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Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic Manufacturing Service Plant (EMS)'
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1
Lin, Dai Xi, Zhou Yang Lu, and Li Ma. "Purchase Cost Control in Electronics Manufacturing Service (EMS) Corporations." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 5173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.5173.
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The rapid development of electronic technology has produced numerous demands, which have generated a new-born industry--EMS. In EMS corporations, purchase cost is a large proportion of total costs, so purchase cost control is one of the key competitiveness for EMS. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) help EMS solve the problem of purchase cost control.
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Cheng, Jeng-Chieh, Jeen-Fong Li, and Chi-Yo Huang. "Enablers for Adopting Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directives by Electronic Manufacturing Service Providers." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (2023): 12341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612341.
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The Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) industry contributes significantly to toxic waste generation due to its fabrication processes. Notably, adherence to the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive varies amongst EMS providers, despite its aim to reduce electronic waste. This study explores the factors influencing EMS providers’ decision to adopt the RoHS directive, utilizing the technology–organization–environment (TOE) and the human–organization–technology (HOT) fit, or the TOE-HOT fit framework. We validated our framework using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), based on responses from 379 questionnaires from major EMS providers. The results demonstrated that expert resources, adequate resources, perceived industrial pressure, institutional pressure, and costs were positively associated with RoHS adoption. However, innovation, relative advantage, and verification ability were identified as significant barriers. In particular, innovation in the human dimension was the key determinant for RoHS adoption. Therefore, clear policy instruments and regulations may enhance RoHS adoption by EMS providers. These findings can guide environmental policy definitions in governmental laws and strategies, encouraging EMS providers and other firms to adopt RoHS standards.
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Zarate Carbajal, Jose Mario, Riemann Ruiz-Cruz, and Juan Diego Sanchez-Torres. "Real options approach for technology renewal in an Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) company." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 5, no. 3 (2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v5i3.892.
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Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS.) companies are in a highly competitive environment where investment in technology plays a significant role in the company's performance. The equipment efficiency is directly converted to revenue. The equipment efficiency decays over time; keeping the equipment represents a loss in productivity, and renewing the equipment requires an additional cost. There is a continuous decision process to determine the optimal time to replace the old equipment with a new one. Traditionally, the optimal time to renew is when the machine's revenue matches the cost. This paper studies the renewal decision using a real options approach, adding the uncertainty factor. The variables are modeled as Geometric Brownian Motions. We provide a literature review of renewal real options and describe the models we use. The one-factor model considers the revenue as stochastic; the two-factor model considers the revenue and cost as stochastic; the technological improvement models extend the two-factor model to include a premium in revenue for replacing the equipment. An overview of the electronic manufacturing dynamics is described; we select a product whose manufacturing process depends on machines. We provide a methodology for the model's implementation and how to determine the parameters; the results are compared to the deterministic approach. Finally, we discuss the models' advantages, disadvantages, and limitations.
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Wang, Chia Nan, Nhu Ty Nguyen, Thanh Tuyen Tran, and Bui Bich Huong. "A Study of the Strategic Alliance for EMS Industry: The Application of a Hybrid DEA and GM (1, 1) Approach." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/948793.
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Choosing a partner is a critical factor for success in international strategic alliances, although criteria for partner selection vary between developed and transitional markets. This study aims to develop effective methods to assist enterprise to measure the firms’ operation efficiency, find out the candidate priority under several different inputs and outputs, and forecast the values of those variables in the future. The methodologies are constructed by the concepts of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and grey model (GM). Realistic data in four consecutive years (2009–2012) a total of 20 companies of the Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) industry that went public are completely collected. This paper tries to help target company—DMU1—to find the right alliance partners. By our proposed approach, the results show the priority in the recent years. The research study is hopefully of interest to managers who are in manufacturing industry in general and EMS enterprises in particular.
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Beliatis, Michail J., Kasper Jensen, Lars Ellegaard, Annabeth Aagaard, and Mirko Presser. "Next Generation Industrial IoT Digitalization for Traceability in Metal Manufacturing Industry: A Case Study of Industry 4.0." Electronics 10, no. 5 (2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050628.
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This paper investigates digital traceability technologies taking careful consideration of the company’s needs to improve the traceability of products at the production of GPV Group as well as the efficiency and added value in their production cycles. GPV is primarily an electronics manufacturing service company (EMS) that manufactures electronic circuit boards, in addition to big metal products at their mechanics manufacturing sites. The company aims to embrace the next generation IoT technologies such as digital traceability in their internal supply chain at manufacturing sites in order to stay compatible with the Industry 4.0 requirements. In this paper, the capabilities of suitable digital traceability technologies are screened together with the actual GPV needs to determine if deployment of such technologies would benefit GPV shop floor operations and can solve the issues they face due to a lack of traceability. The traceability term refers to tracking the geolocation of products throughout the manufacturing steps and how that functionality can foster further optimization of the manufacturing processes. The paper focuses on comparing different IoT technologies and analyze their positive and negative attributes to identify a suitable technological solution for product traceability in the metal manufacturing industry. Finally, the paper proposes a suitable implementation road map for GPV, which can also be adopted from other metal manufacturing industries to deploy Industry 4.0 traceability at shop floor level.
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Utami, Arum Tri. "Home Country Features dalam Mendukung Internasionalisasi Perusahaan (Studi Kasus : Internasionalisasi Foxconn)." Insignia Journal of International Relations 4, no. 02 (2017): 09. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2017.4.02.664.
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AbstractDeveloping a company from local level to multinational company generally is not a trait that could easily be achieved in a small developing state. Nevertheless, Foxconn as a company originate from Taiwan--a small developing state-- was able to grow into big multinational company supplying it�s product globally. This paper is written to see how Foxconn developed from being a local company to internationalization process in which allow it to be one of the biggest electronic manufacturing service (EMS) company in the world. The role of home country will be seen as a driving factor--how home country features influence state�s policies dan the character of a company--which have an important role in the proccess of Foxconn internationalization and its journey to become one of the biggest multinational company in it�s sector.Keywords: home country, multinational company, Foxconn, internasionalizationAbstrakBagi perusahaan yang berasal dari negara kecil berkembang, mengembangkan perusahannya dari lokal menjadi suatu perusahaan multinasional merupakan hal yang umumnya sulit untuk dilakukan. Namun, Foxconn sebagai perusahaan yang berasal dari Taiwan, sebuah negara kecil berkembang, mampu tumbuh menjadi perusahaan multinasional besar yang memasok produknya secara global. Tulisan ini mencoba melihat bagaimana Foxconn berkembang dari perusahaan lokal hingga mengalami internasionalisasi dan berhasil menjadi salah satu perusahaan electronic manufacturing service terbesar di dunia dengan melihat peran home country atau negara asal perusahaan sebagai faktor pendorong. Akan dilihat bagaimana home country features berpengaruh terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan negara dan karakter sebuah perusahaan yang berperan penting dalam proses internasionalisasi Foxconn dan prosesnya menjadi salah satu perusahaan multinasional terbesar dalam sektornya.Kata-kata Kunci: home country, multinational company, Foxconn, internasionalisasi
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Schneider, Germar, Paul Patolla, Matthias Fehr, Dirk Reichelt, Feryel Zoghlami, and Jerker Delsing. "Micro Service based Sensor Integration Efficiency and Feasibility in the Semiconductor Industry." Infocommunications journal 14, no. 3 (2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2022.3.10.
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The semiconductor industry is strongly increasing the production capacities and the product portfolio for a wide range of applications that are needed in the worldwide supply chains e.g. the automotive, computer and security industry. The complex manufacturing processes require more automation, dig- italisation and IoT frameworks, especially for highly automated semiconductor manufacturing plants. Over the last years, this industry spent much effort to control highly sensitive materials in production by product monitoring using advanced process control by various sensors in production. Nevertheless, until today, sensor integration, especially for such sensors that are not supported by the equipment vendors, is time-consuming and complicated. This article aims to use a micro-service-based approach by Eclipse Arrowhead as an open-source microservice architecture and implementation platform [1]. This architecture is an easy and powerful framework that can be used for multiple sensor applications to control the manufacturing material flow in a modern semiconductor plant with a high product mix. The article describes how the engineering process was designed, the architecture of the use case and the main benefits in the operational business are shown.
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Fresia, Matteo, and Stefano Bracco. "Electric Vehicle Fleet Management for a Prosumer Building with Renewable Generation." Energies 16, no. 20 (2023): 7213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16207213.
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The integration of renewable energy systems in buildings leads to a reduction in energy bills for end users and a reduction in the carbon footprint of such buildings, usually referred to as prosumers. In addition, the installation of charging points for the electric vehicles of people working or living in these buildings can further improve the energy efficiency of the whole system if innovative technologies, such as vehicle-to-building (V2B) technologies, are implemented. The aim of this paper is to present an Energy Management System (EMS) based on mathematical programming that has been developed to optimally manage a prosumer building equipped with photovoltaics, a micro wind turbine and several charging points for electric vehicles. Capabilities curves of renewable power plant inverters are modelled within the EMS, as well as the possibility to apply power curtailment and V2B. The use of V2B technology reduces the amount of electricity purchased from the public grid, while the use of smart inverters for the power plants allows zero reactive power to be drawn from the grid. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is used to quantify curtailment costs, while penalties on reactive power absorption from the distribution network are evaluated in accordance with the current regulatory framework. Specifically, the model is applied to a prosumer building owned by the postal service in a large city in Italy. The paper reports the main results of the study and proposes a sensitivity analysis on the number of charging stations and vehicles, as well as on the consideration of different typical days characterized by different load and generation profiles. This paper also investigates how errors in forecasting energy production from renewable sources impact the optimal operation of the whole system.
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Jinasena, Asanthi, Odne Stokke Burheim, and Anders Hammer Strømman. "A Flexible Model for Benchmarking the Energy Usage of Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Manufacturing." Batteries 7, no. 1 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010014.
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The increasing use of electric vehicle batteries in the world has a significant impact on both society and the environment. Thus, there is a need for the availability of transparent information on resource allocation. Battery manufacturing process details in this regard are not available in academia or the public. The available energy data on manufacturing has a high variation. Furthermore, different process steps have different energy and material demands. A process model can benchmark the energy usage, provide detailed process data, and compare various cell productions which in turn can be used in life-cycle assessment studies to reduce the variation and provide directions for improvements. Therefore, a cell manufacturing model is developed for the calculation of energy and material demands for different battery types, plant capacities, and process steps. The model consists of the main process steps, machines, intermediate products and building service units. Furthermore, the results are validated using literature values. For a case study of a 2 GWh plant that produces prismatic NMC333 cells, the total energy requirement on a theoretical and optimal basis is suggested to be 44.6Whinproduction/Whcellcapacity. This energy consumption in producing batteries is dominated by electrode drying, and dry room. Energy usage for a variety of cell types for a similar plant capacity shows that the standard deviation in the results is low (47.23±13.03Wh/Wh).
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Bányai, Tamás. "Energy Efficiency of AGV-Drone Joint In-Plant Supply of Production Lines." Energies 16, no. 10 (2023): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104109.
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Energy efficiency plays an increasingly important role not only in supply chains, but also in in-plant supply systems. Manufacturing companies are increasingly using energy-efficient material handling equipment to solve their in-plant material handling tasks. A new example of this effort is the use of drones for in-plant transportation of small components. Within the frame of this article, a new AGV-drone joint in-plant supply model is described. The joint service of AGV-based milkrun trolleys and drones makes it possible to optimize the in-plant supply in production lines. This article discusses the mathematical description of AGV-drone joint in-plant supply solutions. The numerical analysis of the different AGV-drone joint in-plant supply solutions shows that this new approach can lead to an energy consumption reduction of about 30%, which also has a significant impact on GHG emission.
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Sait, Sadiq M., and Ghalib A. Al-Hashim. "Novel Design of Collaborative Automation Platform Using Real-Time Data Distribution Service Middleware for an Optimum Process Control Environment." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 06 (2016): 1650063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500638.
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Refining and petrochemical processing facilities utilize various process control applications to raise productivity and enhance plant operation. Client–server communication model is used for integrating these highly interacting applications across multiple network layers utilized in distributed control systems. This paper presents an optimum process control environment by merging sequential and regulatory control, advanced regulatory control, multivariable control, unit-based process control, and plant-wide advanced process control into a single collaborative automation platform to ensure optimum operation of processing equipment for achieving maximum yield of all manufacturing facilities. The main control module is replaced by a standard real-time server. The input/output racks are physically and logically decoupled from the controller by converting them into distributed autonomous process interface systems. Real-time data distribution service middleware is used for providing seamless cross-vendor interoperable communication among all process control applications and distributed autonomous process interface systems. Detailed performance analysis was conducted to evaluate the average communication latency and aggregate messaging capacity among process control applications and distributed autonomous process interface systems. The overall performance results confirm the viability of the new proposal as the basis for designing an optimal collaborative automation platform to handle all process control applications. It also does not impose any inherent limit on the aggregate data messaging capacity, making it suitable for scalable automation platforms.
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Sinclair, Anthony N., and Robert Malkin. "Sensors for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing (NDT) in Harsh Environments." Sensors 20, no. 2 (2020): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020456.
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In this special issue of Sensors, seven peer-reviewed manuscripts appear on the topic of ultrasonic transducer design and operation in harsh environments: elevated temperature, high gamma and neutron fields, or the presence of chemically aggressive species. Motivations for these research and development projects are strongly focused on nuclear power plant inspections (particularly liquid-sodium cooled reactors), and nondestructive testing of high-temperature piping installations. It is anticipated that we may eventually see extensive use of permanently mounted robust transducers for in-service monitoring of petrochemical plants and power generations stations; quality control in manufacturing plants; and primary and secondary process monitoring in the fabrication of engineering materials.
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Veselovskiy, Mikhail Yakovlevich, and Tatiana Vitalievna Pogodina. "Forming company strategic competitiveness based on intellectual leadership and key competencies." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 2 (2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-2-19-27.
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The article explores the sources and factors of forming the competitive advantages and competitiveness of companies based on the systematic implementation of intellectual leadership. The methodological basis of the research includes the theory of competency-based approach, innovative and strategic management. The research information base includes the official data from the Federal State Statistics Service, Russian manufacturing companies and the own scientific research findings. The research results include systematizing the new competitive advantages 
 of companies formed on the basis of intellectual leadership (corporate culture, managing 
 a knowledge system about key stakeholders, smart manufacturing, artificial intelligence) and key competencies. The pyramid of intellectual leadership is presented, which allows companies to build a personnel management strategy taking into account the gradual transition from the business management to collective management, and then to the spiritual leadership. The key competencies are identified and analyzed; they allow to increase the innovative activity of industrial enterprises (Research and Production Corporation United Wagon Company, PJSC; Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, PJSC; Red October, PJSC). It has been found that in Russia the large metallurgical and car manufacturing companies, food production companies are actively using modern digital technologies (electronic trading platforms, online stores, electronic document management, electronic procurement, online services for customers, electronic procurement for the needs of the enterprise, etc.) for developing their key competencies. In modern conditions digitalization of business processes is becoming an increasingly independent production resource and a key competency 
 of companies contributing to the achievement of strategic development goals. There are considered the operating and emerging clusters in the field of information technologies that can contribute to solving the problems of accelerated digitalization of the economy in the Novgorod region, in the Perm Territory, in the Republic of Tatarstan, and the cluster of information and communication technologies in the Rostov Region.
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Yusuf Tanoto, Yopi, Shu-San Gan, Didik Wahjudi, Niko Adrisenna Pontjonoto, and Michael Suryajaya. "Process Planning Review for Mobile Phone Remanufacturing in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001039.
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The increased number of mobile phone users has an impact on increasing electronic waste (E-Waste) without being offset by the act of product recovery management. Remanufacturing is one way to overcome this. Remanufacturing is a process to return used products to general aesthetics and operating standards.This paper aims to design a mobile phone remanufacturing process in Indonesia. Indonesia is a developing country where mobile usage is quite high. The mobile phones are chosen because it is one of the biggest e-waste takers of late. Several factories were visited in this study. This research uses a qualitative survey, which is carried out in mobile phone factories and service centers. From this research, a design has been made to remanufacture the process on mobile phones. The manufacturing plant verifies the design to obtain the input of the real constraints which will happen when the remanufacturing process is done. The steps in the process of remanufacturing are human machine interface & visual inspection, separation, disassembly, cleaning, inspection, sorting, reconditioning, reassembly, and final inspection.
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Martínez-Gutiérrez, Alberto, Javier Díez-González, Rubén Ferrero-Guillén, Paula Verde, Rubén Álvarez, and Hilde Perez. "Digital Twin for Automatic Transportation in Industry 4.0." Sensors 21, no. 10 (2021): 3344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103344.
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Industry 4.0 is the fourth industrial revolution consisting of the digitalization of processes facilitating an incremental value chain. Smart Manufacturing (SM) is one of the branches of the Industry 4.0 regarding logistics, visual inspection of pieces, optimal organization of processes, machine sensorization, real-time data adquisition and treatment and virtualization of industrial activities. Among these tecniques, Digital Twin (DT) is attracting the research interest of the scientific community in the last few years due to the cost reduction through the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the industrial plant predicting potential problems in the SM paradigm. In this paper, we propose a new DT design concept based on external service for the transportation of the Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) which are being recently introduced for the Material Requirement Planning satisfaction in the collaborative industrial plant. We have performed real experimentation in two different scenarios through the definition of an Industrial Ethernet platform for the real validation of the DT results obtained. Results show the correlation between the virtual and real experiments carried out in the two scenarios defined in this paper with an accuracy of 97.95% and 98.82% in the total time of the missions analysed in the DT. Therefore, these results validate the model created for the AGV navigation, thus fulfilling the objectives of this paper.
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Bahloul, Mohamed, Mohamed Daoud, and Shafi K. Khadem. "Optimal dispatch of battery energy storage for multi-service provision in a collocated PV power plant considering battery ageing." Energy 293 (April 2024): 130744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130744.
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Sulym, A. O., Yu S. Pavlenko, and O. M. Biletskyi. "STUDY OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF BEARING METAL STRUCTURES OF ELECTRIC TRACTION RAILWAY VEHICLES OF GEORGIAN RAILWAYS." Railbound Rolling Stock, no. 27 (December 27, 2023): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47675/2304-6309-2023-27-16-25.
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The article analyzes the operational fleet of electric traction rolling stock of the Georgian railway. It has been established that the majority of the operating vehicles used in suburban traffic consists of electric trains of the Riga Wagon-Building Plant that have served their specified service lifetime. The need to extend the service lifetime of existing electric railway vehicles as an alternative to purchasing new ones is substantiated. Scientific and experimental studies of the technical condition of traction electric rolling stock wagons and their supporting metal structures were carried out in order to determine the actual remaining service lifetime and make a reasoned decision about the feasibility of renovation and extending the service life of the examined wagons. An examination of the technical condition of all provided wagons was carried out, and the actual residual lifetime of each of them was determined based on the results of the study. It has been established that there are practically no mechanical damages to the elements of the metal structures of the car bodies. Significant local corrosion damage of the elements on the body bolster in the area where the toilets are located was revealed. At the same time, the general technical condition of the body bolster is completely satisfactory. Detected corrosion damage of the main bearing elements of metal structures is local in nature and does not exceed permissible values. The examined metal structures of the bodies of ЕР2 type electric trains have minor mechanical and corrosion damage. The possibility of modernizing electric train cars of the ЕР2 type with an extension of the service life for 5 years based on the results of determining their actual residual lifetime is substantiated.
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Aribowo, Sidhi, Johny Soedarsono, Christy Sicilia, Rini Riastuti, and Agus Kaban. "Development of plant integrity inspection on the API 5L X65 material under humid conditions: emerging fitness for service assessment approach." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (127) (2024): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.297618.
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This work reports the development and corresponding monitoring of pipeline integrity inspection in the arid zone, which typically experiences external corrosion. The recent method poses the challenge which indaquate to synchronize the internal and external corrosion monitoring of API 5L X65 material trunklines and flowlines owing to imperfect types of inspection on the external progressive damage only. Red-clay soil, soil porosity, oxygen content, and moisture become critical parameters for controlling the corrosion of the above conditions. The combination of ultrasonic guided wave test, visual inspection, and design life calculation is implemented to address the above challenges. Based on the results, trunkline B (12-inch) is more severe than A (18-inch), with the shorter measured remaining thickness and remaining life of 4.35 mm and 1.9 years. External corrosion and visual inspection results show that sand threatens corrosion. The external corrosion product is evident at the 3 and 6 o’clock positions, corresponding to the exposure of the buried pipelines to moisture. The maximum metal loss in the trunk is 14.5 %, which confirms the environment of trunkline B. The internal corrosion has little effect on the integrity of the plant. Despite the three fluid phases inside the flowlines and trunklines, the measured corrosion rate on the coupon is relatively lower. The highest recorded corrosion rate is 0.443 mmpy, while the contribution to internal corrosion from the rest of the monitor well is insufficient. This research is designed to model the strategy to utilize instrumentation of Ultrasonic tests and human intervention in corrosion mitigation
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Voytetsky, Igor, Taisiya Voytetskaya, Leonid Vyshnevskyi, et al. "Improving the ship's power plant automatic control system by using a model-oriented decision support system in order to reduce accident rate under the transitional and dynamic modes of operation." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 2 (111) (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234447.
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This paper proposes a method to improve the performance of a ship's power plant by reducing accidents within it under transitional operating modes. The method is based on decreasing the number of service personnel errors by using a model-oriented decision support system. In order to implement the proposed method, the structure of the system of automatic control of the ship's power plant has been improved. Such an improvement of the control system implied the integration of a modeling unit and a decision support unit into its structure. The modeling unit makes it possible to predict values of the controlled parameters under a transition mode of operation before they actually appear in the system as a result of the operator's actions. A mathematical model of the automatic control system under transitional operating modes has been built for this unit. In order to implement the decision support unit, a method has been devised to formalize the task of managing the power plant under transitional operating modes. The method essentially involves modeling a transitional operating regime, followed by an evaluation of the results based on regulatory requirements and an empirical criterion for assessing the quality of enabling the diesel generators to work in parallel. In addition, a method has been developed for the decision support unit to reduce the accident rate and improve performance with the help of a mathematical apparatus of fuzzy inference, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy sets. Transitional operating regimes resulting from actual erroneous operator actions during ship flights were investigated. As a result of using the proposed system, the power plant performance increases
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KHOMENKO, Lyudmila, Natalya YATSENKO, and Anastasia MELNYCHUK. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS ACCOUNTING OF SALARY AT THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRIS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 318, no. 3 (2023): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-318-3-14.
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The article regarding the working conditions of an industrial enterprise describes approaches to rational differentiation of wages taking into account the following: qualifications of jobs and employees; quantitative results of labor; working conditions, which means difficult and special sanitary and hygienic conditions of work processes; the role of an employee (profession) in production, which determines the degree of his influence on the results of collective work on manufacturing of the main production. It is substantiated that increasing production volumes and increasing profit on investments requires constant improvement of wage accounting in case of changes in wage payment systems and wide use of modern computing equipment. It was concluded, that for small-scale production it is advisable to display the corresponding rate of payment together with the performance of various non-repetitive works or operations in the orders. For the brigade form of work, it is advisable to provide the necessary data for calculating earnings and their distribution among the members of the brigade on the reverse page of the order, taking into account the labor participation rate of each member of the brigade, which will contribute to the efficient operation of enterprises in conditions of intense competition. Rationalization of various allowances and payments additional to official salaries, as well as bonuses and rewards, which are systematic, in case of systematic reduction of total costs was performed. The implementation of the electronic form of sick leaves and the electronic register of sick leaves in the employer’s personal account causes the accounting staff to rationalize the “ready for payment” operation. The organization of the technological process of accounting for both sick leaves at the expense of the social insurance fund and additional vacations for liquidators of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is detailed. The mechanism for regulating inter-job salaries and intra-production tariffs, taking into account the qualifications of an employee, his education, the degree of responsibility for the work performed, initiative, length of service at the given enterprise, and the results of qualification certification of workers was improved. A rational report form has been developed to avoid discrepancies, numerous errors and inaccuracies in the process of accruing and transferring of preferential pensions at the expense of the funds of enterprises and organizations which are paid and delivered by employees of the Pension Fund.
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Mwangangi, Maureen, Ivan Obare, Stephen Khisa, Elizabeth Nduta, Salome Kivuva, and Jully Nyapur. "Efficacy of thermotherapy combined with chemotherapy and meristem tip culture in reducing Cassava brown streak virus in infected cassava." African Phytosanitary Journal Volume 1 Issue 1 1, no. 1 (2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/bdmb2955.
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Thermotherapy, chemotherapy and meristem tip culture have been used either alone or in combination to eliminate viruses from plants. . The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of combining thermotherapy with meristem tip culture and chemotherapy on the reduction of CBSV from infected cassava.Cassava Brown Streak Virus infected cuttings of Guzo variety collected from Coast region of Kenya, were established and maintained in a greenhouse at the Plant Quarantine Station, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) in Muguga. Cassava leaves were sampled from eighteen plants and virus indexing done using RT-PCR with virus specific primers. Those confirmed to be positive for CBSV were used as initiation materials for the prospective test plants. From the initiated tissue culture materials, the 2nd subcultures were subjected to heat treatment at 38°C for 21 days. They were later subjected to ribavirin treatment at varying concentrations of (10mg/l, 20mg/l, and 30mgl) then left to establish for 14 days. Meristems of 1mm were excised from heat treated plantlets at 38°C for 21 days and cultured in vitro in modified Murasgige and skoog media. Nodal plantlets of 10mm not subjected to any treatment were used as controls. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) in the number of plants that survived among the treatments. Thermotherapy combined with chemotherapy resulted in complete mortality of plants due to the high stress levels from the high temperatures combined with the phytotoxic effect of the ribavirin. Thermotherapy followed by excision of meristem tips (1mm) resulted in 68.8% shoot survival with 84% being virus-free. Thermotherapy combined with meristem culture was successfully employed to produce CBSV-free cassava plants. Key words: Cassava Brown steak virus, Chemotherapy, meristem culture, Thermotherapy
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Abass, Maimouna, Kenneth Msiska, Doreen Chomba, Mable Mudenda, and Pritchard Mukuwa. "First Report of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Zambia." African Phytosanitary Journal Volume 1 Issue 1 1, no. 1 (2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/ukie1330.
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In 2014, the NPPO of Zambia, the Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service (PQPS) initiated a pest risk analysis for Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), the tomato leaf miner. This was after increased reports of the pest spreading southwards in Africa and neighboring Tanzania officially reporting the pest in 2013. By 2014, the pest was reported to occur in Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Sudan, Tunisia, Kenya and Tanzania. By end of 2015, farmers in some districts in Zambia reported pest damage and suspected that it could be T. absoluta. This posed a serious threat to the Zambian tomato industry as tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in Zambia grown both on a small scale and commercial scale as a cash crop. It accounts for 86% of the total value of fresh fruit and vegetable sales within the smallholder sector for Zambia. For this reason, PQPS initiated a detection surveillance of the pest in reported areas in February 2016. The Zambia preliminary surveys revealed that the pest is present in Northern, Copperbelt, Lusaka and Central Provinces of Zambia. Identification of the pest was confirmed by observing collected adult moths for key taxonomic features; filiform antennae, brown or silverfish with black spots on the moth wings and moth size. Other factors for identification were characteristic damage on leaves and fruits, pheromone traps catches and consultation of international experts in Tanzania. Introduction of T. absoluta to Zambia has devastated the Zambian tomato production industry. A taskforce has been formed to address the threat being caused by T. absoluta. Zambia has also updated its phytosanitary import conditions for tomato since this confirmation and drafted the legislation to regulate movement of tomatoes. Notification for the first report has since been sent to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Key words: Tomato, Tuta absoluta, detection surveillance, Zambia
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Zhao, Xiaoyi, Yuanjie Peng, Junxiang Yang, Minghui Ren, and Xiaobing Liu. "Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Wear Factors on Guide Vane of Hydraulic Turbine." Machines 10, no. 4 (2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10040264.
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In this paper, in order to study the wear of the guide vane of the hydraulic turbine, a test bench was built according to the actual internal flow of the hydraulic turbine of the power station. The value of the wear of the surface of the guide vane after polishing was reduced by 18.1 μm compared with that before polishing of P = 30.9 MW and by 12.5 μm at P = 42.8 MW. In order to reduce the influence of sediment wear on the guide vane, a 0.3 mm thick tungsten carbide coating was sprayed on its surface, and the wear of the guide vane after spraying tungsten carbide was obtained. The wear of the guide vane was reduced by about a factor of three to four times compared with that before spraying. In addition, according to the pH value of 6.73 of the river where the power station is located, the change of dissolved oxygen in the water body will affect the wear of the metal material on the surface of the guide vane, and the dissolved oxygen varies with the change of the water body temperature, so we simulated the temperature of the water body in the flood and the dry period of the power station, and got the wear amount of the polished guide vane in the flood period under the two working conditions of 28.1 μm and 47.3 μm, respectively. The wear amounts of the guide vane in the dry period were 25.2 μm and 43.9 μm, respectively. In addition, the service life of the guide vane before and after polishing and after tungsten carbide spraying was estimated based on the wear data obtained from the test, which provides a basis for power plant maintenance.
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Hladkykh, I. V. "RAIL-FREIGHT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE." Railbound Rolling Stock, no. 27 (December 27, 2023): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47675/2304-6309-2023-27-46-58.
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The article analyzes trends in freight traffic within 2022-2023 years. The data on the number of dispatched freight cars and volumes of cargo transportation have been processed. Changes in the logistical component since the beginning of the invasion of the aggressor country are considered. An important logistical component should include the change of routes due to the destruction of railway tracks and fixed track structures, blockouts of ports. Since the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine railway logistics has undergone drastic changes, i.e., a large number of cargoes went to western cross-overs instead of ports. As reported by the State Customs Service, the export of goods from Ukraine in 2022 decreased by 35% to 44.2 billion dollars. As usual, the agro-industrial and mining and metallurgical complexes, which provided more than ⅔ of goods and more than half of total exports, became the leaders in terms of export volumes under the martial law period. The leaders in export value among goods are grain crops, sunflower oil and ferrous metals. Based on the results of 2022, the export of metal collapsed more than three times, to 4.5 billion dollars. The mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine suffered from the war much more than other sectors of the economy. About 40% of metallurgical capacities were captured or destroyed in Mariupol, namely, metallurgical plants of the MMK named after Ilich and PrJSC «Azovstal», the average loading of other capacities in 2022 was at the level of 30%. Plus, unlike the grain market, which has the opportunity to export its products through large ports even despite the unstable operation of the «grain corridor», the main routes for the mining and metallurgical complex still remain the western cross-overs and the Danube. It was determined that, against the background of the above-mentioned factors, the railcar-building industry in Ukraine underwent changes in the production of freight wagons in 2022-2023, that is, fewer orders for open-top wagons, and the active construction of platforms and other special-purpose wagons, as well as the production of bogies for the European track. Despite the difficulties, some of the domestic enterprises quickly found their way in today's realities and even managed to increase production. It has been established that the main domestic manufacturers of freight cars during the war were PrJSC «Dniprovagonmash», PJSC «Kryukiv Carriage Building Plant», LLC «DMZ «Karpaty», JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia», the Aurum Group company, and concerning repairsб the company «Lemtrans» should be singled out.
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Roizblatt, Daniel, Gilgamesh Eamer, Derek Roberts, et al. "Trauma Association of Canada Annual Scientific Meeting, Westin Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Apr. 10–11, 2015Outcomes and opportunities for improvement in self-inflicted blunt and penetrating traumaAbdominal compartment syndrome in the childActive negative pressure peritoneal therapy after abbreviated laparotomy: The intraperitoneal vacuum randomized controlled trialUse of a novel combined RFA/saline energy instrument for arresting ongoing hemorrhage from solid organ injuriesHealth care costs of burn patients from homes without fire sprinklersPenetrating trauma in eastern Ontario: a descriptive analysisThresholds of rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM) used for the diagnosis and management of bleeding trauma patients: a systematic reviewA quality indicator to measure hospital complications for injury admissionsThromboelastography (TEG) in the management of trauma: implications for the developing worldPotential role of the rural trauma team development course (RTTDC) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)Applicability of the advanced disaster medical response (ADMR) course, Trinidad and TobagoInflammatory mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis or injury: a scoping reviewEvaluation of the online Concussion Awareness Training Toolkit (CATT) for parents, players and coachesUltrasound assessment of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in healthy volunteersThe benefits of epidural analgesia in flail chest injuriesMandatory reporting rates of injured alcohol-impaired drivers with suspected alcohol dependence in a level 1 Canadian trauma centre: a single institution’s experienceSimulation implementation in a new pediatric residency program in Haiti: trauma specificsManagement of skull fractures in children younger than 1 year of ageResource use in patients who have sustained a traumatic brain injury within an integrated Canadian trauma system: a multicentre cohort studyResource use intensity in a mature, integrated Canadian trauma system: a multicentre cohort studyRates and determinants of unplanned emergency department visits and readmissions within 30 days following discharge from the trauma service — the Ottawa Hospital experienceAlcohol — screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT): Is it readily available in Canadian trauma centres?Management of traumatic occult hemothorax: a survey among trauma providers in CanadaAn audit of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: a quality assurance project at our level 1 trauma centreCatecholamines as outcome markers in traumatic brain injuryAre we missing the missed injury? The burden of traumatic missed injuries diagnosed after hospital dischargeThe use of fibrinogen concentrate in trauma: a descriptive systematic reviewVery early initiation of chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after solid organ injury is safe: a call for a national prospective multicentre studyThe 2 student to 1 faculty (2:1) model of teaching the Advanced Trauma Operative Management (ATOM) courseTrauma transfusion in the elderlyCocaine and benzodiazepines are more predictive of an injury severity score greater than 15 compared to alcohol or tetrahydrocannabinol in trauma patients under 18 years oldAre we missing traumatic bowel and mesenteric injuries?The marriage of surgical simulation and telementoring for damage control surgical training of operational first-respondersAdding remote ultrasound control to remote just-in-time telementored trauma ultrasound: a pilot studyDescriptive analysis of morbidity and mortality associated with falls at a level 1trauma centreDevelopment of an ICU transition questionnaire: evaluating the transfer process from ICU, ward, and patient/family stakeholder perspectivesUse of IO devices in trauma: A survey of trauma practitioners in Canada, Australia and New ZealandTime to reversal of medication-induced coagulopathy in traumatic intracranial hemorrhageMeta-analysis of randomized control trials of hospital based violence interventions on repeat intentional injuryBlunt injury of a horseshoe kidney, case report and review of the literatureLegal consequences for alcohol-impaired drivers involved in motor vehicle collisions: a systematic reviewA characterization of major adult sport-related trauma in Nova Scotia, 2000–2013Is hockey the most dangerous pediatric sport? An evaluation of pediatric sport-related injuries treated in Nova ScotiaInterim results of a pilot randomized control trial of an ED-based violence intervention programPre-intubation resuscitation by Canadian physicians: results of a national surveyFirst-responder accuracy using SALT during mass-casualty incident simulationEmergent endotracheal intubation: medications and device choices by Canadian resuscitation physicians“Oh the weather outside is frightful”: Severe injury secondary to falls while installing residential Christmas lightsCan we speak the same language? Understanding Quebec’s inclusive trauma systemAn unusual segmental clavicle fracture treated with titanium elastic nailImpact of the age of stored blood on trauma patient mortality: a systematic reviewInterhospital transfer of traumatic brain injury: utilization of helicopter transportCheerleading injuries: a Canadian perspectivePre-hospital mode of transport in a rural trauma system: air versus groundAnalysis of 15 000 patient transfers to level 1 trauma centre: Injury severity does not matter — just drive, drive, drive!The effects of legislation on morbidity and mortality associated with all-terrain vehicle and motorcycle crashes in Puerto RicoAssessing how pediatric trauma patients are supported nutritionally at McMaster Children’s HospitalOutcomes of conservative versus operative management of stable penetrating abdominal traumaS.T.A.R.T.T. — Evolution of a true multidisciplinary trauma crisis resource management simulation courseDevelopment of criteria to identify traumatic brain injury patients NOT requiring intensive care unit monitoringAssigning costs to visits for injuries due to youth violence — the first step in a cost-effectiveness analysisThere’s no TRIK to it — development of the Trauma Resuscitation in Kids courseResilient despite childhood trauma experiencesA five-year, single-centre review of toxic epidermal necrolysis managementAll in the family: creating and implementing an inclusive provincial trauma registryLessons learned from a provincial trauma transfer systemThe NB Trauma Program: 5 years laterProvincial coordination of injury prevention: the New Brunswick (NB) experienceImproving access and uptake of trauma nursing core course (TNCC): a provincial approachULTRASIM: ultrasound in trauma simultation. Does the use of ultrasound during simulated trauma scenarios improve diagnostic abilities?Traumatic tale of 2 cities, part 1: Does being treated by different EMS affect outcomes in trauma patients destined for transport to level 1 trauma centres in Halifax and Saint John?Traumatic tale of 2 cities, part 2: Does being treated by different hospitals affect outcome in trauma patients destined for transport to Level 1trauma centres in Halifax and Saint John?Protective devices use in road traffic injuries in a developing countryFunctional and anatomical connectivity and communication impairments in moderate to severe traumatic brain injuryCaring and communicating in critical cases: Westlock trauma form, a resource for rural physiciansMonitoring of ocular nerve sheath in traumatic raised intracranial pressure (Moonstrip Study): a prospective blinded observational trialEstablishing an alcohol screening and brief intervention for trauma patients in a multicultural setting in the Middle East: challenges and opportunitiesThe poor compliance to seat belt use in Montréal: an 18 461 road user iPhone-based studyAn iPad-based data acquisition for core trauma registry data in 6 Tanzanian hospitals: 1 year and 13 462 patients later“The Triple-Q Algorithm”: a practical approach to the identification of liver topographyA pan-Canadian bicycle helmet use observational studyDoor to decompression: the new benchmark in trauma craniotomiesAre missed doses of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis a risk factor for thromboembolic complications?Complications following admission for traumatic brain injuryExcessive crystalloid infusion in the first 24 hours is not associated with increased complications or mortalitySBIRT: plant, tend, growReal time electronic injury surveillance in an African trauma centreSBIRT in concert: establishing a new initiativeReview of the current knowledge of the pathophysiology of acute traumatic coagulopathy: implications for current trauma resuscitation practicesFactors associated with primary fascial closure rates in patients undergoing damage control laparotomyFree intraperitoneal fluid on CT abdomen in blunt trauma: Is hospital admission necessary?The need for speed — the time cost of off-site helipadsEndovascular management of penetrating Zone III retroperitoneal injuries in selective patients: a case reportMeasured resting energy expenditure in patients with open abdomens: preliminary data of a prospective pilot studyTraumatic inferior gluteal artery pseudoaneurysm: case report and review of literaturePancreatico duodenectomy, SMA, SMV repair and delayed reconstruction following blunt abdominal trauma. A case report with discussion of trauma whipple and complex pancreatico duodenal injuriesA retrospective evaluation of the effect of the Trauma Team Training program in TanzaniaDoes procalcitonin measurement predict clinical outcomes in critically ill/injured adults managed with the open abdomen technique?In trauma, conventional ROTEM and TEG results are not interchangeable but are similar in clinical applicabilitySevere trauma in the province of New Brunswick: a descriptive epidemiological studyPartnering for success — a road safety strategy for London and regionEvaluation of a patient safety initiative of rapid removal of backboards in the emergency departmentActive negative pressure peritoneal therapy and C-reactive protein levels after abbreviated laparotomy for abdominal trauma or intra-abdominal sepsisA comparison of outcomes: Direct admissions vs. interhospital transfers April 2009–March 2014YEE HA or YEE OUCH! A 5-year review of large animal-related incidentsEarly goal-directed therapy for prevention of hypothermia-related transfusion, morbidity and mortality in severely injured trauma patientsImproving care of adolescent trauma patients admitted to adult trauma centres by fostering collaboration between adult and pediatric partnersExpediting operational damage control laparotomy closure: iTClam v. suturing during damage control surgical simulation trainingAre conventional coagulation tests inadequate in the assessment of acute traumatic coagulopathy?Predictors of long-term outcomes in patients admitted to emergency general surgery services: a systematic review of literatureUse of the iTClamp versus standard suturing techniques for securing chest tubes: A randomized cadaver studyiTClamp application for control of simulated massive upper extremity arterial hemorrhage by tactical policeAssessing performance in the trauma roomThe deadly need for methadone/opiate educationTrends in the management of major abdominal vascular injuries: 2000–2014Addressing high school seniors’ risky behaviours through a hospital-based and peer teaching outreach programScreening for risk of post-traumatic stress disorder after injury in acutely injured children: a systematic reviewThe impact of trauma centre designation levels on surgical delay, mortality and complications: a multicentre cohort studyHow many acutely injured children report subsequent stress symptoms?The frequency of coagulopathy and its significance in an emergency neurotrauma facilityPsychosocial care for injured children: The views of 2500 emergency department physicians and nurses from around the worldDevelopment of the Trauma Electronic Document (TED)Development of trauma team activation criteria for an urban trauma centreBrains and brawn: evaluation of a sports skills and concussion awareness campRegional trauma networks: a tale of 2 pilotsContinuous data quality improvement in a provincial trauma registryDoes the Rural Trauma Team Development Course shorten transfer time?Epidemiology of trauma in Puerto RicoCT scans facilitate early discharge of trauma patientsFeasibility of data collection in a conflict zone to assess the impact on emergency health care deliveryConsent for Emergency Research (CONfER): a national survey of Canadian research ethics board practicesMaking handover safer for our trauma patients through the lens of trauma team leadersChallenges and opportunities to improve trauma transitions of care from emergency to intensive care nursingPhysical disorder following major injury: a population-based studyToward an inclusive trauma system: regional trauma system development in OntarioTraumatic brain injury in British Columbia: current incidence, injury patterns and risk factorsAcute cytokine and chemokine profiles in brain-injured patients: relationship to sympathetic activation and outcomeMultidisciplinary trauma simulation training in a tertiary care centreNon-operative management of blunt splenic injuries: routine radiologic follow-up may reduce the time of activity restrictionModified triple layer peritoneal-aponeurotic transposition: a new strategy to close the open abdomenMesenchymal stem cells locate and differentiate to the trauma site in a blunt rat liver trauma model: preliminary resultsThree indications for the “open abdomen”, anatomical, logistical and physiological: How are they different?Development of an urban trauma centre using lean methodologyThe impact of standardized care in 191 patients with chest tube thoracostomyComplex abdominal wall reconstruction: recommendations from the Canadian Abdominal Wall Reconstruction GroupCompensatory behaviours and cognitions in persons with history of traumaDevelopment of the Kenyatta National Hospital — University of Alberta Orthopedic Trauma Assessment Tool: phase 1 resultsRisk-taking behaviour negatively affects outcome in burn patients." Canadian Journal of Surgery 58, no. 2 Suppl 1 (2015): S1—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cjs.003415.
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D., Visuwan, and Phruksaphanrat B. "Plant Layout Analysis by Computer Simulation for Electronic Manufacturing Service Plant." International Journal of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 0.0, no. 8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2655295.
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In this research, computer simulation is used for Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) plant layout analysis. The current layout of this manufacturing plant is a process layout, which is not suitable due to the nature of an EMS that has high-volume and high-variety environment. Moreover, quick response and high flexibility are also needed. Then, cellular manufacturing layout design was determined for the selected group of products. Systematic layout planning (SLP) was used to analyse and design the possible cellular layouts for the factory. The cellular layout was selected based on the main criteria of the plant. Computer simulation was used to analyse and compare the performance of the proposed cellular layout and the current layout. It is found that the proposed cellular layout can generate better performances than the current layout. In this research, computer simulation is used for Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) plant layout analysis. The current layout of this manufacturing plant is a process layout, which is not suitable due to the nature of an EMS that has high-volume and high-variety environment. Moreover, quick response and high flexibility are also needed. Then, cellular manufacturing layout design was determined for the selected group of products. Systematic layout planning (SLP) was used to analyse and design the possible cellular layouts for the factory. The cellular layout was selected based on the main criteria of the plant. Computer simulation was used to analyse and compare the performance of the proposed cellular layout and the current layout. It found that the proposed cellular layout can generate better performances than the current layout.
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Visuwan, D., and B. Phruksaphanrat. "Plant Layout Analysis by Computer Simulation for Electronic Manufacturing Service Plant." February 3, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1091458.
Full textAbstract:
In this research, computer simulation is used for Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) plant layout analysis. The current layout of this manufacturing plant is a process layout, which is not suitable due to the nature of an EMS that has high-volume and high-variety environment. Moreover, quick response and high flexibility are also needed. Then, cellular manufacturing layout design was determined for the selected group of products. Systematic layout planning (SLP) was used to analyze and design the possible cellular layouts for the factory. The cellular layout was selected based on the main criteria of the plant. Computer simulation was used to analyze and compare the performance of the proposed cellular layout and the current layout. It found that the proposed cellular layout can generate better performances than the current layout. In this research, computer simulation is used for Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) plant layout analysis. The current layout of this manufacturing plant is a process layout, which is not suitable due to the nature of an EMS that has high-volume and high-variety environment. Moreover, quick response and high flexibility are also needed. Then, cellular manufacturing layout design was determined for the selected group of products. Systematic layout planning (SLP) was used to analyze and design the possible cellular layouts for the factory. The cellular layout was selected based on the main criteria of the plant. Computer simulation was used to analyze and compare the performance of the proposed cellular layout and the current layout. It found that the proposed cellular layout can generate better performances than the current layout.
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Salma, Umme, Debadrita Giri, Mohit Kumar Sinha, and Suprabuddha Kundu. "Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS)-Mediated Fruit Mutants Of Bitter Gourd (Meghna-2): A Popular Landrace Of West Bengal." Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sfs.v10i1s.2283.
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Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a stable and effective chemical mutagen. Bitter Gourd (Meghna-2) seeds were treated by 0.3, 0.5, and 1% EMS for 24 h and 48 h to optimize EMS mutagenesis. Median lethal dose of EMS was obtained at 0.3% EMS treated for 48 h. After treated by 0.3% EMS for 48 h, 250 M1 plants were grown in field for phenotype determination. In comparison to the control, a decline in germination, leaf shape, fruit size, fruit shape, vine length, and emergence was seen in the M1 generation when the concentration of applied EMS was increased. The fertility of M1 bitter gourd was very low and only 24 lines produced seeds after self crossing. Of the mutant 24 lines in the plant growth, five were dwarf, two were tall, four had retarded fruit size, and 13 had abnormal branching and flowering. Only four lines (G 6, G 9, G 14 and G 15) raised from M2 generations of Meghna-2, were screened critically and observed no significant reduction in seed germination and pollen viability but the fruit size was significantly decreased. Interestingly, the short fruit type and round shape of Meghna-2 (G 9) was chosen amongst the four due to farmer’s acceptability, which was grown further to confirm the stability.
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Eko, Setiobudi. "Implementation Analysis of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in The Electronic Industry." March 31, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6622104.
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<strong>Productivity, efficiency and added value are something that the industry continues to strive for to increase the competitiveness in the market. One of them is through the implementation of industry 4.0. This is also in line with the government's program in responding to technological and information developments through the launch of Making Indonesia 4.0. The same thing was also done by PT. Tridharma Kencana (TDK), an electronic equipment assembly service (EMS) company that has been established since 2002. The idea of implementing industry 4.0 at PT. TDK was poured through a concept entitled Integrated Production System, as a roadmap for implementing industry 4.0 within the company. The research was conducted using a case study approach, which was an approach used to investigate and understand an event or problem that has occurred by collecting various kinds of information which was then processed to obtain a solution so that the problems revealed can be resolved, with an emphasis on a certain depth of analysis that was greater in-depth. The research subjects targeted in this research were; BOD, Production Department, Engineering Section, IT Section, Project Section, QC Section, Warehouse Section and Maintenance Section. The objects of this research were the stages of implementation, PIC, activities and programs, system integration, and the impact or results of the implementation of industry 4.0 in the company. Continuous improvement was a production methodology commonly used in many industries. No exception at PT. Tridharma Kencana, which had run through lean manufacturing and six sigma. The development of industry 4.0 also encouraged companies to implement it through the concept of the Integrated Production System (IPS). And the results were quite significant. This can be seen from several indicators that were used as measuring tools for implementation results, using five outcome indicators, namely productivity, downtime, NTF, scrap and use of labor. Where all indicators showed the positive results which lead to increased efficiency both in terms of cost and time, increased productivity or production output and increased industrial competitiveness. This was what then provided added value for the company so that it was better able to compete in the industrial world in Indonesia</strong>
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MARADOVA, KARLA, PETR BLECHA, RADIM BLECHA, JANA ROZEHNALOVA, and VOJTECH FRKAL. "ISSUES OF CYBERSECURITY OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM." MM Science Journal 2022, no. 5 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2022_12_2022151.
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Cybersecurity of production systems is a very topical issue in response to the dangers associated with the very high number of cyber-attacks in Europe. The current digital transformation of the industry associated with the digitalisation of manufacturing brings both the positives associated with increased flexibility and productivity of production, and the negatives associated with the risk of data loss, data alteration or blocking of control systems. Cybersecurity issues are also reflected in the revision of EU harmonisation legislation governing the requirements for placing products on the market or in service. It appears that the issue of cyber security needs to be addressed comprehensively across the entire infrastructure of a manufacturing plant. The present paper focuses on the relationship between machinery security and OT/IT security and presents the results of a study aimed at identifying potential sources of threats in an integrated manufacturing system.
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Eberly, David A. "C OMBINING DISTRIBUTED G ENERATIONAND E NERGY M ANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES TO ACHIEVE E NERGY C OST SAVINGS." Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, January 12, 2004, 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.1913.
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Applying energy management systems to building control systemsprovides the capability to merge several conventional and non-conven-tional cost reduction strategies.Energy consumption reductions are derived from conventionalstrategies such as temperature resets in air and water handling systems,chiller plant optimization, HVAC scheduling optimization, and automa-tion of lighting system operation. These activities alone represent a sig-nificant potential for energy savings at a facility.In the current era of deregulation, both the natural gas and electricutility suppliers find themselves in a changing and more competitivebusiness environment. As a result, creative rate options have been devel-oped to retain current customers and to attract new ones.Electric utility rates, including RTP (real time pricing), and inter-ruptible service (IS) have been available to PJM (Pennsylvania, New Jer-sey, and Maryland) customers since 1994. On-site power generation sys-tems have been utilized by many facilities to take advantage of theserates to reduce electric costs. Energy management systems are also usedto manage the operation of on-site power generation systems, conven-tionally for power outages or to improve power quality.This article describes the installation of a 2,000 kW on-site powergeneration system, and the integration of its capabilities with a facilityenergy management system to exploit an interruptible electric servicerate. These systems are installed at a 600-acre corporate campus site,located in central Pennsylvania. There are 28 buildings occupying thesite, enclosing approximately 1,000,000 square feet of conditioned space By combining capabilities of the EMS (energy management system) andon-site power generation systems, the subject facility can interrupt morethan 70 % of its on-peak summer electric load, within 2 hours after a curtail-ment request, utilizing minimal staff, and causing minimal noticeablechange to employees working at the site. The application of these sys-tems has reduced the Campus annual electricity costs by more than 25%since implementation in July 2001.
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"Lanxess ion exchange resin reduces wastewater and use of chemicals at chlor-alkali process plant." Membrane Technology 2022, no. 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0958-2118(22)70055-9.
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Lanxess’ Lewatit MDS TP 208 ion exchange resin is being used at a chemicals plant in Australia. This article briefly explains how its use provides a sustainable and efficient way of treating brine at the facility, the way in which it reduces wastewater and the use of chemicals, results in less waste and also extends the service life of the process system that is employed.
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Lin, Wen-Ting, Guo Chen, and Xiaojun Zhou. "Distributed carbon-aware energy trading of virtual power plant under denial of service attacks: A passivity-based neurodynamic approach." Energy, July 2022, 124751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124751.
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Muhammad, Nur Shazwani, Siew Ming Shin, and Jazuri Abdullah. "Chlorine Decay Simulation in Water Distribution System Using EPANET." International Journal of Integrated Engineering 13, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2021.13.03.011.
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Chlorine is used as a disinfectant in the water treatment process so that treated water is delivered safely to consumers. However, chlorine concentration decays when water flows from the treatment plant to the supply point, due to the reaction with natural organic matter and the inner surface of the pipe. Low chlorine concentration may encourage bacteria re-growth, while high chlorine concentration can result in the formation of harmful chemical components. Therefore, this study aims to simulate the complex process of chlorine decay using EPANET. This exercise enables the determination the chlorine concentration dosage required to maintain the desired requirement given by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH). A successful model with an extended period of simulations of 72 hours enable the mapping of spatial and temporal variations of flow and residue chlorine concentrations at all links and nodes. Constant chlorine dosage of 3.96 mg/l at node R1 has successfully satisfy the requirement given by WHO and MOH. The residue chlorine concentrations at the nodes and links in the water distribution system also depends on the water usage at node 5, the size of service reservoir and service tank and distance from the reservoir.
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Duan, Shitao, Guangdeng Chen, Hongru Ren, Hongyi Li, and Renquan Lu. "Data‐driven bipartite leader‐following consensus control for nonlinear multi‐agent systems under hybrid attacks." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, December 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.7138.
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AbstractThis paper proposes a data‐driven bipartite leader‐following consensus strategy for a class of nonlinear multi‐agent systems (MASs) under external disturbances and hybrid attacks, which are composed of denial‐of‐service attacks and false data injection attacks. This data‐driven algorithm incorporates no system dynamics and only utilizes the input and output data generated by the controlled plant. First, the nonlinear MAS with external disturbances can be transformed into an equivalent linear data model by applying a revised dynamic linearization method. Second, a hybrid‐attack compensation mechanism is proposed to alleviate the adverse impact of data dropout caused by hybrid attacks. Then, based on the compensation mechanism, an extended state observer is designed that can mitigate the negative influence induced by external disturbances and improve the control performance even though the MAS is threatened by hybrid attacks. The systems under hybrid attacks and external disturbances can still remain stable with the proposed data‐driven strategy. Finally, simulation examples demonstrate the validity of the data‐driven strategy, and the bipartite consensus error can be reduced to a small range.
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Das, Rakesh, Amit Layek, Tripti Nandi, and Shantanu Jha. "Luffa Cylindrica (L.) As Potential Foraging Source For Insect Pollinators During Post Monsoon Season – A Study In Gangetic Plain Of West Bengal." Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sfs.v10i1s.2288.
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Pollination is an important ecosystem service and insects play the most vital role of its. Insect pollinators need good foraging resources all year long to survive, which are provided by both wild and cultivated plants. However, although being crucial for pollinator survival during scarcity, these wild plants receive little attention. Present study had been carried out in Gangetic plain of West Bengal to document the potentiality of the wild creeping plant, Luffa cylindrica L. as foraging resource for insect pollinators during the post monsoon season, when flowering in major trees is sparse. Active netting explore diversity of flower visitors, while palynological study confirms the pollen foraging activity of two reared honey bees, Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana indica F. on the creeper. Insects belonged to orders viz. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were found to visit. Hymenopterans were the major insect visitors comprising 66.34% of total. Palynological study revealed that Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica togetherly visit 17 and 16 plant species for pollen collection during the study months. In October, Luffa cylindrica contributed 10.53% and 11.27% of total pollen taxa foraged by Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica respectively and grouped as important minor pollen for the honey bees. However, in the month of November it contributed 11.84% and 9.88% of total respectively. Being a creeper, however, these are not given much protection and are often weeded out, which can have a negative impact on native pollinator populations foraging on the crops.
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Azarenkov, N. A., M. F. Kozhevnikova, and V. V. Levenets. "SIMULATION OF RADIONUCLIDE PROPAGATION AT EXTERNAL EXTREME EVENTS IN THE NPP AREA." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, April 11, 2024, 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46813/2024-150-041.
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At the current stage of electric-power industry development in Ukraine, the issues of energy safety and energy independence are becoming increasingly important. Being the largest among others in Europe, Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP) has a large dry storage facility for spent nuclear fuel. The armed attack of Russia has endangered nuclear and physical safety in Ukraine. Beginning on 24 February, 2022, the hostilities were activated in the country. The activization of the warfare has led to the capture of the ZNPP by the Russian militaries (4 March, 2022) and to their presence of the ZNPP. This situation causes justifiable concern about the potential detrimental effect on the nuclear and physical safety under service conditions of nuclear power units and at radioactive sourcerelated activities. This paper is concerned with simulation of the radionuclide propagation under external extreme events in the NPP zone, using the ZNPP as an example. The transfer of 137Cs radionuclide has been simulated for the hypothetical ZNPP failure at meteorological conditions as of 23 to 25 August, 2022. According to the simulation data, throughout 23–25 August, 2022, the highest 137Cs concentration values might be observed within the Ukraine territory, particularly in the near-field zone, 50…100 km in radius, from the emission point. Besides, the radioactive impurities could be carried off to the neighboring state areas.
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Maxwell, Richard, and Toby Miller. "The Real Future of the Media." M/C Journal 15, no. 3 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.537.
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When George Orwell encountered ideas of a technological utopia sixty-five years ago, he acted the grumpy middle-aged man Reading recently a batch of rather shallowly optimistic “progressive” books, I was struck by the automatic way in which people go on repeating certain phrases which were fashionable before 1914. Two great favourites are “the abolition of distance” and “the disappearance of frontiers”. I do not know how often I have met with the statements that “the aeroplane and the radio have abolished distance” and “all parts of the world are now interdependent” (1944). It is worth revisiting the old boy’s grumpiness, because the rhetoric he so niftily skewers continues in our own time. Facebook features “Peace on Facebook” and even claims that it can “decrease world conflict” through inter-cultural communication. Twitter has announced itself as “a triumph of humanity” (“A Cyber-House” 61). Queue George. In between Orwell and latter-day hoody cybertarians, a whole host of excitable public intellectuals announced the impending end of materiality through emergent media forms. Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, Daniel Bell, Ithiel de Sola Pool, George Gilder, Alvin Toffler—the list of 1960s futurists goes on and on. And this wasn’t just a matter of punditry: the OECD decreed the coming of the “information society” in 1975 and the European Union (EU) followed suit in 1979, while IBM merrily declared an “information age” in 1977. Bell theorized this technological utopia as post-ideological, because class would cease to matter (Mattelart). Polluting industries seemingly no longer represented the dynamic core of industrial capitalism; instead, market dynamism radiated from a networked, intellectual core of creative and informational activities. The new information and knowledge-based economies would rescue First World hegemony from an “insurgent world” that lurked within as well as beyond itself (Schiller). Orwell’s others and the Cold-War futurists propagated one of the most destructive myths shaping both public debate and scholarly studies of the media, culture, and communication. They convinced generations of analysts, activists, and arrivistes that the promises and problems of the media could be understood via metaphors of the environment, and that the media were weightless and virtual. The famous medium they wished us to see as the message —a substance as vital to our wellbeing as air, water, and soil—turned out to be no such thing. Today’s cybertarians inherit their anti-Marxist, anti-materialist positions, as a casual glance at any new media journal, culture-industry magazine, or bourgeois press outlet discloses. The media are undoubtedly important instruments of social cohesion and fragmentation, political power and dissent, democracy and demagoguery, and other fraught extensions of human consciousness. But talk of media systems as equivalent to physical ecosystems—fashionable among marketers and media scholars alike—is predicated on the notion that they are environmentally benign technologies. This has never been true, from the beginnings of print to today’s cloud-covered computing. Our new book Greening the Media focuses on the environmental impact of the media—the myriad ways that media technology consumes, despoils, and wastes natural resources. We introduce ideas, stories, and facts that have been marginal or absent from popular, academic, and professional histories of media technology. Throughout, ecological issues have been at the core of our work and we immodestly think the same should apply to media communications, and cultural studies more generally. We recognize that those fields have contributed valuable research and teaching that address environmental questions. For instance, there is an abundant literature on representations of the environment in cinema, how to communicate environmental messages successfully, and press coverage of climate change. That’s not enough. You may already know that media technologies contain toxic substances. You may have signed an on-line petition protesting the hazardous and oppressive conditions under which workers assemble cell phones and computers. But you may be startled, as we were, by the scale and pervasiveness of these environmental risks. They are present in and around every site where electronic and electric devices are manufactured, used, and thrown away, poisoning humans, animals, vegetation, soil, air and water. We are using the term “media” as a portmanteau word to cover a multitude of cultural and communications machines and processes—print, film, radio, television, information and communications technologies (ICT), and consumer electronics (CE). This is not only for analytical convenience, but because there is increasing overlap between the sectors. CE connect to ICT and vice versa; televisions resemble computers; books are read on telephones; newspapers are written through clouds; and so on. Cultural forms and gadgets that were once separate are now linked. The currently fashionable notion of convergence doesn’t quite capture the vastness of this integration, which includes any object with a circuit board, scores of accessories that plug into it, and a global nexus of labor and environmental inputs and effects that produce and flow from it. In 2007, a combination of ICT/CE and media production accounted for between 2 and 3 percent of all greenhouse gases emitted around the world (“Gartner Estimates,”; International Telecommunication Union; Malmodin et al.). Between twenty and fifty million tonnes of electronic waste (e-waste) are generated annually, much of it via discarded cell phones and computers, which affluent populations throw out regularly in order to buy replacements. (Presumably this fits the narcissism of small differences that distinguishes them from their own past.) E-waste is historically produced in the Global North—Australasia, Western Europe, Japan, and the US—and dumped in the Global South—Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Southern and Southeast Asia, and China. It takes the form of a thousand different, often deadly, materials for each electrical and electronic gadget. This trend is changing as India and China generate their own media detritus (Robinson; Herat). Enclosed hard drives, backlit screens, cathode ray tubes, wiring, capacitors, and heavy metals pose few risks while these materials remain encased. But once discarded and dismantled, ICT/CE have the potential to expose workers and ecosystems to a morass of toxic components. Theoretically, “outmoded” parts could be reused or swapped for newer parts to refurbish devices. But items that are defined as waste undergo further destruction in order to collect remaining parts and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, copper, and rare-earth elements. This process causes serious health risks to bones, brains, stomachs, lungs, and other vital organs, in addition to birth defects and disrupted biological development in children. Medical catastrophes can result from lead, cadmium, mercury, other heavy metals, poisonous fumes emitted in search of precious metals, and such carcinogenic compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, polyvinyl chloride, and flame retardants (Maxwell and Miller 13). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency estimates that by 2007 US residents owned approximately three billion electronic devices, with an annual turnover rate of 400 million units, and well over half such purchases made by women. Overall CE ownership varied with age—adults under 45 typically boasted four gadgets; those over 65 made do with one. The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) says US$145 billion was expended in the sector in 2006 in the US alone, up 13% on the previous year. The CEA refers joyously to a “consumer love affair with technology continuing at a healthy clip.” In the midst of a recession, 2009 saw $165 billion in sales, and households owned between fifteen and twenty-four gadgets on average. By 2010, US$233 billion was spent on electronic products, three-quarters of the population owned a computer, nearly half of all US adults owned an MP3 player, and 85% had a cell phone. By all measures, the amount of ICT/CE on the planet is staggering. As investigative science journalist, Elizabeth Grossman put it: “no industry pushes products into the global market on the scale that high-tech electronics does” (Maxwell and Miller 2). In 2007, “of the 2.25 million tons of TVs, cell phones and computer products ready for end-of-life management, 18% (414,000 tons) was collected for recycling and 82% (1.84 million tons) was disposed of, primarily in landfill” (Environmental Protection Agency 1). Twenty million computers fell obsolete across the US in 1998, and the rate was 130,000 a day by 2005. It has been estimated that the five hundred million personal computers discarded in the US between 1997 and 2007 contained 6.32 billion pounds of plastics, 1.58 billion pounds of lead, three million pounds of cadmium, 1.9 million pounds of chromium, and 632000 pounds of mercury (Environmental Protection Agency; Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 6). The European Union is expected to generate upwards of twelve million tons annually by 2020 (Commission of the European Communities 17). While refrigerators and dangerous refrigerants account for the bulk of EU e-waste, about 44% of the most toxic e-waste measured in 2005 came from medium-to-small ICT/CE: computer monitors, TVs, printers, ink cartridges, telecommunications equipment, toys, tools, and anything with a circuit board (Commission of the European Communities 31-34). Understanding the enormity of the environmental problems caused by making, using, and disposing of media technologies should arrest our enthusiasm for them. But intellectual correctives to the “love affair” with technology, or technophilia, have come and gone without establishing much of a foothold against the breathtaking flood of gadgets and the propaganda that proclaims their awe-inspiring capabilities.[i] There is a peculiar enchantment with the seeming magic of wireless communication, touch-screen phones and tablets, flat-screen high-definition televisions, 3-D IMAX cinema, mobile computing, and so on—a totemic, quasi-sacred power that the historian of technology David Nye has named the technological sublime (Nye Technological Sublime 297).[ii] We demonstrate in our book why there is no place for the technological sublime in projects to green the media. But first we should explain why such symbolic power does not accrue to more mundane technologies; after all, for the time-strapped cook, a pressure cooker does truly magical things. Three important qualities endow ICT/CE with unique symbolic potency—virtuality, volume, and novelty. The technological sublime of media technology is reinforced by the “virtual nature of much of the industry’s content,” which “tends to obscure their responsibility for a vast proliferation of hardware, all with high levels of built-in obsolescence and decreasing levels of efficiency” (Boyce and Lewis 5). Planned obsolescence entered the lexicon as a new “ethics” for electrical engineering in the 1920s and ’30s, when marketers, eager to “habituate people to buying new products,” called for designs to become quickly obsolete “in efficiency, economy, style, or taste” (Grossman 7-8).[iii] This defines the short lifespan deliberately constructed for computer systems (drives, interfaces, operating systems, batteries, etc.) by making tiny improvements incompatible with existing hardware (Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 33-50; Boyce and Lewis). With planned obsolescence leading to “dizzying new heights” of product replacement (Rogers 202), there is an overstated sense of the novelty and preeminence of “new” media—a “cult of the present” is particularly dazzled by the spread of electronic gadgets through globalization (Mattelart and Constantinou 22). References to the symbolic power of media technology can be found in hymnals across the internet and the halls of academe: technologies change us, the media will solve social problems or create new ones, ICTs transform work, monopoly ownership no longer matters, journalism is dead, social networking enables social revolution, and the media deliver a cleaner, post-industrial, capitalism. Here is a typical example from the twilight zone of the technological sublime (actually, the OECD): A major feature of the knowledge-based economy is the impact that ICTs have had on industrial structure, with a rapid growth of services and a relative decline of manufacturing. Services are typically less energy intensive and less polluting, so among those countries with a high and increasing share of services, we often see a declining energy intensity of production … with the emergence of the Knowledge Economy ending the old linear relationship between output and energy use (i.e. partially de-coupling growth and energy use) (Houghton 1) This statement mixes half-truths and nonsense. In reality, old-time, toxic manufacturing has moved to the Global South, where it is ascendant; pollution levels are rising worldwide; and energy consumption is accelerating in residential and institutional sectors, due almost entirely to ICT/CE usage, despite advances in energy conservation technology (a neat instance of the age-old Jevons Paradox). In our book we show how these are all outcomes of growth in ICT/CE, the foundation of the so-called knowledge-based economy. ICT/CE are misleadingly presented as having little or no material ecological impact. In the realm of everyday life, the sublime experience of electronic machinery conceals the physical work and material resources that go into them, while the technological sublime makes the idea that more-is-better palatable, axiomatic; even sexy. In this sense, the technological sublime relates to what Marx called “the Fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour” once they are in the hands of the consumer, who lusts after them as if they were “independent beings” (77). There is a direct but unseen relationship between technology’s symbolic power and the scale of its environmental impact, which the economist Juliet Schor refers to as a “materiality paradox” —the greater the frenzy to buy goods for their transcendent or nonmaterial cultural meaning, the greater the use of material resources (40-41). We wrote Greening the Media knowing that a study of the media’s effect on the environment must work especially hard to break the enchantment that inflames popular and elite passions for media technologies. We understand that the mere mention of the political-economic arrangements that make shiny gadgets possible, or the environmental consequences of their appearance and disappearance, is bad medicine. It’s an unwelcome buzz kill—not a cool way to converse about cool stuff. But we didn’t write the book expecting to win many allies among high-tech enthusiasts and ICT/CE industry leaders. We do not dispute the importance of information and communication media in our lives and modern social systems. We are media people by profession and personal choice, and deeply immersed in the study and use of emerging media technologies. But we think it’s time for a balanced assessment with less hype and more practical understanding of the relationship of media technologies to the biosphere they inhabit. Media consumers, designers, producers, activists, researchers, and policy makers must find new and effective ways to move ICT/CE production and consumption toward ecologically sound practices. In the course of this project, we found in casual conversation, lecture halls, classroom discussions, and correspondence, consistent and increasing concern with the environmental impact of media technology, especially the deleterious effects of e-waste toxins on workers, air, water, and soil. We have learned that the grip of the technological sublime is not ironclad. Its instability provides a point of departure for investigating and criticizing the relationship between the media and the environment. The media are, and have been for a long time, intimate environmental participants. Media technologies are yesterday’s, today’s, and tomorrow’s news, but rarely in the way they should be. The prevailing myth is that the printing press, telegraph, phonograph, photograph, cinema, telephone, wireless radio, television, and internet changed the world without changing the Earth. In reality, each technology has emerged by despoiling ecosystems and exposing workers to harmful environments, a truth obscured by symbolic power and the power of moguls to set the terms by which such technologies are designed and deployed. Those who benefit from ideas of growth, progress, and convergence, who profit from high-tech innovation, monopoly, and state collusion—the military-industrial-entertainment-academic complex and multinational commandants of labor—have for too long ripped off the Earth and workers. As the current celebration of media technology inevitably winds down, perhaps it will become easier to comprehend that digital wonders come at the expense of employees and ecosystems. This will return us to Max Weber’s insistence that we understand technology in a mundane way as a “mode of processing material goods” (27). Further to understanding that ordinariness, we can turn to the pioneering conversation analyst Harvey Sacks, who noted three decades ago “the failures of technocratic dreams [:] that if only we introduced some fantastic new communication machine the world will be transformed.” Such fantasies derived from the very banality of these introductions—that every time they took place, one more “technical apparatus” was simply “being made at home with the rest of our world’ (548). Media studies can join in this repetitive banality. Or it can withdraw the welcome mat for media technologies that despoil the Earth and wreck the lives of those who make them. In our view, it’s time to green the media by greening media studies. References “A Cyber-House Divided.” Economist 4 Sep. 2010: 61-62. “Gartner Estimates ICT Industry Accounts for 2 Percent of Global CO2 Emissions.” Gartner press release. 6 April 2007. ‹http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=503867›. Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia. Seattle: Basel Action Network, 25 Feb. 2002. Benjamin, Walter. “Central Park.” Trans. Lloyd Spencer with Mark Harrington. New German Critique 34 (1985): 32-58. Biagioli, Mario. “Postdisciplinary Liaisons: Science Studies and the Humanities.” Critical Inquiry 35.4 (2009): 816-33. Boyce, Tammy and Justin Lewis, eds. Climate Change and the Media. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Commission of the European Communities. “Impact Assessment.” Commission Staff Working Paper accompanying the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) (recast). COM (2008) 810 Final. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 3 Dec. 2008. Environmental Protection Agency. Management of Electronic Waste in the United States. Washington, DC: EPA, 2007 Environmental Protection Agency. Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics. Washington, DC: EPA, 2008 Grossman, Elizabeth. Tackling High-Tech Trash: The E-Waste Explosion & What We Can Do about It. New York: Demos, 2008. ‹http://www.demos.org/pubs/e-waste_FINAL.pdf› Herat, Sunil. “Review: Sustainable Management of Electronic Waste (e-Waste).” Clean 35.4 (2007): 305-10. Houghton, J. “ICT and the Environment in Developing Countries: Opportunities and Developments.” Paper prepared for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2009. International Telecommunication Union. ICTs for Environment: Guidelines for Developing Countries, with a Focus on Climate Change. Geneva: ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division Policies and Strategies Department ITU Telecommunication Development Sector, 2008. Malmodin, Jens, Åsa Moberg, Dag Lundén, Göran Finnveden, and Nina Lövehagen. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Operational Electricity Use in the ICT and Entertainment & Media Sectors.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 14.5 (2010): 770-90. Marx, Karl. Capital: Vol. 1: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production, 3rd ed. Trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, Ed. Frederick Engels. New York: International Publishers, 1987. Mattelart, Armand and Costas M. Constantinou. “Communications/Excommunications: An Interview with Armand Mattelart.” Trans. Amandine Bled, Jacques Guot, and Costas Constantinou. Review of International Studies 34.1 (2008): 21-42. Mattelart, Armand. “Cómo nació el mito de Internet.” Trans. Yanina Guthman. El mito internet. Ed. Victor Hugo de la Fuente. Santiago: Editorial aún creemos en los sueños, 2002. 25-32. Maxwell, Richard and Toby Miller. Greening the Media. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Nye, David E. American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994. Nye, David E. Technology Matters: Questions to Live With. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2007. Orwell, George. “As I Please.” Tribune. 12 May 1944. Richtel, Matt. “Consumers Hold on to Products Longer.” New York Times: B1, 26 Feb. 2011. Robinson, Brett H. “E-Waste: An Assessment of Global Production and Environmental Impacts.” Science of the Total Environment 408.2 (2009): 183-91. Rogers, Heather. Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: New Press, 2005. Sacks, Harvey. Lectures on Conversation. Vols. I and II. Ed. Gail Jefferson. Malden: Blackwell, 1995. Schiller, Herbert I. Information and the Crisis Economy. Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1984. Schor, Juliet B. Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth. New York: Penguin, 2010. Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The Digital Dilemma: Strategic Issues in Archiving and Accessing Digital Motion Picture Materials. Los Angeles: Academy Imprints, 2007. Weber, Max. “Remarks on Technology and Culture.” Trans. Beatrix Zumsteg and Thomas M. Kemple. Ed. Thomas M. Kemple. Theory, Culture [i] The global recession that began in 2007 has been the main reason for some declines in Global North energy consumption, slower turnover in gadget upgrades, and longer periods of consumer maintenance of electronic goods (Richtel). [ii] The emergence of the technological sublime has been attributed to the Western triumphs in the post-Second World War period, when technological power supposedly supplanted the power of nature to inspire fear and astonishment (Nye Technology Matters 28). Historian Mario Biagioli explains how the sublime permeates everyday life through technoscience: "If around 1950 the popular imaginary placed science close to the military and away from the home, today’s technoscience frames our everyday life at all levels, down to our notion of the self" (818). [iii] This compulsory repetition is seemingly undertaken each time as a novelty, governed by what German cultural critic Walter Benjamin called, in his awkward but occasionally illuminating prose, "the ever-always-the-same" of "mass-production" cloaked in "a hitherto unheard-of significance" (48).
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Lemos Morais, Renata. "The Hybrid Breeding of Nanomedia." M/C Journal 17, no. 5 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.877.
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IntroductionIf human beings have become a geophysical force, capable of impacting the very crust and atmosphere of the planet, and if geophysical forces become objects of study, presences able to be charted over millions of years—one of our many problems is a 'naming' problem. - Bethany NowviskieThe anthropocene "denotes the present time interval, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities" (S.Q.S.). Although the narrative and terminology of the anthropocene has not been officially legitimized by the scientific community as a whole, it has been adopted worldwide by a plethora of social and cultural studies. The challenges of the anthropocene demand interdisciplinary efforts and actions. New contexts, situations and environments call for original naming propositions: new terminologies are always illegitimate at the moment of their first appearance in the world.Against the background of the naming challenges of the anthropocene, we will map the emergence and tell the story of a tiny world within the world of media studies: the world of the term 'nanomedia' and its hyphenated sister 'nano-media'. While we tell the story of the uses of this term, its various meanings and applications, we will provide yet another possible interpretation and application to the term, one that we believe might be helpful to interdisciplinary media studies in the context of the anthropocene. Contemporary media terminologies are usually born out of fortuitous exchanges between communication technologies and their various social appropriations: hypodermic media, interactive media, social media, and so on and so forth. These terminologies are either recognised as the offspring of legitimate scientific endeavours by the media theory community, or are widely discredited and therefore rendered illegitimate. Scientific legitimacy comes from the broad recognition and embrace of a certain term and its inclusion in the canon of an epistemology. Illegitimate processes of theoretical enquiry and the study of the kinds of deviations that might deem a theory unacceptable have been scarcely addressed (Delborne). Rejected terminologies and theories are marginalised and gain the status of bastard epistemologies of media, considered irrelevant and unworthy of mention and recognition. Within these margins, however, different streams of media theories which involve conceptual hybridizations can be found: creole encounters between high culture and low culture (James), McLuhan's hybrid that comes from the 'meeting of two media' (McLuhan 55), or even 'bastard spaces' of cultural production (Bourdieu). Once in a while a new media epistemology arises that is categorised as a bastard not because of plain rejection or criticism, but because of its alien origins, formations and shape. New theories are currently emerging out of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary thinking which are, in many ways, bearers of strange features and characteristics that might render its meaning elusive and obscure to a monodisciplinary perspective. Radical transdisciplinary thinking is often alien and alienated. It results from unconventional excursions into uncharted territories of enquiry: bastard epistemologies arise from such exchanges. Being itself a product of a mestizo process of thinking, this article takes a look into the term nanomedia (or nano-media): a marginal terminology within media theory. This term is not to be confounded with the term biomedia, coined by Eugene Thacker (2004). (The theory of biomedia has acquired a great level of scientific legitimacy, however it refers to the moist realities of the human body, and is more concerned with cyborg and post-human epistemologies. The term nanomedia, on the contrary, is currently being used according to multiple interpretations which are mostly marginal, and we argue, in this paper, that such uses might be considered illegitimate). ’Nanomedia’ was coined outside the communications area. It was first used by scientific researchers in the field of optics and physics (Rand et al), in relation to flows of media via nanoparticles and optical properties of nanomaterials. This term would only be used in media studies a couple of years later, with a completely different meaning, without any acknowledgment of its scientific origins and context. The structure of this narrative is thus illegitimate, and as such does not fit into traditional modalities of written expression: there are bits and pieces of information and epistemologies glued together as a collage of nano fragments which combine philology, scientific literature, digital ethnography and technology reviews. Transgressions Illegitimate theories might be understood in terms of hybrid epistemologies that intertwine disciplines and perspectives, rendering its outcomes inter or transdisciplinary, and therefore prone to being considered marginal by disciplinary communities. Such theories might also be considered illegitimate due to social and political power struggles which aim to maintain territory by reproducing specific epistemologies within a certain field. Scientific legitimacy is a social and political process, which has been widely addressed. Pierre Bourdieu, in particular, has dedicated most of his work to deciphering the intricacies of academic wars around the legitimacy or illegitimacy of theories and terminologies. Legitimacy also plays a role in determining the degree to which a certain theory will be regarded as relevant or irrelevant:Researchers’ tendency to concentrate on those problems regarded as the most important ones (e.g. because they have been constituted as such by producers endowed with a high degree of legitimacy) is explained by the fact that a contribution or discovery relating to those questions will tend to yield greater symbolic profit (Bourdieu 22).Exploring areas of enquiry which are outside the boundaries of mainstream scientific discourses is a dangerous affair. Mixing different epistemologies in the search for transversal grounds of knowledge might result in unrecognisable theories, which are born out of a combination of various processes of hybridisation: social, technological, cultural and material.Material mutations are happening that call for new epistemologies, due to the implications of current technological possibilities which might redefine our understanding of mediation, and expand it to include molecular forms of communication. A new terminology that takes into account the scientific and epistemological implications of nanotechnology applied to communication [and that also go beyond cyborg metaphors of a marriage between biology and cibernetics] is necessary. Nanomedia and nanomediations are the terminologies proposed in this article as conceptual tools to allow these further explorations. Nanomedia is here understood as the combination of different nanotechnological mediums of communication that are able to create and disseminate meaning via molecular exchange and/ or assembly. Nanomediation is here defined as the process of active transmission and reception of signs and meaning using nanotechnologies. These terminologies might help us in conducting interdisciplinary research and observations that go deeper into matter itself and take into account its molecular spaces of mediation - moving from metaphor into pragmatics. Nanomedia(s)Within the humanities, the term 'nano-media' was first proposed by Mojca Pajnik and John Downing, referring to small media interventions that communicate social meaning in independent ways. Their use of term 'nano-media' proposes to be a revised alternative to the plethora of terms that categorise such media actions, such as alternative media, community media, tactical media, participatory media, etc. The metaphor of smallness implied in the term nano-media is used to categorise the many fragments and complexities of political appropriations of independent media. Historical examples of the kind of 'nano' social interferences listed by Downing (2),include the flyers (Flugblätter) of the Protestant Reformation in Germany; the jokes, songs and ribaldry of François Rabelais’ marketplace ... the internet links of the global social justice (otromundialista) movement; the worldwide community radio movement; the political documentary movement in country after country.John Downing applies the meaning of the prefix nano (coming from the Greek word nanos - dwarf), to independent media interventions. His concept is rooted in an analysis of the social actions performed by local movements scattered around the world, politically engaged and tactically positioned. A similar, but still unique, proposition to the use of the term 'nano-media' appeared 2 years later in the work of Graham St John (442):If ‘mass media’ consists of regional and national print and television news, ‘niche media’ includes scene specific publications, and ‘micro media’ includes event flyers and album cover art (that which Eshun [1998] called ‘conceptechnics’), and ‘social media’ refers to virtual social networks, then the sampling of popular culture (e.g. cinema and documentary sources) using the medium of the programmed music itself might be considered nano-media.Nano-media, according to Graham St John, "involves the remediation of samples from popular sources (principally film) as part of the repertoire of electronic musicians in their efforts to create a distinct liminalized socio-aesthetic" (St John 445). While Downing proposes to use the term nano-media as a way to "shake people free of their obsession with the power of macro-media, once they consider the enormous impact of nano-technologies on our contemporary world" (Downing 1), Graham St John uses the term to categorise media practices specific to a subculture (psytrance). Since the use of the term 'nano-media' in relation to culture seems to be characterised by the study of marginalised social movements, portraying a hybrid remix of conceptual references that, if not completely illegitimate, would be located in the border of legitimacy within media theories, I am hereby proposing yet another bastard version of the concept of nanomedia (without a hyphen). Given that neither of the previous uses of the term 'nano-media' within the discipline of media studies take into account the technological use of the prefix nano, it is time to redefine the term in direct relation to nanotechnologies and communication devices. Let us start by taking a look at nanoradios. Nanoradios are carbon nanotubes connected in such a way that when electrodes flow through the nanotubes, various electrical signals recover the audio signals encoded by the radio wave being received (Service). Nanoradios are examples of the many ways in which nanotechnologies are converging with and transforming our present information and communication technologies. From molecular manufacturing (Drexler) to quantum computing (Deutsch), we now have a wide spectrum of emerging and converging technologies that can act as nanomedia - molecular structures built specifically to act as communication devices.NanomediationsBeyond literal attempts to replicate traditional media artifacts using nanotechnologies, we find deep processes of mediation which are being called nanocommunication (Hara et al.) - mediation that takes place through the exchange of signals between molecules: Nanocommunication networks (nanonetworks) can be used to coordinate tasks and realize them in a distributed manner, covering a greater area and reaching unprecedented locations. Molecular communication is a novel and promising way to achieve communication between nanodevices by encoding messages inside molecules. (Abadal & Akyildiz) Nature is nanotechnological. Living systems are precise mechanisms of physical engineering: our molecules obey our DNA and fall into place according to biological codes that are mysteriously written in our every cell. Bodies are perfectly mediated - biological systems of molecular communication and exchange. Humans have always tried to emulate or to replace natural processes by artificial ones. Nanotechnology is not an exception. Many nanotechnological applications try to replicate natural systems, for example: replicas of nanostructures found in lotus flowers are now being used in waterproof fabrics, nanocrystals, responsible for resistance of cobwebs, are being artificially replicated for use in resistant materials, and various proteins are being artificially replicated as well (NNI 05). In recent decades, the methods of manipulation and engineering of nano particles have been perfected by scientists, and hundreds of nanotechnological products are now being marketed. Such nano material levels are now accessible because our digital technologies were advanced enough to allow scientific visualization and manipulation at the atomic level. The Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STMs), by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (1986), might be considered as the first kind of nanomedia devices ever built. STMs use quantum-mechanical principles to capture information about the surface of atoms and molecules, allowed digital imaging and visualization of atomic surfaces. Digital visualization of atomic surfaces led to the discovery of buckyballs and nanotubes (buckytubes), structures that are celebrated today and received their names in honor of Buckminster Fuller. Nanotechnologies were developed as a direct consequence of the advancement of digital technologies in the fields of scientific visualisation and imaging. Nonetheless, a direct causal relationship between nano and digital technologies is not the only correlation between these two fields. Much in the same manner in which digital technologies allow infinite manipulation and replication of data, nanotechnologies would allow infinite manipulation and replication of molecules. Nanocommunication could be as revolutionary as digital communication in regards to its possible outcomes concerning new media. Full implementation of the new possibilities of nanomedia would be equivalent or even more revolutionary than digital networks are today. Nanotechnology operates at an intermediate scale at which the laws of classical physics are mixed to the laws of quantum physics (Holister). The relationship between digital technologies and nanotechnologies is not just instrumental, it is also conceptual. We might compare the possibilities of nanotechnology to hypertext: in the same way that a word processor allows the expression of any type of textual structure, so nanotechnology could allow, in principle, for a sort of "3-D printing" of any material structure.Nanotechnologies are essentially media technologies. Nanomedia is now a reality because digital technologies made possible the visualization and computational simulation of the behavior of atomic particles at the nano level. Nanomachines that can build any type of molecular structure by atomic manufacturing could also build perfect replicas of themselves. Obviously, such a powerful technology offers medical and ecological dangers inherent to atomic manipulation. Although this type of concern has been present in the global debate about the social implications of nanotechnology, its full implications are yet not entirely understood. A general scientific consensus seems to exist, however, around the idea that molecules could become a new type of material alphabet, which, theoretically, would make possible the reconfiguration of the physical structures of any type of matter using molecular manufacturing. Matter becomes digital through molecular communication.Although the uses given to the term nano-media in the context of cultural and social studies are merely metaphorical - the prefix nano is used by humanists as an allegorical reference of a combination between 'small' and 'contemporary' - once the technological and scientifical realities of nanomedia present themselves as a new realm of mediation, populated with its own kind of molecular devices, it will not be possible to ignore its full range of implications anymore. A complexifying media ecosystem calls for a more nuanced and interdisciplinary approach to media studies.ConclusionThis article narrates the different uses of the term nanomedia as an illustration of the way in which disciplinarity determines the level of legitimacy or illegitimacy of an emerging term. We then presented another possible use of the term in the field of media studies, one that is more closely aligned with its scientific origins. The importance and relevance of this narrative is connected to the present challenges we face in the anthropocene. The reality of the anthropocene makes painfully evident the full extent of the impact our technologies have had in the present condition of our planet's ecosystems. For as long as we refuse to engage directly with the technologies themselves, trying to speak the language of science and technology in order to fully understand its wider consequences and implications, our theories will be reduced to fancy metaphors and aesthetic explorations which circulate around the critical issues of our times without penetrating them. The level of interdisciplinarity required by the challenges of the anthropocene has to go beyond anthropocentrism. Traditional theories of media are anthropocentric: we seem to be willing to engage only with that which we are able to recognise and relate to. Going beyond anthropocentrism requires that we become familiar with interdisciplinary discussions and perspectives around common terminologies so we might reach a consensus about the use of a shared term. For scientists, nanomedia is an information and communication technology which is simultaneously a tool for material engineering. For media artists and theorists, nano-media is a cultural practice of active social interference and artistic exploration. However, none of the two approaches is able to fully grasp the magnitude of such an inter and transdisciplinary encounter: when communication becomes molecular engineering, what are the legitimate boundaries of media theory? If matter becomes not only a medium, but also a language, what would be the conceptual tools needed to rethink our very understanding of mediation? Would this new media epistemology be considered legitimate or illegitimate? Be it legitimate or illegitimate, a new media theory must arise that challenges and overcomes the walls which separate science and culture, physics and semiotics, on the grounds that it is a transdisciplinary change on the inner workings of media itself which now becomes our vector of epistemological and empirical transformation. 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