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Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic Banking'
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Kovacevic, Maja, and Milan Djurovic. "Electronic banking." Pravo - teorija i praksa 31, no. 1-3 (2014): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp1403029k.
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Lukić, Marija, and Tamara Gajić. "Electronic banking." Vojno delo 71, no. 4 (2019): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1904329l.
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Walters, Michael, and Roger Clarke. "Electronic banking." Computer Law & Security Review 5, no. 6 (March 1990): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(90)90057-i.
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Parkinson, John M. "Electronic banking." Journal of Banking & Finance 12, no. 4 (December 1988): 610–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(88)90027-1.
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Ziaee, Morteza. "Research on the Internet and Check the Status of E-Banking in Iran." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 21 (February 2014): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.21.172.
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E-banking is a special type of banking service to their customers to provide an electronic environment such as the Internet uses. This type of banking operations, including all of the bank receipt or deposit money, signature verification, inventory and other significant banking operations are conducted electronically. Internet Banking is a special kind of e-banking uses the Internet as a distribution channel. Two Popular models include electronic Reserve banks and branches electronics. Present age is communication and information technology age. One of the most important phenomena of this age is Revolutionizing of traditional banking. Development of electronic communication and access of large numbers of people to the Internet, has provided the conditions for establishing trade and economic exchanges. This subject led to increase of competition in the banking industry and creation of electronic banking services. With increasing demands for such services, something that should be considered is the barriers of electronic banking. In our research, we decided to check the status of e-banking in Iran. For this we have selected a number of banks. Questionnaire design and distribution between bank employees and its results interpreted.
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Solanki, Urvashi. "Impact of Electronic Banking on Customer Satisfaction." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17012.
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Wardana, Zulfikar Ali, and Marlon Sihombing. "Pengaruh Electronic Service Quality dan Electronic Satisfaction Terhadap Electronic Loyalty." Journal Of Social Research 1, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v1i7.131.
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Latar Belakang : Perkembangan teknologi memberi dampak terhadap berbagai aspek-aspek kehidupan, salah satu yang merasakan perkembangan teknologi adalah sektor Perbankan. Bank melihat bahwa perkembangan teknologi yang sangat pesat saat ini memberi peluang bagi bank untuk mengembangkan pelayanan menjadi lebih efisien dan mudah salah satunya ialah munculnya layanan elektronic banking yaitu seperti, ATM, Mobile baking, Internet banking, Phone banking, Video banking, hingga SMS banking.
Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh Electronic service quality dan Electronic satisfaction terhadap Electronic loyalty pada nasabah Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) pengguna layanan E-banking di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel pada penelitian ini sebanyak 100 orang responden.
Metode : Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji validitas dan rehabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, uji analisis regresi berganda, uji hipotesis melalui uji-t dan uji-f, uji koefisien determinasi. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan bantuan SPSS 22.0.
Hasil : Berdasarkan penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa variabel Electronic Service Quality memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Electronic Loyalty, dimana nilai t-hitung adalah 2,528 dan nilai t-tabel 1,660 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa t-hitung > t-tabel (2,528 > 1,660) dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.013 <0.05 dan variabel Electronic Satisfaction memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Electronic Loyalty, dimana hasil t-hitung adalah 5,269 dan nilai t-tabel 1.660 maka t-hitung > t-tabel (5,269 > 1,660) dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.000 < 0.05.
Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh Electronic Service Quality dan Electronic Satisfaction berpengaruh terhadap Electronic Loyalty. Dimana nilai f- hitung sebesar 38,313 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0.000 sedangkan nilai f-tabel pada alpha 5% adalah 3.09, dengan demikian hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa f-hitung > f-tabel (38,313 > 3,09) dan tingkat signifikansinya 0.00 < 0.05 menunjukan bahwa variabel Electronic Service Quality dan Electronic Satisfaction secara bersama – sama memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap Electronic Loyalty pada Nasabah Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) pengguna layanan E-banking di Kota Medan.
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Ataei, Seyed Alireza. "UNRAVELING THE KEYS TO BANKING TRIUMPH: DECIPHERING CUSTOMER RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING SERVICES." Global Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 02, no. 05 (May 4, 2023): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/gjhss-social-316.
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In the dynamic landscape of banking, electronic banking services play a pivotal role in determining the success of financial institutions. This study delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying customer recognition of electronic banking services and its impact on the overall triumph of banks. Through comprehensive analysis and empirical investigation, we aim to unravel the essential factors influencing customer perceptions and behaviors in the realm of electronic banking. By deciphering these nuances, banks can refine their strategies, enhance service delivery, and foster sustainable growth in the digital era.
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Vetter, Michael. "Electronic Banking und Rating." H&V Journal 63, no. 7-8 (July 2011): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35824-011-0024-7.
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Grant, James C. "Electronic banking and telecommunications." Information & Management 11, no. 1 (January 1986): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(86)90070-4.
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Schaechter, Andrea. "Issues in Electronic Banking." IMF Policy Discussion Papers 2002, no. 006 (March 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451972177.003.
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Baca, Granit, Artan Hajdini, and Shaqir Elezaj. "Adoption of electronic banking." Ekonomski pregled 74, no. 6 (2023): 818–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.74.6.2.
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This study aims to investigate the factors influencing behavioral intention to use e-banking services as well as the impact of awareness as an external variable on the technology acceptance model (TAM). The study is based on original information gathered from 206 respondents who live throughout Kosovo. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Model were employed in the analysis, which was conducted using AMOS statistical software. As a result, it was found that customers of banking institutions are not sufficiently aware of the usefulness of e-banking services and the opportunities offered. Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude seem to influence the intention to use e-banking. Attitude was found as a major predictor of the intention to use. Various marketing campaigns from financial institutions should focus on educating people about the advantages of using e-banking, such as time savings, lower transaction costs, up-to-date customers, and other information. Likewise, to create other benefits for e-banking services, only then will consumers have positive attitudes and intentions to use these services.
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TIWARI, RISHABH. "THE IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING ON INDIAN BANKING SECTOR." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (May 2, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem32707.
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Currently, India is the nation that is developing at the quickest rate in the globe, and since the demonetization of the country in 2016, there has been a spike in the e-banking industry of India. In the modern, digitalized world, electronic banking has become an essential component. The purpose of this study was to collect data regarding the history of electronic banking in India, analyze the current state of electronic banking in India through the use of surveys, and attempt to forecast the future of the electronic banking industry in India. In this study, we investigated seven distinct aspects that are associated with electronic banking in India. Alternative methods of conducting business Quantity of users Innovative technological developments in online banking the sum of all funds sent through electronic banking Policies of the government Educating the general audience about the various services that are provided via online banking In order to obtain the necessary information, we first carried out a survey in the city of Pune and its surrounding areas. Subsequently, we examined the data and attempted to make predictions regarding the future. Throughout the survey, we inquired about a variety of topics, including the respondents' preferred banking method and the number of transactions they completed on a weekly basis. After that, we put the information that we had gathered from the survey and the RBI through an analysis, and based on the findings of that study, we attempted to make a prediction about the future in two stages. Keywords:- Implication , Electronic, Banking, Sector, India
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Karic, Dusica, Miodrag Paspalj, Nebojsa Pusara, and Brankovic Nenad. "Implementation and use of Electronic Banking in Serbia." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2014/188.
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Ajibade, Patrick, and Stephen M. Mutula. "Big data, 4IR and electronic banking and banking systems applications in South Africa and Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(2).2020.17.
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Efficient banking solutions are an integral part of the business integration of South African and Nigerian economies as the two largest economies in the continent. Security, effectiveness, and integration of banking systems are critical to the sustainable development of the African continent. Therefore, an empirical analysis of the production of research on banking services and systems was conducted. The aim of the study was to examine the robustness of the research findings on banking systems in terms of their importance for the economic sustainability of the continent in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. The study adopted a bibliometric analysis using software clusters to visualize the results. Due to higher visibility of outputs and likely citations, the results showed that the key terms from Google Scholar are ranked higher than outputs from Scopus. Main research interests were related to internet banking (f = 70), e-payment systems (f = 57), telephone banking (f = 56), automated teller machines (f = 54), and mobile banking (f = 40). The results also showed a very low research interest in the technical aspect of online banking services such as security (f = 19, TLS = 40), authentication (f = 17, TLS =33), network security (f =13, TLS = 33), computer crime (f = 16, TLS = 42), and online banking (f = 11, TLS =32). The study found there were insufficient outputs in the area of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and banking services in Africa. Future research trends should examine the impact of the 4IR and big data on the banking system, regional economic integration, and sustainable growth in the continent.
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CHAIKOVSKYI, Yaroslav, and Yaroslava KOVALCHUK. "BANKING INNOVATIONS: PERSPECTIVES AND THREATS OF ELECTRONIC BANKING SERVICES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(57) (2018): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.04.121.
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Introduction. Nowadays, innovation is not the only economic phenomena, which affects the growth of productivity of factors of production, growth of volumes of production, structural changes, economic growth and national competitiveness, etc. Now innovations have become identified with development and improvement in all areas of the economy, including banking business. The purpose of the article is to disclose the concept of “banking innovations” and then to study the current state of electronic banking innovations in Ukraine, to identify the main threats, which influence the development of innovations in the domestic banking system, and determine the prospects for the development of banking innovations. Results. The article defines the notion of “banking innovations”. The current state of electronic banking innovations and the influence of the Internet development on the banking services are considered. The essence of Internet banking is also revealed and its distribution in Ukraine and in Europe is analyzed. In addition, the article presents the main threats affecting the development of innovations in the banking system of Ukraine, and specifies incident cases and their consequences in Ukraine and in the world. The prospects for the development of banking innovations are considered, the most promising banking innovations that could be launched in Ukraine were proposed. Conclusions. In general banking innovations in Ukraine are not independent development of truly innovative and unique products, services or technologies at the world level. It`s noticeable that there is development in the field of electronic banking services. The undisputed leader in the implementation of innovation at all levels of its own activities is the PJSC PrivatBank. There are highlight key areas for improving innovation in the banking system of Ukraine, such as: the formation of innovation policy, the development of distance servicing, and improvement customer service. In addition, with the development of technologies, new threats to innovation in the banking system are emerging. So there should be given a lot of attention in order to be in demand and banking institutions need to keep pace with global innovation and trends.
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Aduaka, Uchenna, and Olawumi Dele Awolusi. "Electronic Banking and Profitability in the Nigerian Banking Industry." Information Management and Business Review 12, no. 2(I) (November 14, 2020): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v12i2(i).3086.
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The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of electronic banking on profitability in the Nigeria banking industry. An inferential survey research design was adopted. Primary data were collected through questionnaires from both staff and customers of the surveyed bank. It was complemented with secondary data sourced from the company’s audited financial statements for the period 2010 to 2017. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while testing of the hypotheses was done using multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that cards play a significant role more than other channels and immediately followed by ATM. Also, it was observed that E-Banking channels contributed to Bank's profitability, that E-banking services (EBS) had an influence on the retention and loyalty of bank's customers and that the quality of service, security, reliability and efficiency have a definite impact on the usage of the services of e-banking. It was recommended that the Nigerian banking industry should invest more in card products, followed by ATM amongst other electronic channels; as they generate more revenues for the bank. The study also recommended further development of other channels (Mobile, Corporate Payments, POS and internet banking) to further enhance their contribution to the bank's profitability. Nigerian banks should also create a business strategy that is customer-centric by being continuously innovative in identifying the needs of their customers and improving on their products offering while developing new ones, to retain and keep the loyalty of their existing customers while attracting new ones.
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Et.al, Jude N. Owuamanam. "An Enhanced Model For E-Service Quality of Mobile Banking." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 2094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1150.
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The increasing growth in mobile device users and the rapid drop in conventional and mobile data charges have given way for a provision of banking services and mobile banking to be precise. Banks are now extending their services from traditional means of banking to a self-service system. Recently, mobile banking has been growing exponentially, but there is still a lack of confidence by the users because of low e-service quality of mobile banking. Researchers have done many works on mobile banking but were focused more on adoption and user intentions which contributes to the marketing and promotion of mobile banking. Mobile banking has some specific characteristic which makes it different from other web-based e-services. So the previous studies lack specific in-depth mobile banking e-service quality, such as failure to define the e-service quality of mobile banking and identification of mobile banking dimensions. This study identified mobile banking's dimensions and attributes that received less attention and suggested an improved model for mobile banking's electronic service quality.
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Sodoma, R., H. Skhidnytska, H. Markiv, and T. Shmatkovska. "Innovation project on electronic banking." Vìsnik Lʹvìvsʹkogo nacìonalʹnogo agrarnogo unìversitetu. Ekonomìka APK, no. 26 (December 27, 2019): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31734/economics2019.26.099.
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Tomiuk, Daniel, and Alain Pinsonneault. "Customer Loyalty and Electronic Banking." Journal of Global Information Management 9, no. 3 (July 2001): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2001070101.
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Perry, T. S. "Electronic banking goes to market." IEEE Spectrum 25, no. 2 (February 1988): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.4510.
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CERBAF. "Banking and electronic fund transfers." Journal of Banking & Finance 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(85)90013-5.
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Köckritz, Holger G., Friedrich Trautwein, and Uwe Rathausky. "Von Electronic- zu Emotional-Banking." Bankmagazin 52, no. 2 (February 2003): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03229628.
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Yousef, Ragheed. "ORGANIZING INTERNAL CONTROL OVER ELECTRONIC BANKING SYSTEMS." Chronos: economy sciences 6, no. 3(31) (November 3, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2712-9713-31-1-5.
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The contribution of technology in the field of banking led to a qualitative shift in the nature of banking and in the mechanism of providing banking services. Electronic banking services have achieved many benefits for both the bank and the customer. In the context of the Russian banking market, the article shows that there is an upward trend in increasing the volume and number of electronic banking transactions executed. The article focuses on the nature of electronic banking services and the new risks that came with them, and highlights the importance of internal control in controlling these risks and reducing them as much as possible. It proposes a development mechanism for internal control, guided by several factors.
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AlHaliq, Hani A., and Ahmad A. AlMuhirat. "Customer Satisfaction with Electronic Banking Services in the Saudi Banking Sector." Asian Social Science 12, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n5p139.
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<p class="a">This research aims to examine the extent of customer satisfaction with electronic banking (e-banking) services in the Saudi banking sector and to address issues with quality of services by focusing on the following: (i) ease of use; (ii) information security and reliability and its role in influencing customer adoption of electronic services; (iii) the mechanisms of monitoring and control over these services. The research employed analytic and descriptive methodology, collecting primary data through a survey. It examined various aspects of electronic services provided by banks in Saudi Arabia to shed more light on these services and customer expectations, while also taking into account modern studies in this field as secondary data. The results show that Saudi banks have succeeded in attaining significant customer satisfaction by improving their electronic services, facilitating electronic transactions, improving processing performance and enhancing the specifications of electronic services. In addition, they have achieved effective communication with their customers as well as the speed of applications. However, there is an absence of awareness and guidance for customers about the e-banking system. The results of this research lead to some recommendations for improving the electronic services provided by banks in Saudi Arabia to enhance customer satisfaction.</p>
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Kashif, Abdul Rauf, and Babar Younus. "Impacts of Internet Banking on Customer Satisfactions in Rawalpindi & Islamabad." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (August 19, 2021): 4632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2493.
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It presents how e-banking affects customer satisfaction in verified traditional banking administration, its relationship with age, occupation and education, its effect on branch visits, customer's understanding of e-banking, possibilities and difficulties, etc. of electronic banking. -banking. This article attempted to view all of the above out of 200 successfully completed and returned questionnaires from e-banking customers. In this study, tables, graphs, standard deviations, normality tests, and correlations were used to examine whether customers visit branches when e-banking is important and the qualitative relationship between segments and e-banking according to regression analysis. The test was carried out. Clarify the factors that determine customer satisfaction in e-banking. The findings inferred that the majority of e-banking customers are younger people, well-informed, paid and personalized agents, financial professionals, and women who are not effectively using e-banking assistance and there is also a link between e-banking and the segment. Electronic banking has further developed customer satisfaction, reduced the frequency of bank lobbies for bank administration, reduced the permanence of the space, and made it an ideal opportunity for customers. E-banking customers, bank customer satisfaction has expanded as a result of becoming e-banking customers, educated customers to control the evolution of records, and is likely to grow bank management electronics in the country.
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Salamah, Najah Hassan. "Impact of Electronic Banking Services on Bank Transactions." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n2p111.
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The objective of the research was to evaluate the significance of electronic system integrated in the banking sector for providing convenience services to their clients and the overall impact caused by electronic services on bank transaction. The research has applied analytical descriptive methodology to analyze the impact of electronic banking services on the bank transactions. The total sample size taken for the study was 150 and the questionnaires were distributed among the clients and bank officials to collect the data. The analysis revealed that electronic services have contributed to increase both the financial activity of the bank as well as number of its clients. In the banking sector, professional training can be given to banking officials, so that they can effectively work on the electronic system. The satisfaction has covertly impact a customer inclination towards electronic banking and electronic banking has positively influenced the banking transaction.
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Oluseye, MOKUOLU Joseph. "Electronic Banking: A Panacea to Corporate Customers’ Satisfaction in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. XI (2023): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.1011046.
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The study investigated the effect of electronic banking as a panacea to corporate customers’ satisfaction in Nigeria sighting Ekiti State as a case study with a view to establish whether electronic banking tools of ATM, mobile banking, POS, e-banking implementation, awareness of e-banking and service availability of e-banking significantly enhance corporate customers’ satisfaction in Nigeria. This study made use of survey research design that allow for the use of questionnaires to elicit data using Multistage sampling technique to select two hundred and forty (240) respondents from the population covering all the Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) firms in Ekiti State by first selecting all SMEs firms in Ado-Ekiti and later reduced them to five (5) purposively selected SMEs namely; Laundry, Printing, Bakery, Eatery and Electronics houses all in Ado-Ekiti. The data obtained from the field was processed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer software and analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis which involved regression analysis. The result revealed that 0.792 which depicted that 79% of the changes in the corporate customers’ satisfaction is accounted for by the explanatory variables (E-banking tool of ATM, MB, POS, E-banking implementation, Awareness of e-banking and Service availability). It was further discovered that the E-banking tools (ATM, Mobile banking and POS) have positive significant effect which bring about 8.1%, 34.5% and 9.4% increase respectively on the customers’ satisfaction in Nigeria. While the E-banking implementation and awareness of e-banking also have positive and significant effect and can positively increase customers’ satisfaction by 12.3% and 37.5% respectively. The coefficient of service availability on the other hand showed a significant negative effect on customers’ satisfaction (-0.087) implying that a percentage change in service availability will bring about a decrease in corporate customers’ satisfaction by 8.7%. The study therefore concluded premised on the results that electronic banking has significant effect on corporate customers’ satisfaction among Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria
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Yates, Stephanie R. "Factors Associated With Electronic Banking Adoption." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 31, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-18-00079.
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Using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study investigates factors that affect electronic banking adoption rates. Financial knowledge, income, education, and credit card ownership are associated with a high probability of electronic banking adoption. However, age is negatively associated with the probability of online banking adoption and the African American consumer is less likely to adopt electronic banking. This result is more prominent for African American women but does not hold for African American business owners. Financial counselors, planners, and educators should be aware and sensitive to these differences in order to provide additional education as needed on how to effectively use electronic banking services in order to achieve a greater degree of financial inclusion.
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Nathiya, T., and K. Janaki Priya. "Analysis of Electronic Banking and Information Technology using the TOPSIS Method." REST Journal on Banking, Accounting and Business 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jbab/2/2/4.
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Electronic banking, sometimes referred to as electronic transfer of funds (EFT), is the process of moving money electronically from one account to another. A 2015 Treasury Department poll found that 22% of mobile telephone owners conduct banking transactions online or over the phone as opposed to in person. They accomplish this via computer technology, telecommunications, and mobile payments. Automatic bill and paycheck deductions, computerized money transfers for online spending, and payment machines (ATMs) are some of its features. In the banking sector, information technology refers to the application of cutting-edge computer science and information and communication technologies. It retains a strategic advantage over all the other banks by offering its customers safe, dependable, and inexpensive services. A variety of banking services and other facilities that use electronic technology are referred to as electronic banking. Services for debit cards and ATMs. Banking over the phone. Online banking is one of the main services offered by banks, and it is also a relatively safe platform. Banks often use encryption technology to safeguard all client data and stop security lapses. Last, it provides protection from online scams and account hacking. Electronic banking, sometimes known as e-banking, is a broad term for using technology to access banking services, Internet banking, on the other hand, is a type of electronic banking. It employs electronic ways to move money straight from one accounts to another and is also referred to as an "Electronic Funds Transfer" (EFT). Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are online banking facilities that let customers do transactions without going to a bank location. Some ATMs only let you withdraw cash, while others let you do a wide range of things like check deposits, current accounts, and bill payments. Mobile banking is only possible through mobile devices, but digital banking gives you access to a variety of banking options from your desktop, tablet, laptop, etc. Also, you can do mobile banking through SMS or banking applications without the need for the Internet. By replacing document and labor-intensive techniques with automated processes, internet banking has become an effective resource for increased productivity and profitability, operational control, and cost savings. Examining how online banking affects consumer happiness is the goal of this empirical study. The goal of electronic banking is to increase customer happiness and lessen crowding in bank lobby areas. Banks have not adequately utilized these facilities despite their introduction. Customers' unhappiness and being crowded in the financial institutions are results of this. To convey different financial services and goods, telecommunication systems and electronic networks are used. A customer can use his or her computer or mobile device to access his or her account and manage several transactions with e-banking. E-banking has become a more important aspect thanks to advancements in financial innovation and inventiveness of the banking sector. In the present day, e-banking has changed everyone's lives. The wave of the information revolution is taken into consideration after the farms and factories revolutions. Prior to the introduction of online banking, customers had to physically visit the credit union to conduct their savings account operations. Many computer-savvy people enjoy using e-banking. Since the number of individuals using the internet has expanded over time and more people are becoming aware of the numerous advantages that online banking offers, its popularity has surged rapidly. TOPSIS method of ranking evaluated based on enhanced ambiguity comparison with weighted average. One of the typical approaches Multiple responses in the process used in TOPSIS to improve problems, reduce uncertainty determining the weight of each response and manageable at the same time A global approach continuously. Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technology, Real time gross settlement (RTGS), National electronic fund transfers (NEFT), Cheque truncation system (CTS), Automated teller machines (ATMs), Smartcard banking, Core banking solutions (CBS), Mobile banking and Internet banking. Global financial environment, financial innovations and technologies and Information technology. Electronic Banking and Information Technology. Automated teller machines (ATMs) is got the first rank whereas is the National electronic fund transfer (NEFT) is having the Lowest rank. Electronic Banking and Information Technology. Automated teller machines (ATMs) is got the first rank whereas is the National electronic fund transfer (NEFT) is having the Lowest rank.
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Srivatsan. A. "A Comparative Study on Peoples’ Preferences towards Electronic Banking over Traditional Banking." Journal of Development Economics and Management Research Studies 10, no. 16 (2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53422/jdms.2023.101605.
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In today’s era of information and technology an economy cannot achieve the target of sustainable development by following traditional banking method. So, it has become mandatory for developing country like India to increase automation in banking industry. Customers are no longer restricted to visiting physical locations for banking services such as cash withdrawals, check deposits, and account statement retrieval. Any query or transaction is handled online in real Internet banking at any time without involving a branch. The availability of Internet banking is shifting from being a "nice to have" to a "need to have" service. This study compares consumer preferences for traditional banking against electronic banking. The survey also looks into the most common reasons why individuals use electronic banking, examines what people think about electronic and traditional banking, and determines the issues users encounter with both types of banking. The results of this study shed light on the variables that affect people's preference for electronic devices and offer recommendations for improving the banking services.
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Alqudah, Omar Mohammad Ali, Baker Akram Falah Jarah, Abdul Razzak Alshehadeh, Zeyad Almatarneh, Mohammed Zakaria Soda, and Haneen A. Al-Khawaja. "Data processing related to the impact of performance expectation, effort expectation, and perceived usefulness on the use of electronic banking services for customers of Jordanian banks." International Journal of Data and Network Science 7, no. 2 (2023): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2023.3.006.
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The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the influence of performance expectation, effort expectation, and perceived usefulness on the usage of electronic banking services by Jordanian bank customers. The study used a quantitative method, with questionnaires administered to Jordanian bank clients. The statistics support the association between performance expectation, effort expectation, perceived utility, and the usage of electronic banking services. This implies that these characteristics have a major influence on Jordanian bank customers' electronic banking services. The association between performance expectation and use of electronic banking services is the strongest, followed by effort expectation and use of electronic banking services, and the poorest between perceived usefulness and use of electronic banking services. Even the most tenuous association (perceived usefulness and use of electronic banking services) is statistically significant. These findings also imply that banks seeking to boost the usage of electronic banking services should concentrate on improving consumers' perceptions of performance and effort expectations, as well as perceived usefulness.
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Sulaiman, Mohammad Sharif, and Naser AbdelKarim. "Electronic Banking Strategies and Their Impact on Customers’ Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from Palestine." Asian Social Science 15, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n10p20.
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Digital banking could be a new era for banks in Palestine. Electronic banking services have become an essential part of the banking services in most of the banks in Palestine, along with the traditional banking represented by the physical branches. Recently, more banks in Palestine have shifted towards Electronic Banking services by utilizing the advancement in the Information and Telecommunication technology thereby enhancing the customer experience and satisfaction, and increasing the efficiency of the banking services, since electronic banking is available 24/7, with no restrictions on working hours.
This study examines the correlation between electronic banking services in Palestine and customer satisfaction. The main question is: “What is the impact of the electronic banking strategies on customers’ satisfaction within the banking sector in Palestine?” The methodology used to tackle this question is based on two major components: a) survey design targeting 347 banks’ customers in 8 banks in Palestine, b) Direct interviews with the Top management of two major banks in Palestine (Arab Bank and Bank of Palestine) on the bank's future strategies towards Electronic banking.
With the introduction of the Third generation of wireless internet (3G) service in Palestine, the internet has become readily available and accessible, at any time. Along with the availability of traditional wireless network in the bank itself, the banking systems in Palestine are moving quickly toward digitalization. This study finds several interesting findings, one of these findings is the significant positive correlation between electronic banking strategies and customer satisfaction using these services. Thus, the study null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. This finding will be guiding the banks in Palestine to build strategies focusing on electronic banking services to achieve one of their top objectives by attracting and retaining their customers for the long-term.
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Aduba, Joseph Junior. "On the determinants, gains and challenges of electronic banking adoption in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1021–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2020-0452.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the gains, challenges and determinants of electronic banking adoption in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applied the generalized structural equation modelling (GSEM) to a large sample of respondents surveyed from five of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria to model the determinants of electronic banking. In addition to many other advantages, GSEM can be used as a likelihood function. As a result, this paper proposes GSEM as the most appropriate tool for modelling the socioeconomic determinant of electronic banking adoption.FindingsAbout three-quarter of respondents adopted at least a form of electronic banking. However, only a tenth of users used e-banking for purchase of goods or services, implying low electronic payment adoption. The low adoption of electronic payment was due to poor digital security infrastructure which made users vulnerable to widespread electronic frauds. The findings also show that the adoption of e-banking platforms or services was characterized by users' socioeconomic status. For example, the odds of adopting internet/mobile banking decreases with older users but increase with higher educational attainment and income, whereas the odds of adopting e-banking platforms such as short message service (SMS) and point of sale (POS) banking increases with older users and informally employed users respectively.Practical implicationsFor a sustainable cashless economy and financial inclusion in Nigeria, policy consolidation that provides safe e-banking services is necessary. Also, e-banking service providers should deliver specific contents and services that match the physical and economic characteristics of users.Originality/valueGeneralized structural equation modelling (GSEM) is a robust likelihood function method that combines the power of structural equation modelling with the generalized linear model. The application of GSEM to predict the likelihood of adopting a banking technology or Service has not been explored in electronic banking literature. Also, as a fast-growing economy with a heterogeneous population, Nigeria presents an interesting context to study the determinants of electronic banking.
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Sirengo, Moses Juma, and Willy Muturi. "Effect of Electronic Banking on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya." International Journal of Finance 7, no. 5 (October 21, 2022): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.1079.
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Purpose: The study sought to establish the effects of electronic banking on the performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. The study specifically sought to establish the effects of mobile banking, Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), Point of Sale Banking, and Automated Teller Machines (ATM) banking on the performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, and Perceived Characteristics Theory.
Methodology: A descriptive research design in the form of a longitudinal was adopted in the study. The study targeted licensed Commercial Banks in Kenya. Secondary data was used in the study. The data was gathered from commercial banks' audited financial reports published by the Central Bank of Kenya between 2015 and 2019. The study employed both inferential and descriptive statistics in analysing the collected data. Both Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software and MS Excel were adopted to generate the statistics.
Findings: The study found a relatively strong relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. The combination of independent variables had a fairly predictive potential for financial performance. A proportional increase in the EFT values would significantly increase the return on equity (ROE). It implies that bank performance is positively affected by an increase in EFT banking at a significant level. Similarly, the findings indicated a significant increase in the total value transacted on PoS Machines as a proportion of Total Transaction Value, would increase the return on equity. This shows that bank profitability would increase with increased PoS banking. On the contrary, a percentage rise in the total value transacted via ATM as a proportion of total transactions by value would decrease the return on equity. Similar results were observed with regard to mobile banking’s influence on bank’s ROE.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Thus, the study concluded that banks could reduce poor performance by having fewer amounts transacted via mobile banking agents and ATMs. On the other hand, banks can improve performance by encouraging increased values transacted via EFT and on POS Machines.
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Jovovic, Radislav, Elvis Lekic, and Miroslav Jovovic. "Monitoring the Quality of Services in Electronic Banking." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2016-0022.
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Abstract Successful development of electronic banking is in direct correlation with the quality of services in electronic banking. Therefore, it is necessary that the banks are familiar with the attributes of electronic services on which clients assess the bank’s quality and client’s satisfaction with them, in order to be able to monitor, correct and improve the performance of electronic banking. We start from the hypothesis that there are already developed theoretical models for measuring the quality of e-banking services but they must be adjusted to the specific environment that is analysed in order to obtain reliable and quality information. The qualitative and quantitative research methods are applied in this paper in order to a get adjusted theoretical model (instrument) for measuring the quality of electronic banking services. As a result of the conducted analysis, the initial theoretical model has been modified, so that the final version of the model (instrument) for measuring quality of online banking allows obtaining reliable data, and information in the particular environment. And the results are: significant information about the quality of e-banking, modified theoretical model, information about the dimensions of quality of e-banking, customer satisfaction, and pathways and guidelines for the improvement of e-banking. The measuring of quality of electronic banking services in not one time activity but repeated one, as permanent monitoring strategy. This research is widely applicable even though it was conducted in the context of Montenegrin e-banking, since most of the banks in Montenegro are owned by well-known European banks, and it is expected that the obtained knowledge and information can be generalized.
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Sorna Priya, R., and P. Kaleeswaran. "Problem Faced by the Customers while Using E-Banking Services Offered by Selected Private Sector Banks in Sivakasi." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2017.6.1.1234.
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Electronic banking is a system where banking services are provided electronically to Bank customers and it has created a new path in doing the banking business. Electronic banking, popularly known as e-banking, is a service provided by the bankers, that allows customers to carry out all their banking transactions like, financial transactions, deposits, withdrawals, paying bills and to access the his/her/its account information, through the use of electronic channels like Computers, Mobiles, ATMs, Television and other Electronic devices. The private sector banks introduce various e-banking facilities to their customers. But most of the customers are not having much knowledge to apply the banking services in the banking activities. So, in-order to identify the problems facing by the E-banking technology emphasized the research.
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Shah, Kruti, and K. D. Naik. "A STUDY ON THE ACCEPTANCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 7 (July 31, 2015): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i7.2015.2979.
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Over the past couple of years, the Indian Banking System has shown great resilience with the developing economy of the nation. The banking industry has not only grown in number but has also shown a tremendous development in the technological front. The banking industry has given lot of options to the customers to use banking services with the help of technology. This research paper focuses on the types of electronic banking media; the past, the present and the hopeful future of the banking system. This paper focuses on the levels of acceptance of electronic banking media among the customers and also focuses on the reasons of differing levels of acceptance. This research paper also tries to define the challenges faced by the banking system in the growth of acceptance level by the customers towards electronic banking and the opportunities which can be banked on in the form of marketing strategies that help the acceptance of electronic banking media for the faster and better services. The challenges and opportunities in the electronic banking sector are judged upon the various sources of information available and an attempt is made to show the probable future trend in the acceptance of electronic banking media by the society at large.
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Stalin, D. C., and Mahmoud Nayef Al-Manayseh. "Economic and Financial Implications of E-Banking in India." Shanlax International Journal of Commerce 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/commerce.v8i2.2365.
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Electronic Banking act, perhaps, the newest ways to provide comfort to the customer in regards to fiscal transactions. The significant idea is to provide a movement of organizations to the customer in the course of the web and cause the customer to feel versatile in getting out straightforward undertakings quicker rather than step over the bank unfailingly. Now, assured, for the most part, pleasing and less danger orchestrated looked by using banking parts the utilization of E-commerce. Electronic Banking is treated to significantly influence banks’ exhibition. An ever-increasing number of individuals are adjusting to this procedure, and the financial business will unquestionably expand. The development of E-Banking started with the usage of ATMs and has incorporated mobile banking, direct invoice section, E-store, and online banking. The present research shows that effective use based on Electronic Banking can empower their nearest banks to reduce working costs and give an unrivaled and snappy help of their customer. It gives a comprehension into various piece of Electronic Banking. The move from the proper banking to Electronic Banking has been a striking change in Indian financial history. In this way, Electronic Banking today ends up being a solid creative instrument in conveying refined and improved administrations to clients. This examination uncovers that the economic and financial implications associated with Electronic Banking in India.
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Kalui, Dorothy M., Christopher A. Moturi, Geoffrey Muchiri Muketha, and John K. Tarus. "An Investigation into Customers' Requirements for Electronic Banking." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 8, no. 2 (April 2017): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2017040104.
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There is a general consensus that governments, businesses and all individuals need to harness the power of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and ICT enabled services for wider access and improved welfare standards. The requirements of MFI clients in regard to electronic banking (e- banking) have received limited attention in the reviewed literature. In Kenya, little is known and understood about the customers' requirements with emergence of e-banking. In this paper, the authors investigate the MFIs clients' e-banking requirements to align with the MFIs preparedness for sustainable success. Besides, it narrows the digital divide in provision of financial services to Kenyans. Findings from this study indicate that in Kenya, MFI clients are ready for e-banking. The paper finally recommends some possible solutions that MFIs could embrace towards successful implementation of e-banking.
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Shah, Krishna Kumar. "Electronic Banking: Its Use and Challenge in Nepal." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 5 (September 30, 2016): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v5i0.15845.
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Electronic banking, new strategies have become necessary in order to attract and retain existing customers, changing business environments, globalization and the advancement of information and communication technology. Despite enormous pressures for change and investment in information technology in the banking field; if these investments do not work in accordance with the principles of investment, they will fail. The available sources and studies conducted in the field, seek to find out the main factors and challenges posed in the development of electronic banking after a relatively long period of adoption in Nepal. This paper highlights the challenges for the development of e-banking, its impact of infrastructural barriers, legal and security barriers and management-banking barriers on the development of e-banking in Nepal.Academic Voices Vol.5 2015: 9-15
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Uwimana, Jeannine. "Exploring Customer Satisfaction through Electronic Banking Adoption in Rwandan Commercial Banks: A Case Study of Banque Populaire du Rwanda." INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 9, no. 2 (November 17, 2023): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosrah/2023/2.5.4000.
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This study examines the relationship between electronic banking and customer satisfaction at BPR branches in Nyamirambo and Muhima. The research aims to identify the influencers influencing electronic banking adoption, evaluate customer satisfaction levels, and establish the correlation between usage and customer contentment. The study involved 89 respondents from 850 users, using Slovin's method to ensure a representative sample. Demographic insights revealed a predominance of male customers aged between 26-30 years, with bachelor's level education. Most respondents had under a year's experience with electronic banking, highlighting its accessibility and ease for transactions. The study found that electronic banking fulfilled the majority of banking needs, leading to increased satisfaction levels among bank clients. However, the research emphasizes the need for increased awareness about mobile banking products due to lower adoption rates. Recommendations include disseminating information about electronic banking services, elucidating their functionality, and highlighting their benefits to enhance adoption rates and maximize customer satisfaction. Keywords: Electronic Banking Adoption, Customer Satisfaction, Rwandan Commercial Banks, Banque Populaire du Rwanda, Information Technology in Banking
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Wu, Qi. "Strategic choice of electronic banking development under the financial and economic development." International Journal of Business and Management 3, no. 1 (October 21, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/ijbm.1.3.1.
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In recent years, with the rapid development of information technology, financial enterprises in order to fast, convenient, safe, efficient, improve enterprise economic benefits, by using information technology to carry out the electronic banking industry, from the initial telephone banking, gradually evolved into today's online banking, WAP banking and mobile banking. In the process of continuous development and improvement of electronic online banking business, personal financial industry is gradually in the important position of development, and even becomes the premise of benign development between Chinese banks. This paper mainly analyzes the development status and strategic choice of Chinese electronic bank.
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Lakshmi, Papunuka, and Dr Thamilselvan R. "Customer Perception On E-Banking Services of Public and Private Sector Banks in Hyderabad Region." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 1777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42627.
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Abstract: E-Banking is the use of electronic means in banker-customer and banker-company interactions and internal banking operations to simplify and improve banking services. "Paperless, faceless, cashless" is the recognized role and motto of the cashless economy. Various types of electronic payments are available as part of the promotion of cashless and paperless transactions and the transition of the economy to a cashless society and economy. Various types of electronic payment systems include electronic banking, debit cards, credit cards and electronic wallets. Today, almost all banks are adopting ICT as a means of improving the quality of service of their banking services. Attempts have been made to evaluate the services provided by banks through electronic banking services. Electronic banking services offer a lot of convenience, customer orientation, enhanced quality of service and cost efficiency. We used a structured survey to collect relevant data from our customers. This report examines customer perception of electronic banking services provided by public and private banks in the Hyderabad region. The study sample size is 102. Data is collected from both primary and secondary information. This report uses non-stochastic sampling techniques and the most appropriate sampling method is used for the survey. Keywords: E-banking, Services, Customer satisfaction, Perception
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Enamhe, Dornklaimz, Chidiebere U. Enukoha, Pius U. Angioha, and Manderson Kusi. "Motivation Behind E-Trust of Electronic banking Channels by Banks." ARRUS Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/jetech679.
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This quantitative study attempts to validate the adoption of electronic banking channels by commercial banks for operational performance. The study was a survey that adopted a structured self-designed questionnaire to elicit data from management staff selected from commercial banks in Cross River states using proportional and simple random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment correlation was used to analyse the collected data. Electronic banking channels were measured by automated teller machines and internet banking to analyse the data, and this was measured continuously. Analyse results validates the adoption of electronic banking channels (Automated teller machines and Internet banking). The study suggests factors that improve digital banking for bank profitability and operational performance based on these findings
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Hamid, Adam Ahmed Musa, Nabil Mohamed Abdo Alabsy, and Mohanad Abbas Mukhtar. "The Impact of Electronic Banking Services on Customer Satisfaction in the Sudanese Banking Sector." International Business Research 11, no. 6 (May 18, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n6p102.
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This research paper aims to study the impact of electronic banking services on customer satisfaction at Sudanese banks. Questionnaires were designed by the researchers. Data and information have been collected and analyzed from the internet users in the Sudanese banks clients. The study found that there are statistical significant differences of electronic services provided by the Sudanese banks on customer satisfaction. The study attempted to explain the various means of electronic banking services which might lead to the customer satisfaction.This paper showed that the banking services over the internet has a positive impact on customer satisfaction. This study recommended that the bank management should focus on spreading the knowledge of the electronic banking services to the customers. This study emphasized the importance of the electronic banking services and recommended that the bank management should spread the technological awareness among current and prospective customers, and develop suitable infrastructure for electronic banking services in the Sudanese banking sector.
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Oweis, K. A., and O. F. Alghaswyneh. "The Antecedents of Electronic Banking Adoption in Saudi Arabia: Using Diffusion of Innovation Theory." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2019): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.4-13.
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Despite the rapid growth in technology and the research effort given on investigating the adoption of electronic banking services, both banks and academic researchers in developing countries perceive the problem of low-level adoption of electronic banking. Most studies which have investigated the adoption, acceptance, or intention to use electronic banking, have agreed that customers «trust is one of the most important impediments that have frustrated the success of the adoption process. Therefore, in developed countries,customers» trust became the pivot of research studies that investigated the electronic dealings between customers and new IT/IS innovations. Recently, a few researchers have started investigating online trust in developing countries. Although electronic banking services have been widely adopted in developed countries, there is still low usage in developing countries such as Saudi Arabia. This quantitative research aims to empirically determine the significant antecedents of electronic Banking Service Adoption, as well as to explain how the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOIT) is being used in determining the antecedent of electronic banking in Saudi Arabia. Using an adopted survey instrument, (5-point-Likert scale) is used. Were eventually used to further analyse the data using mainly The Partial Least Square (PLS). This study contribute to the body of knowledge by extending existing literature to identifying the factors influencing the acceptance of electronic banking among banks customers, developing a comprehensive model which contributes to online customer literature by extending the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOIT) to include trust and system reliability applying them to the context of electronic banking, extending existing literature by applying the developed model to Saudi customers, contributing to technology acceptance theories by showing the role of system reliability in the acceptance of electronic banking, Contributing to the electronic trust literature by examining the role of customer trust in the context of electronic banking and how it might be increased. Keywords: electronic banking services, developing countries, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, trust, partial least square.
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Yang, Shaohua, Zeyun Li, Yaxin Ma, and Xingxing Chen. "Does Electronic Banking Really Improve Bank Performance? Evidence in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n2p82.
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This study investigated the performance of Chinese banks following the full adoption of e-banking system, particularly in profitability and cost efficiency performance. The study became more important with the development of e-banking and internet because of increased penetration of e-banking which has redefined the banking operations in China and in globe. Secondary method was adopted in this study. The report and data of five banks in China were used for sample analysis. The bank performance was measured in terms of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), operating margin (OM), net interest margin (NIM) and efficiency ratio. With the data collected, the different performance means between development stage and developed stage of e-banking in China were compared. The study revealed that e-banking could improve the Chinese bank performance in terms of ROA, ROE, and OM. On the contrary, e-banking has a slight impact on Chinese bank performance with respect to NIM and efficiency ratio. The findings of this study are to provide banks with suggestions for e-banking adoption for banking operations.
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Gupta, Manish, Raghav Rao, and Shambhu Upadhyaya. "Electronic Banking and Information Assurance Issues." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 16, no. 3 (July 2004): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2004070101.
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Horvitz, Paul M. "Preserving Competition in Electronic Home Banking." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 28, no. 4 (November 1996): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077933.
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