Academic literature on the topic 'Electron Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles'

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans produces vesicles containing its major virulence factor, the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). These vesicles cross the cell wall to reach the extracellular space, where the polysaccharide is supposedly used for capsule growth or delivered into host tissues. In the present study, we characterized vesicle morphology and protein composition by a combination of techniques including electron microscopy, proteomics, enzymatic activity, and serological reactivity. Secretory vesicles in C. neoformans appear to be correlated with exosome-like compartments derived from multivesicular bodies. Extracellular vesicles manifested various sizes and morphologies, including electron-lucid membrane bodies and electron-dense vesicles. Seventy-six proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, including several related to virulence and protection against oxidative stress. Biochemical tests indicated laccase and urease activities in vesicles. In addition, different vesicle proteins were recognized by sera from patients with cryptococcosis. These results reveal an efficient and general mechanism of secretion of pathogenesis-related molecules in C. neoformans, suggesting that extracellular vesicles function as “virulence bags” that deliver a concentrated payload of fungal products to host effector cells and tissues.

Extracellular vesicles are commonly found in human body fluids and can reflect current physiological conditions of human body and act as biomarkers of disease. The quality of isolated extracellular vesicles facilitates the early diagnosis of various diseases accompanied by hyperlipidemia. Nonetheless, there are no reports on which special methods are suitable for isolating extracellular vesicles from the plasma of patients with hyperlipidemia. Thus, this study compared three different research-based extracellular vesicle isolation approaches, namely ultracentrifugation (UC), polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and determined which of them was the most effective method. We selected blood samples from 12 patients with clinically diagnosed hyperlipidemia and isolated plasma-derived extracellular vesicles using three methods. The morphology of the isolated extracellular vesicles was observed using transmission electron microscopy, while the concentration was detected by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and multi-angle light scattering. Marker proteins were identified by Western blotting, and protein composition was evaluated by silver staining. Both determined the contaminations in the extracellular vesicle samples. The results showed that the three methods can be successfully used for the isolation of extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles isolated by UC were larger in size, and the yield was much lower. Although the yield of extracellular vesicles isolated by PEG precipitation was greatly improved, the contamination was increased. Of the three methods, only the SEC-isolated extracellular vesicles were characterized by high yield and low contamination. Therefore, our data suggested that the SEC was a more ideal method for isolating extracellular vesicles from the plasma of patients with hyperlipidemia.

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansproduces extracellular vesicles containing a variety of cargo, including virulence factors. To become extracellular, these vesicles not only must be released from the plasma membrane but also must pass through the dense matrix of the cell wall. The greatest unknown in the area of fungal vesicles is the mechanism by which these vesicles are released to the extracellular space given the presence of the fungal cell wall. Here we used electron microscopy techniques to image the interactions of vesicles with the cell wall. Our goal was to define the ultrastructural morphology of the process to gain insights into the mechanisms involved. We describe single and multiple vesicle-leaving events, which we hypothesized were due to plasma membrane and multivesicular body vesicle origins, respectively. We further utilized melanized cells to “trap” vesicles and visualize those passing through the cell wall. Vesicle size differed depending on whether vesicles left the cytoplasm in single versus multiple release events. Furthermore, we analyzed different vesicle populations for vesicle dimensions and protein composition. Proteomic analysis tripled the number of proteins known to be associated with vesicles. Despite separation of vesicles into batches differing in size, we did not identify major differences in protein composition. In summary, our results indicate that vesicles are generated by more than one mechanism, that vesicles exit the cell by traversing the cell wall, and that vesicle populations exist as a continuum with regard to size and protein composition.

Despite the often serious pathological ramifications of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent, is rarely demonstrated in nor isolated from naturally-infected mammalian hosts. This dilemma has led to suggestions that a limited number of spirochetes expel extracellular bioproducts that may contribute to the clinical symptoms. Currently, no mammalian toxins have been attributed to B. burgdorferi, however, the production of extracellular vesicles by this bacterium was recently described. In order to assay the possible presence of such extracellular material in infected hosts, we developed a sensitive electron microscopic assay to detect and characterize B. burgdorferi products in biological samples.Polyclonal rabbit serum was raised against purified B. burgdorferi vesicles and against an electrophoretically-purified 83 kilodalton (kDa) vesicle-associated protein. After purification of IgG from the sera, anti-vesicle F(ab’)2 fragments were produced and used to “activate” parlodion-coated grids. Such grids were incubated with cultured spirochetes, or with fluids and tissues from infected and non-infected mammals and ticks. Captured antigens were then labeled with anti-83 kDa IgG and Protein A-colloidal gold conjugates, and/or lectin-colloidal gold conjugates, then examined and characterized by electron microscopy.

Fungal secretomes are known to contain a multitude of components involved in nutrition, cell growth or biotic interactions. Recently, extra-cellular vesicles have been identified in a few fungal species. Here, we used a multidisciplinary approach to identify and characterize extracellular vesicles produced by the plant necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. Transmission electron microscopy of infectious hyphae and hyphae grown in vitro revealed extracellular vesicles of various sizes and densities. Electron tomography showed the co-existence of ovoid and tubular vesicles and pointed to their release via the fusion of multi-vesicular bodies with the cell plasma membrane. The isolation of these vesicles and exploration of their protein content using mass spectrometry led to the identification of soluble and membrane proteins involved in transport, metabolism, cell wall synthesis and remodeling, proteostasis, oxidoreduction and traffic. Confocal microscopy highlighted the capacity of fluorescently labeled vesicles to target cells of B. cinerea, cells of the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and onion epidermal cells but not yeast cells. In addition, a specific positive effect of these vesicles on the growth of B. cinerea was quantified. Altogether, this study broadens our view on the secretion capacity of B. cinerea and its cell-to-cell communication.

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes systemic mycosis in immunosuppressed individuals. Recent studies have determined that this fungus produces vesicles that are released to the extracellular environment both in vivo and in vitro. These vesicles contain assorted cargo that includes several molecules associated with virulence and implicated in host-pathogen interactions, such as capsular polysaccharides, laccase, urease, and other proteins. To date, visualization of extracellular vesicles has relied on transmission electron microscopy, a time-consuming technique. In this work we report the use of fluorescent membrane tracers to stain lipophilic structures in cryptococcal culture supernatants and capsules. Two dialkylcarbocyanine probes with different spectral characteristics were used to visualize purified vesicles by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Dual staining of vesicles with dialkylcarbocyanine and RNA-selective nucleic acid dyes suggested that a fraction of the vesicle population carried RNA. Use of these dyes to stain whole cells, however, was hampered by their possible direct binding to capsular polysaccharide. A fluorescent phospholipid was used as additional membrane tracer to stain whole cells, revealing punctate structures on the edge of the capsule which are consistent with vesicular trafficking. Lipophilic dyes provide new tools for the study of fungal extracellular vesicles and their content. The finding of hydrophobic regions in the capsule of C. neoformans adds to the growing evidence for a structurally complex structure composed of polysaccharide and nonpolysaccharide components.

Les vésicules extracellulaires (VEs) sont des vésicules membranaires de taille majoritairement submicrométrique présentes dans les fluides biologiques et émises par les cellules en réponse à divers stimuli. Les VEs sont impliquées dans de nombreux phénomènes physiologiques mais également dans des pathologies telles que cancers ou maladies cardiovasculaires. Elles pourraient donc être utilisées comme biomarqueurs de ces pathologies. Bien que les VEs soient aujourd’hui largement étudiées, nos connaissances sur le sujet demeurent limitées. Ceci est principalement dû aux difficultés de caractérisation des VEs et à l’absence de standardisation de leurs méthodes d’étude et d’isolation. La première partie de mon travail de thèse a porté sur le développement d’une méthode de thiolation de protéines. Des anticorps ont été modifiés pour exposer des thiols et ont été conjugués à des nanoparticules d’or fonctionnalisées par des maléimides. Le couplage des anticorps thiolés aux nanoparticules d’or a été étudié de manière quantitative et des conditions de conjugaison optimales ont été déterminées par des approches biochimiques. La seconde partie de ce travail a concerné la caractérisation des VEs du plasma sanguin de sujets sains par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET). La morphologie, la taille et le phénotype des VEs ont été déterminés par cryo- MET combinée au marquage par des nanoparticules d’or conjuguées à des protéines. La quantification objective des VEs du plasma sanguin a été réalisée à l’aide d’une méthode originale de MET basée sur la sédimentation de VEs sur grille de MET. La troisième partie de cette étude a consisté à mettre au point une méthode d’isolation de VEs à l’aide de particules magnétiques conjuguées à de l’AnxA5. Des conditions permettant d’extraire la totalité des VEs exposant la phosphatidylsérine contenues dans un plasma sanguin ont été déterminées par cytométrie en flux (CF). Ce travail a permis d’apporter une caractérisation détaillée des VEs du plasma sanguin du sujet sain et peut servir de référence pour des études ultérieures concernant les VEs contenues dans des plasmas ou autres liquides biologiques pathologiques<br>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicrometric membrane vesicles found in body fluids and produced by cells in response to various stimuli. EVs are involved in numerous physiological processes but also in pathologies as cancers or cardiovascular diseases. Even if EVs are largely studied, our knowledge about them remains limited. This is mainly caused by the difficulties to characterize EVs and by the lack of standardized methods allowing their characterization. The first part of my PhD work focused on the development and optimization of a protein thiolation method. Antibodies modified to expose few thiols were conjugated to gold nanoparticles functionalized with maleimides. The binding of thiolated antibodies to gold nanoparticles was quantitatively studied and optimal conjugation conditions were determined using biochemical methods. The second part of my PhD work concerned the characterization of blood plasma EVs from healthy subjects using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EVs morphology, size and phenotype were determined by cryo-TEM combined with labelling with protein-conjugated gold nanoparticles. The near-absolute quantification of blood plasma EVs was achieved using an original TEM method based on the direct sedimentation of EVs onto TEM grids. The third part of this study consisted in developing an EV isolation method using AnxA5-conjugated magnetic particles. Conditions allowing total extraction of blood plasma phosphatidylserine-exposing EVs were determined using flow cytometry (FC). This study presents a detailed characterization of blood plasma EVs from healthy subjects and can serve as a reference for future studies on EVs contained in pathological plasmas or other body fluids

Surfactants self-assemble into aggregates above a certain concentration. In this work mixtures of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimetylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the anionic surfactant sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) were investigated systematically. The measurements were accomplished by combining the two complimentary techniques static light scattering (SLS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (CRYO-TEM). It was found that CTAB-rich samples contain large threadlike micelles rather close to mole fractions where vesicles start to form. The mole fraction x of the surfactant in excess in the aggregates was calculated and it was found that it differs a lot from the mole fraction in the bulk, and the transition from micelles to vesicles occurs when x is about 0.7. In the SOS-rich samples small globular micelles were observed that transform into vesicles upon dilution. Some of the samples rich in SOS were found to contain open vesicles with CRYO-TEM and the reasons for this behavior have been discussed. One question that needs to be further investigated is whether or not these structures are the result of some kind of distortion of the equilibrium process during sample preparation in connection with CRYO-TEM measurements. In most cases the two methods showed consistent results and trends, but for some samples differences could be observed.

Les synapses chimiques sont des structures spécialisées permettant une transmission d'information unidirectionnelle, d’un élément présynaptique vers un élément postsynaptique. L’organisation des terminaisons présynaptiques permet la conversion d’un potentiel d’action en signal chimique. Elles se présentent sous la forme de varicosités axonales contenant des vésicules synaptiques (VSs) qui concentrent le neurotransmetteur (NT). Une partie des VSs sont apposées (ancrées) à une région de la membrane plasmique, la zone active (ZA ; Bennett et al. 1992, Siksou et al. 2009). La ZA est située face à l’accumulation postsynaptique des récepteurs au NT. La dépolarisation d’une terminaison par un potentiel d’action active des canaux calciques dépendants du voltage. L’influx de calcium qui en résulte entraîne la fusion d’une fraction des VSs ancrées avec la membrane plasmique en moins d’une milliseconde, permettant la libération de NT (Sabatini et Regehr 1996, Lisman et al. 2007). Une endocytose compensatoire permet ensuite la reformation de VSs (Rizzoli et Betz, 2005). Des questions se posent encore quant à ce trafic régulé. Nous avons étudié la régulation de l’ancrage des VSs et développé un outil pour analyser le cycle des VSs en microscopie électronique (ME).La première partie de mon travail de thèse a porté sur la régulation du nombre de VSs ancrées à la ZA. Notre objectif était de savoir si l’ancrage était régulé spécifiquement ou en coordination avec les autres paramètres morphologiques du bouton, et de déterminer le rôle de Rab3-Interacting Molecules (RIMs), protéines centrales de la ZA, dans cette régulation. La régulation de l’ancrage a été étudiée sur un modèle de cultures organotypiques de tranches d’hippocampe dont l’activité est bloquée 3 jours par l’application de tétrodotoxine. Ces tranches ont été immobilisées par congélation sous haute pression (CHP) pour être observées en ME sans les artefacts induits par les fixations aldéhydiques. Le blocage d’activité entraîne une augmentation du nombre de VSs ancrées, de la taille de la ZA, et du nombre de récepteurs postsynaptiques au glutamate de type GluA2. Le nombre de VSs total dans le bouton et la taille du bouton ne changent pas. En immunocytochimie Nous n’avons pas observé de modification de la quantité moyenne de protéines RIM1/2 dans les terminaisons présynaptiques sous l’effet du blocage d’activité. Enfin, les enregistrements électrophysiologiques ne révèlent pas de modification de fréquence des courants excitateurs miniatures malgré l’augmentation du nombre de VSs ancrées. Ces résultats montrent une régulation spécifique de la taille de la jonction synaptique par l’activité neuronale et indiquent que le nombre de VSs ancrées n’est par régulé par la quantité de RIM.La deuxième partie de mon travail a consisté à développer un outil d’étude du cycle des VSs. En effet, la ME ne permet pas d’observer des évènements dynamiques, tandis que la résolution spatiale des microscopes optiques est insuffisante pour observer directement les VSs. Nous avons voulu associer une stimulation optogénétique de neurones avec leur immobilisation rapide par CHP, afin de pouvoir observer en ME les VSs à des temps précis après la stimulation. Nous avons travaillé sur des cultures dissociées de neurones d’hippocampe de rat. Ces neurones ont été infectés avec un Adeno-Associated Virus exprimant une protéine, la ChannelRhodopsine2, pour les rendre activables par des stimulations lumineuses. Une collaboration avec Leica Microsystems a permis de modifier l’appareil de congélation (HPM) pour (i) stimuler les neurones dans l’HPM, et (ii) synchroniser cette stimulation avec la congélation. Ce nouvel outil devrait permettre dans le futur une analyse du trafic des VSs à très haute résolution temporelle et spatiale<br>Chemical synapses are highly specialized structures that convey information unidirectionnally, from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic element. Presynaptic terminals convert action potentials into chemical signals. These axonal varicosities contain synaptic vesicles (SVs) filled with neurotransmitter (NT) molecules. A fraction of the SVs are apposed (docked) to a part of the plasma membrane called the active zone (AZ; Bennett et al. 1992, Siksou et al. 2009b). The AZ is located in front of the postsynaptic accumulation of NT receptors. Depolarization of a terminal by an AP activates voltage dependent calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx induces the fusion of a fraction of the docked SVs in less than a millisecond, which release their NT content (Sabatini &amp; Regehr 1996, Lisman et al. 2007). New SVs are then produced through a process of compensatory endocytosis (Rizzoli &amp; Betz, 2005). Unanswered questions remain about the mechanism of this regulated traffic of SVs. We studied the regulation of SVs docking and developed a tool to analyze the cycle of SVs with electron microscopy (EM). The first part of my PhD work was focused on the regulation of the number of docked SVs at the AZ. Our objective was to determine whether SVs docking was regulated specifically or together with other morphological parameters of the bouton. We also investigated the role of Rab3-Interacting Molecules (RIMs), central proteins of the AZ, in this regulation. We worked on organotypic culture of hippocampal slices in which we blocked neuronal activity with tetrodotoxin for 3 days. Slices were immobilized using high pressure freezing (HPF) to avoid artifacts due to chemical fixation, and studied with EM. Activity blockade induced an increase in the number of docked SVs, in the size of the AZ and in the number of GluA2 postsynaptic glutamate receptors. However, the total number of SVs in the bouton and the size of the bouton did not change. With immunocytochemistry we did not detect any change in the mean amount of RIM in presynaptic terminals after chronic activity blockade. Furthermore, electrophysiology recordings showed no increase of the mean frequency of mEPSCs despite the increase in the number of docked SVs. Together these results show a specific regulation of the size of the presynaptic junction by neuronal activity, and indicate that the amount of RIMs does not regulate the number of docked SVs. The second part of my work consisted in the development of a new tool to study the cycle of SVs. Indeed, EM does not allow the visualization of dynamic phenomenon, whereas optical microscopes do not have a sufficient spatial resolution to observe SVs with the required precision. We wanted to associate optogenetic stimulations of neurons with their rapid immobilization by HPF, in order to visualize SVs at precise moments after stimulation. We worked on rats hippocampal dissociated neurons cultures. These neurons were infected with an Adeno-Associated Virus encoding a light sensitive protein channel, the ChannelRhodopsin2, in order to be able to activate them with light stimulations. We collaborated with Leica Microsystems to modify our high pressure machine (HPM), so that we can (i) stimulate the neurons within the HPM, and (ii) synchronize this stimulation with the freezing. In the future, this new tool this system should allow us to analyze the traffic SVs with high temporal and spatial resolution

There is significant interest in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) therapy and RPE derived from hiPSCs as a therapeutic approach for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Limited knowledge of the physiology of human RPE makes it difficult to relate the properties of RPE-hiPSCs to normal RPE cells. No published reports have shown RPE-hiPSCs to be capable of autophagy and exocytosis of waste products. So, transplantation of RPE cells lacking these key functions could be responsible for failure to restore long term vision. Twenty eyes, with no ophthalmic history, and 2 with AMD, were quantified by transmission electron microscopy. Also, a physiologically relevant model was developed for measuring heat shock protein (HSP) responses to oxidative stress in human primary RPE (hpRPE) cultures via aging. The RPE changes that occur during aging and AMD are summarised in Chapter 1. Methods & materials are explained in Chapter 2. The ultrastructure of RPE during aging is described in Chapter 3. The main finding is that, melanosomes migrate apically while mitochondria migrate to the perinuclear region adjacent to the basolateral extracellular space (BES) at 6 year (Y). Autophagy, lipofuscin deposition at the BES are evident at 6Y. Drusen formation from 25Y and thickening of Bruch’s membrane are evident via aging. Chapter 4 shows measurement of markers of mitochondrial responses to oxidative stress in hpRPE cultures. This Chapter shows how RPE cells keep their functions during aging. Two cases of AMD are evaluated in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, possible mechanisms are discussed in relation to RPE detachment and AMD. RPE cells are incapable to keep initial responses to oxidative stress because of cytoplasmic lipofuscin coalescence and alteration of HSP expression. Finally, drusen accumulation and dysfunctional BES predispose to pigment epithelial detachment and choroidal neovascularisation.

Synthetic biomaterials are constantly being developed and play central roles in contemporary strategies in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering as artificial extracellular microenvironments. Such scaffolds provide 2D- and 3D-support for interaction with cells and thus convey spatial and temporal control over their function and multicellular processes, such as differentiation and morphogenesis. A model fibrillar system with tunable viscoelastic properties, comprised of 2 native ECM components like collagen type I and the GAG heparin, is presented here. Although the individual components comply with the adhesive, mechanical and bioinductive requirements for artificial reconstituted ECMs, their interaction and structural characterization remains an intriguing conundrum. The aim of the work was to analyze and structurally characterize a xenogeneic in vitro cell culture scaffold reconstituted from two native ECM components, collagen type I and the highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan heparin. Utilizing a broad spectrum of structural analysis it could be shown that pepsin-solubilized collagen type I fibrils, reconstituted in vitro in the presence of heparin, exhibit an unusually thick and straight shape, with a non-linear dependence in size distribution, width-to-length ratio, and morphology over a wide range of GAG concentrations. The experiments imply a pronounced impact of the nucleation phase on the cofibril morphology as a result of the strong electrostatic interaction of heparin with atelocollagen. Heparin is assumed to stabilize the collagen-GAG complexes and to enhance their parallel accretion during cofibrillogenesis, furthermore corroborated by the heparin quantitation data showing the GAG to be intercalated as a linker molecule with a specific binding site inside the cofibrils. In addition, the exerted morphogenic effect of the GAG, appears to be influenced by factors as degree of sulfation, charge, and concentration. Further detailed structural analysis of the PSC-heparin gels using TEM and SFM showed a hierarchy involving 3 different structural levels and banding patterns in the system: asymmetric segment longspacing (SLS) fibrils and symmetric segments with an average periodicity (AP) of 250 - 260 nm, symmetric fibrous longspacing (FLS IV) nanofibrils with AP of 165 nm, and cofibrils exhibiting an asymmetric D-periodicity of 67 nm with a striking resemblance to the native collagen type I banding pattern. The intercalation of the high negatively charged heparin in the cofibrils was suggested as the main trigger for the hierarchical formation of the polymorphic structures. We also proposed a model explaining the unexpected presence of a symmetric and asymmetric form in the system and the principles governing the symmetric or asymmetric fate of the molecules. The last section of the experiments showed that the presence of telopeptides and heparin both had significant effects on the structural and mechanical characteristics of in vitro reconstituted fibrillar collagen type I. The implemented structural analysis showed that the presence of telopeptides in acid soluble collagen (ASC) impeded the reconstitution of D-periodic collagen fibrils in the presence of heparin, leaving behind only a symmetric polymorphic form with a repeating unit of 165 nm (FLS IV). Further x-ray diffraction analysis of both telopeptide-free and telopeptide-intact collagen fibrils showed that the absence of the flanking non-helical termini in pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) resulted in a less compact packing of triple helices of atelocollagen with an increase of interhelical distance from 1.0 to 1.2 nm in dried samples. The looser packing of the triple helices was accompanied by a decrease in bending stiffness of the collagen fibrils, which demonstrated that the intercalated heparin cannot compensate for the depletion of telopeptides. Based on morphological, structural and mechanical differences between ASC and PSC-heparin fibrils reported here, we endorsed the idea that heparin acts as an intrafibrillar cross-linker which competed for binding sites at places along the atelocollagen helix that are occupied in vivo by telopeptides in the fibrillar collagen type I. The performed studies are of particular interest for understanding and gaining control over a rather versatile and already exploited xenogeneic cell culture system. The reconstituted cofibrils with their unusual morphology and GAG intercalation – a phenomenon not reported in vivo – are expected to exhibit interesting biochemical behavior as a biomaterial for ECM scaffolds. Varying the experimental conditions, extent of telopeptide removal, and heparin concentration provides powerful means to control the kinetics, structure, dimensions, as well as mechanical properties of the system which is particularly important for predicting a certain cell behavior towards the newly developed matrix. The GAG intercalation could be interesting for studies with required long-term 'release upon demand' of the GAG, as well as native binding and stabilization of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, thus providing a secondary tool to control cell signaling and fate, and later on tissue morphogenesis<br>Synthetische Biomaterialien werden stetig weiterentwickelt und spielen als künstliche Mikroumgebungen eine zentrale Rolle in den modernen Strategien der regenerativen Medizin und des Tissue Engineerings. Solche sogenannten Scaffolds liefern eine 2D- und 3D-Struktur zur Interaktion mit Zellen und üben somit eine räumliche und zeitliche Kontrolle auf ihre Funktion und multizelluläre Prozesse aus, wie die Differenzierung und Morphogenese. Obwohl häufig die adhäsiven, mechanischen und bioinduzierenden Eigenschaften von Einzelkomponenten aus natürlichen Bestandteilen der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) rekonstituierten Trägerstrukturen bekannt sind, bleiben die funktionalen und strukturellen Auswirkungen in Mehrkomponentensystemen eine faszinierende Fragestellung. Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Analyse und die strukturelle Charakterisierung einer xenogenen in vitro Zellkultur-Trägerstruktur, die aus den zwei nativen ECM Komponenten Kollagen Typ I und das stark negativ geladene Glykosaminoglykan (GAG) Heparin rekonstituiert wurde. Unter Nutzung eines breiten Spektrums von Methoden zur strukturellen Analyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Beisein von Heparin rekonstituierte Pepsin-gelöste Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen eine ungewöhnlich dicke und gerade Form, mit nichtlinearen Abhängigkeiten der Größenverteilung, des Breite-zu-Länge Verhältnises und der Morphologie für eine Reihe von GAG Konzentrationen, aufweisen. Die Experimente deuten auf eine besondere Wirkung der Nukleierungsphase auf die Kofibrillmorphologie hin, als Folge der starken elektrostatischen Inteaktionen Heparins mit Atelokollagen. Es wird angenommen, dass Heparin die Komplexe aus Kollagen-GAG stabilisiert, die parallele Anlagerung während der Kofibrillogenese verbessert und dass überdies, belegt durch Heparin Quantitätsdaten, als Verbindungsmolekül mit einer spezifischen Anbindungsstelle innerhalb der Kofibrillen eingelagert wird. Darüber hinaus scheint der ausgeübte morphogene Effekt des GAGs Heparins von Faktoren wie Grad der Sulfatierung, Ladung und Konzentration abzuhängen. Weitere detailierte Strukturanalysen der PSC - Heparin Gele mit TEM und SFM zeigten eine Hierarchie mit drei unterschiedlichen strukturellen Ebenen und Bandmustern im System: asymmetrisch segmentierte, weitabständige Fibrillen (SLS) und symmetrische Segmente mit einem AP von 250-260 nm, symmetrische fibrose weitabständige (FLS IV) Nanofibrillen mit einem AP von von 165 nm und Kofibrillen asymmetrischer D-Periodizität von 67 nm, die eine erstaunliche Ähnlichkeit zum natürlichen Kollagen Typ I Bandmuster haben. Die Einlagerung des sehr negativ geladenen Heparins in die Kofibrillen wurde als Hauptauslöser der hierarchischen Formation der polymorphen Strukturen betrachtet. Wir schlugen ebenso ein Model vor, welches sowohl das unerwartete Vorhandensein symmetrischer und asymmetrischer Formen im System als auch die Regeln erklärt, die das symmetrische oder asymmetrische Schicksal der Moleküle steuern. Der letzte Abschnitt der Experimente zeigte, dass die Anwesenheit der Telopeptide und Heparins eine signifikante Wirkung auf die strukturellen und mechanischen Charakteristika der in vitro rekonstituierten Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen hatte. Die durchgeführten Strukturanalysen zeigten außerdem, dass die Anwesenheit der Telopeptide in säurelöslichem Kollagen (ASC) die Rekonstitution D-periodischer Kollagenfibrillen mit Heparin verhinderte, sodass nur symmetrisch polymorphe Formen mit einer Wiederholeinheit von 165 nm möglich waren (FLS IV). Weitere Messungen der Telopeptid-freien und Telopeptid-intakten Kollagenfibrillen mit Röntgendiffraktometrie ergaben, dass die Abwesenheit der nicht-helix-strukturierten Enden in Pepsin-gelöstem Kollagen (PSC) zu einer weniger kompakten Anordnung der Tripelhelices von Atelokollagen führte. Der interhelix Abstand erhöhte sich von 1,0 zu 1,2 nm für getrocknete Proben. Das zeigt, dass die losere Anordnung der Tripelhelices einhergeht mit der Verringerung der Biege-Elastizitäts-module der Kollagenfibrillen,. Basierend auf den hier vorgestellten morphologischen, strukturellen und mechanischen Unterschieden zwischen ASC und PSC-Heparin Fibrillen wird die Idee unterstützt, dass Heparin als intrafibrillärer Vernetzer fungiert und an Bindungsstellen der Helix bindet, welche in vivo bei Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen durch Telopeptide besetzt sind. Die durchgeführten Studien sind von besonderem Interesse für das Verständnis und die Steuerung eines sehr vielseitigen und bereits verwendeten xenogenes Zellkultursystem für das Tissue Engineering. Von den rekonstituierten Kofibrillen mit ihrer ungewöhnlichen Morphologie und GAG Einlagerung - ein in vivo nicht bekanntes Phänomen - erwartet man, dass sie ein intressantes biochemisches Verhalten als Biomaterial für ECM Scaffolds zeigen. Variationen der experimentellen Bedingungen, des Ausmaßes der Telopeptidentfernung und der Heparinkonzentration liefern vielfältige Möglichkeiten um die Kinetik, Struktur, Dimension sowie die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Systems zu kontrollieren. Damit sollte es möglich sein, ein bestimmtes Zellverhalten gegenüber der neu entwickelten Matrix vorherzusagen. Die GAG-Einlagerung bietet interessante Optionen für eine langfristige Freisetzung des GAGs 'on demand', sowie die native Bindung und Stabilisierung von Wachstumsfaktoren, Cytokinen, Chemokinen, womit zusätzlich Zellsignalisierung und -schicksal und später Gewebemorphogenese kontrolliert werden kann

O objetivo foi evidenciar a presença do espaço intercelular dilatado do epitélio esofágico após a infusão de ácido clorídrico (HCl) à 0,1N comparando com a infusão de soro fisiológico (SF) em pacientes sem sintomas típicos da DRGE com mucosa esofágica normal e compará-los com os de sintomas típicos e esofagite erosiva. Foram entrevistados e realizaram o exame de endoscopia digestiva alta 60 pacientes destes, 29 foram incluídos no estudo sendo 18 com esôfago normal (9 foram infundidos SF e 9 HCl) e 11 com esofagite erosiva (6 foram infundidos SF e 5 HCl) e foram realizados 4 biópsias da mucosa esofágica (2 antes e 2 depois das infusões). Não foi encontrado diferença estatisticamente significante no espaço intercelular da mucosa esofágica dos pacientes com e sem esofagite erosiva com ácido clorídrico ou soro fisiológico não sendo um marcador da DRGE<br>The purpose was to prove the presence of extended intercellular space of the esophagic epithelium after chloridric acid infusion (HCI) to 0,1N comparing to the physiologic serum infusion (PS) in patients without typical symptoms of DGER with normal esophagic mucous membrane and compare them to ones with typical symptoms and erosive esophagitis. 60 patients were interviewed and took the high digestive endoscopy; 29 were included in the research, among them 18 with normal esophagus (9 were infused PS, and 9 HCI) and 11 with erosive esophagitis (6 were infused PS and 5 HCI); 4 biopsies of esophagic mucous membrane were made (2 before and 2 after infusions). It was not found any statistically meaningful difference in intercellular space of esophagic mucous membrane in patients with or without erosive esophagitis with chloridric acid or physiologic serum, and thus it is not a DGER

Synthetic biomaterials are constantly being developed and play central roles in contemporary strategies in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering as artificial extracellular microenvironments. Such scaffolds provide 2D- and 3D-support for interaction with cells and thus convey spatial and temporal control over their function and multicellular processes, such as differentiation and morphogenesis. A model fibrillar system with tunable viscoelastic properties, comprised of 2 native ECM components like collagen type I and the GAG heparin, is presented here. Although the individual components comply with the adhesive, mechanical and bioinductive requirements for artificial reconstituted ECMs, their interaction and structural characterization remains an intriguing conundrum. The aim of the work was to analyze and structurally characterize a xenogeneic in vitro cell culture scaffold reconstituted from two native ECM components, collagen type I and the highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan heparin. Utilizing a broad spectrum of structural analysis it could be shown that pepsin-solubilized collagen type I fibrils, reconstituted in vitro in the presence of heparin, exhibit an unusually thick and straight shape, with a non-linear dependence in size distribution, width-to-length ratio, and morphology over a wide range of GAG concentrations. The experiments imply a pronounced impact of the nucleation phase on the cofibril morphology as a result of the strong electrostatic interaction of heparin with atelocollagen. Heparin is assumed to stabilize the collagen-GAG complexes and to enhance their parallel accretion during cofibrillogenesis, furthermore corroborated by the heparin quantitation data showing the GAG to be intercalated as a linker molecule with a specific binding site inside the cofibrils. In addition, the exerted morphogenic effect of the GAG, appears to be influenced by factors as degree of sulfation, charge, and concentration. Further detailed structural analysis of the PSC-heparin gels using TEM and SFM showed a hierarchy involving 3 different structural levels and banding patterns in the system: asymmetric segment longspacing (SLS) fibrils and symmetric segments with an average periodicity (AP) of 250 - 260 nm, symmetric fibrous longspacing (FLS IV) nanofibrils with AP of 165 nm, and cofibrils exhibiting an asymmetric D-periodicity of 67 nm with a striking resemblance to the native collagen type I banding pattern. The intercalation of the high negatively charged heparin in the cofibrils was suggested as the main trigger for the hierarchical formation of the polymorphic structures. We also proposed a model explaining the unexpected presence of a symmetric and asymmetric form in the system and the principles governing the symmetric or asymmetric fate of the molecules. The last section of the experiments showed that the presence of telopeptides and heparin both had significant effects on the structural and mechanical characteristics of in vitro reconstituted fibrillar collagen type I. The implemented structural analysis showed that the presence of telopeptides in acid soluble collagen (ASC) impeded the reconstitution of D-periodic collagen fibrils in the presence of heparin, leaving behind only a symmetric polymorphic form with a repeating unit of 165 nm (FLS IV). Further x-ray diffraction analysis of both telopeptide-free and telopeptide-intact collagen fibrils showed that the absence of the flanking non-helical termini in pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) resulted in a less compact packing of triple helices of atelocollagen with an increase of interhelical distance from 1.0 to 1.2 nm in dried samples. The looser packing of the triple helices was accompanied by a decrease in bending stiffness of the collagen fibrils, which demonstrated that the intercalated heparin cannot compensate for the depletion of telopeptides. Based on morphological, structural and mechanical differences between ASC and PSC-heparin fibrils reported here, we endorsed the idea that heparin acts as an intrafibrillar cross-linker which competed for binding sites at places along the atelocollagen helix that are occupied in vivo by telopeptides in the fibrillar collagen type I. The performed studies are of particular interest for understanding and gaining control over a rather versatile and already exploited xenogeneic cell culture system. The reconstituted cofibrils with their unusual morphology and GAG intercalation – a phenomenon not reported in vivo – are expected to exhibit interesting biochemical behavior as a biomaterial for ECM scaffolds. Varying the experimental conditions, extent of telopeptide removal, and heparin concentration provides powerful means to control the kinetics, structure, dimensions, as well as mechanical properties of the system which is particularly important for predicting a certain cell behavior towards the newly developed matrix. The GAG intercalation could be interesting for studies with required long-term 'release upon demand' of the GAG, as well as native binding and stabilization of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, thus providing a secondary tool to control cell signaling and fate, and later on tissue morphogenesis.<br>Synthetische Biomaterialien werden stetig weiterentwickelt und spielen als künstliche Mikroumgebungen eine zentrale Rolle in den modernen Strategien der regenerativen Medizin und des Tissue Engineerings. Solche sogenannten Scaffolds liefern eine 2D- und 3D-Struktur zur Interaktion mit Zellen und üben somit eine räumliche und zeitliche Kontrolle auf ihre Funktion und multizelluläre Prozesse aus, wie die Differenzierung und Morphogenese. Obwohl häufig die adhäsiven, mechanischen und bioinduzierenden Eigenschaften von Einzelkomponenten aus natürlichen Bestandteilen der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) rekonstituierten Trägerstrukturen bekannt sind, bleiben die funktionalen und strukturellen Auswirkungen in Mehrkomponentensystemen eine faszinierende Fragestellung. Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Analyse und die strukturelle Charakterisierung einer xenogenen in vitro Zellkultur-Trägerstruktur, die aus den zwei nativen ECM Komponenten Kollagen Typ I und das stark negativ geladene Glykosaminoglykan (GAG) Heparin rekonstituiert wurde. Unter Nutzung eines breiten Spektrums von Methoden zur strukturellen Analyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Beisein von Heparin rekonstituierte Pepsin-gelöste Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen eine ungewöhnlich dicke und gerade Form, mit nichtlinearen Abhängigkeiten der Größenverteilung, des Breite-zu-Länge Verhältnises und der Morphologie für eine Reihe von GAG Konzentrationen, aufweisen. Die Experimente deuten auf eine besondere Wirkung der Nukleierungsphase auf die Kofibrillmorphologie hin, als Folge der starken elektrostatischen Inteaktionen Heparins mit Atelokollagen. Es wird angenommen, dass Heparin die Komplexe aus Kollagen-GAG stabilisiert, die parallele Anlagerung während der Kofibrillogenese verbessert und dass überdies, belegt durch Heparin Quantitätsdaten, als Verbindungsmolekül mit einer spezifischen Anbindungsstelle innerhalb der Kofibrillen eingelagert wird. Darüber hinaus scheint der ausgeübte morphogene Effekt des GAGs Heparins von Faktoren wie Grad der Sulfatierung, Ladung und Konzentration abzuhängen. Weitere detailierte Strukturanalysen der PSC - Heparin Gele mit TEM und SFM zeigten eine Hierarchie mit drei unterschiedlichen strukturellen Ebenen und Bandmustern im System: asymmetrisch segmentierte, weitabständige Fibrillen (SLS) und symmetrische Segmente mit einem AP von 250-260 nm, symmetrische fibrose weitabständige (FLS IV) Nanofibrillen mit einem AP von von 165 nm und Kofibrillen asymmetrischer D-Periodizität von 67 nm, die eine erstaunliche Ähnlichkeit zum natürlichen Kollagen Typ I Bandmuster haben. Die Einlagerung des sehr negativ geladenen Heparins in die Kofibrillen wurde als Hauptauslöser der hierarchischen Formation der polymorphen Strukturen betrachtet. Wir schlugen ebenso ein Model vor, welches sowohl das unerwartete Vorhandensein symmetrischer und asymmetrischer Formen im System als auch die Regeln erklärt, die das symmetrische oder asymmetrische Schicksal der Moleküle steuern. Der letzte Abschnitt der Experimente zeigte, dass die Anwesenheit der Telopeptide und Heparins eine signifikante Wirkung auf die strukturellen und mechanischen Charakteristika der in vitro rekonstituierten Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen hatte. Die durchgeführten Strukturanalysen zeigten außerdem, dass die Anwesenheit der Telopeptide in säurelöslichem Kollagen (ASC) die Rekonstitution D-periodischer Kollagenfibrillen mit Heparin verhinderte, sodass nur symmetrisch polymorphe Formen mit einer Wiederholeinheit von 165 nm möglich waren (FLS IV). Weitere Messungen der Telopeptid-freien und Telopeptid-intakten Kollagenfibrillen mit Röntgendiffraktometrie ergaben, dass die Abwesenheit der nicht-helix-strukturierten Enden in Pepsin-gelöstem Kollagen (PSC) zu einer weniger kompakten Anordnung der Tripelhelices von Atelokollagen führte. Der interhelix Abstand erhöhte sich von 1,0 zu 1,2 nm für getrocknete Proben. Das zeigt, dass die losere Anordnung der Tripelhelices einhergeht mit der Verringerung der Biege-Elastizitäts-module der Kollagenfibrillen,. Basierend auf den hier vorgestellten morphologischen, strukturellen und mechanischen Unterschieden zwischen ASC und PSC-Heparin Fibrillen wird die Idee unterstützt, dass Heparin als intrafibrillärer Vernetzer fungiert und an Bindungsstellen der Helix bindet, welche in vivo bei Kollagen Typ I Fibrillen durch Telopeptide besetzt sind. Die durchgeführten Studien sind von besonderem Interesse für das Verständnis und die Steuerung eines sehr vielseitigen und bereits verwendeten xenogenes Zellkultursystem für das Tissue Engineering. Von den rekonstituierten Kofibrillen mit ihrer ungewöhnlichen Morphologie und GAG Einlagerung - ein in vivo nicht bekanntes Phänomen - erwartet man, dass sie ein intressantes biochemisches Verhalten als Biomaterial für ECM Scaffolds zeigen. Variationen der experimentellen Bedingungen, des Ausmaßes der Telopeptidentfernung und der Heparinkonzentration liefern vielfältige Möglichkeiten um die Kinetik, Struktur, Dimension sowie die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Systems zu kontrollieren. Damit sollte es möglich sein, ein bestimmtes Zellverhalten gegenüber der neu entwickelten Matrix vorherzusagen. Die GAG-Einlagerung bietet interessante Optionen für eine langfristige Freisetzung des GAGs 'on demand', sowie die native Bindung und Stabilisierung von Wachstumsfaktoren, Cytokinen, Chemokinen, womit zusätzlich Zellsignalisierung und -schicksal und später Gewebemorphogenese kontrolliert werden kann.

Alterações morfológicas e funcionais ocorrem durante o envelhecimento, período da vida com maior incidência de doenças neurodegenerativas. No presente trabalho acompanhou-se a evolução dos grânulos de lipofucsina durante o envelhecimento para investigar alterações sinápticas, assim como proteínas associadas com doenças neurodegenerativas (alfa-sinucleína) e com o sistema ubiquitina-proteossoma em indivíduos de diferentes idades. No córtex temporal humano e de ratos determinou-se, nos diferentes grupos etários, seguindo a área, o número e as características dos grânulos de lipofucsina, o número de sinapses excitatórias, inibitórias e elétricas, os locais de contatos pós-sinápticos, o número de vesículas sinápticas por terminal e a expressão das proteínas alfa-sinucleína e ubiquitina. Amostras de córtex temporal humano de indivíduos com diferentes idades (20 - 28, 37 - 41 e 50 - 55 anos) foram coletadas de pacientes com epilepsia submetidos à lobectomia do lobo temporal. Amostras de ratos de 2, 6, 10 e 12 meses também foram coletadas. Foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia de luz, eletrônica, confocal e western blots. Os dados obtidos de grânulos de lipofucsina são consistentes com outros estudos que observaram aumento dessa estrutura em mamíferos de maior idade. No entanto, os grânulos parecem crescer em volume, mas não em número, com aumento considerável da fração elétron lúcida (lipídica). Não houve diferença na expressão das proteínas alfa-sinucleína e ubiquitina entre os grupos das idades estudadas. A densidade sináptica foi similar entre os grupos experimentais, assim como o local de contato pós-sináptico. O aumento de vesículas elétron densas em sinapses inibitórias deve estar associado à demanda de neurotransmissores catecolaminérgicos. Estes resultados não expressam totalmente o processo de envelhecimento, pois as faixas etárias de humanos e ratos correspondem a uma idade ainda jovem. A coleta de material humano mais idoso foi impossibilitada pela faixa etária dos doentes submetidos à lobectomia. Os ratos do biotério da FMRP, não sobrevivem mais do que 12 meses em no nosso ambiente, incluindo manutenção dos animais isolados em racks.<br>Morphological and functional changes occur during the aging, period of life with increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Following the evolution of the lipofuscin granules along three periods of life in humans and rats, the present work investigated synaptic changes, as well as proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases (alpha-synuclein) and the ubiquitin-proteossoma system in individuals of different ages. The objectives of the study were to analyze the temporal cortex of humans and rats: the number of excitatory, inhibitory, and electric synapses, the site of postsynaptic contacts, the number of synaptic vesicles per terminal, and the expression of the proteins alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin following the size and features of the lipofuscin granules. Samples of temporal cortex of human subjects with different ages (20-28, 37-41 and 50-55 years) were collected from patients with epilepsy who underwent temporal lobectomy. Samples from rats of 2, 6, 10 and 12 months were also collected. Light, confocal, and electron microscopy, and western blots techniques were used as procedures. The data obtained on lipofuscin granules were coincident with other studies that observed a higher area occupied by this structure in older mammals. However, the granules seem to grow in volume, but not in number, with considerable increase of the electron lucid fraction (lipidic). There was no difference in the alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin expressions between the experimental groups. The synaptic densities were similar between the groups, as well as the postsynaptic contacts. Increase of the electron dense vesicles in inhibitory synapses, appeared to be associated with the demand of catecholamines. These results do not express totally the aging process, because the range of age used in humans, and rats belong to a young age. The human samples from older ages was difficult because, in general, of the age of the patients submitted to lobotomy. The rats of the FMRP bioterium do not survived more that 12 months in our environment, even in controlled conditions.

Mucin deficiency is a possible cause of tear film instability. The important sources of mucin are the conjunctival goblet cells and the non-goblet conjunctiva! epithelial cells where the mucin-like glycoproteins are stored in the mucous secretory vesicles. This thesis addresses the relationship between the quantity of the mucin sources and tear film physiology in a group of normal to marginal dry eye Chinese subjects. Chinese subjects were used in this study because they were found to have a lower tear break-up time than Caucasians (Cho and Brown, 1993). Impression cytology techniques were used to obtain conjunctiva! cells and goblet cells from the bulbar conjunctiva! of 61 subjects in order to study the relationship of the goblet cell density and tear film stability. The tear function tests included subjective dry eye symptoms, non-invasive tear break-up time, phenol red thread test and tear break-up time. A second source of mucin supply and tear film stability was also studied. This mucin supply comes from the mucous secretory vesicles of the conjunctival epithelial cells. To study the anatomical structure, the ultrastructure of the conjunctiva! epithelial cells was investigated under the transmission electron microscope. The findings revealed that goblet cell density did not show any correlation with severity of dry eye symptoms, non-invasive tear break-up time, phenol red thread test or tear break-up time test. There are three possibilities for this finding: Deficiency in goblet cell density is not associated with mucin deficiency but mucin de2. Mucin deficiency is not associated with low tear stability but deficiency in goblet cell density remains associated with mucin deficiency. 3. Deficiency in goblet cell density is not associated with mucin deficiency and mucin deficiency is not associated with low tear stability.ficiency remains associated with low tear stability. The negative finding could also be due to the relatively normal and healthy subjects used in the present study. They did not show a great reduction in goblet cell density that could cause an impact on the result. In the counting of goblet cell density using the impression cytology technique, the imprints of the goblet cells might be obtained instead of the whole goblet cells. There was also no significant correlation between dry eye symptoms and tear function tests such as the non-invasive tear break-up time, phenol red thread test and tear break-up time test. This study also found that the gender of the age group between 18 to 28, and contact lens wear of up to three years, would not affect goblet cell density, dry eye symptoms, non-invasive tear break-up time, phenol red thread test and tear break-up time. There was no significant difference in the number of mucous secretory vesicles, microvilli and cell invaginations in the conjunctiva} epithelial cells of subjects with high and low tear stabilities. Therefore, the tear film function may not be associated with the presence of the number of mucous vesicles, microvilli and cells invaginations. On the other hand, the finding could also be due to a small subject sample and the inter-group difference in tear stability might be too small to reflect a difference in the assessment of the ultrastructures. However, a new technique of cell processing for transmission electron microscopy work was also developed for specimens obtained using the impression cytology technique.

Abstract Investigation of the effects of nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles on cells requires direct observation and analysis at nano-level resolution, both in vitro and in living cells. Recently, we have developed a scanning electron assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) that enables the direct observation of living cells and organic materials without staining or fixation. Here, we present an overview of SE-ADM and scanning electron impedance microscopy including our recent results analyzing the effects of extracellular particles on biological specimens. Our system can be easily used to examine unstained biological specimens including bacteria, viruses and protein complexes. Furthermore, it can be used for diverse liquid samples across a broad range of scientific fields, e.g. nanoparticles, nanotubes and organic and catalytic materials.

Abstract This paper offers an overview of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) induced corrosion and protection of carbon steel in marine media. The complexity of the local environment at the steel/seawater interface is enhanced in the presence of microorganisms and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). As a consequence of the biofilm heterogeneity, areas with different ion concentrations are formed and the development of corrosion product layers of dissimilar protective characteristics occurs. Electrochemical aspects, microbial interactions within biofilms, the significance of medium composition, the role of iron sulphides, and hydrogen effects are discussed. A brief description of recent experiments for SRB induced corrosion assessment, involving the use of electrochemical techniques, surface studies employing energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe complemented with electron microscopy observations and atomic force microscopy (AFM), is provided.

Abstract The morphology of 3-D rat marrow stromal cell cultures and the expression of bone-related markers were studied in a simulated microgravity environment. In addition, the differences in shear stress on the surface of microcarriers of different densities were calculated. In the experiments, secondary rat marrow stromal cells were cultured on two types of microcarriers, Cytodex-3 beads and modified bioactive glass particles, in a high aspect rotating-wall vessel (HARV). Evaluation of cellular morphology by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of 3-D multicellular aggregates consisting of multiple cell-covered Cytodex-3 microcarriers bridged together. Extracellular matrix and mineralization were observed in the aggregates. Using immunocytochemistry, confocal scanning microscopy, and antibodies for osteopontin and collagen type I, it was found that these bone-related proteins were strongly expressed in the 3-D cell culture. Using mathematical modeling, it was found that the shear stress at the microcarrier surface varied depending upon density difference between the culture medium and the microcarrier. At a given rotational speed and for a given culture medium, a larger density difference between the microcarrier and the culture medium (e.g., a modified bioactive glass particle) imparts a higher shear stress to the microcarrier surface. We also found variations of the maximum shear stress as a function of particle size at a given rotational speed and for a given culture medium. The numerical data may be used to optimize cell culture conditions in a simulated microgravity environment.

Abstract: Equine and bovine milk extracellular particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, interferometric light microscopy and flow cytometry. Scanning electron microscopy revealed micro-sized globular particles and numerous nano-sized particles. Higher concentration of micro and nano-sized particles was found in skimmed milk when compared to the whole milk and the differences were statistically significant. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles; Milk; Interferometric light microscopy; Flow cytome-try; Scanning electron microscopy; Concentration of particles

Abstract:Scanning electron microscope images of small cellular particles isolated from conditioned media of microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum are presented Each image is supplemented by description of the preparation of the sample and the data on the imaging technique and equipment. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Extracellular particles, Nanoalgosomes, Exosomes

Abstract : Scanning electron microscope images of small cellular particles isolated from conditioned media of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta are presented . Each image is supplemented by description of the preparation of the sample and the data on the imaging technique and equipment. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Extracellular particles, Nanoalgosomes, Exosomes

Abstract: Scanning electron microscope images of small cellular particles isolated from conditioned media of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta are presented . Each image is supplemented by description of the preparation of the sample and the data on the imaging technique and equipment. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Extracellular particles, Nanoalgosomes, Exosomes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures of nanometer dimensions. They are formed by cells and can be found in isolates from body fluids. It is indicated that they play important role in intercellular communication in health and disease. In this work we observed the morpholoical parameters of EVs isolated by differential centrifugation from washed erythrocytes, in which vesiculation was accelerated by addition of detergent (sodium dodecyl sulfate). Aliquots of the isolate were suspended medium of two different osmolarities. Isolates were imaged with a scan-ning electron microscope (SEM) and the images were analyzed by using the contours of EVs from which the volume V, surface area S, and relative volume v = (36S3/V2)1/2 were assessed by a geomet-rical model. EVs were considered as spheres or spheroids. The isolates were rich in erythrocyte EVs so that representative sets (86 vesicles at osmolarity of 50 mOsmol/L and 109 vesicles at osmolarity of 300 mOsmol/L) could be outlined. The EVs at osmolarity of 50 mOsmol/L had shapes close to a sphere, while at osmolarity of 300 mOsmol/L they had elongated shapes. The shapes were approxi-mated by prolate spheroids. The average volume/surface area of EVs at osmolarity 50 mOsmol/L were 3.18×105 nm3/2.20×104 nm2, and at osmolarity 300 mOsmol/L they were 4.3×105 nm3/2.79×104 nm2. The respective differences in favor of the values at 300 mOsmol/L were statistically significant and of sufficient power. The relative volume of EVs at 50 mOsmol/L and 300 mOsmol/L were 1 and 0.96, respectively. While the difference in v suggests that, similarly to erythrocytes, water enters EVs in order to attain the Donnan equilibrium, the differences in V and A suggest that selective popping of (larger) EVs in the hypoosmolar sample took place. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles; Erythrocytes; Osmolarity; Differential centrifugation; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Morphology; Interdisciplinary connection; Medicine

Abstract : Scanning electron microscope images of small cellular particles isolated from conditioned media of microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutun are presented . Each image is supplemented by description of the preparation of the sample and the data on the imaging technique and equipment. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Extracellular particles, Nanoalgosomes, Exosomes

Abstract : Scanning electron microscope images of small cellular particles isolated from Phaeodactylum tricornutun conditoned media , light and dark phases are presented . Each image is supplemented by description of the preparation of the sample and the data on the imaging technique and equipment. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Extracellular particles, Nanoalgosomes, Exosomes

Biosensors are pivotal in biomedical applications, particularly for disease detection, diag-nosis, treatment, health management, and monitoring. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a prom-inent material for biosensors due to its biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and availa-bility in various nanostructured forms. This study explores the interaction of platelets and extracellular vesicles (EVs) with different TiO2 surface morphologies using flow cytometry (FCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Blood plasma samples were incubated with various TiO2 surfaces to evaluate particle counts and characteristics. FCM results in-dicated a higher abundance of platelets compared to EVs, with significant fragmentation observed post-centrifugation. SEM analysis confirmed platelet activation and fragmenta-tion, with the microflowered TiO2 surface displaying fewer vesicles due to its rough to-pography. The findings suggest that while TiO2 surface structuring minimally impacts par-ticle counts, it influences platelet and EV interactions, highlighting the need for advanced detection techniques and further investigation into surface interactions. Keywords: cold gaseous plasma; atmospheric pressure plasma; plasma technology; dental medicine; extracellular vesicles, surface treatment