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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron plasma'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

BINGHAM, R., L. O. SILVA, J. T. MENDONCA, P. K. SHUKLA, W. B. MORI, and A. SERBETO. "PLASMA WAKES DRIVEN BY NEUTRINOS, PHOTONS AND ELECTRON BEAMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2007): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207042112.

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There is considerable interest in the propagation dynamics of intense electron and photon neutrino beams in a background dispersive medium such as dense plasmas, particularly in the search for a mechanism to explain the dynamics of type II supernovae. Neutrino interactions with matter are usually considered as single particle interactions. All the single particle mechanisms describing the dynamical properties of neutrino's in matter are analogous with the processes involving single electron interactions with a medium such as Compton scattering, and Cerenkov radiation etc. However, it is well known that beams of electrons moving through a plasma give rise to a new class of processes known as collective interactions such as two stream instabilities which result in either the absorption or generation of plasma waves. Intense photon beams also drive collective interactions such as modulational type instabilities. In both cases relativistic electron beams of electrons and photon beams can drive plasma wakefields in plasmas. Employing the relativistic kinetic equations for neutrinos interacting with dense plasmas via the weak force we explore collective plasma streaming instabilities driven by Neutrino electron and photon beams and demonstrate that all three types of particles can drive wakefields.

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2

Kunze, H., R. Noll, C. R. Haas, M. Elfers, J. Hertzberg, and G. Herziger. "Pulsed-power-generated plasma of high reproducibility." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 4 (December 1990): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009022.

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Plasmas of high reproducibility that are suitable for beam-plasma experiments are generated by a pulsed-power z-pinch discharge. The z-pinch device is designed as a plasma target for the investigation of ion beam-plasma interactions. The dynamic plasma state is characterized by the electron density, the electron temperature, and the magnetic field distribution, which are observed using time-resolved diagnostics. For z-pinch discharges in hydrogen, average electron densities of up to (2.6 ± 0.1) × 1018 electrons/cm3 were measured interferometrically. Electron temperatures in the range 2–7 eV are determined by time-resolved spectroscopy. The reproducibility of the electron density of the z-pinch discharge in terms of shot-to-shot fluctuations is estimated to be better than 3%. This is a favorable condition for performing beam-plasma experiments.

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ZHOU, C. T., M. Y. YU, and X. T. HE. "Electron acceleration by high current-density relativistic electron bunch in plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 2 (June 2007): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607000171.

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Electron acceleration by a short high-current relativistic electron bunch (EB) in plasmas at three characteristic densities is studied by particle-in-cell simulation. It is found that if the EB is appropriately matched to the background plasma, the blowout space-charge field of the EB can accelerate the trailing bunch electrons at very high energy gain rate. This high energy gain, as well as the large-amplitude wakefield, the turbulent small-scale electron plasma waves, and the formation of large current peaks, are studied. The evolution of the EB, its blowout field, and other related parameters are shown to be self-similar.

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Danehkar, A. "Electron beam-plasma interaction and electron-acoustic solitary waves in a plasma with suprathermal electrons." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 60, no. 6 (April 26, 2018): 065010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aabc40.

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5

Shukla, Padma Kant, and Bengt Eliasson. "Localization of intense electromagnetic waves in plasmas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1871 (January 24, 2008): 1757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2184.

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We present theoretical and numerical studies of the interaction between relativistically intense laser light and a two-temperature plasma consisting of one relativistically hot and one cold component of electrons. Such plasmas are frequently encountered in intense laser–plasma experiments where collisionless heating via Raman instabilities leads to a high-energetic tail in the electron distribution function. The electromagnetic waves (EMWs) are governed by the Maxwell equations, and the plasma is governed by the relativistic Vlasov and hydrodynamic equations. Owing to the interaction between the laser light and the plasma, we can have trapping of electrons in the intense wakefield of the laser pulse and the formation of relativistic electron holes (REHs) in which laser light is trapped. Such electron holes are characterized by a non-Maxwellian distribution of electrons where we have trapped and free electron populations. We present a model for the interaction between laser light and REHs, and computer simulations that show the stability and dynamics of the coupled electron hole and EMW envelopes.

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ELIASSON, BENGT, and PADMA KANT SHUKLA. "Dispersion properties of electrostatic oscillations in quantum plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 1 (October 27, 2009): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990316.

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AbstractWe present a derivation of the dispersion relation for electrostatic oscillations in a zero-temperature quantum plasma, in which degenerate electrons are governed by the Wigner equation, while non-degenerate ions follow the classical fluid equations. The Poisson equation determines the electrostatic wave potential. We consider parameters ranging from semiconductor plasmas to metallic plasmas and electron densities of compressed matter such as in laser compression schemes and dense astrophysical objects. Owing to the wave diffraction caused by overlapping electron wave function because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in dense plasmas, we have the possibility of Landau damping of the high-frequency electron plasma oscillations at large enough wavenumbers. The exact dispersion relations for the electron plasma oscillations are solved numerically and compared with the ones obtained by using approximate formulas for the electron susceptibility in the high- and low-frequency cases.

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7

BARRIGA-CARRASCO, M. D., and A. Y. POTEKHIN. "Proton stopping in plasmas considering e−–e− collisions." Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 4 (October 2006): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034606060733.

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The purpose of the present paper is to describe the effects of electron-electron collisions on proton electronic stopping in plasmas of any degeneracy. Plasma targets are considered fully ionized so electronic stopping is only due to the free electrons. The stopping due to free electrons is obtained from an exact quantum mechanical evaluation in the random phase approximation, which takes into account the degeneracy of the target plasma. The result is compared with common classical and degenerate approximations. Differences are around 30% in some cases which can produce bigger mistakes in further energy deposition and projectile range studies. We focus our analysis on plasmas in the limit of weakly coupled plasmas then electron-electron collisions have to be considered. Differences with the same results without taking into account collisions are more than 50%.

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8

El-Hanbaly, A. M., E. K. El-Shewy, A. I. Kassem, and H. F. Darweesh. "Nonlinear Electron Acoustic Waves in Dissipative Plasma with Superthermal Electrons." Applied Physics Research 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n1p64.

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The nonlinear properties of small amplitude electron-acoustic ( EA) solitary and shock waves in a homogeneous system of unmagnetized collisionless plasma consisted of a cold electron ﬂuid and superthermal hot electrons obeying superthermal distribution, and stationary ions have been investigated. A reductive perturbation method was employed to obtain the Kadomstev-Petviashvili-Burgers (KP-Brugers) equation. Some solutions of physical interest are obtained. These solutions are related to soliton, monotonic and oscillatory shock waves and their behaviour are shown graphically. The formation of these solutions depends crucially on the value of the Burgers term and the plasma parameters as well. By using the tangent hyperbolic (tanh) method, another interesting type of solution which is a combination between shock and soliton waves is obtained . The topology of phase portrait and potential diagram of the KP-Brugers equation is investigated.The advantage of using this method is that one can predict diﬀerent classes of the travelling wave solutions according to diﬀerent phase orbits. The obtained results may be helpful in better understanding of waves propagation in various space plasma environments as well as in inertial conﬁnement fusion laboratory plasmas.

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9

Yasuda, Hirotsugu, Loic Ledernez, Fethi Olcaytug, and Gerald Urban. "Electron dynamics of low-pressure deposition plasma." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 1883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880091883.

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When the electric field in the dark gas phase reaches the threshold value, an electron avalanche (breakdown) occurs, which causes dissociation of organic molecules, excitation of chemically reactive molecular gas, and/or ionization of atomic gas, depending on the type of gas involved. The principles that govern these electron-impact reactions are collectively described by the term "electron dynamics". The electron-impact dissociation of organic molecules is the key factor for the deposition plasma. The implications of the interfacial avalanche of the primary electrons on the deposition plasma and also other plasma processes are discussed. The system dependency of low-pressure plasma deposition processes is an extremely important factor that should be reckoned, because the electron dynamic reactions are highly dependent on every aspect of the reaction system. The secondary electron emission from the cathode is a misinterpretation of the interfacial electron avalanche of the primary electrons described in this paper.

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10

Saito, S., F. R. E. Forme, S. C. Buchert, S. Nozawa, and R. Fujii. "Effects of a kappa distribution function of electrons on incoherent scatter spectra." Annales Geophysicae 18, no. 9 (September 30, 2000): 1216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-1216-2.

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Abstract. In usual incoherent scatter data analysis, the plasma distribution function is assumed to be Maxwellian. In space plasmas, however, distribution functions with a high energy tail which can be well modeled by a generalized Lorentzian distribution function with spectral index kappa (kappa distribution) have been observed. We have theoretically calculated incoherent scatter spectra for a plasma that consists of electrons with kappa distribution function and ions with Maxwellian neglecting the effects of the magnetic field and collisions. The ion line spectra have a double-humped shape similar to those from a Maxwellian plasma. The electron temperatures are underestimated, however, by up to 40% when interpreted assuming Maxwellian distribution. Ion temperatures and electron densities are affected little. Accordingly, actual electron temperatures might be underestimated when an energy input maintaining a high energy tail exists. We have also calculated plasma lines with the kappa distribution function. They are enhanced in total strength, and the peak frequencies appear to be slightly shifted to the transmitter frequency compared to the peak frequencies for a Maxwellian distribution. The damping rate depends on the electron temperature. For lower electron temperatures, plasma lines for electrons with a κ distribution function are more strongly damped than for a Maxwellian distribution. For higher electron temperatures, however, they have a relatively sharp peak.Key words: Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; plasma waves and instabilities) – Space plasma physics (kinetic and MHD theory)

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11

Virko, V. F., V. M. Slobodyan, and Yu V. Virko. "Coupling of Helicon Antennas to Plasma near the Electron Cyclotron Resonance." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 61, no. 11 (November 2016): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe61.11.0956.

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12

Franklin, R. N., and N. St J. Braithwaite. "Electron plasma waves and plasma resonances." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 18, no. 1 (November 14, 2008): 014019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/18/1/014019.

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13

Eliasson, B., and P. K. Shukla. "The dynamics of electron and ion holes in a collisionless plasma." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2005): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-12-269-2005.

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Abstract. We present a review of recent analytical and numerical studies of the dynamics of electron and ion holes in a collisionless plasma. The new results are based on the class of analytic solutions which were found by Schamel more than three decades ago, and which here work as initial conditions to numerical simulations of the dynamics of ion and electron holes and their interaction with radiation and the background plasma. Our analytic and numerical studies reveal that ion holes in an electron-ion plasma can trap Langmuir waves, due the local electron density depletion associated with the negative ion hole potential. Since the scale-length of the ion holes are on a relatively small Debye scale, the trapped Langmuir waves are Landau damped. We also find that colliding ion holes accelerate electron streams by the negative ion hole potentials, and that these streams of electrons excite Langmuir waves due to a streaming instability. In our Vlasov simulation of two colliding ion holes, the holes survive the collision and after the collision, the electron distribution becomes flat-topped between the two ion holes due to the ion hole potentials which work as potential barriers for low-energy electrons. Our study of the dynamics between electron holes and the ion background reveals that standing electron holes can be accelerated by the self-created ion cavity owing to the positive electron hole potential. Vlasov simulations show that electron holes are repelled by ion density minima and attracted by ion density maxima. We also present an extension of Schamel's theory to relativistically hot plasmas, where the relativistic mass increase of the accelerated electrons have a dramatic effect on the electron hole, with an increase in the electron hole potential and in the width of the electron hole. A study of the interaction between electromagnetic waves with relativistic electron holes shows that electromagnetic waves can be both linearly and nonlinearly trapped in the electron hole, which widens further due to the relativistic mass increase and ponderomotive force in the oscillating electromagnetic field. The results of our simulations could be helpful to understand the nonlinear dynamics of electron and ion holes in space and laboratory plasmas.

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14

Siddique, M., M. Jamil, A. Rasheed, F. Areeb, Asif Javed, and P. Sumera. "Impact of Relativistic Electron Beam on Hole Acoustic Instability in Quantum Semiconductor Plasmas." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0275.

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AbstractWe studied the influence of the classical relativistic beam of electrons on the hole acoustic wave (HAW) instability exciting in the semiconductor quantum plasmas. We conducted this study by using the quantum-hydrodynamic model of dense plasmas, incorporating the quantum effects of semiconductor plasma species which include degeneracy pressure, exchange-correlation potential and Bohm potential. Analysis of the quantum characteristics of semiconductor plasma species along with relativistic effect of beam electrons on the dispersion relation of the HAW is given in detail qualitatively and quantitatively by plotting them numerically. It is worth mentioning that the relativistic electron beam (REB) stabilises the HAWs exciting in semiconductor (GaAs) degenerate plasma.

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15

Widom, A., J. Swain, and Yogendra N. Srivastava. "Fully Ionized Plasmas and Nuclear Electron Capture Reactions." Key Engineering Materials 644 (May 2015): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.644.70.

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Properties of fully ionized plasmas are discussed including plasma charge density oscillations and the screening of Coulombs law especially in the dilute classical Debye regime. In a kinetic model with two charged particle scattering events in the Boltzmann collision rates, the rate of electron capture induced plasma nuclear reactions is exhibited and veri es our previous results based on condensed matter electro-weak quantum eld theory.

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16

Bharuthram, R. "Electron-acoustic instability driven by a field-aligned hot electron beam." Journal of Plasma Physics 46, no. 1 (August 1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800015907.

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Using kinetic theory, the electron-acoustic instability is investigated in a three-component plasma consisting of a hot electron beam and stationary cool electrons and ions. In the model considered here both the electrons and ions are magnetized, with the beam drift along the external magnetic field. The dependence of the growth rate on plasma parameters, such as electron-beam density, electron-beam speed, magnetic field strength and propagation angle, is studied. In addition, the effects of anisotropies in the velocity distributions of the hot electron beam and the cool electrons on the instability growth rate are examined.

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17

Hogan, Mark J. "Electron and Positron Beam–Driven Plasma Acceleration." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 09 (January 2016): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626816300036.

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Particle accelerators are the ultimate microscopes. They produce high energy beams of particles — or, in some cases, generate X-ray laser pulses — to probe the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe and to explore the building blocks of life. But it takes huge accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider or the two-mile-long SLAC linac, to generate beams with enough energy and resolving power. If we could achieve the same thing with accelerators just a few meters long, accelerators and particle colliders could be much smaller and cheaper. Since the first theoretical work in the early 1980s, an exciting series of experiments have aimed at accelerating electrons and positrons to high energies in a much shorter distance by having them “surf” on waves of hot, ionized gas like that found in fluorescent light tubes. Electron-beam-driven experiments have measured the integrated and dynamic aspects of plasma focusing, the bright flux of high energy betatron radiation photons, particle beam refraction at the plasma–neutral-gas interface, and the structure and amplitude of the accelerating wakefield. Gradients spanning kT/m to MT/m for focusing and 100[Formula: see text]MeV/m to 50[Formula: see text]GeV/m for acceleration have been excited in meter-long plasmas with densities of 10[Formula: see text]–10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], respectively. Positron-beam-driven experiments have evidenced the more complex dynamic and integrated plasma focusing, 100[Formula: see text]MeV/m to 5[Formula: see text]GeV/m acceleration in linear and nonlinear plasma waves, and explored the dynamics of hollow channel plasma structures. Strongly beam-loaded plasma waves have accelerated beams of electrons and positrons with hundreds of pC of charge to over 5[Formula: see text]GeV in meter scale plasmas with high efficiency and narrow energy spread. These “plasma wakefield acceleration” experiments have been mounted by a diverse group of accelerator, laser and plasma researchers from national laboratories and universities around the world. This article reviews the basic principles of plasma wakefield acceleration with electron and positron beams, the current state of understanding, the push for first applications and the long range R&D roadmap toward a high energy collider.

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18

Pakzad, Hamid Reza, and Mouloud Tribeche. "Electron-acoustic solitons in plasma with nonthermal electrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 330, no. 1 (March 25, 2010): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-010-0367-1.

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19

Sokolovsky, S. A., A. I. Sokolovsky, and O. A. Hrinishyn. "Relaxation phenomena in electron plasma of semiconductors." Journal of Physics and Electronics 28, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/332003.

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The hydrodynamics of the electron subsystems of semiconductors is studied in the approximations of the ideal and real liquid, taking into account processes of relaxation of temperatures and macroscopic velocities of electrons and phonons without assuming the local equilibrium of the system. A set of integral equations for the electron distribution function of the first order in gradients is obtained, which determines the sources in the hydrodynamic equations of the ideal liquid approximation and the dissipative flows of energy and momentum of electrons. The steady states of the system in the ideal liquid approximation are investigated. The exact formulas for the electron mobility of the semiconductor and its conductivity are derived and kinetic coefficients that determine current in a spatially inhomogeneous state are calculated. In the presence of an electric field, the phenomenon of difference of temperatures of the electron and phonon subsystems is predicted. The obtained expressions are specified for the case of temperatures much higher the Debye temperature.

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20

Chen, H., and S. Q. Liu. "Electron-acoustic solitary structures in two-electron-temperature plasma with superthermal electrons." Astrophysics and Space Science 339, no. 1 (January 13, 2012): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-011-0971-8.

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21

MISHRA, M. K., A. PHUKAN, and M. CHAKRABORTY. "Effect of discharge voltage on bi-Maxwellian electrons in the diffusion plasma region of a double plasma device." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 5 (July 3, 2013): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377813000597.

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AbstractThe effect of discharge voltage on bi-Maxwellian electrons in the diffusion region of a double plasma device has been studied. The increase in discharge voltage enhances the flux of ionizing electrons to the diffusion region separated by a mesh grid. This energetic electron flux in turn affects other important parameters such as density, electron temperature, plasma potential and floating potential in the diffusion region. Furthermore, the dependence of density and temperature of both ionizing and plasma electrons on discharge voltage is investigated. The electron energy probability function obtained from probe data also indicates the bi-Maxwellian nature of electrons.

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22

Dell, M. P., I. M. A. Gledhill, and M. A. Hellberg. "Criteria Governing Electron Plasma Waves in a Two-Temperature Plasma." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1987-1016.

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Using a technique based on the saddle-points of the dielectric function, criteria are found which govern the behaviour of electron plasma waves in plasmas with two electron populations having different temperatures.

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23

Ho, Ching Yen, Mao Yu Wen, and C. Ma. "Plasma from Electron Beam Evaporation of a Metal Target." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 1190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.1190.

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Transport variables in plasma column are analytically investigated in this paper. Low-energy electrons and ions are produced from electron beam evaporation of a metal target in the technological vacuum chamber of an electron beam welding machine. Assuming collisionless plasma motion in the radial direction, the electrostatic potential is obtained from model of plasma expansion. Transport variables such as ion density, electron density, conduction heat of the ions and electrons are calculated using the electrostatic potential and are compared with the available experimental data.

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24

Tagare, S. G., S. V. Singh, R. V. Reddy, and G. S. Lakhina. "Electron acoustic solitons in the Earth's magnetotail." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 11, no. 2 (April 14, 2004): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-215-2004.

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Abstract. Small amplitude electron - acoustic solitons are studied in a magnetized plasma consisting of two types of electrons, namely cold electron beam and background plasma electrons and two temperature ion plasma. The analysis predicts rarefactive solitons. The model may provide a possible explanation for the perpendicular polarization of the low-frequency component of the broadband electrostatic noise observed in the Earth's magnetotail.

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25

RIOS, L. A., P. K. SHUKLA, and A. SERBETO. "Photon equivalent charge in a two-electron temperature Fermi plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 75, no. 1 (February 2009): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377808007289.

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AbstractThe equivalent photon charge in a two-electron temperature Fermi plasma is determined through the plasma physics method. The Fermi plasma has distinct populations of hot and cold electrons that are described by a quantum hydrodynamic model which accounts for the quantum statistical pressure of the hot electrons and the quantum force acting on the two electron fluids. Relations for the coupling between the electron plasma density fluctuations and the radiation fields are derived, and the effective photon charge is then calculated.

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26

NAKASHIMA, Ken-ichi, and Thomas E. COWAN. "Relativistic Plasma Physics. Relativistic Electron-Positron Pair Plasmas." Journal of Plasma and Fusion Research 78, no. 6 (2002): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf.78.568.

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27

Sadiq, Safeer, S. Mahmood, and Q. Haque. "Nonlinear electron plasma waves in fully relativistic plasmas." Physica Scripta 95, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 105608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/abbaf1.

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28

Pecseli, H. L., J. Juul Rasmussen, S. G. Tagare, and K. Thomsen. "Weakly nonlinear electron plasma waves in collisional plasmas." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 28, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 485–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/28/2/007.

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Pecseli, H. L., J. Juul Rasmussen, S. G. Tagare, and K. Thomsen. "Weakly nonlinear electron plasma waves in collisional plasmas." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 28, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/28/8/511.

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30

Reitsma, Albert, and Dino Jaroszynski. "Electron and photon beams interacting with plasma." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (January 24, 2006): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1728.

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A comparison is made between the interaction of electron bunches and intense laser pulses with plasma. The laser pulse is modelled with photon kinetic theory , i.e. a representation of the electromagnetic field in terms of classical quasi-particles with space and wave number coordinates, which enables a direct comparison with the phase space evolution of the electron bunch. Analytical results are presented of the plasma waves excited by a propagating electron bunch or laser pulse, the motion of electrons or photons in these plasma waves and collective effects, which result from the self-consistent coupling of the particle and plasma wave dynamics.

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31

Johansson, F. L., A. I. Eriksson, N. Gilet, P. Henri, G. Wattieaux, M. G. G. T. Taylor, C. Imhof, and F. Cipriani. "A charging model for the Rosetta spacecraft." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): A43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038592.

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Context. The electrostatic potential of a spacecraft, VS, is important for the capabilities of in situ plasma measurements. Rosetta has been found to be negatively charged during most of the comet mission and even more so in denser plasmas. Aims. Our goal is to investigate how the negative VS correlates with electron density and temperature and to understand the physics of the observed correlation. Methods. We applied full mission comparative statistics of VS, electron temperature, and electron density to establish VS dependence on cold and warm plasma density and electron temperature. We also used Spacecraft-Plasma Interaction System (SPIS) simulations and an analytical vacuum model to investigate if positively biased elements covering a fraction of the solar array surface can explain the observed correlations. Results. Here, the VS was found to depend more on electron density, particularly with regard to the cold part of the electrons, and less on electron temperature than was expected for the high flux of thermal (cometary) ionospheric electrons. This behaviour was reproduced by an analytical model which is consistent with numerical simulations. Conclusions. Rosetta is negatively driven mainly by positively biased elements on the borders of the front side of the solar panels as these can efficiently collect cold plasma electrons. Biased elements distributed elsewhere on the front side of the panels are less efficient at collecting electrons apart from locally produced electrons (photoelectrons). To avoid significant charging, future spacecraft may minimise the area of exposed bias conductors or use a positive ground power system.

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Chakrabarti, Nikhil, and Sudip Sengupta. "Nonlinear interaction of electron plasma waves with electron acoustic waves in plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 16, no. 7 (July 2009): 072311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3191722.

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33

Aithal, Shridhar, and Henri Pépin. "Electron acceleration in propagating electron plasma waves." Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860442.

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34

Bernard, D. "Electron capture in an electron plasma wave." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 410, no. 3 (June 1998): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00154-5.

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35

CHUTOV, Yu I., O. Yu KRAVCHENKO, R. D. SMIRNOV, and P. P. J. M. SCHRAM. "Relaxation of dusty plasmas in plasma crystals." Journal of Plasma Physics 63, no. 1 (January 2000): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377899008107.

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Relaxation phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals have been investigated, including both the self-consistent electric charge of dust particles and the electron and ion velocity distribution functions, by means of a modified 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The results obtained show that the mutual interaction of dust particles in such crystals leads to special properties of the background electrons and ions due to their selective collection by dust particles during the relaxation. These electrons and ions can behave as non-ideal components of dusty plasmas in plasma crystals even in cases where their numbers in the Debye cube are large. This effect is caused by their intensive charge exchange with dust particles, which provides dusty plasmas with the status of open statistical systems. The selective collection of electrons and ions by dust particles also causes their deviation from the initial equilibrium as well as the non-equilibrium evolution of the self-consistent electric charge of the dust particles. Relaxation phenomena in plasma crystals have to be taken into account in all cases of strong changes of plasma parameters, for example due to strong oscillations and waves in these crystals.

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36

KINOSHITA, K., T. HOSOKAI, T. OHKUBO, A. MAEKAWA, K. KOBAYASHI, M. UESAKA, and A. ZHIDKOV. "MONO-ENERGETIC ELECTRON GENERATION AND PLASMA DIAGNOSIS EXPERIMENTS IN A LASER PLASMA CATHODE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 23 (September 20, 2007): 4310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07037846.

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Acceleration of plasma electrons by laser wake-filed is the most promising process to produce the next generation of compact accelerators because of its ultrahigh acceleration gradient. To achieve the efficient and stable mono-energetic acceleration of plasma electrons, we investigated the laser-plasma interaction and its correlation to electron acceleration through single shot measurements. We observed a thin laser channel when a mono-energetic spectrum was generated.

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37

Chatterjee, Prasanta, and Rajkumar Roychoudhury. "Ion Acoustic Soliton in an Electron Beam Plasma." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 51, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1996-0905.

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Abstract The pseudopotential method is used to study ion acoustic compressive and rarefactive solitons in an electron beam plasma with hot isothermal electron beam and plasma electrons and warm ions. It is shown that for small amplitude cases our results completely agree with the published results.

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38

Rao, N. N. "Magnetoacoustic modes in a magnetized dusty plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 53, no. 3 (June 1995): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800018237.

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The existence of various types of (fast) magnetoacoustic modes in different frequency regimes in a magnetized dusty plasma consisting of electrons, ions and dust particles is investigated. The analysis is carried out using an effective two-fluid MHD-like model which allows for the non-frozen motion of the component fluids. For frequencies much smaller than the dust particle gyro- frequency, we obtain a magnetoacoustic mode that is a generalization of the usual compressional fast hydromagnetic wave in an electron—ion plasma. In the higher-frequency regimes, we show the existence of two new types of modes called ‘Dust-magnetoacoustic waves’. Both modes are accompanied by compressional magnetic field and plasma number density perturbations, and are the electromagnetic generalizations of the dust-acoustic waves in an unmagnetized dusty plasma with thermal electrons and ions. For a two- component plasma, all three modes degenerate into the same fast magneto- acoustic wave found in the usual electron—ion plasmas. We also obtain another novel type of magneto-acoustic mode called a ‘dust—ion-magneto- acoustic wave’, which is an electromagnetic generalization of the dust—ion- acoustic wave. The dispersion relations as well as the frequency regimes for the existence of the various modes are explicitly obtained. An alternative derivation of the relevant governing equations using an approach similar to that employed in so-called ‘electron magnetohydrodynamics’ (EMHD) is also presented.

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39

Huang, Chong-Lin, Dongkai Qiao, Ching-Yen Ho, and Chang-Wei Xiong. "Effects of Plasma and Evaporated Atoms on the Spatial Distribution of Coating Film Thickness for Electron Beam-Induced Material Evaporation." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3007.

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This paper investigates the spatial distributions of electron beam-evaporated atoms and electron beam-induced plasma in the coating process. The materials evaporated by electron beams first form vapour and then a little of plasma is generated in the vapour. The spatial distributions of electron beam-induced atoms and plasma play an important role on the coating uniformity of composition and thickness. The radial distribution of coating deposition thickness of electron beam-evaporated atoms predicted by this study agrees with the available experimental data. The predicted distribution of ion density in the electron beam-induced plasma agrees with the available measured data. The results reveal that the normalized coating thicknesses at the divergence angle of 6 and 14 degrees of vapor source, respectively, are 0.8 and 0.2 of these at divergence angle of 0 degree of vapor source for titanium and aluminum evaporated separately. The similar tendency for the decreasing coating thickness with the radial distance is also obtained for the co-evaporation of aluminum, titanium, and copper. High rotation rate of substrate of vapor source leads to the small deposition rate. Most ions in the electron beam-induced plasma are attracted by electrons of the electon beam and are located at the neighbourhood of the beam region. Therefore, the ion and ion-attracted electron densities rapidly decrease with the increasing radial distance from the electron beam.

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40

Joshi, C., and W. B. Mori. "The status and evolution of plasma wakefield particle accelerators." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (January 24, 2006): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1723.

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The status and evolution of the electron beam-driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration scheme is described. In particular, the effects of the radial electric field of the wake on the drive beam such as multiple envelope oscillations, hosing instability and emission of betatron radiation are described. Using ultra-short electron bunches, high-density plasmas can be produced by field ionization by the electric field of the bunch itself. Wakes excited in such plasmas have accelerated electrons in the back of the drive beam to greater that 4 GeV in just 10 cm in experiments carried out at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre.

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MISHRA, M. K., and A. PHUKAN. "Electron heating in a multi-dipole plasma by electrostatic plugging." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 2 (September 12, 2012): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000815.

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AbstractThe effect of the electrostatic confinement potential on electron number densities and electron temperatures under bi-Maxwellian approximation for electron distribution function has been studied in an electrostatically plugged multi-dipole argon plasma system. Electrostatic plugging is implemented by biasing the electrically isolated multi-dipole magnetic cage. Experimental results show that the density ratio (N) and temperature ratio (T) of the two electron groups can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the magnetic cage. Out of the two groups of electrons, one group has the cold electrons, which are plasma electrons produced by the ionization process, and the other group has the hot primary electrons.

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Grusdev, V. A., V. G. Zalesski, D. A. Antonovich, and Yu P. Golubev. "Universal plasma electron source." Vacuum 77, no. 4 (March 2005): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2004.05.007.

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43

Santoru, Joseph, Robert W. Schumacher, and Daniel J. Gregoire. "Plasma‐anode electron gun." Journal of Applied Physics 76, no. 10 (November 15, 1994): 5629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357068.

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Schanin, P. M., N. N. Koval, V. S. Tolkachev, and V. I. Gushenets. "Plasma-emitter electron accelerators." Russian Physics Journal 43, no. 5 (May 2000): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02508528.

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Thoma, M. H. "Ultrarelativistic electron-positron plasma." European Physical Journal D 55, no. 2 (March 13, 2009): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2009-00077-9.

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46

Krasik, Ya E., D. Yarmolich, J. Z. Gleizer, V. Vekselman, Y. Hadas, V. Tz Gurovich, and J. Felsteiner. "Pulsed plasma electron sources." Physics of Plasmas 16, no. 5 (May 2009): 057103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3085797.

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47

Bharuthram, R., and M. Y. Yu. "Relativistic electron plasma waves." Astrophysics and Space Science 207, no. 2 (1993): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00627239.

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Kargarian, A., K. Hajisharifi, and H. Mehdian. "Laser-driven electron acceleration in hydrogen pair-ion plasma containing electron impurities." Laser and Particle Beams 36, no. 2 (June 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034618000174.

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AbstractIn this paper, the intense laser heating of hydrogen pair-ion plasma with and without electron impurities through investigation of related nonlinear phenomena has been studied in detail, using a developed relativistic particle-in-cell simulation code. It is shown that the presence of electron impurities has an essential role in the behavior of nonlinear phenomena contributing to the laser absorption including phase mixing, wave breaking, and stimulated scatterings. The inclusion of electron into an initial pure hydrogen plasma not only causes the occurrence of stimulated scattering considerably but also leads to the faster phase-mixing and wave breaking of the excited electrostatic modes in the system. These nonlinear phenomena increase the laser absorption rate in several orders of magnitude via inclusion of the electrons into a pure hydrogen pair-ion plasma. Moreover, results show that the electrons involved in enough low-density hydrogen pair-ion plasma can be accelerated to the MeV energy range.

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Duclous, R., J. P. Morreeuw, V. T. Tikhonchuk, and B. Dubroca. "Reduced multi-scale kinetic models for the relativistic electron transport in solid targets: Effects related to secondary electrons." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (March 2010): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034610000042.

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AbstractA reduced mathematical model for the transport of high current relativistic electron beams in a dense collisional plasma is developed. Based on the hypothesis that the density of relativistic electrons is much less than the plasma density and their energy is much higher than the plasma temperature, a model with two energy scales is proposed, where the beam and plasma electrons are considered as two coupled sub-systems, which exchange the energy and particles due to collisions. The process of energy exchange is described in the Fokker-Planck approximation, where the pitch angle electron-ion and electron-electron collisions dominate. The process of particle exchange between populations, leading to the production of secondary energetic electrons, is described with a Boltzmann term. The electron-electron collisions with small impact parameters make an important contribution in the overall dynamics of the beam electrons.

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Bonnaud, Guy, Paul Gibbon, Joe Kindel, and Edward Williams. "Laser interaction with a sharp-edged overdense plasma." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 2 (June 1991): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003384.

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Recent studies on short-pulse interaction with steep-density gradient plasmas (L/λ0) uncovered some new absorption mechanisms. One such process was proposed by Brunei (1987), in which a laser beam is obliquely incident on a perfectly conducting surface. During one half-cycle, electrons dragged from the surface into the vacuum region are returned to the plasma with velocities of the same order as that of the quiver electron velocity. We have reexamined this mechanism using a 1–D (Lagrangian) plasma model, but without Brunel's assumption that the electric field vanishes inside the plasma. Analytical and numerical calculations of electron trajectories and the self-consistent electric fields are presented and comparisons are made with 1–D particle-in-cell simulations.

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