Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electronic dictionary'

CITE/Language Arts
Ph.D.
This microanalytic study focuses on the mutimodal word look-up practices of Japanese foreign language learners of English at the novice level using electronic dictionaries (e-dictionaries) in pair conversations. Not yet investigated with a Conversation Analysis (CA) approach, this analysis examines reoccurring interactional and collaborative repair practices (Schegloff, Jefferson, & Sacks, 1977; Schegloff, 2000) of the learners' look-ups, and explicates from the sequential turn-taking procedures (Sacks, Schegloff, & Jefferson, 1974), the underlying social organization of the e-dictionary look-up sequence. Recent research has found that not-yet-fluent learners are capable of relatively smooth turn-taking (Carroll, 2000, 2004), and they employ various embodied actions (Olsher, 2004) to complete their turns. Nonvocal resources such as gaze movement (Goodwin, 1981) and gestures were also investigated in order to better understand how learners collaboratively utilize vocal and nonvocal resources in hybrid actions, to co-construct the meaning of look-up words, and maintain intersubjectivity. While enrolled in a university intensive English program, thirteen native speakers of Japanese video-recorded thirty-minute conversations; and during these conversations, they completed look-up sequences as interactional achievements. The results indicated that EFL novice learners display sophisticated competencies when using e-dictionaries for communication. While collaboratively completing look-up sequences, they display multimodal competencies by noticing trouble with words, initiating look-ups, making candidate proposals of word translations, correcting themselves, mutually acknowledging their understanding, and maintaining intersubjectivity and sequential relevance. In terms of language learning, learners' collaborative learning of words demonstrates instances of learning-as-interaction (Brouwer & Wagner, 2004; Firth & Wagner, 2007), making public the participants' socially situated cognition. Indications of a change in the participants' cognitive state can emerge in the look-up sequential organization. A lack of knowledge is displayed publically in before-look-up actions, encouraging collaboration in the look-up. Multiple proposals and acknowledgement sequences, often displayed in embodied expansions, provide multimodal indications of a possible change in cognitive state and possible gain in knowledge. Thus, the look-up sequence organization is proposed as an interactional organization for the learning of vocabulary. Finally, the understanding of sequential structures and practices that interactants use in looking up words can inform teachers concerning the efficacy of e-dictionary use in the classroom.
Temple University--Theses

Image sequences with humans and human activities are everywhere. With the amount of produced and distributed data increasing at an unprecedented rate, there has been a lot of interest in building systems that can understand and interpret the visual data, and in particular detect and recognise human actions. Dictionary based approaches learn a dictionary from descriptors extracted from the videos in the first stage and a classifier or a detector in the second stage. The major drawback of such an approach is that the dictionary is learned in an unsupervised manner without considering the task (classification or detection) that follows it. In this work we develop task dependent(supervised) dictionaries for action recognition and localization, i.e., dictionaries that are best suited for the subsequent task. In the first part of the work, we propose a supervised max-margin framework for linear and non-linear Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). To achieve this, we impose max-margin constraints within the formulation of NMF and simultaneously solve for the classifier and the dictionary. The dictionary (basis matrix) thus obtained maximizes the margin of the classifier in the low dimensional space (in the linear case) or in the high dimensional feature space (in the non-linear case). In the second part the work, we develop methodologies for action localization. We first propose a dictionary weighting approach where we learn local and global weights for the dictionary by considering the localization information of the training sequences. We next extend this approach to learn a task-dependent dictionary for action localization that incorporates the localization information of the training sequences into dictionary learning. The results on publicly available datasets show that the performance of the system is improved by using the supervised information while learning dictionary.

Over-complete transforms have recently become the focus of a wide wealth of research in signal processing, machine learning, statistics and related fields. Their great modelling flexibility allows to find sparse representations and approximations of data that in turn prove to be very efficient in a wide range of applications. Sparse models express signals as linear combinations of a few basis functions called atoms taken from a so-called dictionary. Finding the optimal dictionary from a set of training signals of a given class is the objective of dictionary learning and the main focus of this thesis. The experimental evidence presented here focuses on the processing of audio signals, and the role of sparse algorithms in audio applications is accordingly highlighted. The first main contribution of this thesis is the development of a pitch-synchronous transform where the frame-by-frame analysis of audio data is adapted so that each frame analysing periodic signals contains an integer number of periods. This algorithm presents a technique for adapting transform parameters to the audio signal to be analysed, it is shown to improve the sparsity of the representation if compared to a non pitchsynchronous approach and further evaluated in the context of source separation by binary masking. A second main contribution is the development of a novel model and relative algorithm for dictionary learning of convolved signals, where the observed variables are sparsely approximated by the atoms contained in a convolved dictionary. An algorithm is devised to learn the impulse response applied to the dictionary and experimental results on synthetic data show the superior approximation performance of the proposed method compared to a state-of-the-art dictionary learning algorithm. Finally, a third main contribution is the development of methods for learning dictionaries that are both well adapted to a training set of data and mutually incoherent. Two novel algorithms namely the incoherent k-svd and the iterative projections and rotations (ipr) algorithm are introduced and compared to different techniques published in the literature in a sparse approximation context. The ipr algorithm in particular is shown to outperform the benchmark techniques in learning very incoherent dictionaries while maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio of the representation.

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Neste trabalho estudam-se os nomes com a estrutura NdeN que podem ser descritos como nomes compostos por justaposição. São observadas 1.500 seqüências de palavras, com o objetivo de contribuir na descrição formal do léxico do português do Brasil e de definir os critérios de identificação de um nome composto com essa estrutura. O critério geral está baseado no conceito da nãocomposicionalidade semântica. Os testes são feitos a partir das propriedades sintáticas e semânticas que há na relação entre os elementos que constituem o grupo nominal, mostrando as distinções entre um grupo nominal livre e um grupo nominal composto. Entre as propriedades, podem ser destacadas: o bloqueio distribucional, a inseparabilidade, a inserção lexical, o apagamento de N2, a substituição de N2 e as variações em gênero e número. Essa descrição mostra-se útil na medida em que um conjunto de regras e critérios de delimitação de unidades lexicais foi definido, constituindo uma base para a incorporação de novos itens ao léxico. Por fim, as propriedades das entradas incorporadas receberam uma representação formal, resultando na criação de um dicionário eletrônico utilizável em processos eletrônicos.
This paper is a study of the NofN structure nouns, which may be described as compound nouns by juxtaposition. 1500 word sequences are observed, aiming at contributing to the formal description of the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon, and defining the identification criteria of a compound noun with such a structure. The general criterion is based on the concept of semantic non- compositionality. The tests are made from the syntactic and semantic properties existing in the relationship between the elements that constitute the nominal group, showing the differences between a free nominal group and a compound nominal group. Among such properties, the following can be pointed out: distributional blockage, inseparability, lexical insertion, N2 erasing, N2 substitution, and gender and number variations. Such description proves to be useful in the sense that a set of lexical units delimitation rules and criteria has been defined, constituting a basis for the incorporation of new items to the lexicon. Finally, the incorporated entries` properties received a formal representation, which resulted in the creation of an electronic dictionary that can be used in electronic processes.
On étudie dans ce travail les noms formés par la structure NdeN qui caractérise un nom composé par juxtaposition. On a observé 1.500 séquences de mots, pour définir les critères d`identification d`un nom composé par cette structure. Le critère general est fondé sur le concept de la non compositionalité sémantique. Les tests ont été faits à partir des propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques qu`il y a dans la relation existante entre les éléments qui constituent le groupe nominal, en démontrant les distinctions entre un groupe nominal libre et un groupe nominal composé. Parmi ces propriétés, on peut remarquer le bloquement distributionnel, l`inséparabilité, l`insertion lexical, l`effacement de N2, le remplacement de N2 et les variations en genre et en nombre. En examinant ces propriétés, on a pu observer qu`il y a des irrégularités dans la formation de ce procès. Cette description devient utile dans la mesure que cette reconnaissance peut être formulée et qu`un ensemble de règles et de critères de délimitation d`unités lexicales peut être defini, et que, par là, on peut aboutir à l`incorporation de nouveaux items lexicaux. Au bout, en tenant compte de la possibilité de formalisation, les mots composés peuvent être processés automatiquement dans les diccionnaires électroniques.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2012
Pronunciation dictionaries or lexicons play an important role in guiding the predictive powers of an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system. As the use of automatic speech recognition systems increases, there is a need for the development of dictionaries that cover a large number of inflected word forms to enhance the performance of ASR systems. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of the morphological approach to creating a more comprehensive and broadly representative Northern Sotho pronunciation dictionary for Automatic Speech Recognition systems. The Northern Sotho verbs together with morphological rules are used to generate more valid inflected word forms in the Northern Sotho language for the creation of a pronunciation dictionary. The pronunciation dictionary is developed using the Dictionary Maker tool. The Hidden Markov Model Toolkit is used to develop a simple ASR system in order to evaluate the performance of the ASR system when using the created pronunciation dictionary.

El test de circuits és una fase del procés de producció que cada vegada pren més importància quan es desenvolupa un nou producte. Les tècniques de test i diagnosi per a circuits digitals han estat desenvolupades i automatitzades amb èxit, mentre que aquest no és encara el cas dels circuits analògics. D'entre tots els mètodes proposats per diagnosticar circuits analògics els més utilitzats són els diccionaris de falles. En aquesta tesi se'n descriuen alguns, tot analitzant-ne els seus avantatges i inconvenients.
Durant aquests últims anys, les tècniques d'Intel·ligència Artificial han esdevingut un dels camps de recerca més importants per a la diagnosi de falles. Aquesta tesi desenvolupa dues d'aquestes tècniques per tal de cobrir algunes de les mancances que presenten els diccionaris de falles. La primera proposta es basa en construir un sistema fuzzy com a eina per identificar. Els resultats obtinguts son força bons, ja que s'aconsegueix localitzar la falla en un elevat tant percent dels casos. Per altra banda, el percentatge d'encerts no és prou bo quan a més a més s'intenta esbrinar la desviació.
Com que els diccionaris de falles es poden veure com una aproximació simplificada al Raonament Basat en Casos (CBR), la segona proposta fa una extensió dels diccionaris de falles cap a un sistema CBR. El propòsit no és donar una solució general del problema sinó contribuir amb una nova metodologia. Aquesta consisteix en millorar la diagnosis dels diccionaris de falles mitjançant l'addició i l'adaptació dels nous casos per tal d'esdevenir un sistema de Raonament Basat en Casos. Es descriu l'estructura de la base de casos així com les tasques d'extracció, de reutilització, de revisió i de retenció, fent èmfasi al procés d'aprenentatge.
En el transcurs del text s'utilitzen diversos circuits per mostrar exemples dels mètodes de test descrits, però en particular el filtre biquadràtic és l'utilitzat per provar les metodologies plantejades, ja que és un dels benchmarks proposats en el context dels circuits analògics. Les falles considerades son paramètriques, permanents, independents i simples, encara que la metodologia pot ser fàcilment extrapolable per a la diagnosi de falles múltiples i catastròfiques. El mètode es centra en el test dels components passius, encara que també es podria extendre per a falles en els actius.
Testing circuits is a stage of the production process that is becoming more and more important when a new product is developed. Test and diagnosis techniques for digital circuits have been successfully developed and automated. But, this is not yet the case for analog circuits. Even though there are plenty of methods proposed for diagnosing analog electronic circuits, the most popular are the fault dictionary techniques. In this thesis some of these methods, showing their advantages and drawbacks, are analyzed.
During these last decades automating fault diagnosis using Artificial Intelligence techniques has become an important research field. This thesis develops two of these techniques in order to fill in some gaps in fault dictionaries techniques. The first proposal is to build a fuzzy system as an identification tool. The results obtained are quite good, since the faulty component is located in a high percentage of the given cases. On the other hand, the percentage of successes when determining the component's exact deviation is far from being good.
As fault dictionaries can be seen as a simplified approach to Case-Based Reasoning, the second proposal extends the fault dictionary towards a Case Based Reasoning system. The purpose is
not to give a general solution, but to contribute with a new methodology. This second proposal improves a fault dictionary diagnosis by means of adding and adapting new cases to develop a
Case Based Reasoning system. The case base memory, retrieval, reuse, revise and retain tasks are described. Special attention to the learning process is taken.
Several circuits are used to show examples of the test methods described throughout the text. But, in particular, the biquadratic filter is used to test the proposed methodology because it is
defined as one of the benchmarks in the analog electronic diagnosis domain. The faults considered are parametric, permanent, independent and simple, although the methodology can be extrapolated to catastrophic and multiple fault diagnosis. The method is only focused and tested on passive faulty components, but it can be extended to cover active devices as well.

The reason for this project was the absence of a free web-based tool for terminology management that would both allow storage and management of term entries with a comprehensive set of descriptive data and incorporate a forum style discussion service for lexicographers. The goal of this project was to develop a platform independent terminology management application that would use a web interface. The objectives were to investigate into the field of electronic tools for terminology management and electronic dictionaries, to distinguish the main features of such systems that could be used in creating a free and platform independent internet based terminology management system, to put into practice the principles of dictionary making and develop a web application that would meet the requirements of easy use and the ability to provide extensive descriptive information for terms. A set of requirements was drawn, the system was designed and a working application was successfully developed using Java technology. It runs on Apache Tomcat server and uses MySQL database for storage of term data. The system was presented with an initial set of 100 terms from the field of real-time systems.

This research examined the effectiveness of the use of two different type of electronic dictionary: monolingual and bilingual dictionaries in the reading comprehension, production, and vocabulary acquisition by Chinese international students. A total of 141 Chinese international students with different English levels were involved in the study, and 139 of them finally completed the experiment. Sixty eight ofthem were assigned to use a monolingual dictionary during the test while the rest to use a bilingual dictionary. The exact same exam which was called verbal reasoning, measured in three times, contained 25 questions that examined participants' ability to analyze vocabulary and evaluate information from written material. Thirteen of the participants were interviewed twice about their perceptions of vocabulary acquisition, their view about using electronic dictionaries in reading comprehension. In spite of that most researchers tend to believe that the use the monolingual electronic dictionary would lead better outcomes and promote incidental vocabulary acquisition, the result of the experiment showed there was no significant difference among Chinese international students who used the monolingual or bilingual dictionary in verbal reasoning exams.

PINHEIRO, Marilene Barbosa. Por um dicionário eletrônico de pragmatemas do português brasileiro: levantamento, descrição e categorização. 2015. 158f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2015.
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In the universe of phraseological studies, we investigated the pragmatemes of the Brazilian Portuguese. Emphasis was given to expressions that considered speech acts which occur routinely, fulfill specific pragmatic functions and are ready to be used in certain communicative situations (IRIARTE SANROMÁN, 2001; GLENK, 2007; ALVARADO ORTEGA, 2008; BLANCO, 2010; MONTEIRO-PLANTIN, 2012). The strongest reason for undertaking the research was to contribute to the studies of Portuguese as a Foreign Language. The other two other objectives of this research were to help translators in their hard work of translation and to try to compensate the lack of printed or electronic dictionaries/manuals which cover these structures. In order to establish the theoretical basis for the development of an electronic dictionary (WELKER, 2006; LEFFA, 2006; KRIEGER, 2007; PONTES, 2010 and 2011) one carried out the survey, categorization and description of pragmatemes present in general works of Brazilian phraseology and communicative interactions of oral corpora available on the Internet. The AntConc 3.4.4w tool (2014) was used to assist in the search for possible pragmatemes and the results were stored in a database created by Microsoft Access(c) program. The database was fed with 565 pragmatic expressions, described in ten fields: type, social function, expressiveness, record mode, pragmateme, direction, variants / equivalent, context and examples. The first nine detected expressions were analyzed and in order to have access to all of them two forms of search were created: first, the expression itself and the other by a theme name that reflects the expression of the speaker. Thus, in conclusion, it is possible to say that an electronic dictionary of pragmatemes is completely feasible if it is used at the same time onomasiological, semasiological and lexicographical techniques, with the aim to facilitate the search method by students in the context of the Brazilian Portuguese learning as a foreign and mother language, teachers and translators.
No universo dos estudos fraseológicos, investigaram-se os pragmatemas do português brasileiro. A ênfase foi dada às expressões que se constituem como atos de fala, ocorrem de modo rotineiro, cumprem funções pragmáticas específicas e estão prontas para ser usadas em determinadas situações comunicativas (IRIARTE SANROMÁN, 2001; GLENK, 2007; ALVARADO ORTEGA, 2008; BLANCO, 2010; MONTEIRO-PLANTIN, 2012). O motivo mais forte para empreender a pesquisa foi contribuir com os estudos de aprendizes de português como língua estrangeira (PLE) e a esse aliaram-se mais dois: o auxílio ao trabalho de tradutores e a carência de manual ou dicionário, impresso ou eletrônico, que contemple essas estruturas. Com o objetivo de estabelecer as bases teóricas para a elaboração de um dicionário eletrônico (WELKER, 2006; LEFFA, 2006; KRIEGER, 2007; PONTES, 2010 e 2011), foram realizados o levantamento, a categorização e a descrição dos pragmatemas presentes em obras gerais da Fraseologia brasileira e em interações comunicativas de corpora orais disponíveis na Internet. A ferramenta AntConc 3.4.4w (2014) foi utilizada para auxiliar na busca de candidatos a pragmatemas e os resultados obtidos foram armazenados numa base de dados criada por meio do programa Microsoft Access. A base de dados foi alimentada com 565 expressões pragmáticas, descritas em dez campos: tipologia, função social, expressividade, registro, modalidade, pragmatema, sentido, variantes/equivalentes, contexto e exemplos. Foram analisadas as quinze primeiras expressões detectadas e, para ter acesso a todas elas, foram criadas duas formas: a primeira, pela expressão propriamente dita e a outra, por um nome temático que reflete a expressividade do falante. Assim, concluiu-se pela exequibilidade de um dicionário eletrônico dos pragmatemas, utilizando-se, ao mesmo tempo, as técnicas lexicográficas onomasiológicas e semasiológicas, a fim de facilitar a busca para estudantes em contexto de aprendizagem do português brasileiro como língua estrangeira e materna, professores e tradutores.

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é a elaboração da arquitetura de um dicionário eletrônico off-line em CD-ROM, pedagógico, bilíngue italiano-português, para aprendizes brasileiros adultos. Iniciando-se pela representatividade lexical nos dicionários, procurou-se abordar os critérios de eleição dos corpora de base em sua preparação e a consequente seleção de verbetes, indicativos do público-alvo destes dicionários. Após esta introdução ilustrativa feita com exemplos reais de escolhas lexicais no decorrer da história dos dicionários monolíngues e bilíngues na esfera da língua italiana e portuguesa, enfatizaram-se o valor da língua oral para os aprendizes bem como as recentes pesquisas nesta direção. No âmbito da lexicografia crítica, fez-se necessária a criação de uma metodologia de análise apropriada, aplicada a diferentes dicionários existentes, principalmente aos que utilizam mídias eletrônicas, elaborando-se formulários específicos com vistas à padronização e otimização deste processo de avaliação, e à criação de futuros produtos lexicográficos. A princípio tais formulários foram elaborados como um meio para se alcançar o objetivo final, mas acabaram se transformando naturalmente em uma nova meta criativa. O alcance da verificação foi sendo ampliado para que se pudesse catalogar qualquer dicionário, principalmente quanto às suas informações gerais, macroestrutura, microestrutura (denominadas aqui preferencialmente macroarquitetura e microarquitetura), e possibilidades e recursos oferecidos pelo formato eletrônico. A partir destes resultados, sugere-se uma proposta do modelo teórico selecionado, apresentado na forma de telasexemplo para CD-ROM, considerando-se que a estrutura digital seja uma ferramenta imprescindível à didática do ensino de línguas estrangeiras.
This dissertation\'s main objective is the development of the architecture of an off-line pedagogic, bilingual Italian-Portuguese electronic dictionary on CD-ROM for Brazilian adult learners. Starting at the lexical representation in dictionaries, it was sought to address their base corpora selection criteria and subsequent entry selection, indicative of their target audience. After this illustrative introduction made with real examples of lexical choices in the course of the history of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for Italian and Portuguese language, emphasis was given to the value of oral language to learners, as well as the recent research in this field. As part of the critical lexicography, it was necessary to create an appropriate methodology of analysis applied to various existing dictionaries, especially to those using electronic media, and to develop specific forms having in view the standardization and optimization of this evaluation process and the creation of future lexicographical \'products\'. At first these forms were prepared as a way to achieve the ultimate goal, but eventually it naturally became a new creative aim. The scope of the verification was expanded so that one could categorize any dictionary, especially regarding its general information, macrostructure, microstructure (preferably called here \'macroarchitecture\' and \'microarchitecture\'), and the resources and possibilities offered by electronic format. From these results, it is suggested a proposal of the selected theoretical model, presented as example-screens for CD-ROM, considering that the digital infrastructure is an indispensable tool to the didactic teaching of foreign languages.

Orientador: Maurizio Babini
Banca: Ricardo Baptista Madeira
Banca: Eli Nazareth Bechara
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal aplicar o modelo de dicionário terminológico onomasiológico bilíngüe, proposto por Babini (2001), na elaboração de um dicionário eletrônico inglês-português e português-inglês dos termos fundamentais das Redes Neurais Artificiais. O dicionário onomasiológico caracteriza-se por permitir a busca de uma unidade lexical ou terminológica a partir de seu conteúdo semântico. Constituímos um corpus de especialidade e um corpus de língua geral com o auxílio do programa computacional WordSmith Tools. A metodologia terminológica foi norteada pela Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia, que nos auxiliou nas reflexões quanto as diferenças terminológicas existentes entre os dois idiomas estudados. As principais referências metodológicas, que guiaram nossas buscas pelos equivalentes lexicais, foram Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Alpizar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Berber Sardinha (2001), Barros (2004), Babini (2001a, 2001b). Nosso modelo de dicionário permite dois tipos de pesquisa: semasiológica e onomasiológica. A busca onomasiológica é viabilizada pelo conjunto de semas ou traços semânticos que compõe o conceito de cada termo do dicionário. Foram utilizados o aplicativo MS Access, o gerenciador de banco de dados MySQL e a linguagem de programação PHP.
Abstract: The present thesis majorly aims at applying a bilingual onomasiological terminological dictionary model, proposed by Babini (2001), so as to develop an English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English electronic dictionary of the fundamental terms of the Artificial Neural Networks. The onomasiological dictionary allows the search of a lexical or terminological unit from its semantic content. We constituted a specialty corpus and a general language corpus with the aid of the computational program WordSmith Tools. The methodological approach was guided by the Communicative Terminology Theory, which allowed us to identify the existing differences among the languages studied. The main methodological basis, which guided our search for lexical equivalent, were Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Alpizar- Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Berber-Sardinha (2001), Barros (2004), Babini (2001a, 2001b). Our dictionary model allows two types of search: semasiological and onomasiological. The onomasiological search is made viable by a set of semantic traits that make up the concept of each term in the dictionary. The following computational resources were used: MS Access software, the MySQL database management system and the PHP programming language.
Mestre

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a system that is designed to replace the manual process of generating a pronunciation dictionary for use in automatic speech recognition. The proposed system has several stages. The first stage segments the audio into what will be known as the subword units, using a frequency domain method. In the second stage, dynamic time warping is used to determine the similarity between the segments of each possible pair of these acoustic segments. These similarities are used to cluster similar acoustic segments into acoustic clusters. The final stage derives a pronunciation dictionary from the orthography of the training data and corresponding sequence of acoustic clusters. This process begins with an initial mapping between words and their sequence of clusters, established by Viterbi alignment with the orthographic transcription. The dictionary is refined iteratively by pruning redundant mappings, hidden Markov model estimation and Viterbi re-alignment in each iteration. This approach is evaluated experimentally by applying it to two subsets of the TIMIT corpus. It is found that, when test words are repeated often in the training material, the approach leads to a system whose accuracy is almost as good as one trained using the phonetic transcriptions. When test words are not repeated often in the training set, the proposed approach leads to better results than those achieved using the phonetic transcriptions, although the recognition is poor overall in this case.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van die tesis is om ’n stelsel te beskryf wat ontwerp is om die handgedrewe proses in die samestelling van ’n woordeboek, vir die gebruik in outomatiese spraakherkenningsstelsels, te vervang. Die voorgestelde stelsel bestaan uit ’n aantal stappe. Die eerste stap is die segmentering van die oudio in sogenaamde sub-woord eenhede deur gebruik te maak van ’n frekwensie gebied tegniek. Met die tweede stap word die dinamiese tydverplasingsalgoritme ingespan om die ooreenkoms tussen die segmente van elkeen van die moontlike pare van die akoestiese segmente bepaal. Die ooreenkomste word dan gebruik om die akoestiese segmente te groepeer in akoestiese groepe. Die laaste stap stel die woordeboek saam deur gebruik te maak van die ortografiese transkripsie van afrigtingsdata en die ooreenstemmende reeks akoestiese groepe. Die finale stap begin met ’n aanvanklike afbeelding vanaf woorde tot hul reeks groep identifiseerders, bewerkstellig deur Viterbi belyning en die ortografiese transkripsie. Die woordeboek word iteratief verfyn deur oortollige afbeeldings te snoei, verskuilde Markov modelle af te rig en deur Viterbi belyning te gebruik in elke iterasie. Die benadering is getoets deur dit eksperimenteel te evalueer op twee subversamelings data vanuit die TIMIT korpus. Daar is bevind dat, wanneer woorde herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata, die stelsel se benadering die akkuraatheid ewenaar van ’n stelsel wat met die fonetiese transkripsie afgerig is. As die woorde nie herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata nie, is die akkuraatheid van die stelsel se benadering beter as wanneer die stelsel afgerig word met die fonetiese transkripsie, alhoewel die akkuraatheid in die algemeen swak is.

Nosso trabalho apresenta uma proposta de uso didático do dicionário eletrônico monolíngue online Vocabolario Treccani, como uma ferramenta de aprendizagem de italiano aos professores e alunos dos CELs (Centros de Estudo de Línguas da rede pública estadual de São Paulo). O embasamento teórico adota a concepção de emprego do dicionário nos estudos de línguas estrangeiras apresentados por Zucchi (2010) e por Corino e Marello (2010). As atividades foram oferecidas aos docentes de italiano dos CELs em duas palestras 2013 e 2014 , com o objetivo de contribuir para a formação continuada dos professores de língua italiana, especificamente no trato com a Lexicografia Pedagógica (Welker 2008). Na segunda palestra, os professores de italiano responderam a um questionário que serviu de mapeamento para observarmos a necessidade de um aprofundamento nos Estudos do Léxico e no uso dos dicionários em sala de aula. Além disso, buscamos explanar ainda os recursos disponíveis no próprio site do Vocabolario Treccani que auxiliem nas atividades de busca e compreensão lexical e mostrá-lo como um facilitador na pesquisa do contexto de aprendizagem referente à língua italiana, afirmando que as atividades que necessitam do uso dos dicionários não devem ser reduzidas a simples exercícios de pesquisa vocabular. Para tanto, elaboramos um caderno de atividades para o professor cujo intuito é incentivar o aprendiz de italiano a incorporar o uso do dicionário eletrônico online Vocabolario Treccani ao seu cotidiano, nas práticas de compreensão escrita, além de visar à aquisição do léxico e à aplicação vocabular nos contextos de uso. Ademais, um tutorial foi elaborado com o objetivo de explorar as potencialidades de uso do Vocabolario Treccani. Por fim, as contribuições que um dicionário eletrônico online pode trazer à aprendizagem da língua estrangeira vão desde o uso direcionado em sala de aula pelo professor até a autonomia do aluno nas atividades de pesquisa lexical.
This study presents a proposal for a didactic use of the Online Electronic Monolingual Dictionary, called Vocabolario Treccani, as an Italian learning tool for teachers and students of CELs (Center of Language Studies operating in public schools of São Paulo State). The theoretical basis adopts the conception of the dictionary use in foreign language studies presented by Zucchi (2010), Corino and Marello (2010). Activities were offered to CELs Italian teachers in two lectures - 2013 and 2014 -, in order to contribute to the continuing education of Italian teachers, specifically by dealing with the Pedagogical lexicography (Welker 2008). On the second lecture, the Italian teachers answered to a questionnaire that served as a mapping to observe the needs for a deepening in the Lexical Studies and in the use of the dictionaries during classroom. Furthermore, we also tried to explain all the resources available in the Vocabolario Treccani website, that can aid in activities search and lexical comprehension, and showed that this website is a facilitator in the study of the learning context when concerning the Italian language, stating that activities that requires the use of dictionaries must not be reduced to simple vocabulary research exercises. For this purpose, we formulated a notebook full of activities for those teachers with the purpose of encouraging the Italian learners to incorporate the use of the online electronic dictionary Vocabolario Treccani to their everyday life, in written comprehension practices, besides aiming at a lexicon acquisition and word application in the contexts of use. In addition, a tutorial was developed with the purpose of exploring the potentialities of using the Vocabolario Treccani. Finally, the contributions that an online electronic dictionary may bring to the foreign language learner goes from a directed use inside the classroom by the teacher until the learners autonomy in the lexical research activities.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal aplicar o modelo de dicionário terminológico onomasiológico bilíngüe, proposto por Babini (2001), na elaboração de um dicionário eletrônico inglês-português e português-inglês dos termos fundamentais das Redes Neurais Artificiais. O dicionário onomasiológico caracteriza-se por permitir a busca de uma unidade lexical ou terminológica a partir de seu conteúdo semântico. Constituímos um corpus de especialidade e um corpus de língua geral com o auxílio do programa computacional WordSmith Tools. A metodologia terminológica foi norteada pela Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia, que nos auxiliou nas reflexões quanto as diferenças terminológicas existentes entre os dois idiomas estudados. As principais referências metodológicas, que guiaram nossas buscas pelos equivalentes lexicais, foram Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Alpizar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Berber Sardinha (2001), Barros (2004), Babini (2001a, 2001b). Nosso modelo de dicionário permite dois tipos de pesquisa: semasiológica e onomasiológica. A busca onomasiológica é viabilizada pelo conjunto de semas ou traços semânticos que compõe o conceito de cada termo do dicionário. Foram utilizados o aplicativo MS Access, o gerenciador de banco de dados MySQL e a linguagem de programação PHP.
The present thesis majorly aims at applying a bilingual onomasiological terminological dictionary model, proposed by Babini (2001), so as to develop an English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English electronic dictionary of the fundamental terms of the Artificial Neural Networks. The onomasiological dictionary allows the search of a lexical or terminological unit from its semantic content. We constituted a specialty corpus and a general language corpus with the aid of the computational program WordSmith Tools. The methodological approach was guided by the Communicative Terminology Theory, which allowed us to identify the existing differences among the languages studied. The main methodological basis, which guided our search for lexical equivalent, were Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Alpizar- Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Berber-Sardinha (2001), Barros (2004), Babini (2001a, 2001b). Our dictionary model allows two types of search: semasiological and onomasiological. The onomasiological search is made viable by a set of semantic traits that make up the concept of each term in the dictionary. The following computational resources were used: MS Access software, the MySQL database management system and the PHP programming language.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
No universo dos estudos fraseolÃgicos, investigaram-se os pragmatemas do portuguÃs brasileiro. A Ãnfase foi dada Ãs expressÃes que se constituem como atos de fala, ocorrem de modo rotineiro, cumprem funÃÃes pragmÃticas especÃficas e estÃo prontas para ser usadas em determinadas situaÃÃes comunicativas (IRIARTE SANROMÃN, 2001; GLENK, 2007; ALVARADO ORTEGA, 2008; BLANCO, 2010; MONTEIRO-PLANTIN, 2012). O motivo mais forte para empreender a pesquisa foi contribuir com os estudos de aprendizes de portuguÃs como lÃngua estrangeira (PLE) e a esse aliaram-se mais dois: o auxÃlio ao trabalho de tradutores e a carÃncia de manual ou dicionÃrio, impresso ou eletrÃnico, que contemple essas estruturas. Com o objetivo de estabelecer as bases teÃricas para a elaboraÃÃo de um dicionÃrio eletrÃnico (WELKER, 2006; LEFFA, 2006; KRIEGER, 2007; PONTES, 2010 e 2011), foram realizados o levantamento, a categorizaÃÃo e a descriÃÃo dos pragmatemas presentes em obras gerais da Fraseologia brasileira e em interaÃÃes comunicativas de corpora orais disponÃveis na Internet. A ferramenta AntConc 3.4.4w (2014) foi utilizada para auxiliar na busca de candidatos a pragmatemas e os resultados obtidos foram armazenados numa base de dados criada por meio do programa Microsoft Access. A base de dados foi alimentada com 565 expressÃes pragmÃticas, descritas em dez campos: tipologia, funÃÃo social, expressividade, registro, modalidade, pragmatema, sentido, variantes/equivalentes, contexto e exemplos. Foram analisadas as quinze primeiras expressÃes detectadas e, para ter acesso a todas elas, foram criadas duas formas: a primeira, pela expressÃo propriamente dita e a outra, por um nome temÃtico que reflete a expressividade do falante. Assim, concluiu-se pela exequibilidade de um dicionÃrio eletrÃnico dos pragmatemas, utilizando-se, ao mesmo tempo, as tÃcnicas lexicogrÃficas onomasiolÃgicas e semasiolÃgicas, a fim de facilitar a busca para estudantes em contexto de aprendizagem do portuguÃs brasileiro como lÃngua estrangeira e materna, professores e tradutores.
In the universe of phraseological studies, we investigated the pragmatemes of the Brazilian Portuguese. Emphasis was given to expressions that considered speech acts which occur routinely, fulfill specific pragmatic functions and are ready to be used in certain communicative situations (IRIARTE SANROMÃN, 2001; GLENK, 2007; ALVARADO ORTEGA, 2008; BLANCO, 2010; MONTEIRO-PLANTIN, 2012). The strongest reason for undertaking the research was to contribute to the studies of Portuguese as a Foreign Language. The other two other objectives of this research were to help translators in their hard work of translation and to try to compensate the lack of printed or electronic dictionaries/manuals which cover these structures. In order to establish the theoretical basis for the development of an electronic dictionary (WELKER, 2006; LEFFA, 2006; KRIEGER, 2007; PONTES, 2010 and 2011) one carried out the survey, categorization and description of pragmatemes present in general works of Brazilian phraseology and communicative interactions of oral corpora available on the Internet. The AntConc 3.4.4w tool (2014) was used to assist in the search for possible pragmatemes and the results were stored in a database created by Microsoft Access(c) program. The database was fed with 565 pragmatic expressions, described in ten fields: type, social function, expressiveness, record mode, pragmateme, direction, variants / equivalent, context and examples. The first nine detected expressions were analyzed and in order to have access to all of them two forms of search were created: first, the expression itself and the other by a theme name that reflects the expression of the speaker. Thus, in conclusion, it is possible to say that an electronic dictionary of pragmatemes is completely feasible if it is used at the same time onomasiological, semasiological and lexicographical techniques, with the aim to facilitate the search method by students in the context of the Brazilian Portuguese learning as a foreign and mother language, teachers and translators.

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Esta dissertação de mestrado está inserida no projeto COPA 2014 FrameNet Brasil (SALOMÃO ET AL., 2011), que teve como objetivo criar um dicionário eletrônico trilíngue para domínios específicos do Turismo, Futebol e Copa do Mundo em parceria com o projeto FrameCorp (CHISHMAN ET AL., 2008) e o International Computer Science Institute. O dicionário foi estruturado a partir dos postulados da Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982, 1985) e da metodologia específica da rede semântica FrameNet (RUPPENHOFFER ET AL., 2010). A partir disso, buscou-se implementar a relação de Tradução no banco de dados da FrameNet Brasil, utilizando os frames como representações semânticas interlinguísticas transculturais nos domínios específicos do dicionário Copa 2014 (GAMONAL, 2013). Nessa direção, como contribuição para este projeto, o escopo desta pesquisa se concentrou em verificar se o frame secundário da experiência turística seria o mesmo entre duas das línguas cobertas pelo Copa 2014: o português e o espanhol. Como o domínio do Turismo toma empréstimos lexicais de outras áreas (CALVI, 2010), permeados por projeções metafóricas, recorreu-se ao aporte teórico da Mesclagem (Blending) (FAUCONNIER, 1994,1997), em especial, a integração conceptual de escopo duplo, como instrumento de análise para o mapeamento dos elementos de frame nucleares que compõem os diferentes domínios cognitivos. Parte-se da hipótese de que os frames secundários que fornecem o empréstimo linguístico para o domínio do Turismo nem sempre são os mesmos para as duas línguas. Desse modo, a etapa de análise das anotações lexicográficas, obtidas em corpora paralelos, possibilitou contrastar as valências sintático-semânticas das unidades lexicais que evocam os frames relacionados às três perspectivas do Turismo_de_atração. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, nesse domínio, alguns cognatos não são empregados como correspondentes aos termos do português. Assim, as análises propostas auxiliaram na seleção de equivalentes de tradução que mais se assemelhem ao uso do falante nativo.
This thesis is part of the COPA 2014 FrameNet Brasil project (SALOMÃO ET AL., 2011), whose aim was the creation of a trilingual electronic dictionary covering the domains of Tourism, Soccer and the World Cup. The project was developed in collaboration with the FrameCorp project (CHISHMAN ET AL., 2008) and the International Computer Sciences Institute. The dictionary structure derives from the theoretical foundations of Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1982, 1985) and is based on FrameNet‟s methodology (RUPPENHOFFER ET AL., 2010). A Translation frame-to-frame relation was implemented in the FrameNet Brasil database, relying on frames as cross-cultural interlingual representations for the specific domains of the Copa 2014 dictionary (GAMONAL, 2013). The main contribution of this thesis to the project is that of analyzing whether secondary frames structuring the touristic experience were the same in two of the languages covered by the dictionary: Portuguese and Spanish. Because the language of Tourism uses vocabulary that is metaphorically grounded on other domains (CALVI, 2010), we deploy conceptual integration networks (Blending) (FAUCONNIER, 1994, 1997) as a means of analyzing how the frame elements structuring those domains are mapped to each other. Our hypothesis is that secondary frames involved in the language of Tourism are not always the same for the two languages. Such a hypothesis was confirmed through the analysis of the lexicographic annotations produced for the three perspectives of the Attraction_tourism frame. Those annotations derive from parallel corpora and yield the synctatic and semantic valences of the lexical units evoking the tourism frames. The analysis proposed contributes to the selection of translation equivalents that represent better the way native speakers of the Portuguese and Spanish refer to the touristic experience.

Информационные компьютерные технологии активно входят в практику преподавания русского языка как иностранного. В настоящее время все большую популярность получают мобильные устройства: мобильные телефоны, смартфоны, планшеты. Эти гаджеты являются неотъемлемой частью современного урока благодаря своей доступности, мобильности, простоте использования. ИКТ становятся привычными средствами обучения. Особое место среди них занимают электронные двуязычные словари. Многие исследователи отмечают, что словарь может быть использован не только как простой справочный материал, но и как самостоятельное учебное пособие для развития всех видов речевой деятельности, для формирования коммуникативной компетенции студентов- иностранцев.

Le traitement automatique de la langue quechua (TALQ) ne dispose pas actuellement d'un dictionnaire électronique des verbes, du français-quechua. Pourtant, un projet visant la traduction automatique nécessite au préalable, entre autres, cette importante ressource.Cette thèse consiste à élaborer un dictionnaire électronique français-quechua des verbes. La réalisation d'un tel dictionnaire peut ouvrir également de nouvelles perspectives dans l'enseignement à distance, dans les domaines de l'accès multilingue aux informations, l'annotation/l'indexation des documents, la correction orthographique et pour le TAL en général. La première difficulté consiste à sélectionner un dictionnaire français comme base de travail. Parmi les nombreux dictionnaires français, il en existe très peu en format électronique, et moins encore ceux dont les sources soient en libre accès au public. Parmi ces derniers, l'ouvrage Les verbes français (LVF), contenant 25 610 sens verbaux, que Jean Dubois et Françoise Dubois-Charlier ont publié chez Larousse en 1997, est un dictionnaire particulièrement complet ; de plus il a l 'avantage d'avoir une licence « open source » et un format compatible avec la plateforme NooJ. En tenant en compte ces considérations nous avons choisi traduire ce dictionnaire en quechua.Cependant, cette tâche se heurte à un obstacle considérable : le lexique quechua de verbes simples compte moins de l 500 entrées. Comment faire correspondre 25 610 sens verbaux français avec seulement 1 500 verbes quechua ?Sommes-nous condamnés à utiliser beaucoup de polysémies? Par exemple, dans LVF il y a 27 sens verbaux du verbe « tourner » ; doit-on tous les traduire par muyuy ? Ou bien, pouvons-nous utiliser une stratégie particulière et remarquable de la langue pour répondre à ce défi : la génération de nouveaux verbes par dérivation suffixale ?Nous avons inventorié tous les suffixes du quechua qui permettent d'obtenir une forme dérivée possédant le comportement d'un verbe simple. Cet ensemble de suffixes que nous appelons SIP_DRV, contient 27 éléments. Ainsi chaque verbe quechua transitif ou intransitif donne naissance à au moins 27 verbes dérivés. Il reste cependant à formaliser les paradigmes et grammaires qui vont nous permettre d'obtenir les dérivations compatibles avec la morphosyntaxe de la langue. Cela a été réalisé avec NooJ.L'application de ces grammaires nous a permis d'obtenir 40 500 unités linguistiques conjugables (ULAV) à partir de 1 500 verbes simples quechua. Ce résultat encourageant nous permet d'envisager une solution favorable à notre projet de traduction des 25 000 sens verbaux du français en quechua.À ce stade, une nouvelle difficulté apparaît : la traduction en français de cette quantité énorme des formes verbales conjugables générées, dont sa résolution est essentielle pour notre projet de traduire une partie importante des vingt-cinq mille verbes français en quechua.Afin d'obtenir la traduction de ces ULAV, nous avons besoin d'abord de connaître la modalité d'énonciation qu'apporte chaque SIP quand il s'agglutine au radical verbal pour le transformer. Chaque suffixe peut avoir plusieurs modalités d'énonciation. Nous les avons obtenus à partir du corpus, de notre propre expérience et quelques enregistrements dans le terrain. Nous avons ainsi construit un tableau indexé contenant toutes ces modalités. Ensuite, nous utilisons des opérateurs de NooJ pour programmer les grammaires qui présentent la traduction automatique en une forme glosés de modalités d'énonciation.Finalement, nous avons développé un algorithme qui nous a permis d'obtenir la traduction réciproque du français vers le quechua de plus de 8 500 sens verbaux de niveau 3 et un certain nombre de sens verbaux de niveau 4 et 5
The automatic processing of the Quechua language (APQL) lacks an electronic dictionary of French­ Quechua verbs. However, any NLP project requires this important linguistic resource.The present thesis proposes such a dictionary. The realization of such a resource couId also open new perspectives on different domains such as multilingual access to information, distance learning,inthe areas of annotation /indexing of documents, spelling correction and eventually in machine translation.The first challenge was the choice of the French dictionary which would be used as our basic reference. Among the numerous French dictionaries, there are very few which are presented in an electronic format, and even less that may be used as an open source. Among the latter, we found the dictionary Les verbes français (LVF}, of Jean Dubois and Françoise Dubois-Charlier, edited by Larousse en 1997. lt is a remarkably complete dictionary. lt contains 25 610 verbal senses and with open source license. lt is entirely compatible with the Nooj platform. That's why we have chosen this dictionary to be the one to translate into Quechua.However, this task faces a considerable obstacle: the Quechua lexicon of simple verbs contains around 1,500 entries. How to match 25,610 French verbal senses with only 1,500 Quechua verbs?Are we condemned to produce many polysemies? For example, in LVF, we have 27 verbal senses of the verb "tourner" to turn; should we translate them all by the Quechua verb muyuy to turn? Or, can we make use of a particular and remarkable Quechua strategy that may allow us to face thischallenge: the generation of new verbs by suffix derivation?As a first step, we have inventoried ail the Quechua suffixes that make possible to obtain a derived verbal form which behaves as if it was a simple verb. This set of suffixes, which we call IPS_DRV, contains 27 elements. Thus each Quechua verb, transitive or intransitive, gives rise to at least 27 derived verbs. Next, we need to formalize the paradigms and grammars that will allow us to obtain derivations compatible with the morphology of the language. This was done with the help of the NooJ platform.The application of these grammars allowed us to obtain 40,500 conjugable atomic linguistic units (CALU) out of 1,500 simple Quechua verbs. This encouraging first result allows us to hope to get a favorable solution to our project of translation of the 25,000 verbal senses of French into Quechua.At this point, a new difficulty appears: the translation into French of this enormous quantity of generated conjugable verbal forms. This work is essential if we want to obtain the translation of a large part of the twenty-five thousand French verbs into Quechua. ln order to obtain the translation of these CALUs, we first needed to know the modalities of enunciation that each IPS have and transmits to the verbal radical when it is agglutinated to it. Each suffix can have several modalities of enunciation. We have obtained an inventory of them from the corpus, our own experience and some recordings obtained in fieldwork. We constructed an indexed table containing all of these modalities.Next, we used NooJ operators to program grammars that present automatic translation into a glossed form of enunciation modalities.Finally, we developed an algorithm that allowed us to obtain the reciprocal translation from French to Quechua of more than 8,500 Verbal senses of Level 3 and a number of verbal senses of Levels 4 and 5

The four pillars of material science and engineering namely structure, processing, properties and performance form the so-called material paradigm. At the heart of the material paradigm is materials characterization, which is used to measure and identify the relationships. Materials Characterization typically reconstructing the conditions giving rise to a measurement, a classic inverse problem. The solutions of these inverse problems are under or over determined and not unique. The solutions of these inverse problems can be greatly improved if accurate forward models exist for these characterization experiments. In this thesis, we will be focusing of developing forward models for electron diffraction modalities. Specifically, four different forward models for electron diffraction, namely the Electron Backscatter Diffraction, Electron Channeling Patterns, Precession Electron Diffraction and Transmission kikuchi Diffraction modalities are presented. Further, these forward models are applied to important materials characterization problems, including diffraction pattern indexing using the dictionary approach and forward model based orientation refinement. Finally, a novel pole figure inversion algorithm using the cubochoric representation and model based iterative reconstruction is also presented.

L'objectif de cette recherche est la construction manuelle de ressources lexicales pour les noms composés grecs qui sont définis par la structure morphosyntaxique : Nom (E+Déterminant au génitif) Nom au génitif, notés N (E+DET:G) N:G (e.g. ζώνη ασφαλείας/ceinture de sécurité). Les ressources élaborées peuvent être utilisées pour leur reconnaissance lexicale automatique dans les textes écrits et dans d'autres applications du TAL. Notre travail s'inscrit dans la perspective de l'élaboration du lexique-grammaire général du grec moderne en vue de l'analyse automatique des textes écrits. Le cadre théorique et méthodologique de cette étude est celui du lexique-grammaire (M. Gross 1975, 1977), qui s'appuie sur la grammaire transformationnelle harisienne.Notre travail s'organise en cinq parties. Dans la première partie, nous délimitons l'objet de notre travail tout en essayant de définir la notion fondamentale qui régit notre étude, à savoir celle de figement. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons la méthodologie utilisée pour le recensement de nos données lexicales et nous étudions les phénomènes de variation observés au sein des noms composés de type N (E+DET:G) N:G. La troisième partie est consacrée à la présentation des différentes sous-catégories des N (E+DET:G) N:G identifiées lors de l'étape du recensement et à l'étude de leur structure lexicale interne. La quatrième partie porte sur l'étude syntaxico-sémantique des N (E+DET:G) N:G. Enfin, dans la cinquième partie, nous présentons les différentes méthodes de représentation formalisée que nous proposons pour nos données lexicales en vue de leur reconnaissance lexicale automatique dans les textes écrits. Des échantillons représentatifs des ressources élaborées sont présentés en Annexe

Dissertação de mestrado, Ciências da Linguagem, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2014
There are more than 110 million Persian speakers in the world, but the lexical resources for Natural Language Processing (NLP) of the Persian language are still too scarce. Though Persian (or Fārsi) uses an adapted form of the Arabic script, it is an Indo-European language and its verbal inflection is based on stems and affixes. This project is to be considered as a first step towards the construction of large-scale lexical resources for Persian, and the development of a Persian module to be distributed with the Unitex linguistic development platform. The specific goal of this dissertation is to build a morphologic, machine-readable dictionary of Persian verbs, using a dictionary of lemmas and a set of morphologic finite-state transducers (FST) to generate all the inflected forms associated to each lemma, and encode them with all the relevant morphosyntactic information (tense, person-number, etc.). This task is complicated in Persian verbal morphology by the fact that each verb has two stems (past and present), different inflection paradigms are used for written (formal) and oral (informal) language uses, and several compound tenses can be formed through combining prefixes and suffixes with base inflected forms, the same tense being able to constitute one, two or more different tokens (separate written forms). A small dictionary of lemmas (145) and their respective written (292) and spoken (127) stems was built, each stem was provided with the appropriate inflection conventional code, which correspond to an inflection paradigm. The list of lemmas was compiled based on frequency data from a large Persian corpus, the TEP (Tehran English-Persian Parallel Corpus), containing around 4.5 million words, and selecting the most frequent verb forms. At its current state, the dictionary of inflected forms contains 1,536 entries. In Persian, in average, each verb lemma yields 28 simple inflected forms, 14 simple 'written' inflected forms and 14 'spoken' inflected forms, and relatively, for each stem there are 7 inflected forms. The recognition of compound tenses is carried out by a set of 22 FST using the system morphological mode and the previous lexical annotation of simple verb forms. These FSTs allowed for the retrieval of 3,953 compound verb tenses from the corpus. For the evaluation of this language resource, a sample text, retrieved from the www.persian.euronews.com, and containing around 1000 words was used to assess the lexical coverage of the simple words' dictionary and the compound tenses' lexical graphs. The evaluation was done manually, based on the recognized words and those that were not identified by lexical resources built here.
Há mais de 110 milhões de falantes da língua Persa (ou Farsi) no mundo, mas os recursos lexicais para Processamento de Língua Natural (NLP) disponíveis para esta língua ainda são muito escassos. Embora o Persa use uma forma adaptada do alfabeto árabe, é uma língua indo europeia e sua flexão verbal é baseada em morfemas radicais e afixos. Este projeto deve ser considerado como um primeiro passo para a construção de recursos lexicais em larga escala para o Persa, e o desenvolvimento de um módulo do Persa a ser distribuído com a plataforma de desenvolvimento linguístico UNITEX. O objetivo específico deste trabalho é construir um dicionário eletrónico, legível por máquinas, de verbos do persa, usando um dicionário de lemas e um conjunto de transdutores de estados finitos (FST) morfológicos para gerar todas as formas flexionadas associadas a cada lema, codificando-as com toda a informação morfossintática relevante (pessoa-número, tempo-modo, etc.). Esta tarefa é complicada na morfologia verbal persa pelo facto de cada verbo tem dois estemas (ing. stem), um para os tempos do passado e outro para os do presente; são também empregues diferentes paradigmas de flexão na linguagem escrita (mais formal) e na oralidade (informal); e, finalmente, pelo facto de vários tempos compostos poderem ser formados através da combinação a prefixos e sufixos com formas flexionadas de base, ao mesmo tempo que podem constituir-se num único, em dois ou até mais diferentes palavras gráficas (tokens). Um pequeno dicionário de lemas (145) e seus respectivos estemas da forma 'escrita' (292) e 'falada' (127) foi, então, construído, e cada estema acompanhado pelo código de flexão convencional de flexão adequado, e que corresponde a um paradigma de inflexão. A lista dos lemas foi compilada com base em dados de frequência de um grande corpus persa, o TEP (Tehran English –Persian Parallel Corpus), contendo cerca de 4,5 milhões de palavras, e selecionando as formas verbais mais frequentes. No seu estado atual, o dicionário de formas flexionadas contém 1.536 entradas. Em Persa, em média, cada lema verbal produz 28 formes simples: 14 formas simples 'escritas' flexionadas e 14 formas 'faladas', dado que cada stema. O reconhecimento de tempos compostos é realizado por um conjunto de 22 FSTs utilizando o modo morfológico do sistema e a prévia anotação lexical de formas verbais simples. Estes grafos permitiram reconhecer 3.953 formas compostas no corpus utilizado. Para a avaliação deste recurso linguistico, utilizou-se um texto obtido a partir da www.persian.euronews.com e contendo cerca de 1.000 palavras, a fim de estimar a cobertura lexical dos recursos construídos. A avaliação foi feita manualmente com base nas palavras reconhecidas e nas não identificadas pelos recursos lexicais aqui construídos.

碩士
崑山科技大學
電機工程研究所
93
In this dissertation, hidden Markov models and Viterbi algorithm are the major tools for speech recognition research to develop a simulation system of English-Chinese electronic dictionary. First, the speech signal is pre-processed to extract the speech characteristic coefficients through the following steps including cepstral coefficient and differential cepstral coefficient. Furthermore, the hidden Markov models and Viterbi algorithm are proposed to train the vocal models and perform the recognition task. In speech signal, end-point detection process is carried out to discard the silent periods. This method is based on signal energy parameter and zero-crossing rate to discern the speech signal is in silent period or not. We also developed a double threshold end-point detection method to correct the distortion caused by additive noise in the regular end-point detection. In addition, we utilized Visual Basic 6.0 as the development tool to create a vocal recognition system including three parts: model training, speech recognition, and simulation. Based on above system, we also designed an English-Chinese electronic dictionary that offers vocal input. With this function, we simply input the words through your voice not the keyboard to simplify the task of “look it up”.

碩士
銘傳大學
商品設計學系碩士班
102
English learning is becoming one of the popular movements towards the Globalization. In recent years especially, more people use smartphones to learn English. However, it was found in the current market that most dictionary apps were designed for the younger generation and neglected the needs of the elderly. The issue of memory over-load turned out to be the critical problem of the usability for the elderly, due to the complex menu structures. Thus this study is meant to explore a suitable menu structure for the senior user, and provide suggestions for the relative researches. A 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 four mixed-factor design was adopted in this study: namely menu structure (linear and hybrid), display mode (horizontal and vertical), sex, and task difficulty (easy, fair, and hard). A total of 50 elderly (26 male and 24 female), aged between 60~70, all qualified to be able to read English vocabulary and above elementary school educated. The study result are: 1.Menu structure: the performance of the hybrid structure is superior to the linear structure. 2.Interface presentation: There is no significant between the horizontal and vertical display modes in operating performance. 3.Task Complexity: There is an interaction between task difficulty and menu structure, the higher the difficulty of the task, the superior is the hybrid structure. 4.Sex: There is no significant between male and female in the operating performance.

碩士
龍華科技大學
機械系碩士班
92
This study aims to improve the manufacturing process and warpage of the electronic dictionary battery cover in thin wall injection molding. The major technique is to replace the mainstream electronic dictionary battery cover made in insert molding with the thin wall electronic dictionary battery cover made in high-speed injection molding. The later has merely 0.2 mm in thickness, and its ratio of flowing length and thickness(L/T) can reach 338. The first step is MoldFlow numerical simulation to retrieve the data of best gate position and the sum. The second step is the molding window of applying ABS and PC+ABS respectively in molding the thin wall electronic dictionary battery cover. The third step is analyzing the best warpage and the influential parameters through applying ABS and PC+ABS respectively in Taguchi Method, and using some production to test and verify the best composition. The fourth step is applying ABS and PC+ABS respectively in short shots experiment of molding the thin wall electronic dictionary battery cover to compare the melt front of ABS and PC+ABS with the predictions of simulation; through 3D numerical simulation, in addition, simulating the variations of melt front of battery cover in three kinds of thickness: 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm. The final step is utilizing stress viewer and SEM to observe the stress distributions and polymer orientation of part. The results of the experiments show that the molding window of ABS is larger than the molding window of PC+ABS, and that, via ANOVA analysis, detected the most important manufacture parameter are low melt temperature and high injection speed and high packing pressure which can ensure better warpage. The short shots experiment prove that the simulation and actual shaping have similar melt front, and that 0.2 mm product has hysteresis effect and race effect. After the enhancement, the production coasts of the thin wall electronic dictionary battery cover can largely lower, which can, on the contrary, largely raise the competition of the companies in this industrial circles.

Dissertação de mestrado em Lexicography
Bilingual onomasiological dictionaries generate a considerable interest because of two main reasons. On the one hand, thematic dictionary research is a less explored field of lexicography. On the other hand, bilingual onomasiological dictionaries combine several dictionary types. Since the Internet has established itself as a platform for online dictionaries, it is important to study how onomasiological dictionaries are organized on an electronic medium. The current thesis aims at analyzing two monolingual thematic online dictionaries, namely BerufeNet and Computer Glossary. Search options and navigation structures of these dictionaries receive special attention. The key focus of the dissertation is to create a prototype of the English-Spanish Summer Camp Dictionary (ESSCD), which involves the detailed description of the dictionary’s sources, users and their needs, usage situations and functions. The methodology used to elaborate the ESSCD’s prototype involves six main steps: (1) create a corpus; (2) extract keywords; (3) extract collocations; (4) generate concordances; (5) create an XML database; (6) design a web page. The current thesis discusses the above-mentioned steps as well as presents the data categories of an ESSCD article.
Dicionários onomasiológicos bilíngues geram um interesse considerável por duas razões principais. Por um lado, a pesquisa de dicionários temáticos é um campo pouco explorado da Lexicografia. Por outro, os dicionários onomasiológicos bilíngues combinam vários tipos de dicionários. Com a consolidação da Internet como uma plataforma para dicionários on-line, é importante observar como os dicionários onomasiológicos são organizados no meio eletrónico. A presente tese visa analisar dois dicionários online temáticos monolíngues, nomeadamente, o BerufeNet e o Computer Glossary. As opções de pesquisa e as estruturas de navegação desses dicionários recebem atenção especial. O foco principal da dissertação é criar um protótipo do Dicionário de Acampamento de Verão Inglês-Espanhol (ESSCD), que envolve a descrição detalhada das fontes do dicionário, utilizadores e suas necessidades, situações e funções de uso. A metodologia implementada na elaboração do protótipo do ESSCD envolve seis etapas principais: (1) criar um corpus; (2) extrair palavras-chave; (3) extrair colocações; (4) gerar concordâncias; (5) criar uma base de dados XML; (6) projetar uma página web. A presente tese analisa os passos acima mencionados, bem como apresenta as categorias de dados de um artigo ESSCD.

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre comment certain·e·s enseignant·e·s de français du secondaire forment leurs élèves à utiliser le dictionnaire électronique en classe en décrivant, d’une part, les savoirs et les savoir-faire liés à son utilisation qui font l’objet d’un enseignement en classe et, d’autre part, les pratiques relatives à l’enseignement de ces savoirs et savoir-faire. Pour parvenir à nos objectifs, nous avons mené des entrevues avec huit enseignant·e·s, qui ont également noté dans un journal de bord, pendant un mois, les activités ou les interventions sollicitant l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique qu’ils·elles ont réalisées en classe. À la lumière de notre analyse des données, nous avons tracé le portrait des pratiques d’enseignement de chaque enseignant·e, et une comparaison des similitudes et des différences entre les portraits nous a ensuite permis de relever trois profils distincts de pratiques dont le but est de former les élèves à l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique : 1) l’enseignement spontané, axé sur quelques éléments liés à son utilisation, 2) l’enseignement planifié en début d’année et spontané ensuite, axé sur une plus grande variété d’éléments et, enfin, 3) l’enseignement planifié régulier, qui intègre lui aussi une grande variété d’éléments liés à l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique, mais qui comprend également des savoirs qui relèvent spécifiquement de l’usage du format électronique. Il ressort de notre étude que l’intégration d’un outil comme le dictionnaire électronique dans les pratiques d’enseignement est un processus long et complexe, et que la richesse des dictionnaires mis à la disposition des enseignant·e·s n’est pas garante d’un enseignement plus riche ou plus varié. À ce titre, nous pensons qu’une formation portant sur l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique pourrait être utile aux enseignant·e·s en exercice de même qu’aux futurs·e·s enseignant·e·s, car elle leur permettrait de se familiariser avec son utilisation à titre personnel d’abord, une étape essentielle à l’intégration du DÉ dans les pratiques d’enseignement, et à titre pédagogique ensuite.
This research aims to better understand how some French secondary school teachers train their students to use the electronic dictionary in class by determining the knowledge and skills related to its use that are the subject of classroom teaching and by describing the practices related to the teaching of these dictionary skills. To achieve our goals, we conducted interviews with eight teachers, who also noted in a diary, for a month, the activities or interventions requiring the use of the electronic dictionary that they carried out in class. In the light of our data analysis, we drew a portrait of the teaching practices of each teacher, and a comparison of the similarities and differences between the portraits then enabled us to identify three distinct profiles of practices whose goal is to train students to use the electronic dictionary: 1) spontaneous teaching, focusing on a few elements related to its use, 2) teaching planned at the start of the year and spontaneous thereafter, focusing on a greater variety of elements and, finally, 3) regular planned teaching, which also incorporates a wide variety of elements related to the use of the electronic dictionary, but which also includes knowledge that relates specifically to the use of the electronic format. Our study shows that the integration of a tool such as the electronic dictionary into teaching practices is a long and complex process, and that the wealth of dictionaries made available to teachers does not guarantee richer or better teaching. As such, we believe that training on the use of electronic dictionary could be useful for practicing teachers as well as future teachers, because it would allow them to become more familiar with its use in a personal capacity first, and then for educational purposes.

The practice of spamming (sending unsolicited electronic communications) has been dubbed “the scourge of the 21st century” affecting different stakeholders. This practice is also credited for not only disrupting electronic communications but also, it overloads electronic systems and creates unnecessary costs for those affected than the ones responsible for sending such communications. In trying to address this issue nations have implemented anti-spam laws to combat the scourge. South Africa not lagging behind, has put in place anti-spam provisions to deal with the scourge. The anti-spam provisions are scattered in pieces of legislation dealing with diverse issues including: consumer protection; direct marketing; credit laws; and electronic transactions and communications. In addition to these provisions, an Amendment Bill to one of these laws and two Bills covering cybercrimes and cyber-security issues have been published. In this thesis, a question is asked on whether the current fragmented anti-spam provisions are adequate in protecting consumers. Whether the overlaps between these pieces of legislation are competent to deal with the ever increasing threats on electronic communications at large. Finally, the question as to whether a multi-faceted approach, which includes a Model Law on spam would be a suitable starting point setting out requirements for the sending of unsolicited electronic communications can be sufficient in protecting consumers. And as spam is not only a national but also a global problem, South Africa needs to look at the option of entering into mutual agreements with other countries and organisations in order to combat spam at a global level.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια η ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας καθιέρωσε όρους όπως εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση και ηλεκτρονική μάθηση συμπληρώνοντας την συμβατική εκπαίδευση με μια μορφή επικοινωνίας. Έτσι η νέα αυτή μορφή εκπαίδευσης προσαρμόζεται σε προγράμματα της πρωτοβάθμιας, δευτεροβάθμιας και τριτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Η εισαγωγή των Τ.Π.Ε στην εκπαίδευση και κατ επέκταση στην πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση λειτούργησε ως εργαλείο μάθησης, ως εποπτικό μέσο διδασκαλίας, ως γνωστικό και διερευνητικό εργαλείο αλλά και ως εργαλείο επικοινωνίας και αναζήτησης πληροφοριών. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία θα δημιουργηθεί, θα χρησιμοποιηθεί και θα παρουσιαστεί μια πλατφόρμα ηλεκτρονικής μάθησης για τις ανάγκες του μαθήματος πληροφορικός γραμματισμός -Τεχνολογίες της Πληροφορίας και των Επικοινωνιών <Τ.Π.Ε> στην πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής θα γίνει συγκριτική μελέτη των διαθέσιμων πλατφορμών ηλεκτρονικής μάθησης όπου μια από τις οποίες θα επιλεγεί για την υλοποίηση του μαθήματος. Στη συνέχεια θα υλοποιηθεί μία σειρά θεωρητικών μαθημάτων, test αξιολόγησης, σετ ασκήσεων καθώς και θα δημιουργηθεί ένα εικονογραφημένο λεξικό με όρους πληροφορικής για την καλύτερη διεξαγωγή του μαθήματος μέσω της πλατφόρμας αλλά και ένα πλαίσιο με συμβολές χρήσης διαδικτύου ώστε οι μαθητές να είναι πάντα ενήμεροι για το τι πρέπει να αποφεύγουν στο διαδίκτυο. Το τελικό προϊόν θα αποτελεί ένα εργαλείο στα χέρια του εκπαιδευτικού μιας και θα τον βοηθάει στη διαδικασία της εκπαίδευσης του μαθήματος Τ.Π.Ε. και στην προσαρμογή του ανάλογα με τις ανάγκες του. Αλλά και για τους μαθητές θα αποτελεί μία νέα εμπειρία μιας και θα δίνει νέα διάσταση στον παραδοσιακό τρόπο μάθησης. Οι μαθητές θα μπορούν μέσα από τεστ να μαθαίνουν να απασχολούνται δημιουργικά και να αξιολογούν την πρόοδό τους. Έτσι το μάθημα θα πάρει έναν διαδραστικό χαρακτήρα και θα γίνει πιο ελκυστικό για αυτούς. Η συνεχής ανάπτυξη των τεχνολογιών επιδρά και στον τομέα της εκπαίδευσης με την εισαγωγή νέων μεθόδων όπως η κινητή μάθηση μέσω της οποίας οι μαθητές θα έχουν πρόσβαση σε πολλές πηγές μάθησης, όπου κι αν βρίσκονται, οποιαδήποτε στιγμή. Έτσι η εκπαιδευτικής μας πλατφόρμα θα μεταφερθεί και για συσκευές mobile ώστε οι μαθητές να έχουν πρόσβαση στο εκπαιδευτικό υλικό ανά πάσα στιγμή. Τέλος, η πλατφόρμα θα δοκιμαστεί από εκπαιδευτικούς και από μαθητές για να παρατεθούν αποτελέσματα και στατιστικές για την αξιολόγηση και βελτιστοποίηση του τελικού προϊόντος. Καθώς και θα παρουσιαστεί μια πολύ πρόσφατη τεχνολογία τα MOOCs, που στηρίζονται στη φιλοσοφία της ανοικτής μάθησης με βασική αρχή λειτουργίας τους τη συνεχή αναζήτησης πηγών από το περιβάλλον και την προσαρμογή τους στις πηγές ανατροφοδότησης από αυτό.
Recently, the development of technology has introduced terms such as distance education and computer literacy, thus complementing traditional learning with a form of communication. Hence, this new type of training is adapted to the curricula of primary and secondary schools as well as universities. The implementation of Technology of Information and Communication (Τ.I.C) in education and primary learning , in particular, worked as a learning tool, as a visual means of instruction, as a cognitive and exploratory tool, as well as a means to both communicate and to look for information. In this thesis a platform of electronic learning will be created, used and presented for the needs of the subject of T.I.C in primary education. Throughout the thesis a comparison will be made between the existing platforms of electronic learning whereas one will be selected in order to conduct the lesson. Furthermore, a series of theoretical lessons will take place, evaluation tests, a set of tasks and a picture dictionary will be created with computer terms in order for the lesson to be conducted in the best possible way by using the platform. Moreover, a context will also exist with advice on the use of the Internet in order for the students to always be informed as to what to avoid on the Internet. The final product will consist a tool in the hands of the instructor since it will assist him/her in the process of teaching the T.I.C subject and in the adaptation of it according to the needs. This will also be a new experience for the students since it will provide a new dimension to the traditional way of learning. The students through tests will be able to be creatively occupied and to evaluate their progress. Thus, the lesson will become interactive and more appealing to them. The ongoing progress of technology affects the field of education with the introduction of new methods such as mobile learning through which students will have access to many sources of learning wherever and whenever they wish. This way our educational platform can be applied to mobile devices so that the students can have access to the educational material at any moment. Finally, the platform will be tested by both educators as well as students so as to reach results and statistics concerning the evaluation and improvement of the final product. A really recent technology, that of MOOCs, will also be presented which is based on the concept of open learning. The basic principle of its function is the ongoing search of resources from the environment and their adaptation to the sources of feedback from it.