on that the hypothesis of the linear transport are not valid in the framework of a solid target irradiated by a high power laser (I~1014 W/cm²). This is due in part to very steep temperature gradients (kinetic effects, so-called « non-local ») and because of a magnetic field self-generated through the thermo-electric effect. Finally, the heat flux and the magnetic field are strongly coupled through two mecanisms: the advection of the field with the heat flux (Nernst effect) and the rotation and inhibition of the heat flux by the plasma's magnetization (Righi-Leduc effect).In this manuscript, we will first present the various electron transport models, particularly the non-local with magnetic field model included in the hydro-radiative code FCI2. Following, in order to validate this model, we will compare it first against a kinetic code, and then with an experiment during which the magnetic field has been probed through proton radiography. Once the model validated, we will use FCI2 simulations to explain the source and transport of the field, as well as its effect on the interaction.Finally, the reconnection of the magnetic field, during the irradiation of a solid target by two laser beams, will be studied
Sun, Zhuting. "Electron Transport in High Aspect Ratio Semiconductor Nanowires and Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479821421998919.
Full textSommariva, Cristian. "Test particles dynamics in 3D non-linear magnetohydrodynamics simulations and application to runaway electron formation in tokamak disruptions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0512/document.
Full textIn view of better understanding Runaway Electron (RE) generation processes during tokamak disruptions, this work investigates test electron dynamics during a JET disruption simulated with the JOREK code. For this purpose, a JOREK module computing relativistic test particle orbits in the simulated fields has been developed and tested. The study shows that a significant fraction of pre-disruption thermal electrons remain confined in spite of the magnetic chaos characterizing the Thermal Quench (TQ) phase. This finding, which is related to the prompt reformation of closed flux surfaces after the TQ, supports the possibility of the so-called “hot tail” RE generation mechanism. In addition, it is found that electrons may be significantly accelerated during the TQ due to the presence of strong local electric field (E) fluctuations related to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity. This phenomenon, which has virtually been ignored so far, may play an important role in RE generation. In connection to this modelling work, an experimental study on ASDEX Upgrade disruptions has been performed, suggesting that strong MHD activity reduces RE production
Carrere, Marcel Henri Michel. "Etude expérimentale d'un plasma de décharge à confinement multipolaire." Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10039.
Full textVaisseau, Xavier. "Experimental study of fast electron transport in dense plasmas." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0432/document.
Full textThe framework of this PhD thesis is the inertial confinement fusion for energy production, in the context of the electron fast ignition scheme. The work consists in a characterization of the transport mechanisms of fast electrons, driven by intense laser pulses (1019 ≠ 1020 W/cm2) inboth cold-solid and warm-dense matter.The first goal was to study the propagation of a fast electron beam, characterized by a current density > 1011 A/cm2, in aluminum targets initially heated close to the Fermi temperature by a counter-propagative planar shock. The planar compression geometry allowed us to discriminate the energy losses due to the resistive mechanisms from collisional ones by comparing solid and compressed targets of the same initial areal densities. We observed for the first time a significant increase of resistive energy losses in heated aluminum samples. The confrontation of the experimental data with the simulations, including a complete characterization of the electron source, of the target compression and of the fast electron transport, allowed us to study the time-evolution of the material resistivity. The estimated resistive electron stopping power in a warm-compressed target is of the same order as the collisional one.We studied the transport of the fast electrons generated in the interaction of a high-contrast laser pulse with a hollow copper cone, buried into a carbon layer, compressed by a counterpropagative planar shock. A X-ray imaging system allowed us to visualize the coupling of thelaser pulse with the cone at different moments of the compression. This diagnostic, giving access to the fast electron spatial distribution, showed a fast electron generation in the entire volume of the cone for late times of compression, after shock breakout from the inner cone tip. For earlier times, the interaction at a high-contrast ensured that the source was contained within the cone tip, and the fast electron beam was collimated into the target depth by self-generated magnetic fields. These conclusions were obtained by a confrontation of experimental data to simulation results.The hydrodynamic characterization of the shock-induced target compression was performed using a X-ray point projection radiography technique, allowing to visualize a propagation of the shock front into the target, its collision with the cone tip and its subsequent sliding along the cone walls. The measurements are in agreement with hydrodynamic simulations
Chalkha, Achouak. "Glow discharge electron impact ionisation and improvements of linear ion trap operating mode for in-the-field detection of illegal substances." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4704/document.
Full textKepcija, Nenad [Verfasser], Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Barth, and Markus [Gutachter] Lackinger. "Two-dimensional nanoporous molecular networks: growth, dynamics and electron confinement / Nenad Kepcija. Betreuer: Johannes Barth. Gutachter: Johannes Barth ; Markus Lackinger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1106382366/34.
Full textMusat, Raluca Maria. "Dynamique et réactivité dans l'eau confinée." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112149.
Full textIn the context of new sustainable energy sources quest, the nuclear energy remains a key solution. However, with the development of nuclear technology, problems relating to nuclear waste disposal arise; thus, the radiolysis of water in confined media is extremely important with respect to matters related to long time storage of nuclear waste. Studies in model porous media would allow the projection of a confined water radiolysis simulator. A first step in this direction was made by studying the radiolysis of water confined in Vycor and CPG glasses; this study continues the trend set and investigates the effects of confinement in metal materials upon the water radiolysis allowing the understanding of metal – water radiation induced corrosion. A further/complete understanding of the radiolytic process under confinement requires knowledge of the effect of confinement upon the dynamics of confined molecules and on the evolution of the species produced upon ionizing radiation. In this respect, we have used the OH vibrator as a probe of the hydrogen bond network properties and thus investigated the dynamics of confined water using IR time resolved spectroscopy. The evolution of the hydrated electron under confinement was studied on a nano and picosecond time scale using UV pump – visible probe technique and single shot spectroscopy
Zaïm-Bilheux, Hassina. "Design and initial comparative evaluation studies of conventional "surface" and new concept "volume"-type, all permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003VERS0008.
Full textECR ion sources are clearly the best choice of existing sources for the generation of CW beams of highly charged ions, and therefore, they are at a premium for high-energy accelerator-based applications. The technology of the source has slowly but steadily advanced over the past several years (improvement in plasma confinement; use of very high frequency microwave radiation; improvement in vacuum quality; supplementing their plasma discharges with cold electrons; biased disks; and gas mixing effect). Recently, it has been suggested that their performances can be significantly further enhanced by incresing the physical sizes of their ECR zones in relation to the sizes of their plasma volumes (spatial and frequency domain methods). A 6 GHz, all-permanent magnet ECR ion source with à large resonant plasma volume has been designed, constructed and initially tested at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The conventional minimum-B("surface") resonance conditions so that direct comparaisons of the performances of the two source types can be made under identical operating conditions. According to initial test results, the flat-B source performs better than its conventionnal-B conterpart, in terms of charge-state distribution and intensity within a particular charge-state. This is attributable to the very large ECR zones present in the source and their locations with respect to the launch direction of the RF power
Rassuchine, Jennifer Melissa. "Enhanced hot electron confinement and isochoric heating in high contrast ultra-intense laser produced plasmas via novel conical micro-target design." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3289454.
Full textMüller, Martin Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kröger, Stefan [Gutachter] Krischok, and Simon [Gutachter] Crampin. "Single-atom junctions and novel electron confinement mechanism on Pb(111) / Martin Müller ; Gutachter: Stefan Krischok, Simon Crampin ; Betreuer: Jörg Kröger." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/117814156X/34.
Full textMüller, Martin [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Kröger, Stefan [Gutachter] Krischok, and Simon [Gutachter] Crampin. "Single-atom junctions and novel electron confinement mechanism on Pb(111) / Martin Müller ; Gutachter: Stefan Krischok, Simon Crampin ; Betreuer: Jörg Kröger." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/117814156X/34.
Full textSommer, Fabian. "Thermal insulation of high confinement mode with dominant electron heating in comparison to dominant ion heating and corresponding changes of torque input." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-162326.
Full textLu, Bo. "Application of convection heat transfer in near-wall jets to electron-beam-pumped gas lasers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34740.
Full textLehmann, Dietmar. "Phonon Spectroscopy and Low-Dimensional Electron Systems." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1138734990743-55381.
Full textDie vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Ausbreitung von akustischen Nichtgleichgewichtsphononen und deren Wechselwirkung mit Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen. Güte und Effizienz moderner Halbleiter-Bauelemente hängen wesentlich vom Verständnis der Wechselwirkung akustischer Phononen mit niederdimensionalen Elektronensystemen ab. Traditionelle Untersuchungsmethoden, wie die Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit oder der Thermospannung, erlauben nur eingeschränkte Aussagen. Sie mitteln über die beteiligten Phononenmoden und eine Trennung der einzelnen Wechselwirkungsmechanismen ist nur näherungsweise möglich ist. Demgegenüber erlaubt die in der Arbeit diskutierte Methode der winkel- und zeitaufgelösten Phononen-Spektroskopie ein direktes Studium des Beitrags einzelner Phononenmoden, d.h. in Abhängigkeit von Wellenzahlvektor und Polarisation der Phononen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Fragestellung, wie akustische Anisotropie und Ladungsträger-Confinement die Ergebnisse der winkel- und zeitaufgelösten Phononen-Spektroskopie beeinflussen und prägen. Dazu wird ein umfassendes theoretisches Modell zur Simulation von Phononen-Spektroskopie-Experimenten an niederdimensionalen Halbleitersystemen vorgestellt. Dieses erlaubt sowohl ein qualitatives Verständnis der ablaufenden physikalischen Prozesse als auch eine quantitative Analyse der Messergebnisse. Die Vorteile gegenüber anderen Modellen und Rechnungen liegen dabei in dem konsequenten Einbeziehen der akustischen Anisotropie, nicht nur für die Ausbreitung der Phononen, sondern auch für die Matrixelemente der Wechselwirkung, sowie eine saubere Behandlung des Confinements der Elektronen in den niederdimensionalen Systemen. Dabei werden die Grenzen weit verbreiteter Näherungsansätze für die Elektron-Phonon-Matrixelemente und das Elektronen-Confinement deutlich aufgezeigt. Für den quantitativen Vergleich mit realen Experimenten werden aber auch solche Größen, wie die endliche räumliche Ausdehnung von Phononenquelle und Detektor, die Streuung der Phononen an Verunreinigungen oder die Abschirmung der Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung durch die Elektron-Elektron-Wechselwirkung berücksichtigt.Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird der theoretische Apparat auf typische experimentelle Fragestellungen angewandt. Im Falle der Phonon-Drag-Experimente an GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostrukturen wird der durch akustische Nichtgleichgewichtsphononen in zwei- und eindimensionalen Elektronensystemen induzierte elektrische Strom (Phonon-Drag-Strom) als Funktion des Ortes der Phononenquelle bestimmt. Das in der Arbeit hergeleitete theoretische Modell kann die experimentellen Resultate für die Winkelabhängigkeit des Drag-Stromes sowohl für Messungen mit und ohne Magnetfeld qualitativ gut beschreiben. Außerdem wird der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Confinementmodelle und unterschiedlicher Wechselwirkungsmechanismen studiert. Dadurch ist es möglich, aus Phonon-Drag-Messungen Rückschlüsse auf die elektronischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften der niederdimensionalen Elektronensysteme zu ziehen (Fermivektor, effektive Masse, Elektron-Phonon-Kopplungskonstanten, Form des Confinementpotentials). Als weiteres Anwendungsbeispiel wird das Problem der Energierelaxation (aufgeheizter)zweidimensionaler Elektronensysteme in GaAs Heterostrukturen und Quantentrögen untersucht. Für Elektronentemperaturen unterhalb 50 K werden die Gesamtemissionsrate als Funktion der Temperatur und die winkelaufgelöste Emissionsrate (als Funktion der Detektorposition) berechnet. Für beide Größen wird erstmals eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment gefunden. Es zeigt sich, dass akustische Anisotropie und Abschirmungseffekte zu überraschenden neuen Ergebnissen führen können. Ein Beispiel dafür ist der unerwartet große Beitrag der mittels Deformationspotential-Wechselwirkung emittierten transversalen akustischen Phononen, der bei einer Emission der Phononen näherungsweise senkrecht zum zweidimensionalen System beobachtet werden kann
Sommer, Fabian [Verfasser], and Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Zohm. "Thermal insulation of high confinement mode with dominant electron heating in comparison to dominant ion heating and corresponding changes of torque input / Fabian Sommer. Betreuer: Hartmut Zohm." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044532211/34.
Full textHerzog, Florian [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Gundler, and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Holleitner. "Spin-orbit interaction and confinement effects in low-dimensional electron systems studied by torque magnetometry and anisotropic magnetotransport / Florian Herzog. Betreuer: Dirk Gundler. Gutachter: Alexander Holleitner ; Dirk Gundler." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1082347272/34.
Full textGilstrap, Richard Allen Jr. "A colloidal nanoparticle form of indium tin oxide: system development and characterization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33995.
Full textVayrette, Renaud. "Analyse des contraintes mecaniques et de la resistivite des interconnexions de cuivre des circuits integres : role de la microstructure et du confinement geometrique." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0599/document.
Full textThe evolution of the microelectronic technology leads to a transistors integration density always stronger. The Damascene copper interconnections structures follow this tendency and must be controlled in terms of manufacturing, performance and robustness, these different aspects being intimately related to the residual stresses and resistivity. This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms of the residual stresses generation and identify the different contributions to the resistivity of these objects as a function of annealing conditions and dimensions (from about a hundred of nm to several µm). In order to do this, the respective effects of the microstructure and dimensions of electroplated copper films and lines were separated on the basis of analytical models integrating microstructural and geometrical parameters. The microstructure was principally analysed from mappings of crystalline orientations achieved by EBSD. For the copper lines of width 0.2 and 1 µm, the residual stresses were deduced from the exploitation of nano-rotating sensors specially elaborated. The results obtained show that independently of the annealing temperature, the resistivity and residual stresses increase observed toward the small dimensions arises from the diminution of the average crystallites size and the geometrical confinement more pronounced. Furthermore, the resistivity increase results also of the electrons reflection probability growth at grains boundaries. This last point was associated to the reduction of the proportion of special grains boundaries having a high atomic coherency
Bailly-Grandvaux, Mathieu. "Laser-driven strong magnetic fields and high discharge currents : measurements and applications to charged particle transport." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0557/document.
Full textThe problem of strong quasi-static magnetic field generation is a challenge in laser-plasma interaction physics. Proposed 30 years ago, the use of the laser-driven capacitor-coil scheme, which stands out for its compact design while not needing any additional pulsed power source besides the laser power, only recently demonstrated its potential.This thesis work aims at characterizing the underlying physics and at developing this scheme. We demonstrated the generation of strong quasi-static magnetic fields by laser (500 J, 1 ns-duration and ~10^17 W/cm^2 intensity) of several hundreds of Teslas and duration of 2-3 ns. The B-field space- and time-evolutions were characterized using three independent diagnostics: B-dot probes, Faraday rotation and proton-deflectometry). The characterization of the underlying physical processes involved also X-ray diagnostics of the laser-irradiated zone and optical shadowgraphy of the coil rod expansion.A novel application of externally applied magnetic fields to guide relativistic electron beam in dense matter has been carried out and the obtained results set the ground for improved high-energy-density transport in matter. Indeed, allowing sufficient time for the dense target magnetization, a factor 5 improvement of the electron energy-density flux at 50µm-depth was evidenced.Besides, the generation of high discharge currents consecutive to short laser pulse irradiation (50 J, <1 ps-duration and ~10^19 W/cm^2 intensity) was also pointed out. Proton imaging of the discharge permitted to measure the propagation of an electromagnetic wave at a velocity close to the speed of light. This wave, of ~40ps-duration, was used as an electromagnetic lens to focalize and energy-select a narrow energy range within a multi-MeV proton beam (up to 12 MeV) passing through the coil.All-above experimental measurements and application results were thoroughly compared to both computer simulations and analytic modeling.The applications of this thesis work in a near future will concern:- inertial confinement fusion, by guiding relativistic electron beams up to the dense core nuclear fuel, and by confining particles depositing their energy in it, or even those resulting from the fusion reactions;- laboratory planetology and astrophysics, by generating secondary sources of energetic particles and radiation to reach the warm-dense-matter state or by magnetizing plasmas to reproduce astrophysical phenomena in scaled experiments;- and finally, the control of charged particle beams in vacuum, useful in particular for the development of laser-driven sources for distant applications in science, industry or even medecine
Kadri, Abdelaziz. "Etude electrochimique des processus de corrosion d'un alliage fe-36 ni sous des couches minces d'elecrolyte, a l'air libre ou en situation de confinement." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066211.
Full textCoudert, François-Xavier. "L'eau et l'électron hydraté en milieu confiné : des propriétés physico-chimiques à la réactivité." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157339.
Full textDans un premier temps, je présente l'effet du confinement sur les propriétés structurales, dynamiques, thermodynamiques et électroniques de l'eau liquide : le dipôle de la molécule d'eau, son spectre infrarouge, sa dynamique de diffusion et de réorientation sont notamment présentés. L'interaction entre l'eau et la surface interne de la zéolithe a été caractérisée à la fois pour des zéolithes hydrophobes (silicées) et hydrophiles (cationiques). Nous avons montré que, dans le cas d'une zéolithe silicée, il n'existe pas de liaison hydrogène entre l'eau et la zéolithe.
Dans un second temps, j'ai examiné l'effet du confinement sur la structure, la dynamique et la réactivité des espèces solvatées dans l'eau. Cette étude a été menée sur le cas particulier de l'électron solvaté, choisi pour son intérêt tant expérimental (la radiolyse de l'eau confinée est encore mal connue) que théorique (l'électron solvaté est le plus simple des réducteurs). Nous avons montré que l'évolution du spectre de l'électron hydraté confiné dans la zéolithe, observée expérimentalement, peut s'expliquer par un effet de densité locale de l'eau.
Asp, Elina. "Drift-Type Waves in Rotating Tokamak Plasma." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3400.
Full textThe concept of energy production through the fusion of two light nuclei has been studied since the 1950’s. One of the major problems that fusion scientists have encountered is the confinement of the hot ionised gas, i.e. the plasma, in which the fusion process takes place. The most common way to contain the plasma is by using at magnetic field configuration, in which the plasma takes a doughnut-like shape. Experimental devices of this kind are referred to as tokamaks. For the fusion process to proceed at an adequate rate, the temperature of the plasma must exceed 100,000,000C. Such a high temperature forces the plasma out of thermodynamical equilibrium which plasma tries to regain by exciting a number of turbulent processes. After successfully quenching the lager scale magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that may instantly disrupt the plasma, a smaller scale turbulence revealed itself. As this smaller scale turbulence behaved contrary to the common theory at the time, it was referred to as anomalous. This kind of turbulence does not directly threaten existents of the plasma, but it allows for a leakage of heat and particles which inhibits the fusion reactions. It is thus essential to understand the origin of anomalous turbulence, the transport it generates and most importantly, how to reduce it. Today it is believed that anomalous transport is due to drift-type waves driven by temperature and density inhomogeneities and the theoretical treatment of these waves is the topic of this thesis.
The first part of the thesis contains a rigorous analytical two-fluid treatment of drift waves driven solely by density inhomogeneities. Effects of the toroidal magnetic field configuration, the Landau resonance, a peaked diamagnetic frequency and a sheared rotation of the plasma have been taken into account. These effects either stabilise or destabilise the drift waves and to determine the net result on the drift waves requires careful analysis. To this end, dispersion relations have been obtained in various limits to determine when to expect the different effects to be dominant. The main result of this part is that with a large enough rotational shear, the drift waves will be quenched.
In the second part we focus on temperature effects and thus treat reactive drift waves, specifically ion temperature gradient and trapped electron modes. In fusion plasmas the α-particles, created as a by-product of the fusion process, transfer the better part of their energy to the electrons and hence the electron temperature is expected to exceed the ion temperature. In most experiments until today, the ion temperature is greater than the electron temperature and this have been proven to improve the plasma confinement. To predict the performance of future fusion plasmas, where the fusion process is ongoing, a comprehensive study of hot-electron plasmas and external heating effects have been carried out. Especially the stiffness (heat flux vs. inverse temperature length scale) of the plasma has been examined. This work was performed by simulations done with the JETTO code utilising the Weiland model. The outcome of these simulations shows that the plasma response to strong heating is very stiff and that the plasma energy confinement time seems to vary little in the hot-electron mode.
Chatagnon, Pierre. "Nucleon structure studies with CLAS12 at Jefferson Lab : timelike Compton scattering and the central neutron detector." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP039.
Full textThe nucleons, protons and neutrons, are the main constituents of visible matter in the universe. Their structure, three valence quarks surrounded by a cloud of sea quarks and gluons, is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). However, the properties of QCD cannot be computed perturbatively at energies comparable to the nucleon mass. Hence, structure functions were adopted to model the inner structure of nucleons. The Generalized Partons Distributions (GPD), were introduced in the 90's to provide a description of the nucleon in terms of both the transverse position and the longitudinal momentum of its quarks and gluons. These functions contain a large amount of information and are closely related to the nucleon spin and mechanical architecture. Their experimental measurement is a key element for the understanding of fundamental properties of matter. The main focus of this thesis is to provide new data for GPD studies, with a first-time measurement of Timelike Compton Scattering at Jefferson Lab with the CLAS12 detector.This thesis is divided in three parts. The first part presents the theory of GPDs, current models and their link with physical processes that can be experimentally measured. The relation between GPDs and experimental observables is discussed, and the concept of Compton Form Factors (CFF) is introduced. In addition, the link between the spin and the mechanical properties of the nucleon, as well as the possibility of performing a 3D imaging of the nucleon with GPDs is highlighted.The second part of the manuscript is dedicated to the work I performed on the Central Neutron Detector (CND). The CND is a plastic scintillator barrel built to increase the neutron detection capabilities of CLAS12 in its central region. After presenting the physical motivations for the building of this detector, its hardware implementation, calibration, reconstructions and simulation aspects are detailed. At the end of this part, the CND performances using real data are measured and compared to its design specifications.Finally, the third part covers the experimental measurement of the photo-production of a lepton pair off the proton, the Timelike Compton Scattering process (TCS). This reaction offers an insight on some properties of GPDs which are not well constrained by the reactions measured so far, in particular the real part of CFFs. The experimental setup used for data taking is described. The subsequent data processing and analysis is explained, and results for three different observables are shown
Pierre, Mathieu. "Transport mono-électronique et détection de dopants uniques dans des transistors silicium." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00540644.
Full textDebayle, Arnaud. "Theoretical study of Ultra High Intensity laser-produced high-current relativistic electron beam transport through solid targets." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13708/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is a theoretical study of high-current relativistic electron beam transport through solid targets. In the ?rst part, we present an interpretation of a part of experimental results of laser– produced electron beam transport in aluminium foil targets. We have estimated the fast electron beam characteristics and we demonstrated that the collective e?ects dominate the transport in the ?rst tens of µm of propagation. These quantitative estimates were done with the transport models already existing at the beginning of this thesis. These models are no longer su?cient in the case a fast electron beam propagation in insulator targets. Thus, in the second part, we have developed a propagation model of the beam that includes the e?ects of electric ?eld ionization and the collisional ionization by the plasma electrons. We present estimates of the electron energy loss induced by the target ionization, and we discuss its dependence on the beam and target parameters. In the case of a relatively low fast electron density, we demonstrated that the beam creates a plasma where the electons are not in a local thermodynamic equilibrium with ions. We have examined the beam stability and we demonstrated that transverse instabilities can be excited by the relativistic electron beam over the propagation distances of 30 - 300 µm depending on the perturbation wavelength
Sakaki, Takaya. "Etude expérimentale du transport d'électrons rapides et des ondes de choc générées par laser dans le cadre de la fusion inertielle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0107/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents three experiments conducted as part of a nuclear fusion byinertial confinement. The first experiment is the study of the fast electron beam propagationin a pre-compressed plasma in the fast ignition scheme. Two other experiments about theshock wave generation in plasmas were conducted in the ignition shock pattern.The first experiment was devoted to the study of the fast electron beam transport in a compressed target. The implosion of the target with a cylindrical geometry was carriedout with the GEKKO XII laser facility (ILE Osaka, Japan). The fast electron beam wasgenerated by the LFEX laser ( 1019W/cm2) and its propagation through the compressedcylinder was observed with several X-ray diagnostics. This experiment showed the guidingeffect of the electron beam resulting from self-generated magnetic fields. Furthermore, theresults of this experiment were in good agreement with numerical simulations. This studywas the subject of the publication Approach to the study of fast electron transport incylindrically imploded targets, Laser and Particle Beams, 33,525-534,(2015). Two other experiments were performed to study the propagation of strong shockscreated by lasers in a plasma. These were carried out with different laser systems. In the firstexperiment with the Gekko XII laser, we observed the creation and the propagation of twosuccessive shock waves in an ablation plasma in CH and Be. The objective to characterizethe amplification of a transmitted shock by the collision of two counter propagatingshocks has been partially realized. The comparison of the experimental results with thehydrodynamic simulations enabled us to confirm an amplification of the shock by a factor2 in pressure in the condition of this experiment. The shot with a Be target allowed todevelop and to validate the diagnostic method of X-ray radiography for shock propagation.The second experiment was performed with laser PHELIX GSI (Darmstadt, Germany).The purpose of this experiment was to study the generation of strong shocks. They wereapplied to study the equation of state of carbone in WDM state for the planetology. Thecondition of pressure and density for the carbon were obtained by deducting the pressureand the velocity of the shock wave chronometric diagnostics employed in this experiment.In this experiment, diamond was at the metallic liquid phase with the pressure of 7 Mbarand the temperature of 15,000 degrees
Reynolds, Bryan. "Electronic Transport Properties of Nanonstructured Semiconductors: Temperature Dependence and Size Effects." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1463130513.
Full textAdawi, Ali Mohammad Ahmad. "Optical studies of three dimensional confinement in photonic and electronic systems." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251302.
Full textPacheco, Josè L. "An Electro- Magneto-static Field for Confinement of Charged Particle Beams and Plasmas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500001/.
Full textBird, Robert F. "Performance modelling and optimisation of inertial confinement fusion simulation codes." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/78677/.
Full textCulverwell, Ian Dennis. "Resistive Z-pinch equilibria and stability." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47833.
Full textCarrillo, Guerrero Sergio Ivan. "Electronic structure and optical properties of heterogeneous nanocrystals : theory and modeling." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10117/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to give a description of the electronic structure and optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots (nanocrystals) containing heterojunctions, i.e. nano-junctions between two semiconductors. These nanostructures have interesting optical properties which are very promising for applications in photonics and photovoltaics. The theoretical description of the effects of the interface demands special attention. We start describing the calculations of the electronic structure of bulk semiconductors using semi-empirical tight-binding, and we show how to apply this technique to semiconductor quantum dots. We develop expressions to connect the discrete levels of energy in a quantum dot and the transitions in optical absorption spectra. The bulk tight-binding parameters are used for the calculation of the electronic structure of quantum dots of single compounds, analyzing the effect of the size variation of the quantum dots. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated, in particular we obtain good values for the bandgap versus size compared to experiments. We apply this method to calculate the electronic structure of PbSe/CdSe core/shell quantum dots, after an analysis of the different types of interfaces that can appear in this system, and we discuss the issues related to the determination of the band offsets. The results of these calculations validate the assumption of the role of the shell as a potential barrier for the electron and the hole. The electronic structures are used in the last chapter to simulate the absorption spectra of PbSe, CdSe and PbSe/CdSe quantum dots. We give theoretical support to recent experiments in transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing groups of new transitions originated by photo-induced intraband absorption. Our calculations shed light on the nature of these optical transitions which can be of interest for applications in photonics
Fil, Nicolas. "Caractérisation et modélisation des propriétés d’émission électronique sous champ magnétique pour des systèmes RF hautes puissances sujets à l’effet multipactor." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0025/document.
Full textSpace communication payload as well as magnetic confinement fusion devices, among other applications, are affected by multipactor effect. This undesirable phenomenon can appear inside high frequency (HF) components under vacuum and lead to increase the electron density in the vacuum within the system. Multipactor effect can thus disturb the wave signal and trigger local temperature increases or breakdowns. This PhD research aims to improve our understanding and the prediction of the multipactor effect. The multipactor phenomenon is a resonant process which can appear above a certain RF power threshold. To determine this power threshold, experimental tests or/and simulations are commonly used. We have made a study to evaluate the multipactor power threshold sensitivity to the TEEY. Two particular critical parameters have been found: first cross-over energy and the energies between the first cross-over and the maximum energies. In some situations, the HF components are submitted to DC magnetic fields which might affect the electron emission properties and hence the multipactor power threshold. Current multipactor simulation codes don’t take into account the effect of the magnetic field on the TEEY. A new experimental setup specially designed to investigate this effect was developed during this work. Our new experimental setup and the associated TEEY measurement technique were analysed and optimized thanks to measurements and SPIS simulations. We used the setup to study the influence of magnetic field perpendicular to the sample surface on the TEEY of copper. We have demonstrated that the magnetic field affects the copper TEEY, and hence multipactor power threshold
Ernst, Darin R. (Darin Richard) 1965. "Momentum transport, radial electric field, and ion thermal energy confinement in very high temperature plasmas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50337.
Full textVauzour, Benjamin. "Étude expérimentale du transport d'électrons rapides dans le cadre de l'allumage rapide pour la fusion inertielle." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14496/document.
Full textThe framework of this PhD thesis is the validation of the fast ignition scheme for the nuclear fusion by inertial confinement. It consists in the experimental study of the various processes involved in fast electron beams propagation, produced by intense laser pulses (10^{19} W.cm-2), through dense matter either solid or compressed. In this work we present the results of three experiments carried out on different laser facilities in order to generate fast electron beams in various conditions and study their propagation in different states of matter, from the cold solid to the warm and dense plasma.The first experiment was performed with a high intensity contrast on the UHI100 laser facility (CEA Saclay). The study of fast electron energy deposition inside thin aluminium targets highlights a strong target heating at shallow depths, where the collectivs effects are predominant, thus producing a steep temperature profile between front (300eV) and rear (20eV) sides over 20µm thickness. A numerical simulation of the experiment shows that this temperature gradient induces the formation of a shock wave, breaking through the rear side of the target and thus leading to increase the thermal emission. The experimental chronometry of the shock breakthrough allowed validating the model of the collective transport of electrons.Two other experiments were dedicated to the study of fast electron beam propagation inside compressed targets. In the first experiment on the LULI2000 laser facility, the plane compression geometry allowed to precisely dissociate the energy losses due to resistive effects from those due to the collisional ones. By comparing our experimental results with simulations, we observed a significative increase of the fast electron beam energy losses with the compression and the target heating to temperatures close to the Fermi temperature. The second experiment, performed in a cylindrical geometry, demonstrated a fast electron beam guiding phenomenon due to self-generated magnetic fields in presence of sharp radial resistivity gradients. Furthermore, in the temperature and density conditions achieved here, the increase of collisional energy losses with density is compensated by the decreasing resistive energy losses due to the transition of the conductivity into the high-temperatures Spitzer regime
Atie, Elie. "Modeling of high electromagnetic field confinement metamaterials for both linear and non-linear applications." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2044/document.
Full textOur research is concerned with the optical response of nano-structures by modeling them in order to enhance the confinement of light in these structures, which leads to the exaltation of linear and nonlinear optical effects.Our work is divided into two sections, which are based on the enhancement of the electric field inside the structure. In the first section, we study the optical properties of a Bowtie Nano-aperture, BNA, as a function of the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The study discusses the variation of the resonance wavelength and the intensity of the enhanced field in the gap of the BNA as a function of the distance from a sample placed in front of our BNA. The BNA is engraved at the apex of a metallic coated fiber tip. In this section a theoretical study was achieved using the Finite Difference Time Domain method FDTD in which we implement a Drude dispersion model to faithfully describe the optical properties of metals. In addition, a validating experimental study was achieved and a high accordance between both results is recorded.In the second section, the electro optical effect of nano-structures is studied. Electro-optical effect or Pockels effect is the variation of the refractive index of a nonlinear media as a function of an applied external electric field. The electro-optical effect is a linear variation of the media refractive index. However it is also related to the second order nonlinear susceptibility tensor, thus it becomes a nonlinear effect that only occurs in non-centrosymetric material. In our study we chose the case of a nano-structure fabricated with Lithium Niobate. Lithium Niobate is widely used in photonic applications due to its electro-optical, acousto-optical and nonlinear optical properties. We present a theoretical study of the electro-optical effects using the FDTD simulation method. We started by approving the ability to use the FDTD to calculate the refractive index variation in bulk Lithium Niobate then we suggest different approximations to estimate the refractive index variation when the light is confined inside the structure. In addition we suggest a new self-consistent method in which the variation of the refractive index is modified during the simulation. The study shows a comparison between different assumptions (used in previous research) and the self-consistent method for various structures, like Bragg reflectors, cavity structures and 2D photonic crystals. The study shows that the difference between the results of each assumption becomes greater when the optical confinement in the structure becomes more important
Johns, Heather M. "Constrained analysis of Ti line absorption spectra in OMEGA direct-drive implosions." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456409.
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