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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron multiplying charge coupled devices'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 13 July 2025

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1

Bush, N., K. Stefanov, D. Hall, D. Jordan, and A. Holland. "Simulations of charge transfer in Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Devices." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 12 (2014): C12042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/12/c12042.

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2

Robbins, M. S., and B. J. Hadwen. "The noise performance of electron multiplying charge-coupled devices." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 50, no. 5 (2003): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2003.813462.

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3

Plakhotnik, T., A. Chennu, and A. V. Zvyagin. "Statistics of single-electron signals in electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 53, no. 4 (2006): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2006.870572.

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4

Harpsøe, K. B. W., M. I. Andersen, and P. Kjægaard. "Bayesian photon counting with electron-multiplying charge coupled devices (EMCCDs)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 537 (January 2012): A50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117089.

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5

Tutt, James H., Andrew D. Holland, David J. Hall, Richard D. Harriss, and Neil J. Murray. "The Noise Performance of Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Devices at X-ray Energies." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 59, no. 1 (2012): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2011.2172611.

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6

Kannan, Balakrishnan, Jia Yi Har, Ping Liu, Ichiro Maruyama, Jeak Ling Ding, and Thorsten Wohland. "Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device Camera Based Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 10 (2006): 3444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0600959.

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7

Chao, Jerry, E. Sally Ward, and Raimund J. Ober. "Fisher information matrix for branching processes with application to electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices." Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 23, no. 3 (2011): 349–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11045-011-0150-7.

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8

Hadwen, B. J., M. A. Camas, and M. S. Robbins. "The effects of Co/sup 60/ gamma radiation on electron multiplying charge-coupled devices." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 51, no. 5 (2004): 2747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2004.835099.

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9

Krog, Jens, Albertas Dvirnas, Oskar E. Ström, et al. "Photophysical image analysis: Unsupervised probabilistic thresholding for images from electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0300122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300122.

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We introduce the concept photophysical image analysis (PIA) and an associated pipeline for unsupervised probabilistic image thresholding for images recorded by electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) cameras. We base our approach on a closed-form analytic expression for the characteristic function (Fourier-transform of the probability mass function) for the image counts recorded in an EMCCD camera, which takes into account both stochasticity in the arrival of photons at the imaging camera and subsequent noise induced by the detection system of the camera. The only assumption in our method is that the background photon arrival to the imaging system is described by a stationary Poisson process (we make no assumption about the photon statistics for the signal). We estimate the background photon statistics parameter, λbg, from an image which contains both background and signal pixels by use of a novel truncated fit procedure with an automatically determined image count threshold. Prior to this, the camera noise model parameters are estimated using a calibration step. Utilizing the estimates for the camera parameters and λbg, we then introduce a probabilistic thresholding method, where, for the first time, the fraction of misclassified pixels can be determined a priori for a general image in an unsupervised way. We use synthetic images to validate our a priori estimates and to benchmark against the Otsu method, which is a popular unsupervised non-probabilistic image thresholding method (no a priori estimates for the error rates are provided). For completeness, we lastly present a simple heuristic general-purpose segmentation method based on the thresholding results, which we apply to segmentation of synthetic images and experimental images of fluorescent beads and lung cell nuclei. Our publicly available software opens up for fully automated, unsupervised, probabilistic photophysical image analysis.

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10

AHLEN, S. P. "TIME-PROJECTION-CHAMBERS WITH OPTICAL READOUT FOR DARK MATTER, DOUBLE BETA DECAY, AND NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 24 (2010): 4525–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10050081.

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In recent years, there have been impressive advances in the technology of cameras using charged coupled devices (CCD's) and electron multiplying charged coupled devices (EMCCD's) that make possible a number of applications for the detection of ionizing radiation. The new cameras have quantum efficiencies exceeding 90%, effective noise levels less than one electron per pixel, and can be made to detect light ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared. When combined with photomultiplier tubes (PMT's), and when used with Time-Projection-Chambers (TPC's) that contain narrow gap mesh charge amplification stages and scintillating gas compositions, these cameras can be used to provide three-dimensional images of particle tracks. There are many applications for such devices, including direction sensitive searches for dark matter, measurements of thermal and fast neutrons, and searches for double-beta-decay. I will describe the operation of optical TPC's and their various applications in this review article.

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11

Evagora, A. M., N. J. Murray, A. D. Holland, D. Burt, and J. Endicott. "Novel method for identifying the cause of inherent ageing in Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Devices." Journal of Instrumentation 7, no. 01 (2012): C01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/c01023.

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12

Tutt, James H., Andrew D. Holland, Neil J. Murray, et al. "The Noise Performance of Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Devices at Soft X-Ray Energy Values." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 59, no. 8 (2012): 2192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2012.2200488.

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13

Quan, Tingwei, Shaoqun Zeng, and Zhen-Li Huang. "Localization capability and limitation of electron-multiplying charge-coupled, scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, and charge-coupled devices for superresolution imaging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 15, no. 6 (2010): 066005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3505017.

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14

Zhang Yan-Yan, Rao Chang-Hui, Li Mei, and Ma Xiao-Yu. "The detection error analysis of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor based on electron multiplying charge-coupled devices." Acta Physica Sinica 59, no. 8 (2010): 5904. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.59.5904.

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15

Quan, Tingwei, Shaoqun Zeng, and Zhen-Li Huang. "Errata: Localization capability and limitation of electron-multiplying charge-coupled, scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, and charge-coupled devices for superresolution imaging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 17, no. 4 (2012): 049801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.049801.

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16

Li, Fu, Tian Li, and Girish S. Agarwal. "Temporal quantum noise reduction acquired by an electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera." Optics Express 28, no. 25 (2020): 37538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.408795.

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17

Chen, Yuanjin. "Reconstruction algorithm of low-light integral imaging by electron-multiplying charge-coupled device." Optical Engineering 58, no. 05 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.58.5.053103.

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18

Piirola, Vilppu, Ilia A. Kosenkov, Andrei V. Berdyugin, Svetlana V. Berdyugina, and Juri Poutanen. "Double Image Polarimeter—Ultra Fast: Simultaneous Three-color (BV R) Polarimeter with Electron-multiplying Charge-coupled Devices." Astronomical Journal 161, no. 1 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abc74f.

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19

Zhang, Lijian, Leonardo Neves, Jeff S. Lundeen, and Ian A. Walmsley. "A characterization of the single-photon sensitivity of an electron multiplying charge-coupled device." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 42, no. 11 (2009): 114011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/42/11/114011.

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20

Zabudsky, V., O. Golenkov, O. Rikhalsky, et al. "Measuring system for testing electrical parameters of EMCCDs of various formats." Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, no. 5-6 (December 31, 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2019.5-6.03.

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This article describes the developed equipment that allows measuring the photoelectrical parameters of multielement photodetectors, specifically various formats of EMCCD (electron multiplying charge-coupled device) chips. The authors present the measuring techniques and test results on dark currents, output amplifier sensitivity, charge transfer efficiency, charge capacity and other parameters. The studies were conducted, both on the wafer and in the body, on samples of the following formats: 576×288, 640×512, 768×576, 1024×1024, and 1280×1024.

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21

Gleisinger, Robert, Neil Rowlands, Alan Scott, and Olivier Daigle. "Quantum yield estimation for an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device from photon counting test data." Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 6, no. 01 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.6.1.011008.

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22

Clark-Balzan, Laine, and Jean-Luc Schwenninger. "First steps toward spatially resolved OSL dating with electron multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs): System design and image analysis." Radiation Measurements 47, no. 9 (2012): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.01.018.

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23

Amedo, P., R. Hafeji, A. Roberts, et al. "Scintillation of Ar/CF₄ mixtures: glass-THGEM characterization with 1% CF₄ at 1–1.5 bar." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 05 (2024): C05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05001.

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Abstract Argon gas doped with 1% wavelength-shifter (CF4) has been employed in an optical time projection chamber (OTPC) to image cosmic radiation. We present results obtained during the system commissioning, performed with two stacked glass thick gaseous electron multipliers (THGEMs) and an electron-multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD camera) at 1 bar. Preliminary estimates indicate that the combined optical gain was of the order of 106 (ph/e), producing sharp and high-contrast raw images without resorting to any filtering or post-processing. A first assessment of the impact of pressurization showed no change in the attainable gains when operating at 1.5 bar.

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24

Soman, M. R., D. J. Hall, J. H. Tutt, et al. "Improving the spatial resolution of soft X-ray detection using an Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 01 (2013): C01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/01/c01046.

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25

Kannan, Balakrishnan, Lin Guo, Thankiah Sudhaharan, Sohail Ahmed, Ichiro Maruyama, and Thorsten Wohland. "Spatially Resolved Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Correlation Microscopy Using an Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device Camera." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 12 (2007): 4463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0624546.

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26

Pozzi, Paolo, Laura Sironi, Laura D’Alfonso, et al. "Electron multiplying charge-coupled device-based fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy for blood velocimetry on zebrafish embryos." Journal of Biomedical Optics 19, no. 6 (2014): 067007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.19.6.067007.

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27

Coates, Colin G., Donal J. Denvir, Noel G. McHale, Keith D. Thornbury, and Mark A. Hollywood. "Optimizing low-light microscopy with back-illuminated electron multiplying charge-coupled device: enhanced sensitivity, speed, and resolution." Journal of Biomedical Optics 9, no. 6 (2004): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1805559.

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28

Mallik, Udayan, Peter Petrone, and Dominic J. Benford. "Maturing electron multiplying charge coupled device photon-counting with variable multiplication gain imaging for a coronagraphic instrument." Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 5, no. 04 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.5.4.045001.

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29

Ortega-Ojeda, Fernando, Matías Calcerrada, Alejandro Ferrero, Joaquín Campos, and Carmen Garcia-Ruiz. "Measuring the Human Ultra-Weak Photon Emission Distribution Using an Electron-Multiplying, Charge-Coupled Device as a Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 4 (2018): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18041152.

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30

Matsumoto, Masayoshi, Tadao Sugiura, and Kotaro Minato. "Illumination by Near-Critical-Angle Incidence for Imaging Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy with Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device Camera." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 6 (2010): 060208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.060208.

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31

Dou, Jiangpei, Bingli Niu, Gang Zhao, et al. "Performance Calibration of the Wavefront Sensor’s EMCCD Detector for the Cool Planets Imaging Coronagraph Aboard CSST." Journal of Imaging 11, no. 6 (2025): 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11060203.

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The wavefront sensor (WFS), equipped with an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) detector, is a critical component of the Cool Planets Imaging Coronagraph (CPI-C) on the Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST). Precise calibration of the WFS’s EMCCD detector is essential to meet the stringent requirements for high-contrast exoplanet imaging. This study comprehensively characterizes key performance parameters of the detector to ensure its suitability for astronomical observations. Through a multi-stage screening protocol, we identified an EMCCD chip exhibiting high resolution and low noise. The electron-multiplying gain (EM Gain) of the EMCCD was analyzed to determine its impact on signal amplification and noise characteristics, identifying the optimal operational range. Additionally, noise properties such as readout noise were investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized detector meets CPI-C’s initial application requirements, achieving high resolution and low noise. This study provides theoretical and experimental foundations for the use of EMCCD-based WFS in adaptive optics and astronomical observations, ensuring their reliability for advanced space-based imaging applications.

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32

Connally, Russell, and James Piper. "Solid-state time-gated luminescence microscope with ultraviolet light-emitting diode excitation and electron-multiplying charge-coupled device detection." Journal of Biomedical Optics 13, no. 3 (2008): 034022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2928169.

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33

Basden, Alastair G. "Analysis of electron multiplying charge coupled device and scientific CMOS readout noise models for Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor accuracy." Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 1, no. 3 (2015): 039002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.1.3.039002.

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34

Zhang, Yaqi, Yongxia Han, Wenbo Zheng, Jie Yang, Lu Qu, and Gang Liu. "Study on the Electron Density Measurement of 1 m Rod-plate Gap Discharge Process under the Lightning Impulse." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2418, no. 1 (2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2418/1/012036.

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Abstract Observation and measurement of the microscopic parameters in the long air gap discharge process play an important role in studying its physical mechanism and the discharge simulation model. In this paper, we combined an electron-multiplying intensified charge-coupled device (EMICCD) camera and a spectrometer, and built a lightning discharge spectrum observation platform of spatiotemporal distribution for the 1 m rod-plane air gap with nanosecond exposure time. The spatiotemporal distributions of the spectral information of the 1 m air gap discharge under positive and negative lightning impulses were obtained. Based on the atomic emission spectroscopy diagnostic method, N and O atomic spectral lines were used to calculate the corresponding electron density at different positions and time points during the breakdown discharges. The testing results were compared with other literature and the differences also were discussed.

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35

Grubbs, Guy, Robert Michell, Marilia Samara, Don Hampton, and Jorg-Micha Jahn. "A synthesis of star calibration techniques for ground-based narrowband electron-multiplying charge-coupled device imagers used in auroral photometry." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121, no. 6 (2016): 5991–6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015ja022186.

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36

Wang, Shengjie, Xiaojia Yang, Donglin Su, Weiqi Cao, and Xianhao Zhang. "Flash 3D Imaging of Far-Field Dynamic Objects: An EMCCD-Based Polarization Modulation System." Sensors 25, no. 13 (2025): 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25133852.

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High-resolution 3D visualization of dynamic environments is critical for applications such as remote sensing. Traditional 3D imaging systems, such as lidar, rely on avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays to determine the flight time of light for each scene pixel. In this context, we introduce and demonstrate a high-resolution 3D imaging approach leveraging an Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD). This sensor’s low bandwidth properties allow for the use of electro-optic modulators to achieve both temporal resolution and rapid shuttering at sub-nanosecond speeds. This enables range-gated 3D imaging, which significantly enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within our proposed framework. By employing a dual EMCCD setup, it is possible to reconstruct both a depth image and a grayscale image from a single raw data frame, thereby improving dynamic imaging capabilities, irrespective of object or platform movement. Additionally, the adaptive gate-opening range technology can further refine the range resolution of specific scene objects to as low as 10 cm.

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37

Kuhls, A., G. Yadava, V. Patel, D. Bednarek, and S. Rudin. "WE-C-L100J-06: Linear Systems Analysis for a New Solid State X-Ray Image Intensifier (SSXII) Based On Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Devices (EMCCDs)." Medical Physics 34, no. 6Part20 (2007): 2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2761492.

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38

Серебрянский, А. В., М. А. Кругов, А. А. Комаров, Л. А. Усольцева та Ч. Б. Акниязов. "Первые результаты наблюдений на новом оптическом комплексе на базе телескопа RC500 и EMCCD (electron multiplying charge-coupled device) обсерватории Ассы-Тургень в Казахстане". Астрономический вестник 52, № 4 (2018): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0320930x18040047.

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39

Yokota, Hiroaki, Atsuhito Fukasawa, Minako Hirano, and Toru Ide. "Low-Light Photodetectors for Fluorescence Microscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062773.

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Over the years, fluorescence microscopy has evolved and has become a necessary element of life science studies. Microscopy has elucidated biological processes in live cells and organisms, and also enabled tracking of biomolecules in real time. Development of highly sensitive photodetectors and light sources, in addition to the evolution of various illumination methods and fluorophores, has helped microscopy acquire single-molecule fluorescence sensitivity, enabling single-molecule fluorescence imaging and detection. Low-light photodetectors used in microscopy are classified into two categories: point photodetectors and wide-field photodetectors. Although point photodetectors, notably photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), have been commonly used in laser scanning microscopy (LSM) with a confocal illumination setup, wide-field photodetectors, such as electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs) and scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras have been used in fluorescence imaging. This review focuses on the former low-light point photodetectors and presents their fluorescence microscopy applications and recent progress. These photodetectors include conventional PMTs, single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), hybrid photodetectors (HPDs), in addition to newly emerging photodetectors, such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) (also known as multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs)) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SSPDs). In particular, this review shows distinctive features of HPD and application of HPD to wide-field single-molecule fluorescence detection.

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40

O’Connor, Eoin G. P., Andrew Shearer, Christian Gouiffes, and Philippe Laurent. "High Time Resolution Astronomical Polarimetry with GASP." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S337 (2017): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317010626.

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AbstractThe Galway Astronomical Stokes Polarimeter (GASP) is a high time resolution, full-Stokes imaging polarimeter which utilises a Fresnel rhomb prism as a beam-splitter and quarter wave retarder. The ability to perform optical photometry and polarimetry at high frame rates enables more detailed studies of a multitude of compact objects including; optical pulsars, magnetars and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We present a brief discussion of the instruments’ current capabilities and hardware design. GASP is currently configured with two Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Devices (EMCCDs), which offer sub-millisecond frame readout speeds over a defined region of interest on the sensor. We will report results from an observational campaign at the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) in December, 2015. During this campaign GASP was used to study the Crab Pulsar, V404 Cygni and polarisation standards. As a subset of our analysis we have identified a significant contribution from the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and the interaction of a varying polarised source with the ISM, the subsequent conversion of linearly polarised light to circular, and its dependence on the angle of the source emission electric field orientation. Further to the presentation of results we will discuss future observational work, which is planned for September 2017 and subsequent improvements to increase the temporal resolution of the detectors.

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41

Michalet, X., R. A. Colyer, G. Scalia, et al. "Development of new photon-counting detectors for single-molecule fluorescence microscopy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1611 (2013): 20120035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0035.

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Two optical configurations are commonly used in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy: point-like excitation and detection to study freely diffusing molecules, and wide field illumination and detection to study surface immobilized or slowly diffusing molecules. Both approaches have common features, but also differ in significant aspects. In particular, they use different detectors, which share some requirements but also have major technical differences. Currently, two types of detectors best fulfil the needs of each approach: single-photon-counting avalanche diodes (SPADs) for point-like detection, and electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs) for wide field detection. However, there is room for improvements in both cases. The first configuration suffers from low throughput owing to the analysis of data from a single location. The second, on the other hand, is limited to relatively low frame rates and loses the benefit of single-photon-counting approaches. During the past few years, new developments in point-like and wide field detectors have started addressing some of these issues. Here, we describe our recent progresses towards increasing the throughput of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy in solution using parallel arrays of SPADs. We also discuss our development of large area photon-counting cameras achieving subnanosecond resolution for fluorescence lifetime imaging applications at the single-molecule level.

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42

Vida, D., M. Campbell-Brown, P. G. Brown, A. Egal, and M. J. Mazur. "A new method for measuring the meteor mass index: application to the 2018 Draconid meteor shower outburst." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937296.

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Context. Several authors predicted an outburst of the Draconid meteor shower in 2018, but with an uncertain level of activity. Aims. Optical meteor observations were used to derive the population and mass indices, flux, and radiant positions of Draconid meteors. Methods. We performed 90 min of multi-station observations after the predicted peak of activity using highly sensitive Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device cameras. The data calibration is discussed in detail. A novel maximum likelihood estimation method was developed to compute the population and mass index with robust error estimation. We applied the method to observed Draconids and used the values to derive the flux. Meteor trajectories were computed and compared to predicted radiant positions from meteoroid ejection models. Results. We find a mass index of 1.74 ± 0.18 in the 30 min bin after the predicted peak, and 2.32 ± 0.27 in the subsequent 60 min. The location and the dispersion of the radiant are a good match to modeled values, but there is an offset of 0.4° in solar longitude.

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43

Yamamoto, Seiichi, Masao Yoshino, Kohei Nakanishi, et al. "Sub-micrometer real-time imaging of trajectory of alpha particles using GAGG plate and CMOS camera." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 10 (2023): T10003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/10/t10003.

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Abstract High-resolution and real-time imaging of the trajectories of alpha particles is desired in nuclear medicine and nuclear engineering. Although an imaging method using a scintillator plate combined with a magnifying unit and a cooled electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera is a possible method of obtaining high-resolution trajectory images, the spatial resolution of the system is limited to ∼2 μm. To overcome the spatial resolution limitations of this method on trajectory imaging, we used a cooled complementally metal oxide (CMOS) camera in which the sensor had a much larger number of pixels, which were also smaller. Using the CMOS camera based imaging system, we could measure the trajectories of alpha particles in real time with the spatial resolution of 0.34 μm FWHM. With smoothing of the images to reduce image noise, spatial resolution was still kept to less than 0.75 μm. We conclude that this CMOS camera-based alpha-particle trajectory-imaging system is promising for alpha-particle or other particles imaging where ultrahigh spatial resolution is required.

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44

Yamamoto, Seiichi, Masao Yoshino, Kohei Nakanishi, Kei Kamada, Akira Yoshikawa, and Jun Kataoka. "A high-resolution real-time imaging system for observing the trajectories of neutron induced particles in a scintillator." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (2023): T06009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/t06009.

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Abstract High-resolution imaging of neutron induced particles is required in such methods as neutron radiography. However, the scintillation spots in a neutron-sensitive scintillator have not yet been imaged nor measured for size. We developed a high-resolution, real-time neutron induced particle imaging system for observing these particles' trajectories in a scintillator. The developed system is based on a magnifying unit and a cooled electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera combined with a lithium-containing silver-doped zinc sulfide (Li-ZnS(Ag)) scintillator plate. Neutrons from a californium-252 (252Cf) source were irradiated to the Li-ZnS(Ag) scintillator and imaged with the system. Using our system, we measured the scintillation spots of the neutron induced particles having different shapes in real time. In some of these measured scintillation spots, those with elliptical shapes were observed due to the trajectories of the particles in the scintillator. The spatial resolution calculated from the widths of the scintillation spots was ∼56 μm. Consequently, the developed imaging system is promising for research on neutron imaging that requires high spatial resolution.

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Hirsch, Michael, Joshua Semeter, Matthew Zettergren, Hannna Dahlgren, Chhavi Goenka, and Hassanali Akbari. "Reconstruction of Fine-Scale Auroral Dynamics." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 54, no. 5 (2015): 2780–91. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2505686.

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We present a feasibility study for a high-frame-rate Short-baseline auroral tomographic imaging system useful for estimating parametric variations in the precipitating electron number flux spectrum of dynamic auroral events. Of particular interest are auroral substorms, which are characterized by spatial variations of order 100 m and temporal variations of order 10 ms. These scales are thought to be produced by dispersive Alfvén waves in the near-Earth magnetosphere. The auroral tomography system characterized in this paper reconstructs the auroral volume emission rate, to estimate the characteristic energy and location in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic field of peak electron precipitation flux, using a distributed network of precisely synchronized ground-based cameras. As the observing baseline decreases, the tomographic inverse problem becomes highly ill-conditioned; as the sampling rate increases, the signal-to-noise ratio degrades and synchronization requirements become increasingly critical. Our approach to these challenges uses a physics-based auroral model to regularize the poorly observed vertical dimension. Specifically, the vertical dimension is expanded in a low-dimensional basis, consisting of eigenprofiles computed over the range of expected energies in the precipitating electron flux, while the horizontal dimension retains a standard orthogonal pixel basis. Simulation results show typical characteristic energy estimation error less than 30% for a 3-km baseline achievable within the confines of the Poker Flat Research Range, using GPS-synchronized electron-multiplying charge-coupled device cameras with broadband BG3 optical filters that pass prompt auroral emissions.

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Jiang, Jia-Zong, Song Zhang, Lei Liu, and Bao-Min Sun. "A microscopic experimental study of nanoparticle motion for the enhancement of oxygen absorption in nanofluids." Nanotechnology Reviews 7, no. 6 (2018): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2018-0072.

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AbstractThe behavior of nanoparticle motion has a great influence on gas-liquid mass transfer. However, it has been very difficult to characterize the motion of nanoparticles from a micro view in mass transfer experiments. In this study, a novel method was proposed to investigate nanoparticle Brownian motion through the application of the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope in a self-designed sample (a quasi-static liquid micro-groove) and the mass transfer enhancement of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle movement behavior was photographed using an electron-multiplying charge coupled device, and 100 consecutive images were recorded using Micro-Manager software at a rate of 20 fps. The images were processed through the particle tracking velocimetry algorithm to calculate two-dimensional motion rates of nanoparticles caused by Brownian movement. It showed that nanoparticle loadings influenced the motion rates significantly, and the motion rates were larger with smaller particle sizes under the same operating condition. The mass transfer coefficients in the quasi-static gas-liquid mass transfer system were calculated and analyzed through microscopic measurement. Based on the above thought, three important non-dimensional numbers [Sherwood (Shp), Reynolds (Rep), and Schmidt (Scp) numbers] for mass transfer theory were studied.

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Yokoyama, Akihito, Wataru Kada, Takahiro Satoh, et al. "Real-Time Measurement of Ion Energies for Heavy Ions." Key Engineering Materials 698 (July 2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.698.157.

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A real-time position detection system is developed for measuring heavy ions with low fluence and energy of several hundred MeV, which are generated from an azimuthally varying field (AVF) cyclotron accelerator. We investigate the photoluminescence of α-Al2O3 single crystals implanted with Eu (Al2O3:Eu), which is used in the detection system. The Al2O3:Eu scintillators with a fluence of 3.0 × 1016 cm−2 are annealed at 500–900°C. The annealing conditions required for the Al2O3:Eu scintillators to obtain the maximum luminescence are 0.5 h at 600°C. The scintillator is placed on the AVF cyclotron target stage under atmospheric pressure and is irradiated by 260-MeV Ne. An inverted confocal microscope with a ×10 objective lens is positioned behind the Al2O3:Eu scintillator, and the luminescent images during ion irradiation are obtained by a position-sensitive camera unit with a 512 × 512 pixel electron multiplying charge-coupled device. The images indicate that our online measurement system has a sufficient spatial resolution, since the luminous diameter induced by irradiation with 190 ions /s is almost the same as that of the microbeam.

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Yamamoto, Seiichi, Masao Yoshino, Kohei Nakanishi, Kei Kamada, Akira Yoshikawa, and Jun Kataoka. "A method for estimating the incident directions of alpha particles in 2-dimensional trajectory images in a GAGG plate." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (2024): T04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/t04010.

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Abstract An imaging technique utilizing a scintillator plate in conjunction with a magnifying unit and a cooled electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera shows promise for capturing high-resolution trajectory images. Nevertheless, in the 2-dimensional trajectory images, the incident directions of the alpha particles entering the scintillator plate remained unknown due to the line-shaped trajectories. To elucidate the incident directions in our trajectory images, we conducted experiments capturing trajectory images of alpha particles under off-focus conditions. To capture off-focus images of alpha particles, we systematically varied the distance between the GAGG plate and the lens during imaging using an americium-241 (Am-241) source. Through images obtained at different distances between the GAGG plate and the lens, we successfully acquired trajectory images with varying degrees of off-focus, revealing that trajectory images focused on the upper surface of the GAGG plate exhibited blurred and wider trajectories in the deeper regions, making the incident directions of the alpha particles evident. We conclude that the proposed off-focus method for trajectory imaging of alpha particles holds promise for estimating the incident directions in the trajectory images.

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Bakshi, Somenath, Heejun Choi, Nambirajan Rangarajan, Kenneth J. Barns, Benjamin P. Bratton, and James C. Weisshaar. "Nonperturbative Imaging of Nucleoid Morphology in Live Bacterial Cells during an Antimicrobial Peptide Attack." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 16 (2014): 4977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00989-14.

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ABSTRACTStudies of time-dependent drug and environmental effects on single, live bacterial cells would benefit significantly from a permeable, nonperturbative, long-lived fluorescent stain specific to the nucleoids (chromosomal DNA). The ideal stain would not affect cell growth rate or nucleoid morphology and dynamics, even during laser illumination for hundreds of camera frames. In this study, time-dependent, single-cell fluorescence imaging with laser excitation and a sensitive electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) camera critically tested the utility of “dead-cell stains” (SYTOX orange and SYTOX green) and “live-cell stains” (DRAQ5 and SYTO 61) and also 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Surprisingly, the dead-cell stains were nearly ideal for imaging liveEscherichia coli, while the live-cell stains and DAPI caused nucleoid expansion and, in some cases, cell permeabilization and the halting of growth. SYTOX orange performed well for both the Gram-negativeE. coliand the Gram-positiveBacillus subtilis. In an initial application, we used two-color fluorescence imaging to show that the antimicrobial peptide cecropin A destroyed nucleoid-ribosome segregation over 20 min after permeabilization of theE. colicytoplasmic membrane, reminiscent of the long-term effects of the drug rifampin. In contrast, the human cathelicidin LL-37, while similar to cecropin A in structure, length, charge, and the ability to permeabilize bacterial membranes, had no observable effect on nucleoid-ribosome segregation. Possible underlying causes are suggested.

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Zhao, Mingjun, Siavash Mazdeyasna, Chong Huang, et al. "Noncontact Speckle Contrast Diffuse Correlation Tomography of Blood Flow Distributions in Burn Wounds: A Preliminary Study." Military Medicine 185, Supplement_1 (2019): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz233.

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Abstract Introduction: Tissue injuries are often associated with abnormal blood flow (BF). The ability to assess BF distributions in injured tissues enables objective evaluation of interventions and holds the potential to improve the acute management of these injuries on battlefield. Materials and Methods: We have developed a novel speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) system for noncontact 3D imaging of tissue BF distributions. In scDCT, a galvo mirror was used to remotely project near-infrared point light to different source positions and an electron multiplying charge-coupled-device was used to detect boundary diffuse speckle contrasts. The normalized boundary data were then inserted into a modified Near-Infrared Fluorescence and Spectral Tomography program for 3D reconstructions of BF distributions. This article reports the first application of scDCT for noncontact 3D imaging of BF distributions in burn wounds. Results: Significant lower BF values were observed in the burned areas/volumes compared to surrounding normal tissues. Conclusions: The unique noncontact 3D imaging capability makes the scDCT applicable for intraoperative assessment of burns/wounds, without risk of infection and without interfering with sterility of the surgical field. The portable scDCT device holds the potential to be used by surgeons in combat surgical hospitals to improve the acute management of battlefield burn injuries.

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