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Journal articles on the topic 'Electron trajectory'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Suga, Hiroshi, Takafumi Fujiwara, Nobuhiro Kanai, and Masatoshi Kotera. "Secondary Electron Image Contrast in the Scanning Electron Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010018080x.

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An image contrast given in the scanning electron microscope(SEM) is due to differences in a detected number of secondary electrons (SE) coming from the specimen surface. The difference arises from the topographic, compositional and voltage features at the specimen surface. Two kinds of approaches have been taken for the quantification of SE images. One is to simulate electron trajectories in vacuum toward the detector, assuming the typical angular and energy distributions of electrons emitted from the specimen surface. However, the typical angular and energy distributions are not always applicable if a topographic or a compositional feature is present at the surface. The other is to simulate electron trajectory in the specimen. It is possible to obtain angular, energy, and spatial distributions of electrons emitted from the specimen surface. However, in order to discuss the SEM contrast based on these data, one has to assume that, for example, all slow electrons (<50eV) may be collected by the SE detector, or fast electrons ((>50eV) electrons may take a straight trajectory in the vacuum specimen chamber of the SEM. In a practical SEM picture of, for example, an etch-pit, different crystallographic plane surface shows different contrast even if the angle of the primary electron incidence toward all those surfaces is the same. This is because of the acceptance of the signal detection system. In a present study we combined two electron trajectory simulations mentioned above and calculated electron trajectories both in and out of the specimen, to simulate the trajectory from the point of the signal generated until the signal is detected.Although several simulation models of electron scatterings in a specimen have been reported to estimate the SE intensity at the surface, the model should be available to trace low energy (<50eV) electron trajectories. The model used here is basically the same as that reported in previous papers, and only a brief explanation is given in the following. Here, we made several assumptions as; [l]the energy loss of the primary and excited fast electrons is proportion to the number of SEs generated in the specimen, [2]the generated SE has an energy distribution as described by the Streitwolf equation, [3]the energy of the generated SEs are transferred to free electrons of the atom by the elastic-binary-collision, then one SE excited by the primary electron produces a ternary electron after the collision, and each one of the SE and the ternary electron produces higher order electrons in a cascade fashion. The simulation continues until the energy of each electron is less than the surface potential barrier. Angular and energy distributions and number of electrons emitted at the surface agree quite well with each experimental result in a typical case.

2

Yahalom, Asher. "Pauli’s Electron in Ehrenfest and Bohm Theories, a Comparative Study." Entropy 25, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25020190.

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Electrons moving at slow speeds much lower than the speed of light are described by a wave function which is a solution of Pauli’s equation. This is a low-velocity limit of the relativistic Dirac equation. Here we compare two approaches, one of which is the more conservative Copenhagen’s interpretation denying a trajectory of the electron but allowing a trajectory to the electron expectation value through the Ehrenfest theorem. The said expectation value is of course calculated using a solution of Pauli’s equation. A less orthodox approach is championed by Bohm, and attributes a velocity field to the electron also derived from the Pauli wave function. It is thus interesting to compare the trajectory followed by the electron according to Bohm and its expectation value according to Ehrenfest. Both similarities and differences will be considered.

3

Wang, Xiaoping, Shusai Zheng, Zhen Li, Shaoming Pan, Weibo Fan, Daomin Min, and Shengtao Li. "Radiation electron trajectory modulated DC surface flashover of polyimide in vacuum." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 20 (February 17, 2022): 205201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4cf8.

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Abstract Improving surface flashover voltage on vacuum-dielectric interface irradiated by electrons is a long-standing challenge for developing high-voltage and high-power spacecraft technology. The basic issue is understanding the role of radiation electrons in the process of surface flashover. In this paper, a ‘three-segment’ curve concerning the surface flashover properties under electron irradiation is discovered experimentally. As the gap distance of electrodes increase, the surface flashover voltage of polyimide during electron irradiation presents a trend of firstly increasing, then decreasing, and finally stabilizing. According to the simulation of the trajectory distribution for kinetic electrons, this trend is found to correspond with three typical stages respectively. In stage A, the kinetic electrons are completely deflected and the varying electrode parameters mainly affect the electric field distribution. In stage B, the kinetic electrons can irradiate the part of polyimide. The promoting effect of those electrons on flashover process enhance with the enlargement of the irradiated region. In stage C, trajectories are no longer seriously deflected and the role of kinetic electrons do not vary with electrode parameters. Combining with the results above, a model with combined effects of both kinetic and deposited electrons on surface flashover in vacuum is thus proposed, base on which the guidance for the methods of improving surface flashover voltage during electron irradiation is provided.

4

Ose, Youichi, and Kiyomi Yoshinari. "Axially symmetric electron beam trajectory simulation." Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 17, no. 3 (October 2000): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03167372.

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5

Kotel'nikov, I. A., and G. V. Stupakov. "Adiabatic theory of nonlinear electron-cyclotron resonance heating." Journal of Plasma Physics 45, no. 1 (February 1991): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800015464.

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Plasma heating at the electron-cyclotron frequency by an ordinary wave propagating at right-angles to a unidirectional magnetic field is considered. The injected microwave power is assumed to be sufficiently large that the relativistic change in electron gyrofrequency during one flight through the wave beam is much greater than inverse time of flight. The electron motion in the wave field is described using the Hamiltonian formalism in the adiabatic approximation. It is shown that energy coupling from the wave to electrons is due to a bifurcation of the electron trajectory, which results in a jump in the adiabatic invariant. The probability of a bifurcational transition from one trajectory to another is calculated analytically and used for the estimation of the beam power absorbed in the plasma.

6

Chen, H., H. Gong, and C. K. Ong. "Classical electron trajectory in scanning electron microscope mirror image method." Journal of Applied Physics 76, no. 2 (July 15, 1994): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357753.

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7

Price, Joseph E. "Electron trajectory in an e/m experiment." American Journal of Physics 55, no. 1 (January 1987): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14966.

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8

Kotera, M., and K. Tamura. "Simulation of the Spin Polarization Transfer of Electrons in a Solid." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009442.

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The electron spin polarization scanning electron microscopy (Spin-SEM) has been used to image the surface magnetic structures of magnetic materials in the order of nra scale. However, the sensitivity of the Spin-SEM so far used is very low. To improve the sensitivity, it is necessary to find the best condition for the electron detection system. The Mott polarimeter has commonly been used in the Spin-SEM. In the present study the performance of the Mott polarimeter is discussed. The geometrical configuration and the value of the post acceleration of secondary electrons to the detector have been experimentally determined or analized by a simple theoretical consideration. On the other hand, in the present study the condition to obtain the highest intensity and the highest signal contrast is seached by using an electron trajectory simulation in the Mott polarimeter. A series of electron scattering events and the electron energy loss in the target of the polarimeter is calculated, and not only the three dimensional scattering trajectory of electrons, but also the spin polarization transfer at every scattering event are traced in the target.

9

Sadighi-Bonabi, R., H. A. Navid, and P. Zobdeh. "Observation of quasi mono-energetic electron bunches in the new ellipsoid cavity model." Laser and Particle Beams 27, no. 2 (March 19, 2009): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609000299.

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AbstractIn this work, we introduce a new ellipsoid model to describe bubble acceleration of electrons and discuss the required conditions of forming it. We have found that the electron trajectory is strongly related to background electron energy and cavity potential ratio. In the ellipsoid cavity regime, the quality of the electron beam is improved in contrast to other methods, such as that using periodic plasma wakefield, spherical cavity regime, and plasma channel guided acceleration. The trajectory of the electron motion can be described as hyperbola, parabola, or ellipsoid path. It is influenced by the position and energy of the electrons and the electrostatic potential of the cavity. In the experimental part of this work, a 20 TW power and 30 fs laser pulse was focused on a pulsed He gas jet. We have focused the laser pulse in the best matched point above the nozzle gas to obtain a stable ellipsoid bubble. The finding of the optimum points will be described in analytical details.

10

Elliott, C. J., and D. C. Quimby. "Analytical treatment of electron-trajectory straightener issues in free-electron lasers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 296, no. 1-3 (October 1990): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)91235-4.

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11

Quimby, D. C., and C. J. Elliott. "Numerical treatment of electron trajectory straightener issues in free-electron lasers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 296, no. 1-3 (October 1990): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)91249-b.

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12

Okuda, M., S. Matsutani, A. Asai, A. Yamano, K. Hatanaka, T. Hara, and T. Nakagiri. "14.1: Electron Trajectory Analysis of Surface Conduction Electron Emitter Displays (SEDs)." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 29, no. 1 (1998): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1833724.

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13

Zhang, Yizhu, Kaixuan Zhang, Tian-Min Yan, and Yuhai Jiang. "Electron trajectory backanalysis for spectral profile in two-color terahertz generation." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 54, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 195401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ac319c.

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Abstract The gas-phase medium ionized by two-color femtosecond field produces supercontinuum radiation ranging from the terahertz to midinfrared band. Under the strong-field approximation, the electron trajectory backanalysis is exploited to interpret the spectral profile of terahertz radiation. Meanwhile, the electron trajectory method can correlate terahertz spectral profiles and photoelectron momentum distributions (PEMDs). The coherent superposition of electron trajectories released from the consecutive cycles is found to induce the high-frequency cutoff and sharpen the spectral bandwidth of supercontinuum radiation, tightly coinciding with the intercycle interference fringes in PEMDs. The trajectory analysis exhibits that single electron interference plays an important role in the terahertz generation process. Our method provides an intuitive interpretation in terms of electron trajectory perspective and sheds light on the microscopic mechanisms of terahertz generation.

14

Beck, Arnaud, and Nicole Meyer-Vernet. "The trajectory of an electron in a plasma." American Journal of Physics 76, no. 10 (October 2008): 934–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2942411.

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15

Martin, Peter, Stefan Stoll, and David Thomas. "Trajectory-Based Simulations of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra." Biophysical Journal 114, no. 3 (February 2018): 159a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.892.

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16

Nagao, Akie, and Sumio Hosaka. "Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Trajectory in Solid for Electron Beam Lithography." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.101.

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We have developed a GUI(Graphical User Interface)-based Monte Carlo simulation tool for electron beam lithography. Simulation was executed by changing initial energy, thickness of resist, and target material. We focused on penetration range, backscattering coefficient and spatial distribution of lost energy. Comparison with other theory indicates that our simulation is reliable in the 10-50keV range of the energy of the electron. It seems that backscattering coefficient is strongly affected by the kind of atoms in the target, not initial energy.

17

Alexiou, Spiros. "Line Shapes in a Magnetic Field: Trajectory Modifications I: Electrons." Atoms 7, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms7020052.

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In recent work, the effect of a magnetic field on the line shapes via the modification of electron perturber trajectories was considered. In the present paper we revisit this idea using a variation of the Collision-time Statistics method, in order to account for a l l relevant perturbers. We also obtain line profiles for the hydrogen L α line for conditions of astrophysical interest. Although the Collision-time statistics method works for both electrons and ions, we apply a simplification here that results in an excessive number of ions having to be simulated. As a result, the present, simplified version, is typically only appropriate for electrons.

18

Bilyk, Viktor K. "Creation of a Visual Model of the Atomic Structure as a Possible Element of a Quantum Computer." Control Systems and Computers, no. 2-3 (292-293) (July 2021): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/csc.2021.02.092.

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Using only the laws of classical mechanics, a possible physical model of the structure of an atom as an element of a quantum computer—- a cube is proposed. The stable motion of an electron in an atom is substantiated, which is provided not only by the motion in the main elliptical or circular orbit but also by the additional motion of the electron around the main trajectory along the trajectory (helical line), the projection of which on the plane of the main orbit has the form of a cosine. It is shown why the trajectory of the electron is “smeared”, and the electron does not fall on the nucleus and, in general, what keeps it in the sphere of influence of the nucleus.

19

Gedalin, M., and M. A. Balikhin. "Width dependent collisionless electron dynamics in the static fields of the shock ramp, 1, Single particle behavior and implications for downstream distribution." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 4, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-4-167-1997.

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Abstract. We study the collisionless dynamics of electrons in the shock ramp using the numerical trajectory analysis in the model electric and magnetic fields of the shock. Even with very modest assumptions about the cross-shock potential the electron trajectories are very sensitive to the width of the ramp. The character of electron motion changes from the fully adiabatic (with conservation of v2<perp> /B) when the ramp is wide, to the nonadiabatic one, when the ramp becomes sufficiently narrow. The downstream electron distribution also changes drastically, although this change depends on the initial electron temperature.

20

Stopka, Jan, Wilco Zuidema, and Pieter Kruit. "Trajectory displacement in a multi beam scanning electron microscope." Ultramicroscopy 223 (April 2021): 113223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113223.

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21

Feng, He, Yu Wei, Lu Peixiang, Xu Han, Shen Baifei, Li Ruxin, and Xu Zhizhan. "The Electron Trajectory in a Relativistic Femtosecond Laser Pulse." Plasma Science and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 2005): 2968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/7/4/023.

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22

Ueda, Koju. "A Trajectory Analysis of A Tele-Focussing Electron Gun." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 115, no. 6 (1995): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.115.6_811.

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23

Khursheed, A. "High accuracy electron trajectory plotting through finite-element fields." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 7, no. 6 (November 1989): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.584685.

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24

Trofimov, Pavel, and Oleg Louksha. "Development of multistage energy recovery system for gyrotrons." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193002002.

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A four-stage depressed collector based on spatial separation of electrons with different energies in the crossed electric and magnetic fields was developed for the experimental SPbPU gyrotron. Modeling of the system of electron energy recovery and analysis of the distributions of electric and magnetic fields in the gyrotron collector region were performed. As a result of the theoretical estimations and the trajectory analysis of the helical electron beam, it is shown that the developed system provides recovery of the residual electron energy necessary to achieve the total efficiency of the gyrotron exceeding 70 %.

25

ZHANG, S. Y., Y. K. HO, Z. CHEN, Y. J. XIE, Z. YAN, and J. J. XU. "DYNAMIC TRAJECTORIES OF RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS INJECTED INTO TIGHTLY-FOCUSED INTENSE LASER FIELDS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 13, no. 01 (March 2004): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863504001785.

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Dynamic trajectories of relativistic electrons injected into tightly focused ultra-intense laser field have been investigated. In addition to the previously-reported CAS (Capture and Acceleration Scenario) and IS (Inelastic Scattering) trajectories, a new kind of nonlinear electron trajectory is found when the beam waist radius w0 is small enough (kw0≤30, k is the wave number) and incident angle is small. We shall call it PARM (Penetrate into Axial Region and Move). The basic feature of PARM trajectory shows the strong diffraction effect of a tightly-focused laser field. Part of the incident electrons that experience the strong transversal force from the diffraction edge field as they travel toward the beam waist will follow the PARM trajectory. This force can push the electrons toward the beam center. Thus unlike the CAS and IS electrons, the PARM electrons will move along the region near the beam axis. We also found some of the PARM electrons can gain energy from the field. The conditions for PARM electrons to appear were examined and are presented here. The implication of the presence of PARM to the planned experimental test of the CAS scheme is addressed.

26

Terada, Kazumasa, Yoshifumi Hagiwara, and Masatoshi Kotera. "PM-28Three-dimensional Trajectory Simulation of Scattered Electrons in Scanning Electron Microscope Specimen Chamber." Microscopy 66, suppl_1 (November 2017): i31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfx083.

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27

Zhang, Dong Hui, Chun Dong Liu, Landi Zhang, and Zhan Ying Wang. "Experimental Research on Flight Trajectory of Edge Electron of the Electron-Beam in the Electron Gun of Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2388.

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An experimental measuring method of flight trajectory of edge electron of the electron-beam in the electron gun of furnace was designed. Intermediate perforated copper foil plate is placed in parallel at a key position within the electron gun. The theoretical beam diameter of the electron beam which is reaching the position can be obtained through measuring pore diameter in copper foil plate left after being broke down by the electron-beam, so experimental data got can be verified the theoretical results.

28

Louksha, O. I., P. A. Trofimov, and B. D. Usherenko. "New possibilities of collectors with azimuthal magnetic field for multistage energy recovery in gyrotrons." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2103, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2103/1/012058.

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Abstract The results of modeling a collector with 4-stage recovery of residual electron energy for the SPbPU gyrotron with a frequency of 74.2 GHz and an output power of 100 kW are presented. For spatial separation of electrons with different energies, an azimuthal magnetic field created by a toroidal solenoid is used. An increase of the recovery efficiency and a decrease of the current of electrons reflected from the collector is achieved by reducing the spread of the radial position of the leading centers of electron trajectories at optimal parameters of the toroidal solenoid, as well as by using a sectioned electron beam. The trajectory analysis of the spent electron beam in the collector region showed the possibility of achieving the total efficiency of the gyrotron, close to 80%.

29

Ruan, Z., R. G. Zeng, Y. Ming, M. Zhang, B. Da, S. F. Mao, and Z. J. Ding. "Quantum-trajectory Monte Carlo method for study of electron–crystal interaction in STEM." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 27 (2015): 17628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp02300a.

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30

Ndiitwani, D. C., S. E. S. Ferreira, M. S. Potgieter, and B. Heber. "Modelling cosmic ray intensities along the Ulysses trajectory." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 3 (March 30, 2005): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1061-2005.

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Abstract. Time dependent cosmic ray modulation in the inner heliosphere is studied by comparing results from a 2-D, time-dependent cosmic ray transport model with Ulysses observations. A compound approach, which combines the effects of the global changes in the heliospheric magnetic field magnitude with drifts to establish a realistic time-dependence, in the diffusion and drift coefficients, are used. We show that this model results in realistic cosmic ray modulation from the Ulysses launch (1990) until recently (2004) when compared to 2.5-GV electron and proton and 1.2-GV electron and Helium observations from this spacecraft. This approach is also applied to compute radial gradients present in 2.5-GV cosmic ray electron and protons in the inner heliosphere. The observed latitude dependence for both positive and negative charged particles during both the fast latitude scan periods, corresponding to different solar activity conditions, could also be realistically computed. For this an additional reduction in particle drifts (compared to diffusion) toward solar maximum is needed. This results in a realistic charge-sign dependent modulation at solar maximum and the model is also applied to predict charge-sign dependent modulation up to the next expected solar minimum.

31

Chim, W. K., T. S. Low, D. S. H. Chan, and J. C. H. Phang. "Electron trajectory tracking algorithms for analysing voltage contrast signals in the scanning electron microscope." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 21, no. 1 (January 14, 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/21/1/001.

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32

Chalise, R., S. K. Pandit, G. Thakur, and R. Khanal. "Effect of electron temperature in a magnetized plasma sheath using kinetic trajectory simulation." BIBECHANA 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i1.29204.

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The understanding of the properties of magnetized plasma sheath has been various beneficial applications in surface treatment, electron emission gun, ion implantation, and nuclear fusion, etc. The effect of electron temperature on the magnetized plasma sheath has been studied for a fixed magnetic field and ion temperature. It has been observed that various plasma sheath parameters can be prominently altered by the varying temperature of the electron. The density of ion is influenced more by the change in electron temperature rather than the electron density. The temperature of the electron has a great effect at the wall, when electron temperature increases, the ion and electron densities at the wall decreases. This shows the potential at the wall also decreases follows the Poisson’s equation. Similarly, the electric field also decreases but total charge density increases when the electron temperature is increased. BIBECHANA 18 (2021) 58-66

33

Gryb, S. B., and D. GC McKeon. "Motion of a particle with extrinsic curvature in an electromagnetic field." Canadian Journal of Physics 85, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-049.

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The equations of motion for a particle whose free Lagrangian involves not only the arc length of its trajectory, but also its extrinsic curvature, is known to imply that the particle follows a helical path. We examine the parameters associated with this path to see if it can provide a realistic classical model for an electron. The radiation emitted by this point particle while following its helical trajectory is considered, and found to be well below the rest energy of the electron when the helical velocity of the electron is chosen to be 10–4c. PACS No.: 11:15Kc

34

Li, Yingbin, Lingli Mei, Hongmei Chen, Jingkun Xu, Qingbin Tang, Yiguang Zhao, Qianqian Han, et al. "e–e recollision dynamics of nonsequential double ionization with mid-infrared laser field." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 27 (October 30, 2018): 1850302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218503022.

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We have investigated the recollision dynamics of correlated electron from nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) with 3200 nm laser fields at a wide range of intensities using a full-dimensional classical ensemble method. The numerical results show that for the mid-infrared laser fields, the double ionization probability versus laser peak intensity still displays a much clear “traditional” knee structure representing NSDI. At low intensity, the electron momentum correlated spectrum along the laser polarization direction shows a V-shaped structure; whereas at high intensity, the spectrum exhibits a clearly cross-shaped structure. We demonstrate that both the V-shaped structure and the cross-shaped structure are the results of extremely asymmetric energy sharing of the two electrons at recollision. Moreover, the most prominent contribution to NSDI is from the second-returning trajectory and the first-returning trajectory is significantly suppressed. What’s more, the mechanism of NSDI is from recollision impact ionization (RII) channel as well as recollision-excitation-with-subsequent-ionization (RESI) channel. We find that at low intensity, only the RII channel contributes to V-shaped structure; whereas at high intensity, both the RII and RESI channels have comparable contribution to the cross-shaped structure. Further, we diagnose the recolliding electron and the bound electron separately by tracing the classical trajectories.

35

Romig, A. D., J. R. Michael, and S. J. Plimpton. "Massively parallel Monte Carlo simulations of images and analytical data for Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172280.

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Monte Carlo electron trajectory simulations have been adapted to run on massively parallel supercomputers. An nCUBE2 parallel supercomputer with 1024 processors has been used in these studies. The advantage of the parallel architecture is the great increase in computational speed and the fact that few changes in the standard serial Monte Carlo algorithms are required. The temporal performance of the massively parallel Monte Carlo electron trajectory simulation run on 1024 nodes has been compared with Monte Carlo codes run on other types of supercomputers (CRAY-YMP). It was found to be as much as 100 times faster than the CRAY-YMP and over 2000 times faster than a VAX 785. This increase in computational speed allows the exploration of problems, in particular those involving small probability events, which are not normally amenable to solution by traditional serial Monte Carlo simulations due tothe time intensive nature of the calculations. For example, the calculation of 1,000,000 electrons at 100 kV through a thin foil takes about 6 seconds on the nCUBE.

36

Moghaddam, A. Ramezani, and C. Cacho. "Improved electron trajectory and power distribution in APPLE-knot undulator." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 093905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081034.

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The APPLE-Knot undulator has been proposed to reduce the large on-axis heat load of the APPLE-II at very low photon energy. However, the current designs have an inherent non-zero second field integral due to the Knot sections, resulting in a transverse deflection of the electron beam throughout the undulator. For a long device, such a deviation can degrade the brightness and power distribution of the outgoing beam. Here, a new end-Knot section is presented to compensate for the electron trajectory, and the undulator is symmetrized to balance the output power distribution. The performance of the APPLE-Knot with symmetric power distribution is investigated. The partial power, flux, and polarization are compared with the APPLE-II. In the linear mode, APPLE-Knot shows a pronounced reduction of the partial power, with a similar flux to the APPLE-II. The symmetric power density distribution reduces the hotspot by 41%, with a flux loss of less than 5%. In the circular mode and at low photon energies, the flux is limited by the phase error of the symmetric design.

37

Cheng, Long, and Z. J. Ding. "Novel Quantum Trajectory Approaches to Simulation of Electron Backscatter Diffraction." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 18 (April 4, 2020): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2020.121.

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38

Haas, Olivier C. L., Keith J. Burnham, and John A. Mills. "TRAJECTORY CONTROL FOR A NEW TOTAL SKIN ELECTRON TREATMENT MACHINE." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.01336.

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39

Geyer, Tihamér. "Electron impact double ionization of helium from classical trajectory calculations." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 37, no. 6 (March 2, 2004): 1215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/37/6/007.

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40

Ura, Katsumi. "Trajectory displacement of a single electron in the drift tube." Optik 123, no. 19 (October 2012): 1775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.01.041.

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41

Toshima, Nobuyuki. "Classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculations for energetic electron-capture processes." Physical Review A 42, no. 9 (November 1, 1990): 5739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.42.5739.

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42

Andrade Malaspina, Lorraine, Kunihisa Sugimoto, Alison J. Edwards, and Simon Grabowsky. "Mapping the trajectory of proton transfer via experimental electron density." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (December 1, 2017): C148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317094256.

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43

Koshishiba, H. "Simulation of x-ray generation based on electron trajectory calculation." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 11, no. 6 (November 1993): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.586650.

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44

Khaleel, Imad H. "Modelling of electron trajectories inside SEM chamber concerning mirror effect phenomenon." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 11, no. 21 (February 24, 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v11i21.362.

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Abstract:

A computational investigation is carried out to describe the behaviour of reflected electrons upon a charged insulator sample and producing mirror effect images. A theoretical expression for the scanning electron path equation is derived concerning Rutherford scattering and some electrostatic aspects. The importance of the derived formula come from its correlation among some of the most important parameters that controls the mirror effect phenomena. These parameters, in fact, are the trapped charges, incident angle and the scanning potential which investigated by considering its influences on the incident electrons. A pervious experimental operation requirements are adopted for operating the introduced expression. However, the obtained results are almost encouraged for using the presented expression to simulate the electron trajectory in sense of mirror effect.

45

Bachi, Nicolás, Sebastian Otranto, and Karoly Tőkési. "Electron-Impact Ionization of Carbon." Atoms 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11020016.

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Abstract:

We present ionization cross-sections of collisions between electrons and carbon atoms using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. Total cross-sections are benchmarked against the reported experimental data and the predictions of numerically intensive theoretical methods as well as pioneering calculations for this collision system. At impact energies greater than about 100 eV, the present results are in very good agreement with the generalized oscillator strength formulation of the Born approximation as well as with the experimental data. Limitations inherent to a purely classical description of the electron impact ionization process at low impact energies are detected and analyzed, suggesting a clear route for future studies.

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Mukoyama, Takeshi, and Károly Tőkési. "L-Shell Ionization Cross Sections for Silver by Low-Energy Electron Impacts." Atoms 10, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms10040116.

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The L-subshell ionization cross sections and total L–X-ray production cross sections for the Ag atom by the electron impact near the ionization threshold were calculated with a classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method. The results were compared with experimental data, quantum mechanical calculations, and the cross sections by positron impact. It was demonstrated that the classical treatments are useful for electron–atom collisions at energies higher than about six times the binding energies of target electrons but overestimate L-shell ionization and L–X-ray production cross sections at low energies near the threshold. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

47

Sautbekova, Z. S. "FOCUS CPM SOFTWARE FOR TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS OF REAL AXIALLY SYMMETRIC ELECTROSTATIC MIRRORS: METHODS AND ALGORITHMS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 19, no. 3 (41) (September 22, 2022): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022no3/91-96.

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The problem of studying the influence of electron mirrors design features, in particular, the gaps between the electrodes on their electron-optical characteristics is solved. A method to solve the problem that combines the advantages of analytical paraxial and numerical approaches is described. FOCUS CPM software developed by the authors of the work that implements the method described is presented. Calculation accuracy is estimated using the example of a three-electrode mirror. A focus position as a function of gap width between cylindrical electrodes is calculated and analyzed.

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Лукша, О. И., П. А. Трофимов, В. Н. Мануилов, and М. Ю. Глявин. "Траекторный анализ в коллекторе с многоступенчатой рекуперацией энергии для прототипа гиротрона DEMO. Часть II. Тороидальное магнитное поле." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 7 (2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.07.50960.5-21.

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The results of modeling of a collector with four-stage recovery of the residual beam energy for the prototype gyrotron designed for the DEMO project are presented. For spatial separation of electrons with different energies, the azimuthal magnetic formed by a toroidal solenoid is used. An increase of the recovery efficiency and a decrease of the flow of electrons reflected from the collector are achieved by reducing the spread of radial position of the leading centers of electron trajectories at the optimal parameters of the toroidal solenoid, as well as by using a sectioned electron beam. Trajectory analysis of the spent beam with electron velocity and coordinate distributions close to those obtained in experiments with high-power gyrotrons showed the possibility of achieving an overall efficiency of the gyrotron higher than 80 %, which is close to the maximum efficiency at ideal separation of electron beam fractions with different energies.

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Morgner, Harald, and Hubert Seiberle. "Transition state spectroscopy with electrons as studied by 3D-trajectory calculations of the reaction He+ + Br2− → He+Br− + Br." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-128.

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We investigate electron emission from the interaction of metastable helium (ls2s; 23S) with Br2 molecules. A small part of the electron energy spectrum is due to direct Penning ionization, giving rise to spectral features familiar from photoionization of Br2. However, the dominant contribution to electron emission originates from a collision complex that can be described as ion pair state He+–Br2−. In analogy to a collision between the alkali atom Li(2s) and Br2, which leads via Li+–Br2− to salt formation LiBr + Br, this system can be viewed as undergoing a chemical reaction to He+Br− Br. Of course, no stable products He+Br− can be produced in this way since the large recombination energy of He+ causes autoionization to He + Br+ + e−. On the other hand, this situation is ideal if one wishes to study spectroscopically the transition state of a chemical reaction, in our case the development of the system from He(1s2s) + Br2 to (He+Br−) + Br. Neither of the separate reaction partners is able to emit electrons. During the encounter the lifetime against autoionization is so short that decay into the ionized channel cannot occur long after the chemical reaction is complete. Thus, electron emission is confined to the lifetime of the reaction complex. Accordingly, the electron energy spectrum contains information exclusively on the transition state with no blending by emission from educts or products as could be the case in optical spectroscopy. As a case study we carry out 3D-trajectory calculations on the collision complex He+–Br2−, monitoring the energy distribution of emitted electrons throughout the lifetime of the complex. We find that the electron energy spectrum varies strongly from the initial to the final stages of the ongoing chemical reaction.

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GINZBURG, N. S., YU V. NOVOZHILOVA, and N. YU. PESKOV. "THE THEORY OF FREE ELECTRON LASERS WITH AXIAL GUIDE MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 04, no. 04 (December 1993): 315–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156493000157.

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Abstract:

Amplification and generation schemes of free electron lasers with a helical undulator and homogeneous guiding magnetic field are considered. A description of the process of pumping bounce oscillations of electrons in the adiabatically tapered undulator field is presented. The electron beam interacts with the electromagnetic wave in the region of constant amplitude of the undulator field where electrons move along stationary helical trajectories. Linear and nonlinear theory of such interaction is developed when electrons are under the undulator and combined synchronism with the electromagnetic wave. In the latter case the radiation is accompanied by excitation of electron oscillations near the equilibrium trajectory. A range of parameters for undulator synchronism is found where a considerable Doppler frequency up-conversion can be realized simultaneously with high efficiency (for amplifiers more then 30%). The mechanism of efficiency enhancement in this region is described. The influence of HF space charge (including negative mass effects) and the transverse inhomogeneity of the undulator field is discussed.