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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron gun'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Han, Zhirui. "Electron Gun Generation and Application in Welding, Lithography and Treatment of Pollutants." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (December 15, 2023): 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/10nwag59.

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As a matter of fact, electron gun has already been widely adopted in various fields. In general, the electron gun is a device used to form an electron beam. In recent years, electron guns have been adopted in welding, lithography and treatment of pollutants. With this in mind, this study will introduce the principle of the electron gun and its application in the three fields respectively. In the electron gun, the cathode is electrically heated in a vacuum to emit hot electrons. Applying a strong potential to the anode, the emitted electrons are accelerated at a given energy, thus forming an electron beam. This has led to the widespread use of electron beams. By studying the rapid development of electron beam applications generated by electron guns, it is shown that electron guns have excellent prospects for development. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of electron gun development.

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2

Li, Yongtao, Hanyan Li, and Jinjun Feng. "Investigation of Spindt Cold Cathode Electron Guns for Terahertz Traveling Wave Tubes." Electronics 12, no. 20 (2023): 4197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12204197.

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In this work, a Spindt cold cathode electron gun with a PPM (periodic permanent magnet) focusing system for a terahertz TWT (traveling wave tube) was designed and simulated based on the Pierce electron gun structure. More specifically, a new 3D (three dimensional) emission model was used, where the cathode radius of the electron gun was 1 mm and the cathode current was 30 mA, with an emitting half angle of about 28°. It was demonstrated that the electron beam was well focused with an electron beam radius of 0.3 mm and a filling ratio of 0.5 when the maximum value of the PPM field along with the axis was 0.122T. According to the simulation results, a planar cold cathode electron gun was developed. Measurements demonstrated that the I/V characteristics of the cold cathode gun were consistent with that of a cold cathode, revealing that the electrons emitted from the cathode are not intercepted when passing through the electron gun.

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3

Urban, K., M. Biassoni, M. Carminati, et al. "A thermionic electron gun to characterize silicon drift detectors with electrons." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 06 (2024): P06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06004.

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Abstract The TRISTAN detector is a new detector for electron spectroscopy at the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment. The semiconductor detector utilizes the silicon drift detector technology and will enable the precise measurement of the entire tritium β-decay electron spectrum. Thus, a significant fraction of the parameter space of potential neutrino mass eigenstates in the keV-mass regime can be probed. We developed a custom electron gun based on the effect of thermionic emission to characterize the TRISTAN detector modules with mono-energetic electrons before installation into the KATRIN beamline. The electron gun provides an electron beam with up to 25 keV kinetic energy and an electron rate in the order of 105 electrons per second. This manuscript gives an overview of the design and commissioning of the electron gun. In addition, we will shortly discuss a first measurement with the electron gun to characterize the electron response of the TRISTAN detector.

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4

Matsumoto, Y., H. Nakano, M. Kisaki, K. Shinto, M. Sasao, and M. Wada. "Analysis of electron behaviour around a spring-shape filament inside a low-energy electron gun." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (2022): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012084.

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Abstract Electron behaviour inside a low-energy electron gun based on a spring-shape filament were studied with experiment and Particle-In-Cell simulation. The energy range of the electron beam which we expected was from 1 to 20 eV. The analysis told that smaller size of filament is more useful to improve electron density in front of an extraction hole in the gun to enhance beam current. Relation between a space potential distribution in the gun and electron transport was also studied. A heater voltage to drive a filament for thermionic electron emissions has another role to form a spatial potential distribution in the gun. The potential guides electrons, which are at a distant area from the beam extraction hole, toward the hole. It can be a significant help to realize efficient electron extraction by a beam extraction electric field induced near the hole.

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5

Matsumoto, Y., H. Nakano, M. Kisaki, K. Shinto, M. Sasao, and M. Wada. "Analysis of electron behaviour around a spring-shape filament inside a low-energy electron gun." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (2022): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012084.

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Abstract Electron behaviour inside a low-energy electron gun based on a spring-shape filament were studied with experiment and Particle-In-Cell simulation. The energy range of the electron beam which we expected was from 1 to 20 eV. The analysis told that smaller size of filament is more useful to improve electron density in front of an extraction hole in the gun to enhance beam current. Relation between a space potential distribution in the gun and electron transport was also studied. A heater voltage to drive a filament for thermionic electron emissions has another role to form a spatial potential distribution in the gun. The potential guides electrons, which are at a distant area from the beam extraction hole, toward the hole. It can be a significant help to realize efficient electron extraction by a beam extraction electric field induced near the hole.

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6

Pikin, Alexander, Vittorio Bencini, Hannes Pahl, and Fredrik Wenander. "Electron gun producing beams with controllable current density." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (2022): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012103.

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Abstract The existing Brillouin-type electron gun at the TwinEBIS test bench is, according to Herrmann theory, capable of producing an electron beam with a current density of 3850 A/cm2 in the 2 T solenoid. To control the electron beam current density and the magnetic flux inside the beam, the existing electron gun - now using purely electrostatic focusing - can be modified by permitting magnetic flux to reach the cathode. In such a configuration, the stabilizing magnetic flux inside the electron beam can be controlled by changing the current in the magnet coil surrounding the cathode. The radial oscillations of the electron beam, resulting from the increased magnetic field on the cathode, can be significantly reduced by employing a non-adiabatic magnetic field near the electron gun. This method has been recently developed and successfully used at REXEBIS at CERN. We present the computer simulations of such electro-optical system.

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7

Pikin, Alexander, Vittorio Bencini, Hannes Pahl, and Fredrik Wenander. "Electron gun producing beams with controllable current density." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (2022): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012103.

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Abstract The existing Brillouin-type electron gun at the TwinEBIS test bench is, according to Herrmann theory, capable of producing an electron beam with a current density of 3850 A/cm2 in the 2 T solenoid. To control the electron beam current density and the magnetic flux inside the beam, the existing electron gun - now using purely electrostatic focusing - can be modified by permitting magnetic flux to reach the cathode. In such a configuration, the stabilizing magnetic flux inside the electron beam can be controlled by changing the current in the magnet coil surrounding the cathode. The radial oscillations of the electron beam, resulting from the increased magnetic field on the cathode, can be significantly reduced by employing a non-adiabatic magnetic field near the electron gun. This method has been recently developed and successfully used at REXEBIS at CERN. We present the computer simulations of such electro-optical system.

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8

Zhao, Fan-Tao, Jian Song, Jin-Shuo Zhang, Liang-Wen Qi, Chong-Xiao Zhao, and De-Zhen Wang. "Effects of magnetized coaxial plasma gun operation on spheromak formation and plasma characteristics." Acta Physica Sinica 70, no. 20 (2021): 205202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20210709.

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Spheromak plasma formed by a magnetized coaxial plasma gun possesses high propagation velocity and electron density, which has been extensively investigated, for it has a variety of applications, such as fueling of fusion reactor, magnetized target fusion, and labratory simulations of astrophysical phenomena. Formation and optimization of the gun-type spheromak are studied by investigating the discharge characteristics of the gun and the scaling of plasma parameters with various operation conditions. Based on the spheromak formation mechanism, several significant operation parameters are identified, including peak value of gun current, bias flux, gas-puffed mass and the length of neutral gas distribution inside the gun channel: this length can be controlled by adjusting the time delay between gas injection and discharge of the capacitor bank to initiate gas breakdown and for a long time delay the current path distribution inside the gun channel can be characterized by a moving plasma ring which carries almost all of the gun current. Under a sufficient pressure of the self-generated field, the moving plasma ring with freezed toroidal field pushes the bias field into the vacuum chamber, the twisted field lines are then broken, reconnected, and thus forming a free spheromak. The injected gas is desired to exist only in the gun channel: if downstream region of the gun is filled with neutral gas, a weakly ionized and cold spheromak will be formed, which is not beneficial to practical applications. The multiple current path phenomenon is observed using two spatially separated magnetic coils inside the gun channel, excepting for the plasma ring, there are a stagnant current path and a reversed current path separately located in upstream and middle region of the gun channel. Development of the upstream current path is due to the residual charged particles deteached from the tail of accelerated plasma ring and the unswept netural particles, which reduces the energy injected into the plasma ring from capacitor bank, and thus having a negative effect on the performance of spheormak. The axial propagation velocity of spheromak, electron temperature and density are shown to increase with the capacitor bank voltage rising, which can be attributed to the elevation in energy injected into the plasma ring. Only higher electron density is obatined by increasing the gas-puffed mass, and the propagation velocity and electron temperature are observed to decrease. The energy injected into the plasma ring is independent of the gas-puffed mass, and electron density is elevated with gas-puffed mass increasing. Since the frequency of electron impact ionization increases, electrons undergo more collisions and transfer more energy to other particle species, thus the thermal energy of electrons decreases.

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9

URATA, Tomohiro, Tsuyoshi ISHIKAWA, Boklae CHO, and Chuhei OSHIMA. "Practical XHV Electron Gun." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 51, no. 10 (2008): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.51.642.

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10

Santoru, Joseph, Robert W. Schumacher, and Daniel J. Gregoire. "Plasma‐anode electron gun." Journal of Applied Physics 76, no. 10 (1994): 5629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357068.

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11

Steinhauser, H., and R. Gelten. "42.3: An Electron Gun with Gun Pitch Modulation." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 32, no. 1 (2001): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1831756.

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12

Lee, C. W., S. Kidu, T. Oikawa, and D. Shindo. "Estimation of Electron Beam Broadening in Specimen for Analytical Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027094.

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The electron beam broadening in specimens is a important issue to obtain a high spatial resolution expected by using a fine electron probe of nanometer order in analytical electron microscopy. Beam broadening mainly depends on electron diffusion in specimens. The theoretical equation on the beam broadening, which is based on single scattering approximation model for incident electrons, has been proposed by Goldstein et al.. in this work, the beam broadening was estimated experimentally by a TEM equipped with a field emission gun and the results were compared with the values theoretically obtained.The sizes of the beam diameter with and without specimens were measured by using JEM-2010F and JEM 3000F TEMs, which are equipped with a field emission gun, being operated at 200 and 300 kV, respectively. The beam diameter was defined as the diameter containing 90% of the total electrons. The specimens used were amorphous SiO2, crystalline MgO and Si.

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13

Yang, Jinfeng, Kazuki Gen, Nobuyasu Naruse, Shouichi Sakakihara, and Yoichi Yoshida. "A Compact Ultrafast Electron Diffractometer with Relativistic Femtosecond Electron Pulses." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 1 (2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4010004.

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We have developed a compact relativistic femtosecond electron diffractometer with a radio-frequency photocathode electron gun and an electron lens system. The electron gun generated 2.5-MeV-energy electron pulses with a duration of 55 ± 5 fs containing 6.3 × 104 electrons per pulse. Using these pulses, we successfully detected high-contrast electron diffraction images of single crystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous materials. An excellent spatial resolution of diffraction images was obtained as 0.027 ± 0.001 Å−1. In the time-resolved electron diffraction measurement, a laser-excited ultrafast electronically driven phase transition in single-crystalline silicon was observed with a temporal resolution of 100 fs. The results demonstrate the advantages of the compact relativistic femtosecond electron diffractometer, including access to high-order Bragg reflections, single shot imaging with the relativistic femtosecond electron pulse, and the feasibility of time-resolved electron diffraction to study ultrafast structural dynamics.

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14

Bostanjoglo, O., F. Heinricht, and F. Wünsch. "Performance of A Laser-Pulsed Thermal Electron Gun." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179373.

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High-speed electron microscopy strongly demands a high-brightness electron gun in order to increase the number of image forming electrons. A few years ago, a laser-pulsed high-brightness electron gun was introduced. Fig.1 shows the experimental set-up, A standard triode system was supplemented with a Nd:YAG laser, focussing optics and a modified anode, which incorporates the laser deflection mirror. The frequency doubled laser pulse (τ =5 ns, λ = 532 nm) is focused through a window onto the tip of the tungsten hairpin emitter. The laser treated area (≈ 100 μm diameter) is heated well above the melting point, which results in a strong thermal electron emission. Due to rapid heat-up and fast cool-down of the tungsten surface short electron pulses with a duration of 20 ns and a maximum current of 20 mA at 80 kV are emitted. A destruction of the tungsten wire is avoided, too. Laser energies used for the generation of electron pulses are in the range of 100 μJ. Due to these minor modification, the DC operation of the electron gun is not disabled, which allows a convenient adjustment in the DC mode and then switching into the pulsed operation mode. Fig.2 shows a typical electron pulse emitted by the gun. Shorter electron pulses up to 5 ns can be generated by a beam blanking unit.

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15

Wang, Zhan Liang, Yu Bin Gong, Hua Rong Gong, Jin Jun Feng, and Xiong Xu. "Design Sheet Beam Gun for THz Traveling-Wave Tube." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.470.

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The Sheet Electron Beam Vacuum Electron Device is an Attractive Choice for Generating High Power Millimeter/terahertz Wave Radiation. the Sheet Electron Beam Gun is a Key Component for the Sheet Beam Vacuum Electron Device. in this Paper, a Novel Sheet Electron Beam Gun was Proposed for a Terahertz Traveling-Wave Tube. the Theories of Sheet Beam Gun are Deduced Based on the Round Beam Gun Theories. the Track of 24.5kV, 1A, 0.4mm8mm Sheet Beam is Gained through 3D Particle-in-Cell Simulation and the Theories are Verified. the Investigation Results Show that, the Design Method of the Sheet Beam Gun is Easy and Reliable.

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16

Nishitani, Tomohiro, Yuta Arakawa, Shotaro Noda, et al. "Scanning electron microscope imaging by selective e-beaming using photoelectron beams from semiconductor photocathodes." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, no. 6 (2022): 064203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002111.

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Pulsed electron beams from a photocathode using an InGaN semiconductor have brought selectively scanning technology to scanning electron microscopes, where the electron beam irradiation intensity and area can be arbitrarily selected within the field of view in SEM images. The p-type InGaN semiconductor crystals grown in the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition equipment were used as the photocathode material for the electron beam source after the surface was activated to a negative electron affinity state in the electron gun under ultrahigh vacuum. The InGaN semiconductor photocathode produced a pulsed electron beam with a rise and fall time of 3 ns, consistent with the time structure of the irradiated pulsed laser used for the optical excitation of electrons. The InGaN photocathode-based electron gun achieved a total beam operation time of 1300 h at 15 μA beam current with a downtime rate of 4% and a current stability of 0.033% after 23 cycles of surface activation and continuous beam operation. The InGaN photocathode-based electron gun has been installed in the conventional scanning electron microscope by replacing the original field emission gun. SEM imaging was performed by selective electron beaming, in which the scanning signal of the SEM system was synchronized with the laser for photocathode excitation to irradiate arbitrary regions in the SEM image at arbitrary intensity. The accuracy of the selection of regions in the SEM image by the selective electron beam was pixel by pixel at the TV scan speed (80 ns/pix, 25 frame/s) of the SEM.

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17

Mason, N. J., and W. R. Newell. "Predispersive electron gun for an electron monochromator." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 19, no. 9 (1986): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/19/9/015.

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18

Ciccacci, F., E. Vescovo, G. Chiaia, S. De Rossi, and M. Tosca. "Spin‐polarized electron gun for electron spectroscopies." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 6 (1992): 3333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142549.

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19

Ohye, Toshimi, Yoshiki Uchikawa, Chiaki Morita, and Hiroshi Shimoyama. "Aberrations of Accelerating Tube for High-Voltage Electron Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179725.

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The accelerating tube (AT) which accelerates electrons up to a desired energy also functions as an electrostatic lens, In the present paper, numerical calculations were conducted on the electron optical characteristics including the spherical aberration of the AT for the high voltage electron microscope. Several electron optical problems arising from a combination of the AT with a thermionic electron gun (TEG) or a field emission gun (FEG) were studied.<Estimation of aberration for AT lens> The AT consists of 34 electrodes with the inner diameter of 3.3 cm and has the overall length of 142.3 cm (Fig.l). The voltage Va is applied between the cathode and the final electrode of the AT. The initial energy of the electron incident to the AT is eVo, where Vo is the anode voltage of the electron gun mounted on the AT. The electric field inside the AT was calculated using the surface charge method. The ray tracing was carried out on the basis of the relativistic paraxial ray equation, and the cardinal elements of the AT lens were obtained.

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20

Deng, Chenhui, Li Han, and Yan Wang. "Design and Performance of a Miniaturized, Low-Energy, Large Beam Spot Electron Flood Gun." Electronics 10, no. 6 (2021): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060648.

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Charge accumulation often occurs in electron optics equipment and interferes with their operation. The trouble can be handled by using the electron flood gun. However, there are still some scenarios where neutralization is not as desired. To achieve a better charge neutralization effect and to facilitate work in confined spaces, a small size, low-energy electron flood gun providing a large area and uniform electron beam has been required. This article employs Munro’s Electron Beam Software (MEBS) to simulate the effect of the structure parameters on the performance of the beam. Based on the simulation results, the electron flood gun is processed and assembled. To verify the performance of the electron flood gun, this paper proposes a new “pinhole scanning method”. By using the method, we have achieved in-situ measurements of beam current and beam spot. The experimental results generally match the simulation results, which demonstrates that the electron flood gun has good performance and is likely to have many applications.

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21

Guo, Yin, Yan Feng Guo, and Wen Cai Xu. "A New-Type Packaging Protection Model of Moulded Pulp on Electron Gun." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.131.

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Electron gun is a kind of fragile and irregular-shape electronic product with multi-material, slender and similarly tube, non-rigid connection structure, which highly demand packaging protection during distribution. In this research work the moulded pulp of inexpensive and environmental-friendly advantages over plastic foams, and excellent machining technique is applied into the transport packaging of electron gun. Firstly, three packaging protection models of moulded pulp (one layer, two layers, and three layers) on electron gun are developed on account of the structural characteristics of electron gun, which have the advantages of compact structure with placement, orientation and fixation, favorable stability, count, and dustproof function for electron gun. Secondly, the package cushioning and vibration-proof performances of these packaging protection models are respectively studied by six groups of drop shock experiments and sine vibration tests of comparison. All results show that, the three packaging protection models of moulded pulp have favorable packaging function, and can provide effective protection for the products of electron gun during storage and transportation.

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22

Liao, J. K., D. Lee, Y. S. Cheng, C. Y. Wu, K. H. Hu, and K. T. Hsu. "Development of a new control interface for the electron gun pulser of TLS Linac." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2687, no. 7 (2024): 072022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/7/072022.

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Abstract The electron gun control system, which serves as the TLS LINAC’s power source, has been in operation for more than two decades. Since some components of a previously designed circuit have aged and been discontinued, the control system will become unreliable and irreparable. A new control interface of electron gun pulser has been developed to improve the operational stability and future maintenance of the electron gun control system. To achieve remote control, an SBC (single-board computer) equipped with a high-precision AD/DA expansion board was used as a control interface. The signal processing circuit module generates the bias and b-plus voltages that are output to the electron gun and also provides instant feedback voltage readings. For easier maintenance, the new electron gun pulser control modules have been assembled into a single box. Furthermore, this software architecture of control interface has been based on the EPICS framework and integrated with an existing TLS control system. The efforts of rejuvenating electron gun pulser control system are described in this paper.

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23

Guo, Yan Feng, Jin Li Hou, Xian Ping Ma, and Wen Cai Xu. "A New-Type Package of Corrugation Paperboard Bracket on Electron Gun." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.48.

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In this research work the moulded pulp of inexpensive and environmental-friendly advantages over plastic foams, excellent machining technique is applied into the transport packaging of electron gun. Firstly, three packaging protection models of moulded pulp (one layer, two layers, and three layers) on electron gun are developed on account of the structural characteristics of electron gun, which have the advantages of compact structure with placement, orientation and fixation, favorable stability, count, and dustproof function for electron gun. Secondly, the package cushioning and vibration-proof performances of these packaging protection models are respectively studied by six groups of drop shock experiments and sine vibration tests of comparison. All results show that, the three packaging protection models of moulded pulp have favorable packaging function, and can provide effective protection for the products of electron gun during storage and transportation.

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24

Zhang, Dong Hui, Chun Dong Liu, Landi Zhang, and Zhan Ying Wang. "Experimental Research on Flight Trajectory of Edge Electron of the Electron-Beam in the Electron Gun of Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2388.

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An experimental measuring method of flight trajectory of edge electron of the electron-beam in the electron gun of furnace was designed. Intermediate perforated copper foil plate is placed in parallel at a key position within the electron gun. The theoretical beam diameter of the electron beam which is reaching the position can be obtained through measuring pore diameter in copper foil plate left after being broke down by the electron-beam, so experimental data got can be verified the theoretical results.

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Xu, C. Y., L. Shang, F. L. Shang, and W. B. Song. "A nanosecond pulse power supply for grid-controlled electron gun used in HALF." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2687, no. 8 (2024): 082017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/8/082017.

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Abstract Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) uses a grid-controlled thermionic cathode gun as its electron source of the linear accelerator. The nanosecond grid-controlled power supply is an important part of the electron gun power supply system, and its performance will affect the quality of the beam. To achieve the requirements of the electron gun for nanosecond pulse power supply, we use the series-parallel multi-stage avalanche transistor scheme to achieve nanosecond fast pulse output. The test results show that the power supply not only can meet the requirements of HALF for its electron gun but also have good waveform repeatability and amplitude stability.

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Gauvin, Raynald, and Steve Yue. "The Observation of NBC Precipitates In Steels In The Nanometer Range Using A Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 1243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013106.

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The observation of microstructural features smaller than 300 nm is generally performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) because conventional Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) do not have the resolution to image such small phases. Since the early 1990’s, a new generation of microscopes is now available on the market. These are the Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope with a virtual secondary electron detector. The field emission gun gives a higher brightness than those obtained using conventional electron filaments allowing enough electrons to be collected to operate the microscope with incident electron energy, E0, below 5 keV with probe diameter smaller than 5 nm. At 1 keV, the electron range is 60 nm in aluminum and 10 nm in iron (computed using the CASINO program). Since the electron beam diameter is smaller than 5 nm at 1 keV, the resolution of these microscopes becomes closer to that of TEM.

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27

YANG, Jinfeng, Koichi KAN, Takafumi KONDOH, et al. "Ultrashort-bunch Electron RF Gun." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 55, no. 2 (2012): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.55.42.

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28

Merano, M., S. Collin, P. Renucci, et al. "High brightness picosecond electron gun." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 8 (2005): 085108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2008975.

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29

Osborne, Ian S. "An all-optical electron gun." Science 355, no. 6320 (2017): 36.6–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.355.6320.36-f.

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30

Herrmannsfeldt, W. B. "Developments in electron gun simulation." Physica Scripta T71 (January 1, 1997): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1997/t71/005.

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31

McGinn, J. B. "100 kV Schottky electron gun." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 9, no. 6 (1991): 2925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.585627.

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32

Berger, Joel A., John T. Hogan, Michael J. Greco, W. Andreas Schroeder, Alan W. Nicholls, and Nigel D. Browning. "DC Photoelectron Gun Parameters for Ultrafast Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 4 (2009): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090266.

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AbstractWe present a characterization of the performance of an ultrashort laser pulse driven DC photoelectron gun based on the thermionic emission gun design of Togawa et al. [Togawa, K., Shintake, T., Inagaki, T., Onoe, K. & Tanaka, T. (2007). Phys Rev Spec Top-AC10, 020703]. The gun design intrinsically provides adequate optical access and accommodates the generation of ∼1 mm2 electron beams while contributing negligible divergent effects at the anode aperture. Both single-photon (with up to 20,000 electrons/pulse) and two-photon photoemission are observed from Ta and Cu(100) photocathodes driven by the harmonics (∼4 ps pulses at 261 nm and ∼200 fs pulses at 532 nm, respectively) of a high-power femtosecond Yb:KGW laser. The results, including the dependence of the photoemission efficiency on the polarization state of the drive laser radiation, are consistent with expectations. The implications of these observations and other physical limitations for the development of a dynamic transmission electron microscope with sub-1 nm·ps space-time resolution are discussed.

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Potapkin, Oleg D. "Analytical Method for Electron Gun Calculation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S4 (2015): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761501346x.

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AbstractThe model of thermionic electron gun was developed. The Dirichlet problem for the cylinder (the Wehnelt electrode) restricted by two bottoms, one of them imitates a plane cathode and another imitates the equipotential surface, was solved analytically. It allows to study electron optical properties of the gun and its behaviour in dependence on Wehnelt potential for different cylinder depths. When the focal distance and the crossover size have the minimal value, this mode is called a work one. The crossover size and the beam half-angle values in this mode were approximated and the analytical method for electron gun calculation was developed.

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Dzharov, Volodya. "CONTROL OF THE ELECTRON BEAM DEFLECTION SYSTEM OF AN ELECTRON BEAM INSTALLATION." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 7(76) (2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.76.900.

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This paper explores patterns of electronic beam movement by controlling the transverse axis of the bundle of the uniform magnetic field generated by the coils of the electronic gun. For electron beam processes, the type of process, the technological mode, the design dimensions of the electronic gun, and the shape of the machined parts determines beam motion. The free and precise movement on random trajectories determines the possible applications of the electron beam process in performing various scientific experiments on material processing.

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Kahl, F., and E. Voelkl. "Present Concepts and Designs for Gun Monochromators." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030683.

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The attainable information in transmission electron microscopes is limited today primarily by chromatic aberrations, because the new generation of spherical aberration correctors has practically eliminated resolution limits caused by spherical aberration. If it would be possible to develop an electron source with 0.2 eV energy width, the limitations of chromatic aberrations could be minimized, and techniques like Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) could provide much more detail on the type of bonding between atoms. At present, the main approach to reduce the energy width of present day field emission electron sources is to incorporate a beam monochromator in the electron gun. The challenge for such a monochromator is not only to provide a small energy width of 0.2 eV or less, but also to preserve the brightness of the gun as much as possible at a level of current sufficient for high resolution imaging on a routine basis.Over the last few years, several different designs for monochromators have been proposed. All designs are based on energy dispersive components which separate electrons of different energies spatially and eliminate the ones with high energy deviation by means of a selection slit.

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Troyon, Michel, and He Ning Lei. "Electron Trajectories Calculations of an Energy - Filtering Field-Emission Gun." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179713.

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In many cases, the contribution of beam energy spread to the limitation of the performances of an electron microscope is strong. In the case of the field emission gun (FEG) , Troyon has experimentally shown it is possible to reduce considerably the energy spread by energy filtering at the gun level. The system developed consists basically of a magnetic FEG with a retarding electrode working as the retarding electrode of an energy filter. The principle is recalled in Fig. 1 and the cross section of the accelerator is given in Fig. 2. In this paper, the results of electron trajectories calculations inside the energy filtering field emission gun (EFFEG) are given.Fig. 3 shows that electrons of same energy, but entering the retarding field with different angles, can have exit angles very different. Due to the work function of approximately 4.5 eV the electrons, for an extracting potential Vo = 2 kV, enter in the field of the retarding electrode with an energy smaller than 2 keV. In Fig. 3 trajectories are computed for an electron of 1996 eV. Electrons passing by the nodal points have the same entering and exit angles. Trajectory 1 in Fig. 3 corresponds to an entering radius re = 17.5 μm and an entering semi angle αe = 1.2 mrad. For these re and αe values, at Vr =6 V, the exit semi angle αs = αe . Fig. 3 shows that an electron entering parallely to the axis, even very close to the axis (re = 10 μm) has a larger exit angle than electrons passing by the nodal points.

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37

Cardona, J. D., K. Dietrich, I. Mukul, et al. "Simulations of a new electron gun for the TITAN EBIT." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (2022): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012075.

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Abstract Penning trap mass spectrometry is the tool of choice for mass measurements to test the Standard Model or lay the nuclear-physics foundation of neutrino physics due to the high precisions achievable. This precision can be further boosted by higher charge states (Ettenauer et al 2011). For this purpose, an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) provides radioactive HCIs at the TITAN facility at TRIUMF. To improve the electron beam properties and its control, a new electron gun is under development. The electron gun within its TITAN EBIT environment was simulated using Field Precision’s TRAK software. A new electrode geometry was chosen and optimized to extract up to 5A, 66 keV electron beams. Due to the strong fringe field of the unshielded 6T magnet, options for the passive and active shielding of the gun were explored to compress the electron beam. During the design process, careful attention was paid to safety and mechanical considerations. Simulations and the status of the new electron gun will be presented.

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38

Cardona, J. D., K. Dietrich, I. Mukul, et al. "Simulations of a new electron gun for the TITAN EBIT." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (2022): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012075.

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Abstract Penning trap mass spectrometry is the tool of choice for mass measurements to test the Standard Model or lay the nuclear-physics foundation of neutrino physics due to the high precisions achievable. This precision can be further boosted by higher charge states (Ettenauer et al 2011). For this purpose, an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) provides radioactive HCIs at the TITAN facility at TRIUMF. To improve the electron beam properties and its control, a new electron gun is under development. The electron gun within its TITAN EBIT environment was simulated using Field Precision’s TRAK software. A new electrode geometry was chosen and optimized to extract up to 5A, 66 keV electron beams. Due to the strong fringe field of the unshielded 6T magnet, options for the passive and active shielding of the gun were explored to compress the electron beam. During the design process, careful attention was paid to safety and mechanical considerations. Simulations and the status of the new electron gun will be presented.

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39

FUJITA, Shin. "Electron Gun Technologies for High Resolution Electron Microscopes." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 55, no. 2 (2012): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.55.64.

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Leopold, John G., Ory Zik, Eli Cheifetz, and David Rosenblatt. "Carbon nanotube-based electron gun for electron microscopy." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 19, no. 4 (2001): 1790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1345896.

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Calabrese, R., F. Petrucci, M. Savrie, and L. Tecchio. "An electron gun for an electron cooling device." Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 20, no. 12 (1987): 1520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/20/12/022.

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Vladár, AndráS E., Zsolt Radi, Michael T. Postek, and David C. Joy. "Nanotip electron gun for the scanning electron microscope." Scanning 28, no. 3 (2006): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950280301.

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Lin, Xiaobo, Rui Zhang, Quangui Chao, et al. "Multi-beam gun design for an S-band klystron." AIP Advances 12, no. 8 (2022): 085026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100499.

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This paper introduces the detailed design scheme of a multi-beam electron gun applied to an S-band high power multi-beam klystron. The multi-beam gun adopts a coaxial cavity arrangement, and the total number of electron beams are 40 (19 in the inner layer and 21 in the outer layer). The working voltage of the electron gun is 60 kV, the total current is 300 A (evenly distributed on 40 electron beams), and the single beam perveance is 0.51 μP. The total perveance is 20.4 μP. The cathode loading of the gun is 12 A/cm2, which can meet the requirements of cathode operational lifetime. The beam focusing system uses a periodic reversal permanent magnet to realize miniaturization of the klystron.

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Iiyoshi, Ryo, Susumu Maruse, and Hideo Takematsu. "Point-Cathode Electron Gun Using Electron-Beam Bombardment for Cathode Tip Heating." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179749.

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Point cathode electron gun with high brightness and long cathode life has been developed. In this gun, a straightened tungsten wire is used as the point cathode, and the tip is locally heated to higher temperatures by electron beam bombardment. The high brightness operation and some findings on the local heating are presented.Gun construction is shown in Fig.l. Small heater assembly (annular electron gun: 5 keV, 1 mA) is set inside the Wehnelt electrode. The heater provides a disk-shaped bombarding electron beam focusing onto the cathode tip. The cathode is the tungsten wire of 0.1 mm in diameter. The tip temperature is raised to the melting point (3,650 K) at the beam power of 5 W, without any serious problem of secondary electrons for the gun operation. Figure 2 shows the cathode after a long time operation at high temperatures, or high brightnesses. Evaporation occurs at the tip, and the tip part retains a conical shape. The cathode can be used for a long period of time. The tip apex keeps the radius of curvature of 0.4 μm at 3,000 K and 0.3 μm at 3,200 K. The gun provides the stable beam up to the brightness of 6.4×106 A/cm2sr (3,150 K) at the accelerating voltage of 50 kV. At 3.4×l06 A/cm2sr (3,040 K), the tip recedes at a slow rate (26 μm/h), so that the effect can be offset by adjusting the Wehnelt bias voltage. The tip temperature is decreased as the tip moves out from the original position, but it can be kept at constant by increasing the bombarding beam power. This way of operation is possible for 10 h. A stepwise movement of the cathode is enough for the subsequent operation. Higher brightness operations with the rapid receding rates of the tip may be improved by a continuous movement of the wire cathode during the operations. Figure 3 shows the relation between the beam brightness, the tip receding rate by evaporation (αis the half-angle of the tip cone), and the cathode life per unit length, as a function of the cathode temperature. The working life of the point cathode is greatly improved by the local heating.

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45

yajun, Wu, and Wei maoxin. "The study of the electron-electron interaction in electron gun." Microelectronic Engineering 5, no. 1-4 (1986): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(86)90041-9.

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Norioka, S., T. Miyokawa, S. Goto, T. Niikura, and S. Sakurai. "Field emission SEM with wide operating voltage range." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100106946.

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A newly developed conical anode field emission electron gun (FE-GUN)has been installed on the JSM-840F Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The cross sectional view of the column is shown in Fig. 1. The gun is usable at a wide accelerating voltage range from 0.5 kV to 40 kV, and is suitable for general purpose SEMs. The gun can be used within the virtual source range even at an extract voltage as high as 7 kV and an accelerating voltage as low as 0.5 kV. The extract voltage can be raised up to 7 kV even when the emitter tip radius becomes larger after repeated flashing for smoothing the emitter tip surface. This allows elongation of the emitter life.With the FE-GUN, since the electron source (virtual source) moves with accelerating voltage change, an image may disappear due to the deviation of the electron probe from the optical axis when the accelerating voltage is changed.

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Evans, N. D., J. Bentley, and A. T. Fisher. "A vacuum modification for the philips CM30 electron microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014806x.

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For the Philips CM30 (or earlier EM430), the large surface area in the gun, the relatively poor pumping speed at the base of the gun, and the use of the same 100 l/s ion getter pump (IGP) for the column and gun, all lead to a significant degradation of gun vacuum (and slow recovery) following the gas burst involved in specimen exchange, even with extended pumping in the airlock. Since the vacuum quality in the gun is important for LaB6 filament life and high voltage stability, we adopted a conservative approach to the maximum pressure Pc allowed for the application of high voltage or filament emission; we chose an IGP reading of 22 (5 × 10−5 Pa). Delays of ~15 min typically occurred following specimen insertion. To avoid these problems the vacuum system has been modified. The goals were threefold: (1) To increase the pumping speed at the gun. The conductance of the original 600-mm-long vacuum line with three 90° elbows and a valve (V5) results in a pumping speed of < 10 l/s at the base of the emission chamber and a routine pressure of 3 × 10−5 Pa (1.5 × 10−7 torr).

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Bazrafshan, R., M. Fakhari, T. Rohwer, K. Flöttmann, N. H. Matlis, and F. X. Kärtner. "Field enhanced compact S-band gun employing a pin cathode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012013.

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Abstract S-band RF-guns are highly developed for production of low emittance relativistic electron bunches, but need powerful klystrons for driving. Here, we present the design and first experimental tests of a compact S-band gun, which can accelerate electrons up to 180 keV powered by only 10 kW from a compact rack-mountable solid-state amplifier. A pin-cathode is used to enhance the RF electric field on the cathode up to 100 MV/m as in large-scale S-band guns. An electron bunch is generated through photoemission from a flat copper surface on the pin ex-cited by a UV laser pulse followed by a focussing solenoid producing a low emittance bunch with 0.1 mm mrad transverse emittance for up to 100 fC bunch charge. We are currently in the conditioning phase of the gun and first experiments show good agreement with simulations. The compact gun will serve three purposes: (i) it can be used directly for ultrafast electron diffraction; (ii) as an injector into a THz booster producing 0.3 MeV to 2 MeV electron bunches for ultrafast electron diffraction; (iii) The system in (ii) serves as an injector into a THz linear accelerator producing a 20 MeV beam for the AXSIS X-ray source project.

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Xu, Sha, Ke Juan Chen, and Fang Fang Song. "Random Vibration Analysis of Grid-Controlled Electron Gun in High Power TWT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 1511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1511.

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The pre-stressed modal and random vibration of electron gun are calculated by finite element software ANSYS Workbench. The results show that electron gun under the excitation of radial load (X direction) can be in danger of disable structure. Some measures can be taken to avoid electron gun failure due to resonance, such as replacing the materials, changing the structure of weak links and changing TWT installation to make external incentives along the axial direction (Y direction). The analysis results can provide effective reference and guidance for TWT development.

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Smirnov, A. V., R. Agustsson, D. Chao, et al. "Design and testing of a high perveance sheet beam electron gun." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 4 (2023): 044708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084116.

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This paper presents the design, prototype engineering, and initial testing of a relatively low-voltage, high aspect ratio electron gun for versatile pulsed power applications. The sheet beam, diode electron gun is designed for (23–25) kV voltage and 6 µA/V1.5, as is required for x-band klystron, as a part of a compact Klylac delivering electron beam energy in the MeV range. The gun prototype was engineered, built, and tested using a Scandinova M1-0.5 modulator. Beam loss on the anode aperture is evaluated from transient waveforms and equivalent circuit modeling.

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