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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electronic contracts'
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1
Poyton, David Andrew. "Electronic contracts." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440163.
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Alghamdi, Abdulhadi M. S. "Electronic commerce with particular reference to electronic contracts." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275068.
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This thesis analyses legal issues related to evidence and contract laws in the context of electronic commerce. Electronic commerce raises a number of legal problems such as the need for authentication, liabilities, whether electronic records are admissible as evidence and whether electronic transmissions are considered writing where writing is required. Many legal systems have faced or will face some questions, such as whether electronic evidence is inadmissible only in the ground of being created or stored electronically? Should the law of evidence be reformed in order to meet the new technologies? It is questionable whether electronic communications and records can or should meet the legal requirements of "writing" and "signature". Do electronic and digital signatures satisfy the legal requirements? It has been argued that it is not logical and reasonable to apply legal requirements that have been constituted in the ground of paper-based communication on electronic communication. Electronic contracts raise some legal issues, including whether the contract must be in a particular form or authenticated; when the message is sent and received; whether it is received in the same form as it is sent; validity, time and place of communication; cross-offers and battle of forms issues. All these issues are considered from UK common law point of view and according to CISG, UNIDROIT Principles, PECL, UNCITRAL Model Laws and the Uniform Commercial Code. Electronic contracts involve consideration whether a computer can properly be used to enter into a contractual relationship, to which existing rules on contract negotiation may need to be developed to suit formation of contracts by means of computer and telecommunications and whether old rules are appropriate today. This study examines other legal problems relating to contracts formed on the Internet, including the use of electronic agents, enforceability of mass-market licences, electronic payments and choice of law and jurisdiction issues.
3
Poyton, David. "Electronic contracts : an analysis of the law applicable to electronic contracts in England and Wales and its role in facilitating the growth of electronics." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/5f202907-dca9-462b-a7f4-ad75000a6cb2.
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Electronic commerce has been described as unique, in the opportunities it creates for economic growth and its potential to revolutionise the way business is done. Although initial expectations and predictions have proven rather optimistic, it must nevertheless be accepted that electronic commerce has firmly established its place in the economies of the United Kingdom and European Union. Although considerable work and discussion has surrounded the creation of a regulatory framework for electronic commerce, insufficient attention has been given to the most fundamental element - the legal regime applicable to electronic contracts. Electronic contracts form the basis of electronic commerce. Parties have been contracting electronically for some time. However, electronic contracts have unique qualities and attributes making them sufficiently `different' to contracts entered by more `traditional' means to raise questions of the applicability and appropriateness of existing legal principles. This work is an examination of the legal environment within which electronic contracts are made. If electronic commerce is to reach its economic potential there must be a stable and predictable legal environment for electronic contracts. In this thesis the existing common law and regulatory principles are analysed, in the context of electronic contracts, to examine whether their application has the potential to create a stable legal environment. It is argued that a combination of, uncertainty in the common law; dated concepts in regulatory measures; and the introduction of new regulation without sufficient consideration of the nature of the electronic environment, has resulted in a lack of clarity in the law applicable to electronic contracts.
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Azeredo, João Fábio Azevedo e. "Reflexos do emprego de sistemas de inteligência artificial nos contratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-12122014-150346/.
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O presente trabalho analisa os efeitos jurídicos do uso de sistemas de inteligência artificial na formação dos contratos eletrônicos, bem como a aplicabilidade dos institutos do erro e do dolo civil a essas modalidades de contrato. Por se tratar de tecnologia que permite extremo grau de independência do sistema em relação à sua programação original, será investigado se a chamada declaração de vontade eletrônica, realizada por meio de uso dessa tecnologia, possui alguma especialidade e quais as conseqüências jurídicas da sua adoção.This dissertation analyzes the legal effects of the use of artificial intelligence systems in the formation of contracts, as well as the applicability of the institutes of error and deceit in such contracts. Because this technology allows for an extreme degree of independence of the system in relation to its original programming, it is investigated whether statements issued with the use of such technology have any specificity and what are the legal consequences of its adoption.
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Abdelsadiq, Abubkr. "A toolkit for model checking of electronic contracts." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1814.
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In the business world, contracts are used to regulate business interactions between trading parties. In this context, an electronic contracting systems can be used to monitor business–to–business interactions to ensure that they comply with the rights (permissions), obligations and prohibitions stipulated in contract clauses. Such an electronic contracting system will require an executable version of the contract (e-contract) for compliance checking. It is important to be verify the correctness properties of an e- contract before deploying it for compliance checking. Model checkers are widely used for automatic verification of concurrent systems. However, such tools for e-contracts with means for expressing directly and intu- itively key concepts that appear recurrently in contracts, such as execu- tions of business operations, granting (cancellation, suspension, fulfilment, violation, etc.) of rights, obligations and prohibitions to role players are not yet available. This thesis rectifies the situation by developing a high-level e-contract verification toolkit using the Spin model checker. A formal Contractual Business-To-Business interaction (CB2B) model based on the concepts of contract compliance checking developed earlier at Newcastle university has been constructed. Further, Promela, the input language of the Spin model checker, has been extended in a manner that enables specification of contract clauses in terms of contract entities: role players, business operations, rights, obligations and prohibitions. A given contract can now be expressed using extended Promela as a set of declarations and a set of Event-Condition-Action rules. In addition, the designer can specify the correctness requirements to be verified in Linear-Temporal-Logic directly in terms of the contract entities. A notable feature is that the CB2B model automatically checks for contract independent properties: properties that must hold for all contracts. For example, at run time, a contract should not simultaneously grant a role player a right to perform an operation and also prohibit it. Thus, the toolkit hides much of the intricate details of dealing with Promela processes communicating through channels and enables a designer to build verifiable abstract models directly in terms of contract entities. The usefulness of the toolkit is demonstrated by trying out a number of contract examples used by researchers working on contract verification. The thesis also shows how the toolkit can be used for generating test cases for testing an implemented system.
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Erasmus, Christo. "Consumer protection in international electronic contracts / C. Erasmus." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6917.
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Since the Internet became available for commercial use in the early 90s, the way of
doing business was changed forever. The Internet and electronic commerce have
allowed people to carry out business by means of electronic communications, which
makes it possible for them to do business and to conclude contracts with people
situated within foreign jurisdictions. The need for consumer protection in electronic
commerce has become necessary because of the misuse of aspects peculiar to
electronic–commerce. Consumers have been cautious to make use of electroniccommerce,
as they are uncertain about the consequences that their actions might
have. Consumers will only utilise e–commerce if they have confidence in the legal
system regulating it; therefore, legislation was needed to regulate their e–commerce
activities. In 2002, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 was
introduced into South African law as the first piece of legislation that would deal
exclusively with electronic communications. Chapter VII of this particular act deals
exclusively with consumer protection and seeks to remove certain uncertainties
imposed by e–commerce. This is done by providing the South African consumer with
statutory rights and obligations when engaging in electronic communications. The
Consumer Protection Act, 68 of 2008 is the most recent piece of legislation that aims
to promote a consistent legislative and enforcement framework relating to consumer
transactions and agreements. South African legislation dealing with electronic
commerce is relatively recent, and it is uncertain whether consumers are offered
sufficient protection when they conclude contracts with suppliers or sellers from a
foreign jurisdiction, that is, one that is situated outside South Africa.
After looking at the protection mechanisms in place for South African consumers
engaging in e–commerce, we have seen that there are certain problems that one
might experience when trying to determine the applicability of some of the consumer
protection measures to international electronic contracts. Most of the problems that
we have identified are practical of nature. Consumers may, for instance, find it hard
to execute their rights against foreign suppliers in a South African court, even if the
court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter. Another problem that we identified is
that some of the important terms in our legislation are too vaguely defined. Vague terms and definitions can lead to legal uncertainty, as consumers might find it hard to
understand the ambit of the acts, and to determine the applicability thereof on their
transactions. In order to look for possible solutions for South Africa, the author
referred to the legal position with regards to consumer protections in the United
Kingdom, and saw the important role that European Union legislation plays when
determining the legal position regarding consumer protection in the UK. The
legislation in the UK dealing with consumer protection is far more specific than the
South African legislation dealing with same. There is definitely consumer protection
legislation in place in South Africa but the ongoing technological changes in the
electronic commerce milieu make it necessary for our legislators to review consumer protection legislation on a regular basis to ensure that it offers sufficient protection
for South African consumers engaging in international electronic contracts.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Mik, Eliza. "Contract formation in open electronic networks." Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed 28 May 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Degree awarded 2007. Includes bibliography references. Also available in print format.
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Mik, Eliza. "Contract formation in open electronic networks." Phd thesis, Faculty of Law, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4995.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed 28 May 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law. Degree awarded 2007. Includes bibliography references. Also available in print format.
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Wong, Chao-wai. "EDI and the law of contract." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781418.
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Wadhwa, Sahib Singh. "Signing and validating contracts in Open Computation Exchange and Arbitration Network (OCEAN)." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000817.
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Wong, Chao-wai, and 王祖威. "EDI and the law of contract." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951089.
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Toledo, Ana Cristina de Paiva Franco [UNESP]. "Aspectos jurídicos da celebração de contratos pela Internet." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89903.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
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toledo_acpf_me_fran.pdf: 388455 bytes, checksum: 794f8ee1c6b4cbf1dbe3400479f44cfc (MD5)Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a constituição do vínculo obrigacional por ocasião da celebração de contratos mediante o uso da tecnologia, mais especificamente, a rede mundial de computadores, denominada internet. Para tanto, foi feita a análise das leis civis e empresariais que regem o negócio jurídico e os contratos, de forma a verificar se são aplicáveis aos contratos celebrados pela internet, tecnologia que, com suas características peculiares, altera a percepção de conceitos tais como a territorialidade, a identidade das partes e o lugar da celebração ou execução das obrigações, essenciais para a aplicação do direito. Analisou-se os tipos de contrato celebrados pela internet quanto à manifestação da vontade das partes e ao momento de constituição do vínculo obrigacional. Examinou-se as tentativas no direito interno e externo de regulamentação dos contratos celebrados pela internet, também denominados contratos eletrônicos, para finalmente verificar-se a viabilidade da criação de leis e normas nessa área. Concluiu-se pela aplicação, os contratos celebrados pela internet, das normas civis e empresariais aplicáveis aos contratos em geral, bem como a viabilidade de criação de leis que visem a conferir segurança jurídica a esse tipo de contratação mediante o reconhecimento da validade e eficácia e força probante de tais contratos.
The objective of this research is to analyse the constitution of the obligational bond related to the contracts in which technology, specifically the world wide web, designated as internet, is used to perform the agreement. Therefore, it was analysed civil and commercial laws related to the legal acts and the contracts in general, in order to examine whether they are applicable to the contracts celebrated by the internet, considering that such technology presents peculiar characteristics that modify the perception of concepts such as territoriality, parties’ identity, celebration venue or place of execution of the obligations, which are essential for the application of law. It was examined the types of the contracts that are celebrated by means of the internet classified according to the way of expression of the parties’ will and to the moment of the constitution of the obligational bond. It was also analysed national and international laws for the regulation of the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, also called electronic contracts, to finally verify the feasibility of the creation of laws applicable specifically to this area. The conclusion of this research is for the application, to the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, of the civil and commercial laws applicable to contracts in general, in order to grant legal enforcement for this specific type of agreement by means of the express recognition of the validity, enforceability and capacity of proof of such contracts.
13
Habibzadeh, Taher. "Developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts by a comparative study of UNCITRAL rules, English law, American law, EU law and Iranian law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developing-and-modernizing-iranian-law-in-the-context-of-electronic-contractsbya-comparative-study-of-uncitral-rules-english-law-american-law-eu-law-and-iranian-law(004e86e1-83a6-42f0-9e6b-d3f6270696ad).html.
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In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in national and international electronic transactions. This issue has forced all legal systems to face up to many emerging legal problems in the context of electronic communications, such as the time and the place of formation of electronic contracts, the validation of e-contracts made by the interaction with e-agents, the legal validity of electronic documents and signatures, consumer protection in contracting electronically in particular in cross-border e-transactions, and the Internet jurisdiction and choice of law. One issue to determine is the place of formation of contracts when contracting electronically, either through email, websites or chat-rooms to see how the notion of 'place' is perceivable in cyberspace; and the way of application of the four traditional theories of information, dispatch, receipt and awareness relating to the time and place of conclusion of contracts in contracting by electronic means should be examined. Regarding the legal validity of e-contracts made through interactive websites, the legal status of electronic agents which play an important role in this process is questionable to see whether they are akin to real agents in the physical world or they are only a mere tool of communication. The responsible person for any mistakes that an electronic agent makes and causes losses or damages to the contracting parties should also be examined. There are also questions regarding meeting the formalities in the formation of some specific contracts in contracting electronically to see whether the electronic documents and signatures legally valid and admissible at the courts of law or not. Their legal weight should also be measured. Moving on the jurisdiction and choice of law issue, some argumentative questions raise. For instance, where the rule of private international law provides that the competent court is the court within which jurisdiction the contract is performed, it is necessary to see that where the place of performance of the contract in which the subject matter is digital goods such as e-books or computer software delivered online is. This is also an important question in providing electronic services such as e-teaching. Regarding the choice of law issue the same questions of jurisdiction are posed. Furthermore, as consumer protection issue in B2C contracts is important in developing electronic commerce worldwide, it should be considered that whether the consumer party is able to bring an action against the business party in his own place of domicile or habitual residence or not. These are only a sample of questions that the current research tries to analyse based on the traditional legal rules and principles and the statues on electronic commerce. Discussing the above legal doubts in the context of Iranian law shows that there are a number of legal uncertainties in the Iranian legal system hindering, or at least putting in doubt, the development of electronic commerce in both national and cross-border electronic transactions. Despite the fact that some of them have been addressed by the Iranian Electronic Commerce Act 2004 indirectly, however a detailed legal work is still definitely needed to elaborate the questions and provide solutions developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts. The author in the current research tries to analyse the questions by a horizontal comparative study of the UNCITRAL Model Laws, the Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 2005, the EU law, English law, American law and Iranian law. Also, a four-stage roadmap that acts as the guiding principle of this research is employed to develop the Iranian legal system in the context of e-commerce. The first stage focuses on whether the exact application of Iranian traditional law can address the emerging legal doubts; the second stage expands and develops traditional rules; the third introduces legal presumptions; and the fourth theorizes new rules. The research concludes that the Iranian legal system may be modernized and developed in the context of electronic contracts by adopting the legal policy and solutions of other legal systems by both scholarly legal doctrines and legislation.
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Qutieshat, Enas M. "Traditional contract law in the electronic environment : evolution or revolution?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158831.
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This thesis will examine issues related to the formation and validity of electronic contracts on a comparative basis between the English, American and UNCITRAL approaches. When examining the English approach, reference will be made to relevant EC Directives in relation to the subject matter. This thesis has four main objectives. First, to assess the impact of using electronic communication tools to reach agreement. Second, to identify some key points that should be considered when examining the formal validity of electronic contracts. Third, to establish a foundation for having a valid contract in which rights and obligations could arise accordingly. Finally, this thesis aims to identify whether the traditional contract law rules are able to meet the challenges that are brought by the use of electronic communication tools, or whether they require reform. It will be noticed throughout that electronic contracts come in different types. This leads to difficulty with introducing one rule to cover all types of electronic contracts. Furthermore, some concerns arise when electronic communication tools are used to form contracts as to the exact time of contracting. Other concerns arise when trying to fulfil some legal formalities such as writing and signature. This is because of the special and dual nature of electronic data and the possibility of using different types of signature methods in cyberspace. Finally, it is important to consider taking steps to update some of the current contract law rules to work alongside the electronic technology revolution. Some aspects of the traditional contract law rules become challenging when applied to electronic contracts. For example, the issues of contract formation and the use of electronic and intelligent software require direct attention when considering the issue of e-contracts. The reference to such challenging well-established contract law rules is necessary throughout this thesis, however, since the current rules which deal with electronic commerce in general and electronic contracts in particular do not cover all the issues that are related to electronic contracts. Lastly, this thesis will sound the alarm on the need to raise the legal awareness of both online users and website developers when contracting online. Chapter Two will assess the use of electronic communication tools to form such contracts, and the sorts of problems that could arise as a consequence. Chapter Three will highlight whether or not electronic contracts can be considered written and signed when the law imposes such requirement. This chapter will also seek to determine whether there is a need for such formalities in cyberspace. Chapter Four is designed to deal with selected issues of material validity of electronic contracts. This chapter is essential when considering all types of electronic contracts, including formal ones. It will consider issues that are related to mutual assent in cyberspace, and the problems that could arise with web-based contracts in relation to these.
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Al, Kharusi Rahima Hamed Salim. "Liability of electronic certification service providers to e-consumers in UK and Omani civil litigation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233441.
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Paul, Sandra. "Das elektronische Vergabeverfahren : am Beispiel der Vergabe von Bauleistungen /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989808432/04.
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Botha, Bronwynne. "Liability for economic loss sustained through the failure of an ISP in the electronic conclusion of contracts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41521.
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Lötz and Du Plessis sum up the problem at hand most succinctly in their stating that “the relevant
question is whether electronic contracts of sale can fulfil the general, legal requirements for the
conclusion of a valid contract, and also where and when such contracts are (deemed to be) concluded”.2
In light of this statement, consider the following schematic representation of all the parties and their
relationships, as typically occurring during the electronic contracting process: This statement succinctly sums up a single aspect of this problem, the so-called “contracting phase”.
Following the traditional thought pattern, all aspects leading up to the point of conclusion need to be
assessed and critically discussed as a failing or miscommunication in any one of the traditional
requirements for the conclusion of a valid contract may later in the contractual relationship affect consensus and thus conclusion. This second phase “remedies and liability” refers to the situation where
consensus is defective for one or other reason stemming from a failure in the internet/network services
offered by the Internet Service Provider. A practical example of this may be:
A and D have concluded pre-contractual negotiations and stand on the brink of consensus. A has signed
the agreement and has forwarded same to D by means of e-mail. As far as A is concerned, the contract is
concluded and he/she makes arrangements to fulfil of his/her obligations. D does not receive the signed
agreement from A due to a failure on the part of his/her Internet Service Provider (C) – the server
crashed and as a result he/she has no knowledge of A’s acceptance. D therefore concludes a contract with
a third party for the same goods that form the subject of the contract with A and performs in terms of
same. In these circumstances A has suffered economic loss due to his/her preparation to perform
alternatively, full performance in terms of a contract he/she believed to be concluded. It goes without
saying that neither A nor D are responsible for the loss A has suffered. The obvious question is then who
is responsible for A’s loss? This work aims to assess firstly, the nature and the scope of possible remedies available to A to redress
his/her loss, and secondly, the extent to which the Internet Service Provider can be held responsible for
the failure of the communication medium. These issues will be discussed against the backdrop of the
general principles of the law of contract and their application to this new and integral component in
economic transactions.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
am2014
Mercantile Law
unrestricted
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Toledo, Ana Cristina de Paiva Franco. "Aspectos jurídicos da celebração de contratos pela Internet /." Franca : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89903.
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Orientador: Luiz Antonio Soares HentzBanca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas
Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo
Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a constituição do vínculo obrigacional por ocasião da celebração de contratos mediante o uso da tecnologia, mais especificamente, a rede mundial de computadores, denominada internet. Para tanto, foi feita a análise das leis civis e empresariais que regem o negócio jurídico e os contratos, de forma a verificar se são aplicáveis aos contratos celebrados pela internet, tecnologia que, com suas características peculiares, altera a percepção de conceitos tais como a territorialidade, a identidade das partes e o lugar da celebração ou execução das obrigações, essenciais para a aplicação do direito. Analisou-se os tipos de contrato celebrados pela internet quanto à manifestação da vontade das partes e ao momento de constituição do vínculo obrigacional. Examinou-se as tentativas no direito interno e externo de regulamentação dos contratos celebrados pela internet, também denominados contratos eletrônicos, para finalmente verificar-se a viabilidade da criação de leis e normas nessa área. Concluiu-se pela aplicação, os contratos celebrados pela internet, das normas civis e empresariais aplicáveis aos contratos em geral, bem como a viabilidade de criação de leis que visem a conferir segurança jurídica a esse tipo de contratação mediante o reconhecimento da validade e eficácia e força probante de tais contratos.
Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyse the constitution of the obligational bond related to the contracts in which technology, specifically the world wide web, designated as internet, is used to perform the agreement. Therefore, it was analysed civil and commercial laws related to the legal acts and the contracts in general, in order to examine whether they are applicable to the contracts celebrated by the internet, considering that such technology presents peculiar characteristics that modify the perception of concepts such as territoriality, parties' identity, celebration venue or place of execution of the obligations, which are essential for the application of law. It was examined the types of the contracts that are celebrated by means of the internet classified according to the way of expression of the parties' will and to the moment of the constitution of the obligational bond. It was also analysed national and international laws for the regulation of the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, also called electronic contracts, to finally verify the feasibility of the creation of laws applicable specifically to this area. The conclusion of this research is for the application, to the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, of the civil and commercial laws applicable to contracts in general, in order to grant legal enforcement for this specific type of agreement by means of the express recognition of the validity, enforceability and capacity of proof of such contracts.
Mestre
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Dafoulas, Georgios A. "An investigation into the allocation of electronic contracts to dynamically formed global software engineering teams." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488425.
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Andersson, Oscar. "Securing Electronic Health Records : A Blockchain Solution." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107330.
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Blockchain is an interesting technology, with different projects developing every day since it first gained its light back in 2008. More and more research finds blockchain useful in several different sectors. One of the sectors being healthcare, specifically for electronic health records (EHR). EHR contains highly sensitive data which is critical to protect and, just in the year 2019, 41,232,527 records were deemed stolen. Blockchain can provide several benefits when it comes to EHR, such as increased security, availability, and privacy, however, it needs to be done correctly. Due to blockchain being a rather novel technology, there is room for improvement when it comes to integrating blockchain with EHR. In this thesis a framework for EHR in the healthcare sector is proposed, using Ethereum based smart contracts together with decentralized off-chain storage using InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and strong symmetric encryption. The framework secures the records and provides a scalable solution. Furthermore, a discussion and evaluation regarding several security aspects that the framework excels on as well as what the framework could improve on.
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Cheifetz, Aaron A. "The effect of aqcuisition reform on small business participation in the Federal marketplace /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FCheifetz.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Contract Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004.Thesis advisor(s): David V. Lamm, Peter T. Capozzoli. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50). Also available online.
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Malek, Roksana Janina. "Electronic Commerce in international trade law - especially under the UN COnvention on the use of electronic communications in international contracts 2006 and under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4661.
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Gillies, Lorna Elizabeth. "An analysis of jurisdiction rules for electronic consumer contracts : United Kingdom, United States and global perspectives." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23940.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine European and United States jurisdiction rules for consumer contracts where the consumer and the seller who contract with each other over the Internet via the World Wide Web are in different jurisdictions. The thesis will demonstrate that despite recent adaptation in both jurisdictions, existing rules are not conducive to consumer contracts entered into by means of electronic commerce (hereafter electronic consumer contracts). This thesis will argue that both United Kingdom and United States jurisdiction rules for such contracts should be further amended and harmonised to enable consumers to sue in their own jurisdiction when foreign businesses intended to target them via active or interactive web sites. The aim of international private law is premised on a "desire to do justice" to the parties involved in a cross-border dispute. Chapter One will demonstrate that this aim is particularly significant with regard to the role of international private law vis-a`-vis the legal regulation of cross-border electronic consumer contract disputes. When a consumer contract is entered into between parties across borders by electronic means and a dispute arises between those parties, the effective application of a certain and predictable jurisdiction rule to determine which jurisdiction will hear the dispute is crucial. Subsequent chapters of this thesis will demonstrate that given the continued inconsistencies in existing jurisdiction rules in the United Kingdom and the United States, further adaptation and harmonisation of jurisdiction rules for electronic consumer contracts is now both necessary and desirable.
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Kamantauskas, Povilas. "Formation of click-wrap and browse-wrap contracts." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140617_121839-54611.
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In a time of rapid development of technologies, new forms of contracting online emerge. Two of these are analyzed in this thesis: click-wrap agreements (where an offer is accepted by way of clicking on an icon “I agree”) and browse-wrap agreements (where the offeree supposedly accepts the offer by browsing on a website, while the terms to the contract are accessible through an inconspicuous hyperlink).
Click-wrap agreements are formed, they are accepted in a manner recognized as binding and the offeree knows the terms she assents to.
Browse-wrap agreements are generally not formed. Even though the action of browsing on a website could indicate assent, the offeree must know that the act of browsing will be construed as acceptance. But the offeree is generally not made aware of the terms to the contract and thus cannot assent to what she is not aware of. However, if the offeree is in fact aware of the terms to the contract and still knowingly performs the action of browsing, a contract is formed and the offeree is bound.
There are some doctrinal problems with an element of an offer – intent to be bound. E-contracting involves a great deal or recklessness by the offerors as well as offerees, leading to the conclusion that the action of clicking “I agree” does not really indicate the intent of the party who performs the act, to actually agree. There is no adequate answer to this problem presently.
To sum up, the enforceability of click-wrap contracts is settled in courts, it is a... [to full text]Besivystant technologijoms keičiasi ir sutarčių sudarymo būdai: dėl mažesnių kaštų ir patogumo populiarėja sutartys elektroninėje erdvėje. Prie to turi prisitaikyti ir teisinė aplinka, todėl šiame magistro darbe yra aptariamos dvi sąlyginai naujos sutarčių sudarymo formos. Viena jų – spragtelėjimu sudaroma sutartis (angl. – click-wrap agreement). Čia oferentas akceptuoja sutarties sąlygas, paspausdamas monitoriaus ekrane ikoną „Sutinku“ ar pan. O situacija, kai sutartis turėtų būti sudaroma naršymu (angl. – browse-wrap agreement) – kiek sudėtingesnė, čia oferentas turėtų išreikšti savo sutikimą vien naršydamas internetinėje svetainėje, tačiau informacija, apie tai, jog naršymas bus laikomas sutikimu galima rasti spragtelėjus ant saito (angl. – hyperlink), kuris neretai būna pateikiamas puslapio apačioje, bet apie nuorodą su sutarties sąlygomis ir akceptavimo būdu oferentas nėra informuojamas, dažnai apie ją net nežino. Šiame darbe spragtelėjimu ir naršymu sudaromos sutartys analizuojamos kaip abstrakčios teisės koncepcijos, aptariamas jų pagrįstumas, tinkamumas. Lietuvos ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų nacionalinės teisės sprendimai darbe aptariami lyginamuoju aspektu. Pirmiausia privalu išsiaiškinti ar galima sudaryti sandorius elektroninėmis (ne tik ryšio) priemonėmis. Nors elektroninėmis ryšio priemonėmis perduodama informacija prilyginama rašytiniams dokumentams (taigi, taip sudaromos sutartys tikrai galioja), spragtelėjimu ar naršymu sudaromų sutarčių atveju, ši teisinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Tahat, Hisham. "Legal issues related to the formation of electronic contracts : a comparative study of English and American law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439908.
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This thesis explores selected legal problems that arise in the formation of online contracts in the American and English legal systems. The thesis examines to what extent traditional contract law rules provide a satisfactory legal ground for governing such issues. It attempts to show that no substantial legislative reform is necessary as adaptations of traditional contract law rules are sufficient. To this end, this study focuses on questions regarding the formation of email contracts, the role of electronic agent in forming website contracts, the distinction between offer and website advertisement, online errors and mistakes, web site acceptance, and finally, the incorporation of online terms.
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Helmholz, Niels. "Contract formation and the Internet : an analysis of contract formation in English, South African and German law with special regard to the Internet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52746.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.
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Chavis, James T. Cheatham James Gonzalez Vaughn Ibanez Rolando Nalwasky Richard Rios Martin Turner Marco A. "Examination of the Open Market Corridor /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FChavis%5FMBA.pdf.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003."MBA professional report"--Cover. Joint authors: James Cheatham, Vaughn Gonzalez 2nd, Rolando Ibanez, Richard Nalwasky, Martin Rios, Marco A. Turner. Thesis advisor(s): Ron Tudor, Rod Tudor. Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-237). Also available online.
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Cheifetz, Aaron A. "The effect of acquisition reform on small business participation in the Federal marketplace." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1693.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis investigates the effect that acquisition reform has had on small business participation in the Federal contracting arena. As a result of the transformation of the Federal acquisition process through acquisition reform legislation and the reduction in the acquisition workforce, small business contractors are faced with new challenges to compete for and win Federal contracts. This paper concentrates on examining contract bundling, reverse auctions, electronic commerce and multiple award schedules. It concludes that contract bundling has had a negative effect on small businesses by excluding them from many competitions. It also finds that electronic commerce has had a positive effect on small businesses by giving them greater access to Federal contract opportunities and by speeding up the acquisition process. Regarding multiple award schedules, the research supports benefits for small businesses when they are given the chance to compete through multiple award schedules. It also finds negative implications for small businesses in that multiple award schedules often favor large established businesses at the expense of small businesses. The paper finds a lack of awareness on the part of small business concerning reverse auctions and finds no major impact on small businesses resulting from reverse auctions.
Civilian, Department of the Army PEO-EIS
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Brito, Alessandro Vicente de. "Os contratos no comércio eletrônico: (uma análise sobre a sua validade)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8181.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-27The present essay provides law practitioners with an opportunity to widely reflect about validity of contracts formed in the electronic commerce by the Brazilian legal system s point of view. It offers subsides that facilitate a better understanding of the electronic form of contracting, while it points out distinctions between the electronic form and the written form of documents. It presents legal subsidies that contribute with the legal-technical analysis that tends to the solution of controversies related to the issue, especially controversies related to validity and enforceability of contracts formed in the electronic commerce. It searches to establish the notion of formal and material elements that limit the electronic contract s framework as valid, trying to identify the requirements that must be fulfilled in order to assure enforceability to such contracts, essentially those related to electronic document s signature. It analyzes particular principles of the electronic commerce, like functional equivalence and technological neutrality in order to exposure the importance s degree of such principles. Finally, it realizes that the Brazilian law does not preclude the occurrence of contracts in the electronic commerce. Through a not specific legal framework, but based upon general legal guidelines, there is strong basis above which such contracts can be considered valid and enforceable, fulfilled specific requirements
A presente dissertação proporciona aos operadores do direito oportunidade de ampla reflexão sobre a validade dos contratos celebrados no comércio eletrônico, sob a ótica do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Oferece subsídios que favorecem a melhor compreensão da forma eletrônica de contratação, ao tempo em que ressalta distinções entre a forma eletrônica e a forma escrita dos documentos. Apresenta subsídios jurídicos capazes de contribuir com a análise técnico-jurídica tendente à solução de controvérsias relacionadas ao tema, notadamente aquelas que envolvem questões relacionadas à validade e à eficácia dos contratos celebrados no comércio eletrônico. Busca precisar a noção dos elementos materiais e formais delimitadores do enquadramento dos contratos eletrônicos como válidos, buscando identificar os requisitos que devem ser preenchidos para assegurar eficácia a tais contratos, essencialmente os relacionados à assinatura dos documentos eletrônicos. Analisa princípios próprios do comércio eletrônico, como a equivalência funcional e a neutralidade tecnológica a fim de expor o grau de importância de tais princípios. Constata, enfim, a realidade de que lei brasileira não impossibilita a celebração de contratos no comércio eletrônico. Por meio de um delineamento legal não específico, mas fundamentado em diretrizes legais de ordem geral, há forte base a partir da qual tais negócios sejam considerados válidos e eficazes, atendidos determinados requisitos
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Finnegan, David Jesse. "Knowledge sharing in the introduction of a new technology : psychological contracts, subculture interactions and non-codified knowledge in CRM systems." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1186/.
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This longitudinal comparative study using a multidisciplinary approach, applies a processual analysis (Pettigrew, 1985; Pettigrew, 1990; Pettigrew, 1997) from a knowledge sharing perspective, to the implementation of what the literature shows to be a relatively under researched area of Customer Relationship Management( CRM) systemsi n contemporary (2001-2004) situations within Birmingham City Council and IBM. A specific focus is given to areas neglected in previous CRM studies - sub-cultures, psychological contracts, how tacit/non-codified knowledge is surfaced and shared, and with what effects on implementation. It investigates how the system stakeholders and the information system (IS) itself evolved through encountering barriers, sharing knowledge, finding new uses and inventing workarounds. A rich picture emerges of how sub-cultural silos of knowledge linked with psychological contracts and power-based relationships influence and inhibit adoption and acceptance of the CRM system. A major contribution of this processual study is to focus on the relatively neglected 'R' in CRM systems implementations. Hitherto, there has been little attempt to analyse the micro elements in the implementation of CRM systems using the lens of a multidisciplinary approach in a longitudinal study. The investigation of knowledge sharing (in particular non-codified knowledge sharing) across the key sub-cultures in the implementation process of CRM systems remains understudied. Scholars such as Lawrence and Lorch (1967), Boland and Tenkasi (1996), Newell et al. (2002) and Iansiti (1993) write of 'knowing of what. others know', 'mutual perspective taking', 'shared mental space' and 'T- shaped skills', as aids to tacit /non-codified knowledge sharing. However, they do not address fully the micro processes that lead to the above. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap, by investigating the micro elements (including in our study the psychological contracts) that lead to 'mutual perspective taking', enabling tacit/noncodified knowledge sharing across the key sub-cultures and their impacts on the adaptation and acceptance of a CRM system. This processual study lays a strong foundation for further research along the route of investigating multiple micro level elements in the process of implementation of a CRM system in order to enhance understanding of such phenomena in a contemporary situation. This qualitative study compares the CRM implementations at IBM. COM and Birmingham City Council. It penetrates the knowledge sharing issues faced by practitioners in a system integration environment. We highlight and discuss the importance of psychological contracts and their interdependencies on sub-cultural interactions and knowledge sharing. We have been able to relate and discuss real life issues in the light of existing academic theories, in order to enhance our understanding of the relatively neglected knowledge sharing phenomena in a CRM environment. The processual analysis framework extensively used and further developed in this research provides keys to its further use in enhancing the richness of future IS implementation studies at a micro level. The research contributes to the study of IS development by providing an integrative approach investigating the existing academic understandings at a micro level in a contemporary situation. A major contribution is also a detailed insight into the process of Boland and Tenkasi's (1996) 'mutual perspective taking' through the investigation of psychological contracts and their interdependencies on sub-cultural interaction and knowledges haring. An interesting finding has been that the distinctive contexts of the two cases have had lesser effects than the distinctive nature of CRM Systems and the implementation processes adopted. The study shows that irrespective of sectoral backgrounds the two organisations studied in this research failed to address adequately a range of common issues related to human behaviour, psychology, organisational characteristics, sub-cultural interactions and knowledge sharing. According to our research findings these factors have greater explanatory power for the results achieved than the distinctive contexts in which the two organisations operated.
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Baldus, Bianca Natalie. "Der elektronisch geschlossene Vertrag mit Schiedsabrede : Zulässigkeit und anwendbares Recht in nationalen und internationalen Schiedsverfahren /." Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Lang, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010686000&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Jovanelle, Valquiria de Jesus. "Aspectos jurídicos dos contratos eletrônicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-30102012-094950/.
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O desenvolvimento da tecnologia e, em especial, da internet, alterou o modo como os indivíduos se relacionam. Como o Direito acompanha o desenvolvimento da humanidade, tem-se que os contratos igualmente foram modificados. A internet passou a ocupar espaço significativo no modus operandi das contratações, que passaram do mundo físico para o mundo eletrônico. Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar os impactos sofridos pelos contratos em decorrência do desenvolvimento da internet. Para tanto, serão abordadas questões relacionadas às características tanto dos contratos em geral quanto dos contratos eletrônicos e à validade desses últimos, trazendo como exemplo no âmbito das contratações eletrônicas o contrato eletrônico de empréstimo bancário.The development of technology and, specially, of internet, has altered the mechanism through which individuals relate to each other. Given that the Law follows the humanity development, the contracts have been equally modified. Internet started to occupy significant space in the contractual relationship modus operandi, which went from the physical reality to the electronic reality. This study aims at verifying the impacts suffered by the contracts due to the internet development. In this sense, it shall be studied issues relating to the characteristics of contracts in general and electronic contracts and the validity of the latest, referring to the electronic banking loan contracts as an example of electronic contracts.
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Silva, Luciana Vasco da. "O desenvolvimento do comércio eletrônico no âmbito internacional da Convenção Internacional de Compra e Venda de Viena." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19324.
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Internet development was responsible for the creation of an electronically internationalized and connected market, encompassing millions of companies and individuals, which benefit from the quick and practical contact provided by electronic means. In the beginning, the electronic contract was simple, however, with the increasing volume; complexity has become one of the e-commerce characteristics. Such contracts, of electronically partial or integral execution, have started to regulate the juridical relationship of parties situated in different states, due to Internet and globalization transnationality, resulting in electronic international contracts, object of the present study. Interested in delineating the main aspects of the subject of electronic international contracts in international scenario, some rules elaborated by states and International Organizations are analysed, seeking to ensure rights and obligations similar to those existing in material documents, in paper. After the described investigation, the study is concluded with the analysis of the most important law regarding the theme, passed in 2014: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which even being innovative, does not mention the electronic contract, but can be easily adapted to this contracting fashion
O desenvolvimento da internet foi responsável pela criação de um mercado internacionalizado e conectado eletronicamente, englobando milhões de empresas e indivíduos que se beneficiam do contato ágil e prático proporcionado pelos meios eletrônicos. No início, o contato eletrônico era simples, porém com o volume cada vez maior, a complexidade torna-se uma das características do comércio eletrônico. Tais contratos, de execução parcial ou integral eletronicamente, passaram a regular o relacionamento jurídico de partes situadas em Estados diversos, em razão da transnacionalidade da internet e da globalização, resultando em contratos internacionais eletrônicos, objeto do presente estudo. No interesse de delinear os principais aspectos da disciplina dos contratos internacionais eletrônicos no cenário internacional, são analisadas normas elaboradas por Estados e Organizações Internacionais, que visam garantir direitos e obrigações semelhantes àqueles existentes nos documentos físicos, em papel. Após a investigação descrita, o estudo é concluído com a análise da Lei mais importante sobre o tema, aprovada em 2014: A Convenção Internacional de Viena sobre Compra e Venda, que apesar de inovadora não traz ainda menção ao contrato eletrônico, mas que pode ser facilmente adaptada a essa forma de contratação
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Rebelo, Fernanda. "Contratação a distância e proteção do consumidor." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Portucalense, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1414.
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Tese de Doutoramento em DireitoA presente tese centra-se na análise de alguns aspetos do regime jurídico dos contratos celebrados a distância com consumidores, previsto nos Decretos-Leis ns. 24/2014 e 7/2004, que transpuseram as Diretivas 2011/83/UE sobre os “direitos dos consumidores” e 2000/31/CE sobre o “comércio eletrónico”. O regime jurídico especial da contratação a distância resultou da necessidade de proteger o consumidor, considerado a parte mais fraca da relação jurídica no confronto com o profissional; e consagrou a favor daquele certas medidas de proteção. A nossa investigação incide sobre boa parte dessas medidas e os problemas específicos que se colocam nesta forma de contratação na perspetiva da proteção do consumidor. Procuramos através dela compreender o sentido e o alcance de tais medidas, bem como a sua necessidade e suficiência. Na Parte I é feito o enquadramento geral do tema, onde são tratados: a noção de consumidor, o princípio da proteção do consumidor, a necessidade da proteção na contratação a distância, o enquadramento normativo e a noção e âmbito dos contratos celebrados a distância. A Parte II incide sobre as principais medidas ou instrumentos de proteção do consumidor na contratação a distância em geral, independentemente da técnica de comunicação a distância utilizada. Nomeadamente: a proteção da privacidade do consumidor perante as comunicações publicitárias indesejadas; a relevância da publicidade na formação do contrato; a proibição do envio de bens não solicitados, os deveres de informação e o direito de arrependimento do consumidor. A Parte III é dedicada à proteção do consumidor nos princípios do comércio eletrónico e da contratação eletrónica resultante do DL 7/2004. O estudo é realizado em associação com a análise e observação de todas as envolventes: eletrónica, económica e sociológica que, a nosso ver, condicionaram a formulação dos princípios do comércio eletrónico e da contratação eletrónica. No desenvolvimento do estudo destas medidas de proteção, pretendeu-se criar modelos de análise que permitissem o seu tratamento aprofundado e sistemático, a comparação, a reflexão e a crítica. Procurámos dessa forma contribuir para um maior conhecimento do regime legal. abordando matérias e problemas de um ângulo que consideramos de certa forma inovador ou pouco tratado. No entanto, perpassa por toda tese a preocupação de encontrar o ponto de conexão que consideramos obrigatório e necessário para justificar a associação dos temas que compõem o título: contratação a distância e proteção do consumidor.
This thesis focuses on the analysis of some aspects of the legal regime of distance contracts with consumers, as provided for in Decree-Laws 24/2014 and 7/2004, which have transposed the Directives 2011/83/UE on “consumer rights” and 2000/31/CE on “electronic commerce”. The specific legal arrangements for distance contracts resulted from the need to protect the consumer, who is considered to be the weakest part of the legal relationship when confronted with a professional, and it embodies protective measures for the consumer. Our research focused on a good part of those measures, as well as on the specific problems this form of contract entails from the perspective of the consumer. By investing in this research, we aimed to understand the meaning and the extent of those measures, as well as its usefulness and its sufficiency. Part I provides the general framework of the topic, and deals with the following issues: the notion of “consumer”, the principle of consumer protection, the need for protection in distance contracts, the normative framework, and the notion and scope of distance contracts. Part II discusses the main measures or instruments for the protection of the consumer in distance contracts in general, no matter the means of distance communication it entails, namely: the protection of consumer’s privacy with regard to unwanted marketing communications; the relevance of publicity for the shaping of the contract; the prohibition of sending unsolicited goods, the duties of providing information, and the right of withdrawal on the part of the consumer. Part III is devoted to the protection of the consumer according to the principles of electronic commerce and electronic contracting which resulted from Decree-Law 7/2004. The study was carried out taking into account the analysis and observation of all the implications – electronic, economic and sociological – that, from our point of view, influenced the formulation of the principles of electronic commerce and of electronic contracts. In our study of these protective measures, we endeavoured to create models of analysis that will allow for a deep, systematic, comparative, reflective and critical treatment of the topic. We have thus aimed to contribute to a better knowledge of the legal regime by dealing with matters and problems from an angle we consider to be somehow innovative or less studied. However, the whole thesis is pervaded by the concern to find the connective point that we believe to be obligatory and necessary to justify the association of the topics that the title displays: distance contract and consumer protection.
Orientação: Prof. Doutor António Pinto Monteiro.
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Almajid, Walid. "The legal enforceability of contracts made by electronic agents under Islamic law : a critical analysis of the effectiveness of legal reform in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2010. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1522/.
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyse whether contracts made by electronic agents1 might be made enforceable under Islamic law. It discusses what constitutes an enforceable contract under Islamic law and whether this is applicable when a contract is made by an electronic agent. The enforceability of these contracts under Islamic law is especially important in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) where Islamic law constitutes the legal system. Ignoring the doctrine of Islamic law in relation to the enforceability of these contracts could, therefore, fundamentally affect the future viability of these contracts in the KSA. The dissertation argues first that the principle of mutual consent under Islamic law is not satisfied in contracts made by electronic agents because there is no communication of an offer and acceptance by the contracting parties (users). Secondly, while electronic agents function like human agents, there are a number of doctrinal requirements under Islamic agency theory that prevent electronic agents from being agents proper. Thirdly, the term ‘legal personality’ is categorised in Islamic law under ‘Dhimmah’, an ethical concept designed principally for human beings which cannot, therefore, be attributed to electronic agents. This dissertation demonstrates that Islamic law creates conceptual obstacles which prevent contracts made by electronic agents being enforceable in the KSA. One implication of this will be a risk of negative impact on the development of these contracts in the KSA because they are contradictory to Islamic law. Islamic law must avoid narrow traditional interpretations of its legal concepts, because a lack of reform in this area will create difficulties and barriers against the enforceability of these contracts under Islamic law.
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Santos, Leonardo Luís dos. "Monitoramento de contratos eletrônicos baseados em características." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275752.
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Orientador: Maria Beatriz Felgar de ToledoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: Muitas organizações estão atuando de forma cooperativa para atingir objetivos comuns de negócio por meio da realização de processos de negócio interorganizacionais. As empresas estão cada vez mais se concentrando nas atividades chaves de sua área de negócio e subcontratando a realização das atividades secundárias. Nesse contexto, Sistemas de Gerência de Processos de Negócio (SGPN) podem oferecer apoio automatizado à realização de processos de negócio envolvendo uma ou mais empresas. Eles são responsáveis principalmente pela definição, execução e monitoramento de processos de negócio. Os SGPNs devem oferecer a infra-estrutura tecnológica necessária para a integração dos aplicativos utilizados pelas organizações envolvidas. Organizações interessadas em parcerias de negócio na Internet precisam definir os detalhes a respeito do processo de negócio interorganizacional a ser realizado. Isso pode ser feito com o uso de contratos eletrônicos. Um contrato eletrônico é um documento eletrônico com as informações necessárias para que um processo de negócio possa ser realizado por várias organizações de forma colaborativa. No caso em que os serviços negociados são serviços Web, os contratos eletrônicos precisam conter detalhes sobre quais serviços Web podem ser invocados, como e em quais condições. Esta dissertação enfoca o monitoramento de contratos eletrônicos como um meio de verificar se as regras do contrato estão sendo seguidas. A abordagem para descrição de serviços e contratos eletrônicos usa modelos de características e conceitos de linha de produto de software. Os atributos de QoS (Quality of Service), associados aos serviços eletrônicos disponíveis, são representados por características de um modelo de características. O modelo de características elaborado serve de base para as fases de negociação, monitoramento, estabelecimento e renegociação de contrato eletrônico
Abstract: Many organizations are working cooperatively to achieve common business goals through the implementation of inter-organizational business processes. Organizations are increasingly focusing on key activities of their business area and subcontracting secondary activities. In this context Business Process Management (BPM) may provide support to the implementation of automated business processes involving one or more organizations. They are primarily responsible for defining, implementing and monitoring business processes. The BPMSs should provide the technological infrastructure necessary for the integration of applications used by the involved organizations. Organizations interested in business partnerships in the Internet need to define the details about the process of between companies business being conducted. This can be done with the use of electronic contracts. An electronic contract is an electronic document containing the information necessary for a business process can be performed by various organizations in a collaborative manner. In the case in which services are web services, electronic contracts must contain details about how Web services can be invoked, and under what conditions. This dissertation focuses on the monitoring of electronic contracts as a means to check if the rules in the contract are being obeyed. The approach for description of services, their QoS and electronic contracts uses feature modeling and concepts of software product line. The feature model for electronic contracts provides the basis for the negotiation stages, monitoring, establishment and renegotiation of the contract electronically
Mestrado
Sistemas de Informação
Mestre em Ciência da Computação
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Amorim, Patricia Carneiro Leão. "Os efeitos da modalidade pregão na execução dos contratos continuados: um estudo de caso." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11453.
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This work investigates the impact of lowest price bids made through the system of electronic reverse auctions, as seen in the performance and execution of continuous contracts negotiated by the Superintendency of Adminstration for the Advocacia Geral da União (AGU) in Pernambuco, Brazil, during the period between 2006 and 2010. The research was based on the premise that contracting lowest price bidders can stimulate a dip in prices offered by other bidders, leading to contracts with extremely low values that negatively affect the performance of services. Such contracts may be rife with problems and reduce the overall life span of continuous contracts. These apparent savings, a result of intense competition characteristic to the bidding manner of reverse auctions, should be questioned. The results of this study confirm this premise, showing that 55% of contracts generated through the electronic bidding system have serious issues, and 31% of these contracts resulted in a unilateral termination for breach of contractual terms. An inverse relationship between the initial savings generated in the bidding and contract expiration time was identified - the greater the difference between the estimated value and that which was negotiated during the bidding process, the shorter the duration of the contract. Therefore, hiring well below the market price generates contracts with short lifespans and many problems. Data analyses indicate a need to relativize the adoption of the reverse auction bidding system and reconsider its implications for continuous, effective services.
O presente trabalho investiga os impactos das licitações do tipo menor preço, realizadas por meio de Pregão eletrônico, no desempenho das execuções dos contratos contínuos, efetivados pela Superintendência de Administração da AGU em Pernambuco - SAD/PE -, no período de 2006 a 2010. Teve como proposição a premissa de que a contratação do tipo menor preço pode, em função de suas próprias características, estimular uma redução excessiva nos preços ofertados pelos licitantes e originar contratações com valores muito baixos que interferem de forma negativa no desempenho da prestação dos serviços, gerando infrações contratuais e diminuindo a vida útil dos contratos contínuos. A aparente economia, consequência da acirrada competição nos leilões invertidos, que caracterizam a modalidade licitatória Pregão, em médio e longo prazo, pode ser questionada. Os resultados confirmaram a proposição, evidenciando um percentual de 55% dos contratos, oriundos de Pregão eletrônico, com infrações e 31%, rescindidos unilateralmente por descumprimento de cláusulas contratuais. Foi identificada uma relação, de força moderada, inversamente proporcional entre a economia inicial gerada na licitação e o tempo de execução dos contratos, sugerindo uma tendência no sentido de que - quanto maior a diferença entre o valor referencia e o contratado na licitação, menor o tempo de execução do contrato, pois, parte das contratações muito abaixo do preço de mercado, geraram contratos com pequena vida útil e com muitas infrações. As análises dos dados apontam para a necessidade de se relativizar a adoção da modalidade licitatória Pregão, repensando-se a sua indicação para serviços continuados
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Wieder, Philipp [Verfasser], Ramin [Akademischer Betreuer] Yahyapour, and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Kranzlmüller. "A generic scheduling architecture for service oriented distributed computing infrastructures : Introducing new concepts based on automated negotiation of electronic contracts / Philipp Wieder. Betreuer: Ramin Yahyapour. Gutachter: Dieter Kranzlmüller." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1099297540/34.
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Du, Yun Yan. "Legal recognition and implications of electronic bill of lading in international business : international legal developments and the legal status in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2487632.
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Rebouças, Rodrigo Fernandes. "Contrato eletrônico: considerações sob a ótica do plano de validade do negócio jurídico na formação do contrato." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6026.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-24The present dissertation in the field of private law aims to bring some considerations regarding electronic contracts from the perspective of the validity of legal transactions (terms of validity), since, in the opinion of the writer, hiring through e-mail is just a question of form and does not have any impact on the categories of contracts nor their classification, which this modality should follow. Although this study is not intended to be exhaustive, it suggests new ways to analyze a contractual type that is quickly becoming the most prevalent in commercial, private and consumerist transactions, as with each passing year the community is becoming more accustomed to electronic media and leaves aside issues of subjective uncertainty in order to effectively conclude such contracts. As for electronic contracts, we propose to conduct the study by first describing the characteristics of such means of contracting and providing a critical analysis regarding the main concepts currently applied by legal doctrine. We will then tackle the issues pertinent to the formation of electronic contracts and the interpretation of contracts by national Courts with the goal of formulating proposals for their validity. This dissertation was written for the Masters Program in Civil Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, and thereby engages in an indepth analysis of civil contracts and business relationships
A presente dissertação de mestrado em Direito Civil, tem por objetivo trazer algumas considerações sobre os Contratos Eletrônicos, porém analisando-os sob a ótica do plano da validade dos negócios jurídicos (requisitos de validade), uma vez que, no entender do examinando, a contratação por meio eletrônico é apenas uma questão quanto a forma, não impactando nas categorias dos contratos ou na sua classificação, a qual deverá se adequar a tal modalidade. Trata-se de estudo que não pretende esgotar a matéria, porém, sugerir novas análises sobre uma modalidade contratual que tende a, em brevíssimo espaço de tempo, se tornar no meio mais utilizado nas transações comerciais, cíveis e de consumo, uma vez que a cada ano que passa, a comunidade fica mais habituada aos meios eletrônicos, deixando de lado questões de insegurança subjetiva para efetivamente realizar tal contratação. Quanto aos contratos eletrônicos, nos propomos a realizar o estudo iniciando nas características de tal meio de contratação e uma análise crítica quanto aos principais conceitos atualmente aplicados pela doutrina. Na sequência, serão enfrentadas as questões quanto a formação do contrato eletrônico e a interpretação contratual pelos Tribunais pátrios com o objetivo de alcançar propostas para o plano da validade e alguns efeitos de eficácia do contrato eletrônico. A dissertação, por ter sido desenvolvida ao longo do mestrado em Direito Civil da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, tem por objeto uma análise mais aprofundada em relação aos contratos cíveis e de relação empresarial
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Ameziane, El Hassani Abdeljebar. "Le contrôle d'accès des réseaux et grandes infrastructures critiques distribuées." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15962/1/ameziane.pdf.
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La stabilité et le développement des nations dépendent grandement de leurs Infrastructures Critiques (IC). Vu leur importance, de nombreuses menaces guettent leurs systèmes d’information - aussi appelés Infrastructures d’Information Critiques (IIC) -, parmi elles: les atteintes à l’intégrité de leurs données et processus informatisés ainsi que les abus pouvant survenir au cours des collaborations avec d’autres parties. L’intégrité d’une information, qui est sa propriété de ne pas être altérée, est primordiale pour les IIC puisqu’elles manipulent et génèrent des informations devant nécessairement être correctes et fiables. Dans un contexte de mondialisation et d’ouverture, les IC ne peuvent évoluer sans collaborer avec leur environnement. Toutefois, cela n’est pas sans risques puisque les ressources qu’elles engagent peuvent faire l’objet de corruptions et de sabotages. Tentant de réduire les risques de corruptions pouvant émaner de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur, nous avons œuvré à l’amélioration du mécanisme de contrôle d’accès. Incontournable, il vise à limiter les actions auxquelles peuvent prétendre les utilisateurs légitimes du système, conformément à la politique de sécurité de l’organisation. La pertinence et la finesse de cette dernière impacte grandement l’efficacité du mécanisme. Ainsi, les modèles de contrôle d’accès sont utilisés pour faciliter l’expression et l’administration desdites politiques. OrBAC est un modèle riche et dynamique, satisfaisant plusieurs besoins des IIC, en revanche il reste limité quant à la prise en charge de l’intégrité, aussi bien en contexte localisé que distribué. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une extension d’OrBAC pour les environnements localisés, Integrity-OrBAC (I-OrBAC), qui tient compte de contraintes réelles liées à l’intégrité pour statuer sur les requêtes d’accès. I-OrBAC intègre des paramètres issus de l’application de méthodes d’analyse de risques pour refléter les besoins des ressources passives et apprécier, à leur juste valeur, les habilitations des sujets. Cela nous a orientés vers une modélisation en multi-niveaux d’intégrité qui favorisera la priorisation des biens sensibles, comme la stipule les programmes de protection des IC. Dans I-OrBAC, les niveaux d’intégrité servent aussi bien à contraindre l’attribution des privilèges qu’à la rendre plus flexible : ces niveaux restreignent les accès pour garantir que seuls les utilisateurs chevronnés accèdent aux ressources sensibles, mais permettent aussi aux sujets de différents rôles de réaliser une même tâche, étant bien sûr assujettis à des niveaux seuils différents. Pour rendre I-OrBAC proactif - non limité à statuer uniquement sur les requêtes d’accès - nous avons proposé un algorithme qui vise à déterminer le sujet le plus adéquat, parmi les rôles prioritaires, pour la réalisation d’une tâche sans attendre que les sujets n’en fassent la requête. L’algorithme est décrit par un système d’inférence pour faciliter sa compréhension tout en favorisant la conduite de raisonnements logiques et la dérivation de conclusions. Nous avons proposé une implémentation de notre modèle dans le cadre d’une étude de cas tirée du projet européen FP7 CRUTIAL relatif aux réseaux de transport et de distribution d’électricité. Finalement, pour pallier les problèmes issus des collaborations, nous avons fait appel aux contrats électroniques pour étendre I-OrBAC aux environnements distribués - l’extension Distributed IOrBAC (DI-OrBAC). Ces pactes servent non seulement à définir le contexte, les clauses ainsi que les activités à réaliser mais aussi à prévenir l’occurrence de litiges et à les résoudre. Toutefois, nous avons dû concevoir des mécanismes adaptés à notre modèle I-OrBAC pour leur négociation et leur application.
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Edderouassi, Meryem. "Le contrat électronique International." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAD009/document.
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La réflexion sur la réglementation des contrats électroniques internationaux a pris, ces dernières années, une ampleur sans précédent.L’usage accru des communications électroniques à l’échelle internationale participe de manière remarquable à améliorer l’efficacité des activités économiques et sociales, à renforcer les relations entre Etats et à offrir de nouvelles possibilités de débouchés à des parties et à des marchés auparavant isolés.Pour cette raison, l’adoption de règles uniformes propres à éliminer les obstacles et valoriser les contrats électroniques internationaux serait susceptible de renforcer la certitude juridique et la prévisibilité commerciale des contrats internationaux et pourrait aider les États à avoir accès aux itinéraires commerciaux modernes.Le contrat électronique international constitue une nouvelle sphère qui mérite une recherche analytique afin de lui octroyer une sécurité juridique indispensable à son développement.Ce travail de recherche vise, donc, à élaborer une analyse systématique critique de la réglementation en vigueur qui régit le contrat électronique international et à examiner alors les textes existants aujourd’hui au regard des attentes de l’époque.Il vise à trouver les moyens juridiques susceptibles de garantir plus de sécurité au contrat électronique internationalReflecting on the regulation of international electronic contracts has taken in recent years, an unprecedented scale.The increased use of electronic communications internationally participates remarkably improve the efficiency of economic and social activities, to strengthen relations between States and to offer new market opportunities to the parties and to previously isolated markets .For this reason, the adoption of uniform rules that will remove barriers and enhance international electronic contracts could strengthen legal certainty and commercial predictability for international contracts and may help States gain access to modern trade routes.International electronic contract constitutes a new sphere that deserves an analytical research to award him legal certainty necessary for its development.This research aims, therefore, to develop a systematic analysis of critical current regulations governing international electronic contract and then examine the existing texts today in light of expectations of the time.It aims to find the legal means to ensure greater security at international electronic contract
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Karaoglu, Hasan T. "Link state contract routing." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1472958.
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Mahi-Disdet, Djamila. "L'obligation d'information dans les contrats du commerce electronique." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG2032/document.
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L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité)Information for operators, professionals or not, is the main tool of confidence in the digital economy and the European and national texts have proliferated to reinforce this in a more and more comprehensive way. Based on its origins (common law, the Consumer Code, special laws), the study will seek to make an inventory and classify the different sources of information obligations by providing different typologies adapted to their nature or purpose (the object and its price, duration, terms) and their role in the contract process (pre-contractual information, information on the formalization of the contract, the withdrawal). It will discuss the difficulties associated with the combination of special rules and common law (contradictions, variations, overlapping). In the silence of specific texts, it will also cover the penalties for non compliance with the obligation of information depending on whether it questions or not the validity of the consent (void contract, unenforceable)
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McCullagh, Adrian J. "The incorporation of trust strategies in digital signature regimes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Ortner, Helmut. "Contractus & Cyberworld : mit den Schwerpunkten Herkunftslandprinzip und Verbrauchergerichtsstand /." Wien : Verl. Österreich, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/497945819.pdf.
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Klee, Antonia Espíndola Longoni. "A formação do vínculo no contrato eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/76417.
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O trabalho é um estudo dos contratos eletrônicos à luz do direito do consumidor. Discorre sobre a proteção do consumidor no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, segundo a Constituição da República de 1988, o Código de Defesa do Consumidor e o Código Civil brasileiro de 2002. Expõe a criação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor e a relação deste com o Código Civil. Ressalta a importância de um “diálogo de fontes” entre o Código Civil e o Código de Defesa do Consumidor, que devem ser interpretados conforme a Constituição. Analisa como ocorre a formação do vínculo e a manifestação da vontade nos contratos eletrônicos, com base nas relações estabelecidas entre consumidor pessoa física e fornecedor, tendo como enfoque os contratos de adesão e os contratos à distância. Examina o contrato eletrônico como contrato de consumo e aborda a aplicabilidade do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos celebrados pela Internet. Faz referência às regulamentações do comércio eletrônico concebidas por outros países, como sugestões que podem ser adotadas pelo Brasil, caso o legislador entenda ser preciso regulamentar. Conclui que a legislação brasileira já existente de proteção e defesa do consumidor é plenamente aplicável aos contratos eletrônicos celebrados entre consumidores e fornecedores e que o aplicador da lei deve conhecer a experiência legislativa de outros países para conferir uma proteção mais eficaz do consumidor que utiliza o meio eletrônico para se relacionar com fornecedores.The paper is a study on electronic contracts under the light of the consumer rights. It considers the consumer protection in the Brazilian legal system pursuant to the Constitution of 1988, the Consumer Defense and Protection Code, and the Brazilian Civil Code of 2002. The text expounds on the creation of the Consumer Defense and Protection Code, and its association with the Civil Code. It points out the importance of a “dialogue of legal sources” between the Civil Code and the Consumer Defense Code, which must be construed according to the Constitution. It analyses how the formation of an agreement and the manifestation of consent occur in electronic contracts, based on the established relationships between individual consumers and suppliers, focusing on adhesion contracts and distance contracts. It examines the electronic contract as a consumption contract and approaches the applicability of the Consumer Defense and Protection Code to contracts entered via the Internet. Reference is also made to the electronic commerce regulations conceived by other countries, which are treated as recommendations that could be adopted by Brazil in the event that a legislator feels more effective regulation to be necessary. This work finally assesses that existing Brazilian legislation on consumer protection is wholly applicable to electronic contracts enacted between consumers and suppliers and that the law enforcer should understand the legislative experience of other countries so as to ensure more efficient protection for the consumer who utilizes the electronic medium to do business with suppliers.
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Flynn, Kimberly C. Grassco Colleen E. Boorom Eric W. "Paperless Contract Folder's (PCF) DoD 5015.2 certification." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/JAP/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FFlynn%5FJAP.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Contract Management from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."Advisor(s): Doelling, Michael C. ; Brinkley, Douglas E. "June 2010." "Joint applied project"--Cover. Joint authors: .Grasso, Colleen E. ; Boorom, Eric W. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Paperless Contract Folder's (PCF) DoD 5015.2 certification Includes bibliographical references (p. 97). Also available in print.
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Perez, Maria. "Electronic Contracting for Inter-Enterprise Collaboration." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för för interaktion och systemdesign, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1249.
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A Virtual Enterprise (VE) is a temporal alliance between two or more Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) geographically dispersed, which collaborate together in order to reach new business opportunities that would be unreachable in other ways. It is a business collaboration paradigm that aims at responding to the uncertainty and instability of the current global economy. VE requires support for electronic contract management, since electronic contracts formalize the agreements between the participating enterprises and coordinate their behavior. Although there is an abundance of previous work on electronic contracts, there is a lack of models and approaches related to VE contracts, which have an intrinsic dynamic and flexible nature, since they regulate independent behavior of diverse parties, and also aim at high automation in the formation and execution. This thesis aims at contributing to the VE contracting challenge. It includes a state of the art survey that identifies useful technologies and describes the most significant or relevant approaches. The state of the art survey identifies three main contracting issues: Contract specification, which determines the structure, content and performance of the contract; deontic logic norms, which represent the contractual interactions between the parties in terms of obligations, prohibitions and permissions; and ontology, which provides contracts with semantic meaning and allows interoperability. Furthermore, a simple XML-based VE Contract Representation Language and a Layered Contract Ontology, which provides common vocabulary to the contractual parties, are presented. Finally a VE scenario, including the associated contract, is described as an illustrative example.
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Aleid, Abdulhamid Ibrahim A. "The Saudi legal system and its effect on electronic contract formation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/108050/1/Abdulhamid%20Ibrahim%20A_Aleid_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the need for reform in the current Saudi law that governs electronic contracts. Traditional contracts are vastly different to electronic contracts, and uncertainties arise when the traditional principles of contract law are applied to the formation of online contracts. In Saudi Arabia, there is still great uncertainty in determining the applicable rule for the online environment and how it can be practically implemented. Overall, this thesis found that the legal system lacks sufficient clarity and predictability to support electronic contract formation. It recommends two important avenues for reform: applying a limited form of codification of Islamic law and more fully implementing provisions from international law into substantive contract law.