Journal articles: 'Electronic distance measuring instruments'

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Downing, B. J. "Improved instrumental accuracy for microwave electronic distance-measuring instruments." Electronics Letters 22, no. 6 (1986): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19860210.

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Gillis, D., and L. Nabe. "Calibration baselines in canada." CISM journal 42, no. 3 (January 1988): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1988-0020.

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The establishing, measuring and monitoring of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) cali¬bration baselines in Canada is a joint program of the Geodetic Survey of Canada and provincial, territorial and municipal surveying agencies. Since its establishment in 1971, the 2.3 km National Geodetic Baseline (NGBL) in Ottawa has been used as the reference baseline for other calibration baselines; two precise EDM instruments, the Mekometer ME3000 and the Geomensor CR204, have been used to transfer the length standard of the NGBL to baselines across Cana¬da. Thirty-six calibration baselines, established as part of the National Baseline Program, now exist. The Geodetic Survey strives to maintain the published values of interpier distances at the highest accuracy possible. To this end, extensive remeasurements are being planned. For longer distances which may be required to calibrate or check GPS instruments, a calibration network with lines up to 222 km is being established.

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Šiaudinytė, Lauryna, Mindaugas Rybokas, and Vytautas Giniotis. "ANALYSIS OF ANGLE MEASUREMENTS AND A NEW APPROACH TO VERTICAL ANGLE CALIBATION / VERTIKALIŲJŲ KAMPŲ KALIBRAVIMO ANALIZĖ IR NAUJI KALIBRAVIMOBŪDAI / AНAЛИЗ УГЛOВЫХ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ И НОВЫE МEТOДЫ КАЛИБРИРOВАНИЯ." Geodesy and Cartography 37, no. 4 (January 11, 2012): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921541.2011.645333.

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Testing and calibrating geodetic instruments is an important metrological procedure for precise instrumentation used in industry and geodesy. Electronic geodetic measuring instruments consist, among other elements, of circular scales and angular encoders for angle determination in two perpendicular horizontal and vertical planes. The accuracy of the instrument mostly depends on the accuracy of angle standards used for angle calibration in the horizontal plane. Although many methods are developed for angle calibration, the majority of those are not available for calibrating angles in the vertical plane. The method described in the International Standards of vertical angle calibration validates field testing geodetic instruments by taking precise angle readings between the calibrated points placed at long distance and height. Difficulties in creating such calibration basis and inconveniencies in proceeding with this field at long distances may appear. Also, the traceability of length and angle measurements is not ensured. The new method of calibrating the angles in the vertical plane for geodetic instruments was developed. The article describes the principle of indoor testing and the calibration of the vertical angle measuring system. Santrauka Daugelyje optinių elektroninių matavimo prietaisų yra įmontuotos apskritiminės skalės, skirtos kampinei padėčiai dviejose statmenose plokštumose – horizontaliojoje bei vertikaliojoje nustatyti. Prietaiso tikslumas daugiausia priklauso nuo sių skalių tikslumo. Rastrinių skalių metrologija yra gana specifinė sritis, būtina tam tikra metodika ir kalibravimo įranga. Trumpai apžvelgus pateikiami kai kurie būdai ir priemonės, taikytini kampų metrologijai, ypač vertikaliam plokščiajam kampui kalibruoti. Резюме Многие оптико-электронные измерительные инструменты состоят из круговых шкал для определения углов в двух перпендикулярных плоскостях – горизонтальной и вертикальной. Точность инструмента в основном зависит от точности этих угломерных шкал. Метрология угловых растровыx шкал довольно специфична и требует специфических мeтодов и приспособлений для калибрирования. В статье приводится обзор и некоторые простые способы и приспособления, которые можно использовать в метрологии углов, в частности, в калибрировании вертикального плоского угла.

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Li, Zhong Wei, Chao Ma, Chun Li Liu, Cong Jun Wang, Kai Zhong, and Yu Sheng Shi. "PMP-Based Micro-3D Dental Measuring Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 192 (July 2012): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.192.310.

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Based on the structured light measurement principle, digital fringes projection technology and phase-shifting measuring technology, specific to the 3D profile of some tiny objects like teeth, in this paper we proposes a 3D scanning system which was directly used for intraoral dental measurement utilizing the merits of flexible and long distance signal transmission of the fiber image bundle. The structured light is projected out from DLP LightCommander produced by Texas Instruments Company, shrunk via telecentric imaging lens, conveyed in fiber image bundle. Utilizing the transformational relation between single-camera and projector, afterwards, the 3D profile of teeth is obtained by reconstructing the acquisition images in electronic endoscope. The feasibility of this system has been testified in our experiments. It satisfies the requirements of miniaturization, directness and flexibility; expands the scope of application of micro-3D measurement with structured light in dental clinical practice.

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S., Bektas, Karaahmetoğlu, Yıldırm, Uyar, Yıldırım, and Pakel. "THREE POINT RESECTION IN 3D WITH DISTANCES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i2.2018.1575.

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In this study, we will consider Three Point Resection in 3D with Distances. This problem is also called Space Resection. The problem of determining the position continues to be the most important problem of geodesy. With the development of measuring instruments and techniques, the widespread use of electronic distance meters, the precise and rapid computation possibilities provided by artificial ground satellites and computers, the segmented approach in the positioning problem (separate calculation of horizontal and vertical coordinates) has left the place as an integrated approach, three dimensional coordinates have begun to be calculated together. The problem of position determination is done either in the form of basic homework or (usually) predictions. It is also possible to calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of the points by the proposed resection method.

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Pillarz, Marc, Axel von Freyberg, and Andreas Fischer. "Gear Shape Parameter Measurement Using a Model-Based Scanning Multi-Distance Measurement Approach." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143910.

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To reduce wind turbine failures by defective drive trains, deviations in the geometry of large gears (diameter ≳ 1 m) must be extensively determined with single-digit micrometer uncertainties. Fixed measuring volumes limit standard measuring methods like coordinate and gear measuring instruments for large gear measurements. Therefore, a model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach for gear shape parameters is presented. The measurement approach has a scalable design and consists of a confocal-chromatic sensor, rotary table as a scanning unit and model-based signal processing. A preliminary study on a midsize spur gear demonstrates the general feasibility of the model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach. As a result, the mean base circle radius as the fundamental gear shape parameter is determined with an uncertainty of <5 μm. The calibration and adjustment of the sensor arrangement were performed with a known calibration gear. Scalability is not experimentally validated in this article. However, simulations verify the scalability of the measurement approach in a first step. For gears with 1 m in diameter and varying tooth flank geometries, the estimated achievable uncertainty of the mean base circle radius is still <5 μm. Therefore, the model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach is a promising alternative for gear inspection.

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Wolak, Artur, Grzegorz Zając, and Tomasz Słowik. "Measuring Kinematic Viscosity of Engine Oils: A Comparison of Data Obtained from Four Different Devices." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072530.

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The aim of this paper is to compare the results of kinematic viscosity of lubricating oils measurements at 40 °C, obtained with three different rapid evaluation devices, and the standardized method using an Ubbelohde Capillary viscometer. The following instruments were selected to measure: a mid-FTIR spectrophotometer, a microchannel viscometer, and a Stabinger viscometer. The study material comprised 42 fresh engine oils, all of which are commercially available. The main data analysis tools used in the study were multiple regression, Mahala Nobis distance, post-hoc analysis, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with the Bonferroni correction. Consistent outcomes were obtained for the Stabinger viscometer only, whereas the microchannel viscometer and the mid-FTIR spectrophotometer were not as precise as the reference method. It was also found that the results obtained with the use of the mid-FTIR spectrophotometer were burdened with a very large measurement error. Therefore, a very careful approach is suggested when choosing these instruments. The study fills an important gap in empirical research in the context of the reliability of measurement results obtained using various research techniques.

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Bektas, Pakel, Yıldırm, Uyar, Yıldırım, and Karaahmetoğlu. "SPACE RESECTION WITH ZENITH ANGLES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i2.2018.1579.

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The problem of determining the position continues to be the most important problem of geodesy. With the development of measuring instruments and techniques, the widespread use of electronic distance meters, the precise and rapid computation possibilities provided by artificial ground satellites and computers, the segmented approach in the positioning problem (separate calculation of horizontal and vertical coordinates) has left the place as an integrated approach, dimensional coordinates have begun to be calculated together. It is possible to determine the 3D coordinates of the station point with only 3 zenith (vertical) angles. The problem of position determination is done either in the form of basic homework or (usually) predictions. It is also possible to calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of the points by the proposed resection method.

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Turner, Shawn M. "Advanced Techniques for Travel Time Data Collection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1551, no. 1 (January 1996): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155100107.

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Travel time information is becoming more important for applications ranging from congestion measurement to real-time travel information. Several advanced techniques for travel time data collection are discussed, including electronic distance-measuring instruments (DMIs), computerized and video license plate matching, cellular phone tracking, automatic vehicle identification (AVI), automatic vehicle location (AVL), and video imaging. The various advanced techniques are described, the necessary equipment and procedures are outlined, the applications of each technique are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Electronic DMIs are low in cost but typically limited to congestion monitoring applications. Computerized and video license plate matching are more expensive and would be most applicable for congestion measurement and monitoring. Cellular phone tracking, AVI, and AVL systems may require a significant investment in communications infrastructure, but they can provide real-time information. Video imaging is still in testing stages, with some uncertainty about costs and accuracy.

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Wu, Chuan, He Huang, Rui Li, and Chenxing Fan. "Research on the Potential of Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Collecting Vibration Energy and Measuring Vibration." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041063.

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The traditional downhole drilling vibration measurement methods which use cable or battery as power supplies increase the drilling costs and reduce the drilling efficiency. This paper proposes a spherical triboelectric nanogenerator, which shows the potential to collect the downhole vibration energy and measure the vibration frequency in a self-powered model. The power generation tests show that the output signal amplitude of the spherical triboelectric nanogenerator increases as the vibration frequency increases, and it can reach a maximum output voltage of 70 V, a maximum current of 3.3 × 10−5 A, and a maximum power of 10.9 × 10−9 W at 8 Hz when a 10-ohm resistor is connected. Therefore, if the power generation is stored for a certain period of time when numbers of the spherical triboelectric nanogenerators are connected in parallel, it may provide intermittent power for the low-power downhole measurement instruments. In addition, the sensing tests show that the measurement range is 0 to 8 Hz, the test error is less than 2%, the applicable working environment temperature is below 100 degrees Celsius, and the installation distance between the spherical triboelectric nanogenerator and the vibration source should be less than the critical value of 150 cm because the output signal amplitude is inversely proportional to the distance.

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Pillarz, Marc, Axel von Freyberg, and Andreas Fischer. "Determination of the mean base circle radius of gears by optical multi-distance measurements." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-273-2020.

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Abstract. The required reliability of wind turbine gearboxes increases the requirements for large gear measurements. Extensive measurements to reliably assess the geometry of large gears in the single micrometer range are necessary. Due to an individually fixed measuring volume, standard methods like coordinate and gear measuring instruments reach their limits for large gears with diameters > 1 m. Therefore, a scalable optical measurement approach consisting of a single sensor in combination with a rotary table for multi-distance measurements with subsequent model-based evaluation of shape parameters of gears is presented. The scalable measurement approach is to be extended to a multisensory system in further work. As a fundamental shape parameter the mean base circle radius using the example of spur gears is determined. The base circle radius is used due to the geometric relationship to further shape parameters for example to the profile slope deviation. The theoretically achievable measurement uncertainty of the mean base circle radius due to sensor noise is estimated to less than 5 µm (k=2) for a small and a large gear, which verifies the scalability of the sensor system. In order to show a general proof of principle, two series of optical measurements on a gear with a diameter of 0.105 m are performed and referenced with a tactile measurement. As a result, random errors of 1.2 µm for k=2 are determined. The remaining systematic deviations to the reference value amount to 4.3 and 1.6 µm, respectively. Hence, the total measurement uncertainty is currently limited by systematic effects, and the defined aim of a total uncertainty of less than 5 µm (k=2) is narrowly missed by 1.5 µm. The random errors of 1.2 µm (k=2) show, however, that an adequate measurement precision is achieved and that the multi-distance measurement approach has the potential to reach the aimed measurement uncertainty with appropriate strategies to compensate for the systematic influences. The experimental and theoretical results prove the principle applicability of the proposed single sensor multi-distance approach for the precise inspection of gears.

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Franaszek, Marek, Geraldine S. Cheok, and Jeremy A. Marvel. "Comparative Study of Two Pose Measuring Systems Used to Reduce Robot Localization Error." Sensors 20, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051305.

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The performance of marker-based, six degrees of freedom (6DOF) pose measuring systems is investigated. For instruments in this class, the pose is derived from locations of a few three-dimensional (3D) points. For such configurations to be used, the rigid-body condition—which requires that the distance between any two points must be fixed, regardless of orientation and position of the configuration—must be satisfied. This report introduces metrics that gauge the deviation from the rigid-body condition. The use of these metrics is demonstrated on the problem of reducing robot localization error in assembly applications. Experiments with two different systems used to reduce the localization error of the same industrial robot yielded two conflicting outcomes. The data acquired with one system led to substantial reduction in both position and orientation error of the robot, while the data acquired with a second system led to comparable reduction in the position error only. The difference is attributed to differences between metrics used to characterize the two systems.

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Nizametdinov, Farit K., Murat G. Mustafin, Sergey G. Ozhigin, and Asem Serikkyzy Tuyakbai. "GEOMONITORING OF STABILITY STATE OF CAREER SLOPES." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-1-1-176-185.

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The development of geomechanical monitoring of the state of near-surface arrays of quarries is an urgent task for predicting and ensuring the stability of quarry slopes. This is preceded by a detailed study of the geological and geological situation of instrument massifs, the laying of reference and working benchmarks, the methodology for measuring and analyzing the obtained displacements of instrument massifs. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the accuracy of instrumental observations with the help of an electronic total station and an optical reflector, as well as to the identification of optimal observation schemes at the quarry, which make it possible to establish rational parameters for making measurements. The distance between the reflector and the total station is set to 500m, which allows measurements to be made within ± 3 mm. The proposed measurement technique was tested in the quarries of Kazakhstan.

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Nadezhdin, Igor S., Aleksey G. Goryunov, and Yuliya Yu Nadezhdina. "Optical sensor of components concentration in solution." Sensor Review 39, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2018-0259.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the development of an optical concentration sensor designed for measuring the concentration of components in solutions. Design/methodology/approach The operating principle of the developed sensor is based on the Bouguer–Lambert–Beer law. An optical measuring system using fiber optical cables was used for the practical implementation of the concentration sensor. Findings As a result of fiber optical cable use in the concentration sensor, the remote measurement principle was implemented, ensuring the instrument’s reliability and the reduction of operating costs. Originality/value The advantage of the proposed measuring system is that the sensitive element is maintenance-free, does not require power supply and can operate under severe industrial conditions. Using a fiber optic cable to transmit a light signal allows placing the sensitive element at a distance of several tens of meters from the electronics unit (the smart part).

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Khatha, Papichaya, Thanyarat Phutthaphongloet, Phenphitcha Timpa, Benjawan Ninwong, Kamolwich Income, Nalin Ratnarathorn, and Wijitar Dungchai. "Distance-Based Paper Device Combined with Headspace Extraction for Determination of Cyanide." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102340.

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We report for the first time a distance-based paper device based on gold/silver core shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) for a simple, inexpensive, instrument-free, and portable determination of cyanide by the naked eye. Au@Ag NPs immobilized on a paper channel were etched by cyanide ions so that a yellow color band length of Au@Ag NPs is proportional to a decrease in the cyanide concentration. Quantification is achieved by measuring color length, thus eliminating the need to differentiate hues and intensities by the user, and the processing data of each imaging device. Moreover, the paper-based headspace extraction was combined with the distance-based paper device to improve the sensitivity. The enrichment factor was found to be 30-fold and the linearity was found in the range 0.05–1 mg L−1. The naked eye detection limit was 10 μg L−1 where the World Health Organization (WHO) have regulated the maximum level of cyanide in drinking water as 70 μg L−1. Our proposed device also showed no interference from common cations and anions presenting in seawater and waste water including thiocyanate, chloride. Finally, our device has been successfully applied to determine cyanide ions in seawater, drinking water, tap water and wastewater providing satisfactory precision and accuracy.

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Zhang, Gao, Niu, Pei, Bi, and Sun. "Calibration of the Pulse Signal Decay Effect of Full-Waveform Hyperspectral LiDAR." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 5263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235263.

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Full-waveform hyperspectral LiDAR (FWHSL) is able to obtain spectral and spatial information by utilizing a single instrument, and it has become more and more commonly used in vertical distribution studies of structural and biochemical characteristics of vegetation. However, the pulse-echo arrival times of multiple spectral channels of the FWHSL are not consistent and this causes range ambiguity in spectral channels. In this paper, the pulse signal decay effect on range measurements was studied by measuring the varying trends of pulse signal decay between spectral channels with different material properties. The experiments were repeated at different distances. All of the spectral channels were compared for different materials. The results suggest that the channels in the red edge spectral region of vegetation have good stability and accuracy for range measurements of varied distance and materials properties. Finally, based on the geometric invariability in a specific red edge channel, a practical calibration approach for the pulse signal decay effect is also presented. The validation tests showed it could improve the pulse signal decay effect of full-waveform hyperspectral LiDAR.

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Yu, Zhen, and Yuan Zhang. "Torque Measurement of High-Precision Reducer for Industrial Robot." Journal of Sensors 2021 (July 10, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6691481.

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Torque testing is crucial to improve the quality of high-precision reducers—the core component of industrial robots. Herein, a torque-measurement system for a novel vertical measuring instrument is designed. The distance from the torque transducers to the robot reducer is minimized to ensure the shortest measurement chain. The symmetrical system structure improves the overall rigidity, and error compensation can be performed easily. The characteristics of the torque measurement errors due to shaft bending and torsional deformations were also analyzed. A torque calibrator comprising two high-precision torque output systems was used to calibrate torque transducers in the measurement system. Reasonable and practical compensation models based on a backpropagation neural network were developed to accurately obtain the input and output torques of the reducer. As the torque-measurement precision of the reducer detector reached 0.1% over the entire torque range, the instrument can be used for accuracy measurement of the input and output torques of the robot reducer.

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Piccinini, Filippo, Giovanni Martinelli, and Antonella Carbonaro. "Reliability of Body Temperature Measurements Obtained with Contactless Infrared Point Thermometers Commonly Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113794.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in the use of non-contact infrared devices for screening the body temperatures of people at the entrances of hospitals, airports, train stations, churches, schools, shops, sports centres, offices, and public places in general. The strong correlation between a high body temperature and SARS-CoV-2 infection has motivated the governments of several countries to restrict access to public indoor places simply based on a person’s body temperature. Negating/allowing entrance to a public place can have a strong impact on people. For example, a cancer patient could be refused access to a cancer centre because of an incorrect high temperature measurement. On the other hand, underestimating an individual’s body temperature may allow infected patients to enter indoor public places where it is much easier for the virus to spread to other people. Accordingly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the reliability of body temperature measurements has become fundamental. In particular, a debated issue is the reliability of remote temperature measurements, especially when these are aimed at identifying in a quick and reliable way infected subjects. Working distance, body–device angle, and light conditions and many other metrological and subjective issues significantly affect the data acquired via common contactless infrared point thermometers, making the acquisition of reliable measurements at the entrance to public places a challenging task. The main objective of this work is to sensitize the community to the typical incorrect uses of infrared point thermometers, as well as the resulting drifts in measurements of body temperature. Using several commercial contactless infrared point thermometers, we performed four different experiments to simulate common scenarios in a triage emergency room. In the first experiment, we acquired several measurements for each thermometer without measuring the working distance or angle of inclination to show that, for some instruments, the values obtained can differ by 1 °C. In the second and third experiments, we analysed the impacts of the working distance and angle of inclination of the thermometers, respectively, to prove that only a few cm/degrees can cause drifts higher than 1 °C. Finally, in the fourth experiment, we showed that the light in the environment can also cause changes in temperature up to 0.5 °C. Ultimately, in this study, we quantitatively demonstrated that the working distance, angle of inclination, and light conditions can strongly impact temperature measurements, which could invalidate the screening results.

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Coscetta, Agnese, Aldo Minardo, and Luigi Zeni. "Distributed Dynamic Strain Sensing Based on Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 5629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195629.

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Over the past three decades, extensive research activity on Brillouin scattering-based distributed optical fiber sensors has led to the availability of commercial instruments capable of measuring the static temperature/strain distribution over kilometer distances and with high spatial resolution, with applications typically covering structural and environmental monitoring. At the same time, the interest in dynamic measurements has rapidly grown due to the relevant number of applications which could benefit from this technology, including structural analysis for defect identification, vibration detection, railway traffic monitoring, shock events detection, and so on. In this paper, we present an overview of the recent advances in Brillouin-based distributed optical fiber sensors for dynamic sensing. The aspects of the Brillouin scattering process relevant in distributed dynamic measurements are analyzed, and the different techniques are compared in terms of performance and hardware complexity.

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Malykhina, Galina, Dmitry Tarkhov, Viacheslav Shkodyrev, and Tatiana Lazovskaya. "Intelligent LED Certification System in Mass Production." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082891.

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It is impossible to effectively use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in medicine and telecommunication systems without knowing their main characteristics, the most important of them being efficiency. Reliable measurement of LED efficiency holds particular significance for mass production automation. The method for measuring LED efficiency consists in comparing two cooling curves of the LED crystal obtained after exposure to short current pulses of positive and negative polarities. The measurement results are adversely affected by noise in the electrical measuring circuit. The widely used instrumental noise suppression filters, as well as classical digital infinite impulse response (IIR), finite impulse response (FIR) filters, and adaptive filters fail to yield satisfactory results. Unlike adaptive filters, blind methods do not require a special reference signal, which makes them more promising for removing noise and reconstructing the waveform when measuring the efficiency of LEDs. The article suggests a method for sequential blind signal extraction based on a cascading neural network. Statistical analysis of signal and noise values has revealed that the signal and the noise have different forms of the probability density function (PDF). Therefore, it is preferable to use high-order statistical moments characterizing the shape of the PDF for signal extraction. Generalized statistical moments were used as an objective function for optimization of neural network parameters, namely, generalized skewness and generalized kurtosis. The order of the generalized moments was chosen according to the criterion of the maximum Mahalanobis distance. The proposed method has made it possible to implement a multi-temporal comparison of the crystal cooling curves for measuring LED efficiency.

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Bianco, Francesco, Luca Fredianelli, Fabio Lo Castro, Paolo Gagliardi, Francesco Fidecaro, and Gaetano Licitra. "Stabilization of a p-u Sensor Mounted on a Vehicle for Measuring the Acoustic Impedance of Road Surfaces." Sensors 20, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051239.

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The knowledge of the acoustic impedance of a material allows for the calculation of its acoustic absorption. Impedance can also be linked to structural and physical proprieties of materials. However, while the impedance of pavement samples in laboratory conditions can usually be measured with high accuracy using devices such as the impedance tube, complete in-situ evaluation results are less accurate than the laboratory results and is so time consuming that a full scale implementation of in-situ evaluations is practically impossible. Such a system could provide information on the homogeneity and the correct laying of an installation, which is proven to be directly linked to its acoustic emission properties. The present work studies the development of a measurement instrument which can be fastened through holding elements to a moving laboratory (i.e., a vehicle). This device overcomes the issues that afflict traditional in-situ measurements, such as the impossibility to perform a continuous spatial characterization of a given pavement in order to yield a direct evaluation of the surface’s quality. The instrumentation has been uncoupled from the vehicle’s frame with a system including a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller, studied to maintain the system at a fixed distance from the ground and to reduce damping. The stabilization of this device and the measurement system itself are evaluated and compared to the traditional one.

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Falayi, FR, and MO Olanipekun. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A DISCOMFORT INDEX METER FOR DETERMINATION OF STRESS IN LIVESTOCK." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.40.

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This research was aimed at designing and developing a discomfort index meter for evaluating transportation stress on broilers. The newly developed discomfort index meter is capable of recording and logging data every 5 seconds. The device was designed using LM35 electronic sensor to measure the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures in degree Celsius (oC) and then use it to compute the discomfort level using the Thom model with the help of microcontroller. The newly developed equipment was successfully used to evaluate the effect of transport on the level of stress of four weeks old broilers over various distances and stocking densities using different means of transportation. The equipment was calibrated and compared with other available measuring instruments which showed that a high correlation exist between the values (r2 = 0.89).Also, a single factor (one-way) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and the results showed no significant difference between the two sets of values at 0.05 level of confidence which implies that the two readings are identical. The relative humidity readings of the device were compared with that of standard digital hygrometer reading using a regression analysis which also showed a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.98). A straight line regression equation y = 0.9497x + 5.1542 describes the relationship. The equipment is affordable and therefore recommended for determining stress on broilers and other livestock animals in transithttp://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.40

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Thompson, David L. "Electronic Instruments and Measuring Techniques." Electronic Systems News 1988, no. 1 (1988): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/esn.1988.0012.

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Hurst, S. L. "Modern electronic test and measuring instruments." Microelectronics Journal 28, no. 2 (February 1997): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2692(97)83462-3.

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Takeuchi, Katsuhiro. "Technology Trends of Energy Measuring Instruments." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 133, no. 3 (2013): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.133.571.

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Taylor, Rosemary. "Book Review: Modern Electronic Test and Measuring Instruments:." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 33, no. 4 (October 1996): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099603300418.

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27

Han-Pang Huang and Chiou-Hwa Lu. "Java-based distance learning environment for electronic instruments." IEEE Transactions on Education 46, no. 1 (February 2003): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.2002.808271.

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28

Amiri-Simkooei, AliReza. "Least-Squares Formula for Zero Error (Z0) of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instruments." Journal of Surveying Engineering 129, no. 4 (November 2003): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(2003)129:4(136).

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29

Ifland, Peter. "Finding Distance – The Haecke Rangefinder." Journal of Navigation 55, no. 2 (May 2002): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463302211856.

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This article is the second in a series dealing with the hand-held instruments and techniques navigators have used to find distance.Warships frequently steam in tight formation in order to concentrate defensive gunfire. It is the Conning Officer's responsibility to keep his ship on station at an assigned range and bearing from the guide ship, usually the flagship of the Senior Officer Present Afloat. This can be an easy task when the fleet is steaming along peacefully, but it becomes a particularly challenging responsibility when the formation is changing course frequently under battle conditions. In such difficult situations, the Conning Officer needs all the help he can get.In the days before radar, and even now when radar and laser are blacked-out, the Conning Officer had to rely on optical instruments to determine range and bearing. Bearing always has been easy – a pelorus mounted on the wings of the bridge gives bearing quickly and accurately. Measuring range is more difficult. Many ingenious instruments relying on prisms or the doubly reflecting principles of the sextant have been produced to simplify the task of finding distance (Ifland, 2002).

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30

Wang, Wei-Yen, Ming-Chih Lu, Hung Lin Kao, and Chun-Yen Chu. "Nighttime Vehicle Distance Measuring Systems." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 54, no. 1 (January 2007): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2006.882223.

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31

Wisniewski, Mariusz, Zbigniew Ramotowski, Florian Pollinger, Martin Wedde, Michael Matus, Zita Banhidi-Bergendorf, Oliver Stalder, et al. "Final report on supplementary comparison EURAMET.L-S20: Comparison of laser distance measuring instruments." Metrologia 51, no. 1A (January 1, 2014): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/51/1a/04002.

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32

Prieto, Emilio, Mar Pérez, Juan A. Ruíz, Michael Matus, and Gerard Kotte. "Supplementary comparison EURAMET.L-S25 (#1354) comparison of pocket type laser distance measuring instruments." Metrologia 54, no. 1A (January 1, 2017): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/54/1a/04004.

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33

Prieto, Emilio, Ma Mar Pérez, Juan A. Ruíz, Michael Matus, and Gerard Kotte. "Supplementary comparison EURAMET.L-S25 (#1354). Comparison of pocket type laser distance measuring instruments." Metrologia 57, no. 1A (January 1, 2020): 08023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1a/08023.

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34

Neykov, A. N. "Performance analysis of automatic measuring instruments." Measurement 5, no. 2 (April 1987): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2241(87)90006-6.

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35

Prieto, Emilio, Mar Pérez, Juan A. Ruíz, Michael Matus, and Gerard Kotte. "Retraction: Supplementary comparison EURAMET.L-S25 (#1354) comparison of pocket type laser distance measuring instruments." Metrologia 58, no. 1A (December 1, 2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/58/1a/04001.

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Unkuri, J., A. Rantanen, J. Manninen, V.-P. Esala, and A. Lassila. "Interferometric 30 m bench for calibrations of 1D scales and optical distance measuring instruments." Measurement Science and Technology 23, no. 9 (July 25, 2012): 094017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/9/094017.

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37

Zagorskii, Ya T. "Micropower operation as the basis for improving electronic measuring instruments." Measurement Techniques 29, no. 6 (June 1986): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00865814.

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Bassett, D. R., S. R. Leggett, C. A. Mathien, J. A. Main, D. C. Hunter, G. E. Duncan, and B. E. Ainsworth. "ACCURACY OF FIVE ELECTRONIC PEDOMETERS FOR MEASURING DISTANCE WALKED310." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-00310.

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BASSETT, DAVID R., BARBARA E. AINSWORTH, SUE R. LEGGETT, CLARA A. MATHIEN, JAMES A. MAIN, DAVID C. HUNTER, and GLEN E. DUNCAN. "Accuracy of five electronic pedometers for measuring distance walked." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, no. 8 (August 1996): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199608000-00019.

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40

Baetz, W., J. Braasch, and W. Holzapfel. "Noise-Modulated Optomechatronic Distance-Measuring System." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 52, no. 4 (August 2005): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2005.851652.

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41

Noon, David A., and Marek E. Bialkowski. "An inexpensive microwave distance measuring system." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 6, no. 5 (April 1993): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650060506.

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42

Lotze, Ing W. "Errors and testing of computerised measuring instruments." Measurement 7, no. 3 (July 1989): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2241(89)90034-1.

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43

Tomczyk, Krzysztof. "Influence of Monte Carlo generations applied for modelling of measuring instruments on maximum distance error." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217753062.

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The paper presents a study of the influence of Monte Carlo (MC) generations, applied for modelling measuring instruments, on the maximum distance error. This modelling refers to the frequency domain and is based on the weighted least-squares (WLS) method. The MC generations were produced by the four pseudo-random number generators that are directly related to a Gaussian distribution. These generators are: Basic Box-Muller, Polar Box-Muller, Monty Python and Ratio of Uniforms. Thus, the main task of this paper is an assessment of the influence of the MC generations provided by these generators on the values of error. The effect of generator selection on the model parameters and associated uncertainties was also considered. The numerical calculations were carried out for the accelerometer PCB393B05 that was chosen as being examples of measuring instruments intended for the measurement of acceleration.

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Nemoto, Kentaro, Kazuhisa Yanagi, Masato Aketagawa, D. Kanda, I. Yoshida, and M. Uchidate. "A Study on Surface Material Measures for Areal Surface Texture Measuring Instruments: Measuring Conditions for the Areal Profiling." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.241.

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This paper describes the software gauge data for surface texture standard using the non-causal 2D auto-regressive model (A-R model). This model can provide with 3D irregular surface topography and intentional geometrical characteristics from specified surface texture parameters. The measurement area consists of a periodical combination of the generated sampling area data. The surface roughness parameters introduced from the gauge data on a defined evaluation area can be insensitive to size and location of the evaluation area size. Adequate measuring conditions to utilize the surface material measures were investigated and then the evaluation area and sampling distance for areal profiling by a stylus instrument were clarified.

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Gubsky, Dmitry, Irina Ivanova, and Anatoly Kleschenkov. "Developing of computer models of modern measuring instruments for a remote virtual laboratory." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193011001.

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The study introduces the approach of creating a virtual laboratory for performing laboratory works with remote access. The proposed virtual lab can be used for distance learning and is an extension of the functionality of the previously created virtual workshop. This virtual laboratory with remote access is an alternative to laboratory works performed with real experimental equipment and provides an opportunity to gain skills in operation with measuring microwave equipment without giving classes in educational laboratories. The results of testing virtual lab works with remote access in educational radiophysics laboratories are presented.

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Taylor, H. Rosemary, and P. A. Payne. "M.Sc Courses in Measurement Science at Manchester." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 23, no. 4 (October 1986): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072098602300403.

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Electrical and electronic measuring instruments are used today in all branches of science and engineering. There is a considerable fund of knowledge which is fundamental to all measuring instruments and which will still be valid when today's instruments have been superseded. This one year M.Sc. course aims to teach these fundamentals illustrated by many examples of sensors and instruments used for widely different purposes.

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47

Pilcov, M. V., and M. A. Udachin. "TO THE QUESTION OF REDUCING THE COST OF ELECTRONIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2019-1-1-12-15.

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Fouad, Ashraf F., Keith V. Krell, Douglas J. McKendry, Gerald F. Koorbusch, and Robert A. Olson. "A clinical evaluation of five electronic root canal length measuring instruments." Journal of Endodontics 16, no. 9 (September 1990): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81889-3.

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49

Jan Melin. "Measuring radar cross section at short distance." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 35, no. 8 (August 1987): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.1987.1144212.

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Ito, H., K. Schroff, and Hans-jörg Frei. "High-Precision Distance Measurement with an unmanned, Moving Target." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550000121x.

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A device was developed, which rotates a marker for the distance measurement in the desired direction, without an operator at the spot. This is also possible with a moving object, on which the marker is set up. The device, together with adequate distance-measuring instruments, yields a precise distance measurement by a single observer at a single station. Examples of measurements using it during sea-ice studies in the Greenland Sea are described. It is shown that the application of the instrument provides a satisfactory basis for precise glacier surveying with limited personnel, cost, and time.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic distance measuring instruments'

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