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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron theory of metals'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Roshchin, V. E., P. A. Gamov, A. V. Roshchin, and S. P. Salikhov. "ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS REDUCTION: THEORY AND METHODS OF METALS EXTRACTION FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF ORE." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-407-417.

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The present work analyzes the existing mechanism of solid-phase metals reduction from oxides. It was shown that the existed mechanisms of reduction do not explain the diversity of the practical results leading to a generally accepted opinion that there is no single uniform reduction mechanism. This study presents the results of the solid-phase reduction of metals from lump magnetite, siderite, titanomagnetite and chromite types of ore by carbon from various deposits. The obtained results were compared with the results of reduction of chromium, silicon and aluminum by carbon from pure oxides. Change in the electrical characteristics and analysis of the processes of electron- and mass transfer under reducing conditions were performed to clarify the general theoretical concepts of reduction mechanism. It has been concluded that there is general process of transformation of the crystal lattice of oxide into the crystal lattice of metal for reduction of different metals. The positions of electron theory for solid-phase reduction of metals from crystal lattice of oxides were developed using the basic concepts of chemistry, solid state physics about imperfect crystals, quantum mechanics and character of electron distribution and transfer in metals and ionic semiconductors. The theory embraces all the known results of reduction with formation of metal on the surface of high-grade lump ore, nucleation of metal inside of the complex and low-grade types of ore and formation and sublimation of suboxides. Major ideas of the developing theory of electron reduction have been formulated on the basis of metals reduction as a result of the exchange of electrons between the reducing agent and metal cations in oxides by means of the charged anion vacancies formed on the surface and their scattering in the volume. The transformation of the cations’ ionic bond in oxides into metallic bond of the metal phase on the surface (or inside of the oxide lattice) occurs without the displacement of the cations over significant distances and thermodynamic difficulties for the formation of metallic nucleus when the charged anion vacancies merge (skipping the stage of formation of the atoms of metal). There might be no direct contact between the metal and the reducing agent in case of formation of the metal phase inside of the oxide volume. As a result, harmful impurities from the reducing agent, e.g. carbon and sulphur, do not penetrate into iron during reduction of complex and low-grade types of ore. Therefore, for the reduction of iron from such an ore, it is possible to utilize a low-quality reducing agent, e.g. steam coal. The selective solid-phase reduction of iron from lump complex ore makes it possible to obtain a metal-oxide composite material containing pure DRI and valuable oxides which are difficult for reduction, i.e. oxides of magnesium, titanium and vanadium.
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2

Sichkar, S. M. "Theory of Phonon–Electron Interaction in Metals." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.18.01.027.

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3

Stachowiak, H., and E. Boroński. "Electron-Positron Interaction in Metals. Theory and Experiment." Acta Physica Polonica A 107, no. 4 (April 2005): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.107.541.

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4

Giamarchi, T., and H. J. Schulz. "Theory of spin-anisotropic electron-electron interactions in quasi-one-dimensional metals." Journal de Physique 49, no. 5 (1988): 819–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphys:01988004905081900.

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5

CHEN, HUA, and DANIEL C. MATTIS. "TOWARD A RIGOROUS THEORY OF THE SCREENED ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS IN METALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 18 (November 10, 1991): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291001152.

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A microscopic formula for the effective two-body interaction between electrons or holes in an ideal metal is derived within the linear response theory. Both the zero-range Hubbard interaction U0 and the long-range Coulomb interaction, denoted by ΔV(q), are included. The effective interaction, which is necessarily spin-dependent, is expressed in terms of the exact charge and spin density-density correlation functions and of their higher order mixtures. These correlation functions are analyzed diagrammatically. Attention is paid to clarifying the different roles played by U0 and ΔV(q). We also display the corresponding new formula for the free energy. Comparison is made with previous theories.
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6

Kostrobiy, P. P., Bogdan M. Markovych, and Yuri Suchorski. "Revisiting Local Electric Fields on Close-Packed Metal Surfaces: Theory Versus Experiments." Solid State Phenomena 128 (October 2007): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.128.219.

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An external electrostatic field of the order of a few tens of a volt per nanometer causes significant changes in the electron density distribution near a metal surface. Because of differing electronic distributions and varying responses of electrons to the applied field for various metals, the resulting local field distribution in the close vicinity of the surface should depend on the electronic properties of the particular metal, even for flat surfaces. Field-free and field-modified electron density distributions for different metal surfaces were calculated using the functional integration method. This approach enables the exchange-correlation effects to be correctly considered and makes it possible to account for the proper field-effect for broad field ranges without using the perturbation theory. The results of calculations are compared with the field-ion microscopic observations.
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7

Roshchin, V. E., and A. V. Roshchin. "General electron theory of reduction and oxidation of metals." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 3-4 (May 26, 2020): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-3-4-271-285.

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8

OSMAN, S. M., and S. M. MUJIBUR RAHMAN. "STRUCTURAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF 3d TRANSITION METALS: PSEUDOPOTENTIAL THEORY REVISITED." Modern Physics Letters B 09, no. 09 (April 20, 1995): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984995000504.

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Structural and thermodynamic properties of 3d transition metals are calculated in terms of the pseudopotential theory. The s − p and d electrons are treated in a pseudoadiabatic approximation in such a way that the s − p and d electrons are treated separately under the same footing. The s − p electrons are treated in terms of the conventional second order pseudopotential theory, while the tightly bound d electrons are treated in terms of the Wills–Harrison prescription that makes use of the Friedel rectangular electron density of states (DOS) model. The predictions of the structural phase stability and other relevant thermodynamic properties are found to be consistent with experiments for almost all of the metals.
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9

Olszewski, Stanislaw, and Marek Gluzinski. "Calculating the Magnetoresistance Effect in Metals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2011-0507.

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Transversal magnetoresistance is calculated for numerous metal cases on the basis of simple electron theory. Any metal can be represented by a single band of states having a closed Fermi surface which is assumed to be similar in shape to a sphere. In an external electromagnetic field the electron transport seems to be regulated by two kinds of relaxation times. The first one is due to the electric field, and its size is not appreciably influenced by that field. On the other hand, electron motion in the magnetic field is associated with a relaxation time that is strongly dependent on the strength of that field. Both time parameters combine to an effective relaxation time according to Matthiessen’s rule. A good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained for Li, Cu, Ag, Au and Pd, Pt metals.
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10

Li, D. H., R. A. Moore, and S. Wang. "Variational thermodynamic calculations for some liquid sd metals." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-011.

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A tractable and reliable expression for the one valence-electron eigenenergies, required in calculating the total energy of a disordered sd-type metal, is formulated in the context of the model-potential theory. With the aid of this expression, the variational calculation of the Helmholtz free energy using the hard-sphere model as a reference system, as employed in ab initio calculations of the thermodynamic properties for the nearly-free-electron-like (NFE) liquid metals, can now be extended with reasonable accuracy to those liquid sd metals in which the d-like valence-electron states below the Fermi level are not very localized. Also, the ab initio-type pseudopotential calculation of the interionic pair potentials, as carried out for the NFE-like metals in the literature, is made practical for these sd metals in their disordered states.
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11

Modesti, S., F. Della Valle, C. J. Bocchetta, E. Tosatti, and G. Paolucci. "Normal versus exchange inelastic electron scattering in metals: Theory and experiment." Physical Review B 36, no. 8 (September 15, 1987): 4503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.36.4503.

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12

Gaspar, J. A., A. G. Eguiluz, and D. L. Mills. "Theory of ion-stimulated electron emission from simple metals: Explicit calculations." Physical Review B 51, no. 20 (May 15, 1995): 14604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.51.14604.

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13

Wegner, T., M. Potthoff, and W. Nolting. "Theory of spin-resolved Auger-electron spectroscopy of ferromagnetic3d-transition metals." Physical Review B 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 1386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.61.1386.

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14

Stachowiak, H., E. Boroński, and G. Banach. "Theory of electron-positron interaction in simple metals: Application to lithium." Physical Review B 62, no. 7 (August 15, 2000): 4431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.4431.

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15

Slocombe, Daniel R., Vladimir L. Kuznetsov, Wojciech Grochala, Robert J. P. Williams, and Peter P. Edwards. "Superconductivity in transition metals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2037 (March 13, 2015): 20140476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0476.

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A qualitative account of the occurrence and magnitude of superconductivity in the transition metals is presented, with a primary emphasis on elements of the first row. Correlations of the important parameters of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory of superconductivity are highlighted with respect to the number of d-shell electrons per atom of the transition elements. The relation between the systematics of superconductivity in the transition metals and the periodic table high-lights the importance of short-range or chemical bonding on the remarkable natural phenomenon of superconductivity in the chemical elements. A relationship between superconductivity and lattice instability appears naturally as a balance and competition between localized covalent bonding and so-called broken covalency, which favours d-electron delocalization and superconductivity. In this manner, the systematics of superconductivity and various other physical properties of the transition elements are related and unified.
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16

HUSSEIN, ABDULLAH M., and S. M. MUJIBUR RAHMAN. "PHASE STABILITY OF BCC TRANSITION METALS: ROLE OF d-ELECTRONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 06 (March 10, 2000): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200000571.

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The role of d-electrons in the structural phase stability of bcc transition metals viz. V, Fe, Cr and Mn are investigated. The underlying theory expresses the relevant structural part of the free energy in terms of the repulsion of the d-electron muffin-tin orbitals assigned to atomic sites and the attractive contribution arising from the band broadening effects of the d-bands in the total energy. The magnetic contribution arising from the population of magnetic moments in the systems is also included in the theory. The d-electronic contribution to entropy is written in terms of the density-of-electronic states at the respective Fermi level. The phase stability of the bcc transition metals is explained in terms of the population of atoms on the local and extended sites. It is observed that the d-electron energetics can precisely and correctly predict the crystal structure of the bcc transition metals.
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17

Kumar, Priyank, Nisarg K. Bhatt, Pulastya R. Vyas, Asvin R. Jani, and Vinod B. Gohel. "Thermal Expansion of Some Fcc Transition Metals." Solid State Phenomena 209 (November 2013): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.209.48.

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Volume thermal expansion of some fcc transition metals have been studied using improved lattice dynamical model. In this approach, the contribution of s like electron is calculated in 2nd order perturbation theory for the local model pseudopotential (Heine - Abrenkov) while that of the d electrons is taken into account by introduction of repulsive potential. The present study confirms that the use of improved model to study such anharmonic property yields satisfactory results. Looking to the success of present study, the present lattice mechanical model may be used to study thermophysical properties in high temperature and high pressure regions.
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18

Das, T. P., and P. C. Schmidt. "Current Status of Theory of Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction in Metallic Systems." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1986): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-1-209.

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This paper deals with the current status of understanding of the factors that determine the origin of nuclear quadrupole interactions in metallic systems. The major emphasis is on pure metals in which there is currently better understanding of the origin of the electric field gradient (EFG) at the nuclear sites. The procedures for the determination of the electron densities that lead to the electronic contributions to the EFG’s is discussed as well as the quantitative procedures for incorporation of antishielding effects. The nature of agreement between theory and experiment is examined by considering the hexagonal close packed metals beryllium, magnesium, zinc and cadmium. The sensitiveness of the calculated EFG to the procedure used for obtaining electron densities is discussed in beryllium using orthogonalized plane wave and augmented plane wave procedures. The nature of agreement between theory and experiment currently attainable for semi-metals and semiconductors is discussed. The bearing of some of the results in these latter systems by procedures dealing with clusters of atoms to simulate the infinite solid on the future of such procedures for imperfect systems and surfaces is commented upon. A brief discussion is presented about the various possible contributors to the temperature dependence of EFG’s in pure metals and comparison is made between theory and experiment for zinc and cadmium. The factors that can contribute to the EFG’s in imperfect metallic systems, including alloys, at both host and impurity nuclei are discussed, and some of these factors are illustrated by considering two examples of these systems, EFG ’s at host Al and Cu nuclei due to mu mesons introduced in the metal and at impurity nuclei in alloys involving cadmium metal host. The concluding section discusses directions in which further efforts are needed to improve our theoretical understanding of both pure metals and imperfect metallic systems.
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19

Glushkov, V. L., and O. S. Erkovich. "The Effect of Gradient Correctionsin Calculating the Energy of Electron Gas on Metal Surface." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 5 (92) (October 2020): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2020-5-14-27.

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The paper describes the results of studying the effect of gradient corrections to the kinetic and exchange-correlation energy functional in calculating the surface energy of a metal surface; the calculations are performed within the framework of the density functional theory. The electron density distribution profile near the metal surface was calculated by the variational method for two test functions, which differ by taking into account the electron density oscillations. The exact form of the kinetic and exchange-correlation energy functional is unknown; therefore, to calculate the surface energy of the selected metals, various gradient corrections for the second and fourth order electron gas inhomogeneity are used. The effect of the discreteness of the ionic lattice and the orientation of the crystallographic planes on the spatial distribution of the electron gas is taken into account within the framework of perturbation theory; the Ashcroft pseudopotential is taken as the one to describe the electron-ion interaction. The use of a fourth-order gradient correction for the exchange-correlation and kinetic energies has little effect on the calculated values of the surface energy of alkali metals. The calculation results do not always agree well with the experimental values of the selected metals. This may be due to the fact that the relaxation of the metal surface is not taken into consideration and because of the large error in obtaining the experimental values of the surface energy
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20

Tamaki, S. "Charge distribution in liquid metals and alloys." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 286–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-037.

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Electron distribution in liquid metals and charge transfer in liquid alloys are qualitatively and quantitatively discussed in terms of the structure factors and the thermodynamic quantities obtained experimentally. The electron distribution around an ion in liquid metals has been derived from the difference in structure factors determined by X-ray and neutron-diffraction methods with the help of a theoretical calculation of the electron–electron correlation function. Charge transfer in liquid alloys is also estimated by using the partial structure factors in the long-wavelength limit and the Thomas–Fermi screening theory. The charge-transfer effect in liquid alloys is also verified by the measurements of partial structure factors and magnetic susceptibilities.
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21

Zhang, Chao, Godfrey Gumbs, and Narkis Tzoar. "Theory of hopping rate of localized charged particles in metals: Electron scattering." Physical Review B 43, no. 2 (January 15, 1991): 1463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.43.1463.

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22

Corriol, Cécile, George R. Darling, Stephen Holloway, Wilhelm Brenig, Ivan Andrianov, Tillmann Klamroth, and Peter Saalfrank. "Theory of electron stimulated desorption and dissociation of CO at transition metals." Journal of Chemical Physics 117, no. 9 (September 2002): 4489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1498474.

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23

Hoddeson, Lillian, Gordon Baym, and Michael Eckert. "The development of the quantum-mechanical electron theory of metals: 1928—1933." Reviews of Modern Physics 59, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 287–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.59.287.

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24

Zhang, Yu, and J. L. Whitten. "Photoemission into water adsorbed on metals: Probing dissociative electron transfer using theory." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 109, no. 15 (August 13, 2009): 3541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.22345.

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25

Yilbas, B. S., and M. Sami. "Three-dimensional kinetic theory approach for laser pulse heating." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522725.

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Lasers are widely used as a machine tool in the metal industry. One of the important areas of laser application is surface treatment of engineering metals. To improve the process parameters in the laser heating process, an exploration of the heating mechanism is fruitful. The present study is carried out to develop a three-dimensional model for a laser pulsed heating process using the electron kinetic theory approach. The heating model introduced relies on successive electronphonon collisions; therefore, it is this process that describes the heat conduction mechanism. This study is limited to heat conduction only. Consequently, the phase change process is not taken into account. To validate the theoretical predictions, an experiment is conducted to measure the surface temperature using an optical method. Moreover, a one-dimensional heating model developed previously is also considered and the predictions of three- and one-dimensional heating models as well as experimental results are compared. It is found that the three-dimensional model gives lower surface temperatures compared with the one-dimensional model considered. However, experimental results agree well with the results obtained from the three-dimensional model. In addition, an equilibrium time is introduced. In that case, energy gain of electrons via incident beam absorption balances the energy losses due to conduction through successive electron-phonon collisions.
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26

Sachdev, Subir. "Emergent gauge fields and the high-temperature superconductors." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2075 (August 28, 2016): 20150248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0248.

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The quantum entanglement of many states of matter can be represented by electric and magnetic fields, much like those found in Maxwell’s theory. These fields ‘emerge’ from the quantum structure of the many-electron state, rather than being fundamental degrees of freedom of the vacuum. I review basic aspects of the theory of emergent gauge fields in insulators in an intuitive manner. In metals, Fermi liquid (FL) theory relies on adiabatic continuity from the free electron state, and its central consequence is the existence of long-lived electron-like quasi-particles around a Fermi surface enclosing a volume determined by the total density of electrons, via the Luttinger theorem. However, long-range entanglement and emergent gauge fields can also be present in metals. I focus on the ‘fractionalized Fermi liquid’ (FL*) state, which also has long-lived electron-like quasi-particles around a Fermi surface; however, the Luttinger theorem on the Fermi volume is violated, and this requires the presence of emergent gauge fields, and the associated loss of adiabatic continuity with the free electron state. Finally, I present a brief survey of some recent experiments in the hole-doped cuprate superconductors, and interpret the properties of the pseudogap regime in the framework of the FL* theory. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.
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27

Pettifor, D. G. "Electron theory in materials modeling." Acta Materialia 51, no. 19 (November 2003): 5649–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(03)00466-x.

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28

Hasegawa, M., and M. Watabe. "A variational perturbation theory of inhomogeneous liquid metals: applications to the calculation of surface properties." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-040.

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Assuming that the electron–ion interaction can be treated by a weak pseudopotential, we develop a theory for calculating the thermodynamic properties of inhomogeneous liquid metals. We first derive an effective Hamiltonian for the classical ion system using an improved perturbation expansion in the pseudopotential, in which an averaged ionic potential is effectively included in the unperturbed electron system. The Helmholtz free energy is then calculated using the variational method based on the Gibbs – Bogoliubov inequality. The results of this formulation are compared with the previous theories, and the approximations involved in these theories are critically analyzed. Finally, the formulation is applied to liquid-metal surfaces and the surface tension is calculated. In these applications, we use the classical one-component plasma as the reference system of the variational method.
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29

Bhuiyan, G. M., and Fysol Ibna Abbas. "Local minimum in pair potentials of polyvalent metals: A limitation of pseudopotential theory." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 07 (March 20, 2019): 1950049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219500498.

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Local minimum appearing in the interionic pair potentials, when derived from local model pseudopotential, for Al (and some other polyvalent metals) remains as a long standing problem of clear understanding of its origin, although some attempts have been made by a few authors. The origin of this feature of local minimum is systematically investigated for the first time in this paper considering both the core size and the conduction electron density as variables. Interionic pair potential is derived from Ashcroft’s empty core model because it depends on these two variables only. Results of this investigation show monovalent metals do not exhibit a local minimum at all but trivalent Al and some other polyvalent metals do exhibit at their normal densities. Here, the combined effect of the core size and the conduction electron density results whether the local minimum will appear or not. More interestingly, for smaller core size, conduction electron density plays major role and for larger core size the core radius plays the major role in determining the depth of the local minimum.
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30

Eckert, Michael. "Propaganda in Science: Sommerfeld and the Spread of the Electron Theory of Metals." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 191–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27757582.

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31

Jursic, Branko S. "Electron affinities of metals computed by density functional theory and ab initio methods." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 61, no. 1 (1997): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-461x(1997)61:1<93::aid-qua11>3.0.co;2-7.

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32

Shvets, V. T. "Many-particle theory of electron transport processes in transition liquid and amorphous metals." Materials Science and Engineering: B 26, no. 2-3 (September 1994): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(94)90162-7.

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33

Savrasov, S. Y., and D. Y. Savrasov. "Electron-phonon interactions and related physical properties of metals from linear-response theory." Physical Review B 54, no. 23 (December 15, 1996): 16487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.54.16487.

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34

Keller, Ole. "Nonlocal semiquantum theory of optical second-harmonic generation in free-electron-like metals." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 2, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.2.000367.

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35

Fu, Bao-Qin, Wei Liu, and Zhi-Lin Li. "Calculation of the surface energy of bcc-metals with the empirical electron theory." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 20 (July 2009): 8511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.06.002.

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36

Fu, Bao-Qin, Wei Liu, and Zhi-Lin Li. "Calculation of the surface energy of hcp-metals with the empirical electron theory." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 23 (September 2009): 9348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.07.034.

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37

Li, D. H., R. A. Moore, and S. Wang. "Variational thermodynamic calculations for some liquid sd metals: II." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-147.

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A procedure employing a generalized, nonlocal, model-pseudopotential theory for the calculation of the total valence-electron energy in liquid metals was presented earlier and shown to be suitable for use in a variational calculation of the Helmholtz free energy, and hence also for other properties, of sd and the early 3d transition metals. In the first part of this paper we show that the same procedure also works well for the first four of the 4d transition metals. However, the accuracy of the calculations decreases with increasing number of d-like valence electrons. This is attributed to narrow valence d bands. Thus, in the second part of this paper we revise and generalize the earlier procedure to consider explicitly the localization of some of the d-like valence electrons on the ions. The validity of the revisions is shown by calculating a number of the properties of liquid metallic Cr, Mn, and Fe.
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38

O'Toole, Nicholas J., and Victor A. Streltsov. "Synchrotron X-ray analysis of the electron density in CoF2 and ZnF2." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768100017353.

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Accurate structure factors for small crystals of the rutile-type structures CoF2, cobalt difluoride, and ZnF2, zinc difluoride, have been measured with focused λ = 0.8400 (2) Å synchrotron X-radiation at room temperature. Phenomenological structural trends across the full series of rutile-type transition metal difluorides are analysed, showing the importance of the metal atom in the degree of distortion of the metal–F6 octahedra in these structures. Multipole models reveal strong asphericities in the electron density surrounding the transition metals, which are consistent with expectations from crystal field theory and the structural trends in these compounds. Transition metal 3d-orbital populations were computed from the multipole refinement parameters, showing significant repopulation of orbitals compared with the free atom, particularly for CoF2.
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39

He, Li Jun. "Influence of Pressure of Electron Gas on Elastic Property of Metal." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.857.

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A balloon filled with electron gas model was built to simulate metal for calculating its bulk elastic. Electron gas obeyed Fermi-Dirac distribution and satisfied with theory of ideal gas. Expression of metal bulk elastic modulus was derived, and the comparison between the new method given in this paper with current method according to theory of atom potential energy on calculation accuracy was also given. It showed that, pressure of electron gas closely related to bulk elastic modulus, and maybe it was the major factor in determining bulk elastic modulus of metal; not all of valence electrons of atom in metal became conduction electrons to form the electron gas; new model of present work is superior to traditional method based on calculating derivative of potential energy.
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40

Yilbas, Bekir Sami. "Heating of metals at a free surface by laser irradiation—an electron kinetic theory approach." Laser and Particle Beams 4, no. 2 (May 1986): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600001828.

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Application of Fourier theory to heat conduction due to laser irradiation at high power intensities (i.e. 1010 W/m2) gives errors of the order of 30 per cent at the upper end of the temperature rise time. This is caused by the assumptions made in the Fourier theory, since the heat flux through a given plane depends on the electron energy distribution through the material. On the scale of distance required to examine the problem, the material can no longer be considered as being a homogeneous continuum and when the power intensities of interest are concerned, the higher order terms in the heat transfer equation become important. Therefore, the problem requires to be examined in the quantum field. Application of electron kinetic theory to the problem enhances the solution within an accuracy greater than 90 per cent. The present theory introduces a new model for the conduction mechanism.
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41

Allen, Philip B. "Theory of thermal relaxation of electrons in metals." Physical Review Letters 59, no. 13 (September 28, 1987): 1460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.59.1460.

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42

Lucas, Andrew, and Sean A. Hartnoll. "Resistivity bound for hydrodynamic bad metals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 43 (October 10, 2017): 11344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711414114.

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We obtain a rigorous upper bound on the resistivity ρ of an electron fluid whose electronic mean free path is short compared with the scale of spatial inhomogeneities. When such a hydrodynamic electron fluid supports a nonthermal diffusion process—such as an imbalance mode between different bands—we show that the resistivity bound becomes ρ≲AΓ. The coefficient A is independent of temperature and inhomogeneity lengthscale, and Γ is a microscopic momentum-preserving scattering rate. In this way, we obtain a unified mechanism—without umklapp—for ρ∼T2 in a Fermi liquid and the crossover to ρ∼T in quantum critical regimes. This behavior is widely observed in transition metal oxides, organic metals, pnictides, and heavy fermion compounds and has presented a long-standing challenge to transport theory. Our hydrodynamic bound allows phonon contributions to diffusion constants, including thermal diffusion, to directly affect the electrical resistivity.
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43

Karpov, Denis, Sergey Scherbak, Yuri Svirko, and Andrey Lipovskii. "Second harmonic generation from hemispherical metal nanoparticle covered by dielectric layer." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 25, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863516500016.

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Using hydrodynamic theory of electron gas motion in metals, we obtain hyperpolarizability of the metal hemisphere in the framework of the quasistatic approach. For a silver hemisphere placed on a glass substrate and covered with TiO2 shell, we demonstrate analytically that conduction electrons in the vicinity of the hemisphere sharp edge dominate the nonlinear optical response of the nanoparticle. The developed theory is verified by numerical simulation in COMSOL. Numerical analysis reveals that rounding of the sharp edge affects the linear polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of the hemisphere differently. We also discuss dependence of the hyperpolarizability on the dielectric shell thickness and show that both lacking of the inversion symmetry and presence of the glass–air-TiO2 interface essentially contribute to the polarizability of the hemisphere at the frequency of the second harmonic.
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44

MACDONALD, A. H. "CORRELATIONS WEAK AND STRONG: DIVERS GUISES OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 05n06 (March 10, 1999): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299000345.

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The three-dimensional electron-gas model has been a major focus for many-body theory applied to the electronic properties of metals and semiconductors. Because the model neglects band effects, whereas electronic systems are generally more strongly correlated in narrow band systems, it is most widely used to describe the qualitative physics of weakly correlated metals with unambiguous Fermi liquid properties. The model is more interesting in two space dimensions because it provides a quantitative description of electrons in quantum wells and because these can form strongly correlated many-particle states. We illustrate the range of possible many-particle behaviors by discussing the way correlations are manifested in 2D tunneling spectroscopy experiments.
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45

Vavrukh, M., and Y. Muliava. "Taking into account of the localized electron states in the microscopic theory of metals." Journal of Physical Studies 1, no. 2 (1997): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/jps.01.257.

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46

Olszewski, S. "Longitudinal Magnetoresistance of Metals Calculated οn the Basis of a Single-Band Electron Theory." Acta Physica Polonica A 120, no. 3 (September 2011): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.120.525.

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47

Sugiyama, Akira. "Theory of Interplanar Interaction in Metals of Close-Packed Structures on Free Electron Model." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 55, no. 5 (May 15, 1986): 1590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.55.1590.

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48

Mills, D. L. "Theory of electron emission stimulated by charged particle reflection from simple metals; glancing incidence." Surface Science Letters 294, no. 1-2 (September 1993): A663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(93)91136-c.

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49

Mills, D. L. "Theory of electron emission stimulated by charged particle reflection from simple metals; glancing incidence." Surface Science 294, no. 1-2 (September 1993): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(93)90169-k.

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50

METHFESSEL, M., D. HENNIG, and M. SCHEFFLER. "ENHANCED SCREENING OF CORE HOLES AT TRANSITION-METAL SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 02, no. 02 (April 1995): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x95000224.

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Ab initio calculations based on density-functional theory were used to obtain surface core-level shifts for the 4d transition metals and silver in the initial-state model and in the full-impurity formulation, giving an unambiguous separation into initial state and screening terms. This shows that the screening of the core hole is substantially better at the surface than in the bulk for a transition metal. For Ag, an opposite and even larger effect is found, showing the central role of d-electron screening in the surface core-level shift of the transition metals.
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