Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electronic procurement'

Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1999.
"December 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Mark E. Nissen, Jeffrey R. Cuskey. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92). Also available online.

This research investigated the issues behind the slow intake of electronic tendering in construction. The study found that organisations are not ready for certain aspects that affect their readiness for electronic tendering. The researchers developed model includes a new hypothesis that could improve the organisation's readiness. The model has been empirically tested in Saudi Arabia. The results confirm that the hypothesis has the most important effect on the organisation readiness toward the uptake of electronic tendering.

Direct Recording Electronic Voting Systems (DRE) are some of the most popular forms of electronic voting and yet they are riddled with problems. Current voting systems are poorly designed and migration to newer software can be costly. Inadequate software solutions in voting systems have led to security flaws, bad tabulation, and partisan software design. As government proceeds into an increasingly sophisticated era of voting technology, it needs to consider a better platform. This thesis explores the government procurement strategy associated with modern Direct Recording Electronic Voting Systems. The thesis argues that governments should adopt an open source solution (OSS) for future IT acquisition of voting systems. Adopting an open source solution not only provides practical advantages such as better software design, cheaper implementation, and avoidance of vendor lock-in, but also proposes that OSS provides a strong foundation for future IT policy. Open source’s strength in transparency provides a key factor in voting system design. The thesis recommends that governments adopt a four part strategy for future OSS adoption with voting system. 1) Approve an independent, pro-OSS certification organization that works closely with the U.S Election Assistance Commission, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and other system organizations to create the optimal voting systems guidelines. 2) Update FAR requirements to greater accommodate open source procurement policy. 3) Assist local and state jurisdictions to acquire OSS for DRE machines. 4) Promote open source business strategy by hiring vendors for system integration and analysis This thesis contends that these four policies will improve the electronic voting experience and allow for better future innovation and adoption IT strategies.

This thesis examines the prospects for international implementation of E-Commerce (EC) in the contexts of the armed forces of Brazil and South Korea. It describes the functions, roles and infrastructure of EC technology. It weighs the advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce. Particular attention is paid to legal issues, electronic funds transfer and on-line reverse auctions. An E-Commerce implementation plan is presented, benchmarked on the experience of the United States military in using EC to reduce costs and enhance readiness. This plan includes measures of organizational outcomes to evaluate the success of an EC implementation.

This thesis describes and analyses public procurement and its processes in general against the framework of industrial marketing and purchasing. In particular, it focuses on the public procurement of telecommunications (“telecom”) and its effects on the de-monopolization and development of the Swedish telecom market based on empirical material from three case studies, interviews and publicly available written sources. Public procurement is a significant part of any country’s economy. There is a plenitude of publicly available data due to Sweden’s and other public administrations’ transparency policies. Despite this fact, public procurement has been poorly covered in business administration literature when compared with the private sector’s purchasing and selling activities. This thesis tries to bridge the theoretical gap between knowledge of purchasing in business-to-business (“B2B”) and public procurement. Public procurement can be considered as a special type of B2B transaction and, particularly in the case of bigger procurements, of project purchasing. The important difference is that public procurement must follow specific and stricter legislation compared with the private sector’s purchasing activities. Among other things, public procurement law restricts contact between the procuring organisation and tenderers in some phases of the procurement process, allows no changes after the publishing of the Request for Proposal and opens the possibility to appeal to the court if any party considers that the procuring organisation has not acted in accordance with the public procurement rules. The telecom market has, over a period of thirty years, been transformed from a monopoly with practically no choice to a fully competitive market with several service and equipment providers as well as different pricing schemes and competing technical solutions. The development of the Swedish telecom market can be divided into four stages: Full monopoly, partial de-monopolization, full competition and system integration. The main driving forces behind this development have been the political decision to liberate the telecom market and achieve full competition as well as rapid and diverse technical development, which includes the introduction of mobile communication, broadband and Internet. At the same time, the dependency on well functioning telecom in the public sector is constantly increasing due to political agendas such as agencies availability 24 hours 365 days (“24/7 agency”), use of telecom as a means of rationalization and increased internal efficiency as well as new usages in areas that previously were not using telecom in their daily routines. The public procurement of telecom has changed from being a relatively simple administrative issue through being of technical concern to becoming more and more of strategic importance, especially in case of outsourcing and/or procuring system integration from a prime contractor.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Construction Management, Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying In the Faculty of Engineering, At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Sustainable buildings are structures produced to meet the present housing needs of a society without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their future needs. Based on the findings derived from the reviewed literature, the production process and the operational lifecycle of sustainable buildings promote a healthy well-being for the inhabitants and environmental balance through the effective management of energy, water, land and materials resources at every stage of construction. However, ineffective construction materials procurement strategy was found in literature as a major factor that constrains the production of sustainable buildings; leading to project failures or production cost and time overrun. Thus, the production cost of sustainable buildings is influenced by the total cost of construction materials acquisition, which amounts to about 65% of the total cost of building production. This factor on cost has over the years been a significant barrier to the adoption of sustainable building principles in the construction industry. This prompted the need to establish an effective strategy for construction materials procurement towards the enhancement of sustainable building production in Western Cape, South Africa. The research study adopted a mixed methodological approach, which involved the use of semi-structured qualitative interviews and closed-ended quantitative questionnaires administered to construction stakeholders (contractors and consultants) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. SPSS version 23 software was used to analyse the quantitative data collected and ‘content analysis’ method was used to analyse the information collected through qualitative interview conducted.

Background Supply chain integration is a prevailing issue of current research and influences the competitive advantage of companies significantly. However, construction industries are argued to be the least integrated supply chains of all due to their complexity. e-Procurement is one way to improve integration in a supply chain and has currently been implemented by some actors in the Swedish construction industry. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate outcomes achieved and challenges encountered when implementing e-Procurement in the Swedish construction industry in order to generate contributions to literature considering the detected research gaps. Method This study has been carried out according to an abductive approach given its flexibility to simultaneously review existing theory when analyzing the empirical findings. However, outcomes achieved and challenges encountered when implementing e-Procurement in the construction industry, in particular in Sweden, lacks considerably in scientific literature. Thus, an exploratory and qualitative study has been conducted in order to assess the phenomenon in a new light and generate knowledge. The empirical findings have been collected in a single holistic case study of a supply chain in the Swedish construction industry which recently has implemented e-Procurement. The empirical data emanates from semi-structured face-to-face interviews which have been conducted with nine respondents from five different organizations operating in the Swedish construction industry. The data has been analyzed using summarizing, categorizing and pattern matching. Conclusions The Swedish construction industry, at least the investigated supply chain, was and still is rather underdeveloped when it comes to electronic purchasing processes. However, the results of this study show that quite many outcomes and challenges with regard to e-Procurement are similar to other industries. Overall, 15 outcomes and five challenges have been detected for this supply chain. The implementation of e-Procurement in the Swedish construction industry faces positive conditions to be successful and has the potential to change routine working methods.

Background: The market for eProcurement is expected to increase from from US$ 3,6 miljarder to US$ 1.375 billions under the period 1999-2003. Nevertheless, there is still a widespread unsecurity among companies surrounding eProcurement, partly due to that procurement for a long time has played a remote role in the companies, and partly since procurement is a far from a homogeneous function.

Purpose: To examine how eProcurement is defined, what advantages eProcurement implies and how it affects the procurement strategies and the procurement processes of companies.

Research method: The empiric work comes from interviews with persons in connection with procurement at four companies that today are using an eProcurement-system or are about to introduce one, and at two companies that delivers applications.

Result: From the persons we have interviewed we conclude that there is a rather strong unanimity as how eProcurement is being defined, and which advantages it can imply. Furthermore, eProcurement should not be seen as a solution of a company's eventuall procurement problems, but as a tool to strengthen and refine its procurement strategies and a possibility for rationalizing the procurement processes of the company. In other words, you shall not just pave old paths.

MBA Professional Report
Aproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
In light of the limited recognition of electronic reverse auctions (e-RA) in the acquisition field, the purpose of this research paper is to further the use of e-RAs throughout the federal government and the Department of Defense (D0D). By exploring a multitude of auction types and designs that have been or are currently being used in the private sector, these practices set a basis for researching the auction types being used in the public sector. This paper further explores the regulations guiding the use of e-RAs and investigates the federal government's application of reverse auctions through studies, reports, and interviews with users of e-RAs. Details as to what attributes are prevalent in these e-RAs, what features are best suited for e-RAs, and what benefits have been derived from the use of e-RAs in the federal government are also included. Finally, the researchers found that e-RAs have increased transparency, cost savings, and efficiencies in the acquisition process. Although reverse auctions are being used effectively, the researchers found that there are still opportunities for improvement including incorporating a fully functional best-value tool into e-RA technology and developing more thorough federal guidance on e-RAs as an alternative pricing method.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
This case study explores the first and only electronic reverse auction (e-RA) conducted by the United States Air Force (USAF) in Kuwait and addresses both theoretical gaps in e-RA knowledge and practitioner gaps within the Department of Defense (DoD). Qualitative research based on a single case study explored 1) cultural implications of conducting an e-RA in the Middle East and 2) procedures DoD contracting officers could follow to use e-RAs for stateside and contingency procurementsà ¢ and expected savings from doing so. Findings suggest that Middle Eastern sellers with a cultural disposition to avoid risky technology-based acquisition participated in the USAF auction because they trusted the USAF more than buyers in the local market. Sellers also felt increased satisfaction with the e-RA even when they did not win because the process increased fairness, transparency and reduced the negative effects of "wasta" and the general Arab business climate of distrust, unfairness, and favoritism. Secondly, a detailed spend analysis of FY07à ¢ -08 USAF spend data, extrapolated across DoD, suggests the DoD is leaving billions of dollars on the table by not using e-RAs. Drawing on the results, implications for theory and practice are explicated. Finally, study limitations are disclosed, and opportunities for future research are identified.
This case study explores the first and only electronic reverse auction (e-RA) conducted by the United States Air Force (USAF) in Kuwait and addresses both theoretical gaps in e-RA knowledge and practitioner gaps within the Department of Defense (DoD). Qualitative research based on a single case study explored 1) cultural implications of conducting an e-RA in the Middle East and 2) procedures DoD contracting officers could follow to use e-RAs for stateside and contingency procurementsà ¢ and expected savings from doing so. Findings suggest that Middle Eastern sellers with a cultural disposition to avoid risky technology-based acquisition participated in the USAF auction because they trusted the USAF more than buyers in the local market. Sellers also felt increased satisfaction with the e-RA even when they did not win because the process increased fairness, transparency and reduced the negative effects of "wasta" and the general Arab business climate of distrust, unfairness, and favoritism. Secondly, a detailed spend analysis of FY07à ¢ -08 USAF spend data, extrapolated across DoD, suggests the DoD is leaving billions of dollars on the table by not using e-RAs. Drawing on the results, implications for theory and practice are explicated. Finally, study limitations are disclosed, and opportunities for future research are identified.

This thesis report aims at illustrating and describing how e-procurement can contribute in creating value and reducing overheads associated with the procurement process through adopting and implementing e-procurement systems and applications in the supply chain network of an organization. It is an obvious fact that e-procurement plays a vital role in managing the supply chain especially now that outsourcing has become very common in the business market environment around the world. The main purpose of our bachelor thesis work is to find out how e-procurement can contribute in creating value, reducing cost and gaining more profit out of the procurement process. Since this thesis report is meant to cover the available literature on procurement and e-procurement only limited areas of the supply chain management is presented.When it comes to methodologies, available literatures on procurement and e-procurement have been covered to extract the most plausible information and data related how e-procurement contributes in creating value and reducing costs and overheads in the supply chain management. First a framework of modern procurement processes and stages is given as a basis and then e-procurement is treated being the technologies and key factors in implementation of e-procurement.This thesis work tries to consolidate prevalent ideas as well as facts that have been tested by means of academic researches carried out by scholars of the field and interdisciplinary of industrial engineering.
Program: BSc in Industrial Engineering - International Business Engineering

Public procurement is the government activity most vulnerable to corruption. Lack of transparency and accountability are recognised as a major threat to integrity in public procurement. Repeated findings by the Auditor- General(SA) on poor document management and lack of compliance with the Public Finance Management Act ( No1 of 1999) by the SCM units in departments of the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration necessitates the use of e-procurement for purposes of accountability and proper documentation of transactions. The study assessed the current status of e-procurement in the Eastern Cape Provincial government. This entailed an overview of IFMS, identifying its implementation and shortcomings. Also reviewed was implementation of the Logistical Information System ( LOGIS) in the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration (Department of Health) as its e-procurement platform, as well as e-procurement at the Department of Social development and Special Programmes .The status of government suppliers’ internet connectivity was also assessed.

Dissertação de Mestrado em MPA - Administração Pública
A contratação pública tem vindo a assumir maior importância, por ser um dos grandes consumidores do orçamento público. Para o processo de contratação pública são utilizadas plataformas eletrónicas, que têm como objetivos entregar a este processo maior transparência, encurtamento de prazos, simplificação e desmaterialização processual. Este trabalho procurou analisar o processo de implementação das Compras Públicas Eletrónicas na Administração Pública Central Portuguesa e identificar eventuais dificuldades. Para o efeito, recorreu-se a uma abordagem qualitativa, que envolveu a análise documental de documentos oficiais e análise de conteúdo de entrevistas a empresas responsáveis pelas plataforma e a utilizadores destes sistemas. Deste modo, concluiu-se que a Contratação Pública Eletrónica em Portugal foi concretizada, no entanto a sua manutenção pode ser posta em causa, pelo facto de se ter identificado falhas entre os pressupostos do Código dos Contratos Públicos (CCP), regulador desta forma de contratação e a sua efetivação. Em suma, este estudo permitiu verificar que a redução de tempo e de custos, o aumento da transparência, a simplificação processual e o contributo para a redução do risco de corrupção foram conseguidos. No entanto, o aumento da concorrência, a desmaterialização e atualização da legislação são problemas que fragilizam a Contratação Pública Eletrónica em Portugal.
The public procurement has been assuming a larger relevance, mainly because of the fact that it is one of the biggest consumers of the public budget. For that process, there are used electronic platforms, that aim to achieve more transparency, shortening of deadlines, simplification and procedural dematerialization. This essay meant to analyse the electronic public procurement implementation process in the Portuguese Central Public Administration and identify eventual difficulties. For that, it was used a qualitative approach, that involved the analysis if official documents and content analysis of the interviews applied to the enterprises that are responsible for the platforms and to users of these systems. As such, it is concluded that the implementation of the electronic public procurement in Portugal was accomplished, however, its maintenance could be affected by different failures identified in the Public Contract Code, that rules this kind of procurement and its application. To sum up, this study allowed to sustain that the reduction of time and costs, the augment of transparency, procedural simplification and the contribution to the reduction of risks with corruption was achieved. Nevertheless, the augment of competitiveness, dematerialisation and regulation updates are problems that affect the electronic public procurement in Portugal.
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Do technical solutions override or fast track institutional reforms? This study interrogates the extent to which Zambia’s newly introduced Electronic Government Procurement (e-GP) is addressing the procurement challenges [for essential drugs and medical supplies] in the Ministry of Health (MoH). A brain child of the Zambia Public Procurement Authority (ZPPA), the e-GP is but one of the components of the wider procurement reform agenda. The e-GP was introduced with the intention of enhancing efficiency, effectiveness and Value for Money (VfM) in public procurement. Since 2016, ZPPA has been piloting the approach in selected Procurement Entities (PEs), a combination of sector ministries and state parastatals. Based on review of project documentation, publicly available data, and interviews from key stakeholders; the study explores and interrogates the contextual and institutional challenges characterising the e-GP design and pilot implementation phases, and the extent to which these realities impact the achievement of the intended outcomes. A fair amount of information from interviewees was provided under conditions of confidentiality, thus individuals are not often identified. It is perhaps too early to ascertain the extent to which the e-GP is realising the intended objectives. This is partly explained by the project’s slow start, occasioned by delayed procurement which had knock - on effects on the overall project’s pace. An interrogation of the history and political economy of Zambia suggests however that it is the opaque challenges bordering on the political economy which is the single most binding constraint to reforms; defining the process, the pace and outcomes. The design of the e-GP was generic and non-participatory. There is no evidence to suggest that the process had provided opportunity for PE’s to define and customize the problems that mattered for them to be addressed by the e-GP. Instead, the e-GP seems to have been sold to PEs as a best practice solution. Because of the deep incentive fabric at both organizational and individual levels, the project seems to have some traction. Effort of various actors does not appear to be supportive of each, often latently contradicting each other. Project progress is held constant by the relative ability of the ZPPA to push some strands of work within some pilot PEs. This relative ability of the ZPPA shields the low levels of acceptance and questionable authority within PEs and among actors. Progress on the e-GP appears like a façade of success; suggestive of isomorphic mimicry.

This thesis deals with the issue of electronic public procurement. The aim of this thesis is to confirm or disprove the following hypotheses. The first hypothesis of this dissertation is the claim that the current legislation constitutes an adequate legal basis for the implementation of electronic public procurement. The second hypothesis states that the electronic public procurement is more efficient and more transparent than the public procurement without electronization. Examining the first hypothesis was chosen in order to determine whether it is necessary to change the law for the possibility of fully electronic public procurement. The second hypothesis, then, in essence asks whether electronization of public procurement improves the efficiency of public procurement and whether it contributes to increase the transparency of public procurement.

This thesis presents a case study regarding the adoption and use of an eMarketplace in the public sector. It has been has been used to examine the factors which affected the implementation of a major information systems initiative within the Western Australian public sector, the Government Electronic Marketplace (GEM). Procurement, Purchasing and Supply Management is a complex topic as it interlinks with most areas of business. In order to understand supply management’s impact and implications, a multi-disciplinary approach is essential. The thesis addresses this context by addressing theoretical aspects of Economics, Public Sector Management, Procurement, Management Information Systems and Accounting, developing a model which provides insight into the complex interaction which occurs between these disciplines. A theoretical dual lens under which to examine institutional/organisational process is embedded within this multidisciplinary meta-theoretical model. The theoretical positioning of this thesis emphasises the complementarity of structuration theory (Giddens, 1979, 1984) and institutional theory. The former is concerned with the process of change in structures through time (Schultze & Orlikowski, 2004) whereas institutional theory examines the implications of the structures. While institutional theory provides insight in to the way institutions are at a particular point, incorporation of aspects of structuration theory provides greater insight for a study which addresses change over time. The case study examines a number of units of analysis which have a primary role in this framework as either an “institutional constituent” (source of institutional structures) or “subject organisation”. Central agencies which influenced the system are considered primarily as “institutional constituents”, government departments that used the system and suppliers to government are considered as “subject organisations”. Levels of conformity and non-conformity with information systems decisions are not easy to predict.This case demonstrates that initial acquiescence to a decision can give way to non-conformity when legitimating external forces are not present. The resulting analysis (using the dual lens) provides insight into causation in addition to outcomes. The study makes a contribution to organisational research in several related areas. It is a study of the use of systems to deliver a public sector agenda that involves a government agency acting as a technology champion. It is also a study of conformity and nonconformity in an institutional environment and the reasons why and how institutional response changes over time. It also establishes an integrated model for the investigation of enacted technology over time which is particularly suited for public sector organisations.

Tendering is a method for entering into a sales contract. Numerous electronic tendering systems have been established with the intent of improving the efficiency of the tendering process. Although providing adequate security services is a desired feature in an e-tendering system, current e-tendering systems are usually designed with little consideration of security and legal compliance. This research focuses on designing secure protocols for e-tendering systems. It involves developing methodologies for establishing security requirements, constructing security protocols and using formal methods in protocol security verification. The implication is that it may prove suitable for developing secure protocols in other electronic business domains. In depth investigations are conducted into a range of issues in relation to establishing generic security requirements for e-tendering systems. The outcomes are presented in a form of basic and advanced security requirements for e-tendering process. This analysis shows that advanced security services are required to secure e-tender negotiation integrity and the submission process. Two generic issues discovered in the course of this research, functional difference and functional limitations, are fundamental in constructing secure protocols for tender negotiation and submission processes. Functional difference identification derives advanced security requirements. Functional limitation assessment defines how the logic of generic security mechanisms should be constructed. These principles form a proactive analysis applied prior to the construction of security protocols. Security protocols have been successfully constructed using generic cryptographic security mechanisms. These protocols are secure e-tender negotiation integrity protocol suite, and secure e-tender submission protocols. Their security has been verified progressively during the design. Verification results show that protocols are secure against common threat scenarios. The primary contribution of this stage are the procedures developed for the complex e-business protocol analysis using formal methods. The research shows that proactive analysis has made this formal security verification possible and practical for complex protocols. These primary outcomes have raised awareness of security issues in e-tendering. The security solutions proposed in the protocol format are the first in e-tendering with verifiable security against common threat scenarios, and which are also practical for implementation. The procedures developed for securing the e-tendering process are generic and can be applied to other business domains. The study has made improvements in: establishing adequate security for a business process; applying proactive analysis prior to secure protocol construction; and verifying security of complex e-business protocols using tool aided formal methods.

Tendering is a method for entering into a sales contract. Numerous electronic tendering systems have been established with the intent of improving the efficiency of the tendering process. Although providing adequate security services is a desired feature in an e-tendering system, current e-tendering systems are usually designed with little consideration of security and legal compliance. This research focuses on designing secure protocols for e-tendering systems. It involves developing methodologies for establishing security requirements, constructing security protocols and using formal methods in protocol security verification. The implication is that it may prove suitable for developing secure protocols in other electronic business domains. In depth investigations are conducted into a range of issues in relation to establishing generic security requirements for e-tendering systems. The outcomes are presented in a form of basic and advanced security requirements for e-tendering process. This analysis shows that advanced security services are required to secure e-tender negotiation integrity and the submission process. Two generic issues discovered in the course of this research, functional difference and functional limitations, are fundamental in constructing secure protocols for tender negotiation and submission processes. Functional difference identification derives advanced security requirements. Functional limitation assessment defines how the logic of generic security mechanisms should be constructed. These principles form a proactive analysis applied prior to the construction of security protocols. Security protocols have been successfully constructed using generic cryptographic security mechanisms. These protocols are secure e-tender negotiation integrity protocol suite, and secure e-tender submission protocols. Their security has been verified progressively during the design. Verification results show that protocols are secure against common threat scenarios. The primary contribution of this stage are the procedures developed for the complex e-business protocol analysis using formal methods. The research shows that proactive analysis has made this formal security verification possible and practical for complex protocols. These primary outcomes have raised awareness of security issues in e-tendering. The security solutions proposed in the protocol format are the first in e-tendering with verifiable security against common threat scenarios, and which are also practical for implementation. The procedures developed for securing the e-tendering process are generic and can be applied to other business domains. The study has made improvements in: establishing adequate security for a business process; applying proactive analysis prior to secure protocol construction; and verifying security of complex e-business protocols using tool aided formal methods.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Públicas
O modo como a Administração Pública contrata tem vindo a ganhar uma importância acrescida numa sociedade que, cada vez mais, tende a escrutinar, e bem, o modo como os dinheiros públicos são gastos. Considerando o relevo financeiro e o risco associado à contratação pública e às aquisições de bens e serviços, é cada vez mais relevante que os organismos dediquem atenção redobrada ao controlo interno e externo na área das compras. Os desafios são cada vez maiores, a que se associam novas formas de contratação, relacionadas com plataformas eletrónicas, as quais visam transmitir maior simplicidade e transparência, assegurando-se ainda a diminuição de prazos e a desmaterialização dos procedimentos. O Código de Contratos Públicos, privilegiando a via eletrónica para a contratação, procura aumentar a eficiência destes procedimentos. Este trabalho procurou analisar as compras que foram realizadas pela Assembleia da República entre 2015 e 2018 e verificar qual o impacto da contratação eletrónica e da nona versão do Código dos Contratos Públicos, aprovada pelo DL nº 111-B/2017, de 31 de agosto, nos procedimentos por convite, os quais têm uma prevalência significativa na contratação pública nacional. Nesse âmbito, efetuou-se uma abordagem mista, com recurso a pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e análise de dados quantitativos, tendo-se também realizado entrevistas a responsáveis na área da contratação pública. Não obstante o inegável sucesso da contratação pública eletrónica, o exemplo da Assembleia da República confirma a existência de um processo de compras muito associado a procedimentos por convite, paradigma que não se alterou significativamente apesar das diversas alterações à legislação já efetuadas. Subsistem, consequentemente, desafios à implementação de uma contratação pública plenamente concorrencial, desmaterializada e que garanta, em permanência, a prossecução do interesse público. Assim, o aumento da concorrência, a desmaterialização e atualização da legislação são problemas que continuam a fragilizar a Contratação Pública Eletrónica em Portugal.
The way Public Administration purchases has become a matter of great concern in a society that increasingly examines how public funds are spent. Considering the financial expression and the risk associated with the acquisition of goods and services, public organizations must commit special attention to the internal and external control in the purchasing area. Challenges have grown bigger with new ways of public procurement, associated with e platforms, which aim to deliver simplicity and transparency providing, at the same time, shorter deadlines and the dematerialization of procedures. The Public Contract Code, giving privilege to electronic contracting, aims to increase the efficiency of these procedures. The goal of this essay is to correlate public procurement carried out at the Assembly of the Republic using e-Procurement, the Public Contract Code, namely its ninth version, approved by the Decree-Law number 111-B/2017 of august 31st and direct awards, that still prevail on national public procurement. In this context, a mixed approach was implemented with the help of bibliographical, documentary and data research, together with interviews to public procurement officials. Despite the undeniable success of public e-procurement, the Assembly of the Republic’s example confirms that procurement procedures are very often associated with direct award, a paradigm that the new legislation has failed to change significantly. Consequently, challenges remain to the implementation of a fully competitive, dematerialized public procurement, which will ensure the continued pursuit of the public interest. Therefore, the increase of competitiveness, dematerialisation and legislation updates are problems that still weaken e-procurement in Portugal.
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Electronic procurement (e-procurement) has been widely adopted across the private sector, and as such various aspects of its adoption has been researched. The adoption of e-procurement in the public sector is not as widespread, especially in relation the UK Central and Local Government sectors, and accordingly there has been limited research into the factors affecting the adoption of e-procurement technologies, within this context. Consequently, this study, which has been undertaken with five case study organisations spread across the UK Central and Local Government sectors, aims to add to current published literature, and in particular provide an understanding of the relationship between the factors identified which have affected adoption, and the extent of adoption of e-procurement solutions. This research provides a number of significant contributions to current published literature including a comprehensive definition and conceptualisation of e-procurement and a holistic research framework which facilitates understanding the relationships between the level of adoption by the case study organisations and the factors affecting their decisions. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there is a high degree of commonality between the case study organisations in terms of their levels of adoption, and the factors that have affected such adoption. Of these factors, there are four that are particularly important, as they haven't previously attracted much attention in the literature. More specifically, this research highlights the importance of understanding an organisation's procurement landscape, the impact (both negative and positive) of public policy on adoption, the impact of enhanced organisational standing and the need for vision and leadership from senior stakeholders.

The literature about information systems adoption generally, and specifically the use of EOI within supply chains. indicates that there are significant savings to be made, primarily by reductions in inventory costs. The Iiterature surrounding the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) movement within the retail supply chain also claims that there are significant savings to be made and that these savings will be shared by partners within the supply chain and be passed on to consumers. This is a two stage study of a local case organisation operating within a duopoly industry environment. The research was conductad during the period of 1999 to 2005.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Públicas
Considerando a necessidade de cumprir com os princípios da concorrência, da não-discriminação, da transparência, da livre circulação, da proporcionalidade, do reconhecimento mútuo e da eficiência, vertidos no direito comunitário, foi implementado um regime comum de contratação pública na União Europeia, que teve como principal objetivo estimular a concorrência transfronteiriça e reduzir os custos com aquisições e empreitadas por parte das entidades públicas. (Tratado de Roma, 1957) Com esta dissertação pretende-se investigar os vários fatores que levaram à implementação de um sistema eletrónico de contratação pública na União Europeia. Para o efeito, pretende-se identificar os fatores que contribuíram para os movimentos de reforma e modernização da Administração Pública dos Estados-Membros, com especial incidência nas medidas levadas a cabo pelos diversos Governos Constitucionais em Portugal. Por outro lado, vamos analisar porque é que se considera que no nosso país a sua implementação foi bem-sucedida, avaliar as vantagens e desvantagens da implementação de um sistema eletrónico de compras públicas e comparar a evolução da contratação pública eletrónica em Portugal, no que diz respeito ao Índice de Manchester acima dos limiares comunitários. Portugal foi o primeiro Estado-Membro a determinar a obrigatoriedade de utilização de plataformas eletrónicas nos procedimentos de contratação pública. A utilização de sistemas eletrónicos de compras públicas é um reflexo da modernização da Administração Pública que gera eficiência operacional e permite alcançar os objetivos de simplificação, desburocratização e desmaterialização dos processos de contratação pública, sendo certo que, de acordo com as entrevistas realizadas aos principais intervenientes no processo de compras públicas, algumas das vantagens apontadas à contratação pública eletrónica, ainda ficam aquém da realidade.
Considering the need to comply with the principles of competition, non-discrimination, transparency, free movement, proportionality, mutual recognition and efficiency, poured into Community law, the European Union implemented a common system of electronic public procurement (e-public procurement), which aimed to stimulate across border competition and reduce the cost of purchases and contracts celebrated by public entities. (Treaty of Rome, 1957) With this dissertation we intend to investigate the factors that led to the implementation of public e-procurement in the European Union. We pretend to identify the factors that contributed for the movements of reform and modernization of Public Administration of the Member States, with particular focus on the measures undertaken by several Constitutional Governments in Portugal. On the other hand, we will analyze why is it that the implementation of an electronic system of public procurement in Portugal was considered successful and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of e-public procurement. Portugal was the first Member State to determinate the obligation of using electronic platforms at all stages of public procurement procedures. The use of electronic systems in public procurement is a reflection of modernization of Public Administration that generates operational efficiency and allows to achieve the objectives of simplification, reducing bureaucracy and dematerialization of public procurement. Nevertheless, according to the interviews conducted with key players in the process of public procurement, some of the advantages pointed to e-procurement still fall short of reality.

У роботі розкрито особливості та специфіку державних закупівель в Україні. Проаналізовано динаміку закупівель за останні роки. Розглянуто теоретичні аспекти поведінки споживачів на ринку В2В. Доведено, що впровадження та використання системи електронних закупівель зумовлює підвищення ефективності роботи підприємств.
The paper reveals the features and specifics of public procurement in Ukraine. The dynamics of procurement in recent years is analyzed. Theoretical aspects of consumer behavior in the B2B market are considered. It is proved that the introduction and use of e-procurement system increases the efficiency of enterprises.

The document deals with the topic of electronic procurement with emphasis on process of its electronization using electronic tool Softender. The text is divided in two main parts -- First, theoretical part focuses on Public Produce Act analysis in relation to its forthcoming amendment. The practical part aims at functional description of electronic tool Softender. Inovations of such software solution and usage models are also discussed such as the marketing plan for the tool.

Thesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006.
This research investigates the ordering process between small suppliers and retailers and the role of the Internet in this process. Product ordering and fulfilment are both important components of a supply chain, of which suppliers and retailers are members. The Internet as an enabling technology has an important role to play in supply chains and therefore also in order processing. Internet technology facilitates Business-to-Business (B2B) transactions. Retailers and their suppliers collaborate to align production with customer demands. Internet-enabled B2B supports this collaboration between businesses, allowing them to gain knowledge about customer demands real-time. This enables them to determine the impact of these demands on their operations. Using the Internet has the advantage that it provides an ever present link that is less costly than private networks and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). When the Internet is used to facilitate trade and commerce between businesses, ecommerce is established. With Internet-enabled B2B (or B2B e-commerce), multiple suppliers are connected to multiple customers. This reduces production cycle times, reduces inventory, improves speed and quality of communications and reduces costs. This research investigates suppliers in the retail supply chain and focuses more specifically on small businesses due to their reported importance in the South African economy. They provide employment to a large portion of the country's population and contribute almost half to the economic activity. Small suppliers form part of supply chains and have to adhere to the demands exerted by larger supply chain members in order to be included in such supply chains. Small suppliers have just as an important role to fulfil in supply chains as larger companies. Small suppliers are also responsible for connecting and integrating supply chain members and in so doing, reduce costs.

Міщенко, Р. І. Формування ефективних механізмів публічних закупівель в сучасних геоекономічних умовах : дис. ... канд. наук з держ. управління : 25.00.02 / Р. І. Міщенко. - Чернігів, 2021. - 241 с.
У дисертації на науково-теоретичному рівні доведено, що ефективно функціонуюча система публічних закупівель є одним з найважливіших інструментів державного регулювання економічного розвитку країни, функції якого не обмежуються забезпеченням ефективного й раціонального витрачання державних коштів, а поширюються на створення умов для розвитку конкурентного середовища, нових інформаційних технологій, запобігання проявам корупції; розвитку будівництва соціально важливих об'єктів, довіри громадськості; політики стимулювання виробників, що забезпечує управління зайнятістю населення; регулювання процесів формування і виконання державного та місцевого бюджетів; здійснення програм підвищення суспільного добробуту в цілому. Уточнено понятійно-категоріальний апарат проблемного поля дослідження шляхом визначення поняття «механізми публічних закупівель» як набір певних стандартизованих алгоритмів дій усіх суб’єктів процесу закупівель для ефективного їх проведення; уточнення понять «ефективність публічних закупівель» в частині доповнення їх значенням забезпечення максимальної прозорості шляхом створення належних і рівних умов для всіх учасників у сфері публічних закупівель та можливості висвітлення корупційних явищ суб’єктами громадянського суспільства; «електронні закупівлі» щодо максимального переведення документації в електронний формат з урахування вимог та норм вітчизняного законодавства; «публічні закупівлі» в частині врахування їх сталості на етапах планування закупівель та формування тендерної документації. Теоретико-методологічний дискурс дослідження дозволив розглянути систему публічних закупівель залежно від очікуваної вартості та кількості процедур, що дозволило в динаміці показати загальні підходи до забезпечення ефективності публічних закупівель в цілому. Відтак, виокремлено специфіку здійснення публічних закупівель в сучасних геоекономічних умовах як напрямів удосконалення організації й функціонування сучасної системи публічних закупівель в Україні на державному рівні шляхом поєднання національного та регіонального показників в межах національних порогів задля оптимізації логістичних процесів з метою якості товарів, робіт, послуг та раціонального використання й економії бюджетних коштів; на наддержавному рівні – проведення та здійснення наднаціональних закупівель у міжнародному просторі при будівництві, ремонті, реконструкції важливих інфраструктурних та соціальних об’єктів, забезпеченням високотехнологічним обладнанням суб’єктів соціальної сфери в умовах абсолютизації ефективності процесу та механізмів – правова ефективність, економічна ефективність, ефективність результату, ефективність часу. В результаті удосконалено методологію моніторингу ефективності публічних закупівель з урахуванням принципів інституційної взаємозалежності «держава, бізнес, громадянське суспільство»; технологій якісної та кількісної відповідності надання товарів, робіт і послуг; доцільності та економічної обґрунтованості прийнятих рішень; критеріального підхіду до оцінки ефективності на основі індекс-ризику; системної стратегізації внутрішнього контролю для кожного замовника; механізмів відшкодування збитків тощо, що орієнтована на виявлення невідповідностей здійснення процесуальних дій та упередження корупційних ризиків і має на меті забезпечення правильного застосування наднаціональних Директив у сфері публічних закупівель та кількісну перевірку ступеня використання уніфікованого на рівні ЄС механізму публічних закупівель. Доведено, що ефективність публічних закупівель та раціональне використання державних коштів сприятиме запровадженню відповідних стандартів для управління процесом проведення процедур закупівель, у тому числі, за умови дотримання чинних правил проведення публічних закупівель державними органами, комерційними організаціями та їх представниками на усіх етапах самої процедури. Крім того, ефективність буде досягнута лише в тому випадку коли за процесом проведення закупівель буде здійснюватись і аналіз і контроль. Відтак, підвищення ефективності функціонування системи публічних закупівель доцільно забезпечується завдяки розвитку його важливої складової, а саме впровадження механізму електронних закупівель. Уточнено критерії ефективності механізмів публічних закупівель та доведено по-перше, необхідність їх доповнення критеріями – геоекономічний фактор логістичних процесів на регіональному рівні; своєчасність поставки товарів, робіт і послуг; гарантійне обслуговування; досвід виконання відповідних робіт; по-друге, розширення підкритеріями – поєднання кількості / якості залежно від успішно реалізованих проектів та складності закупівлі без обмеження конкурентності; отримання якісного продукту за найнижчою ціною; по-третє, ранжування критерію якості в кожному окремому випадку; по-четверте, розробка відповідної методики та методології, затвердження на законодавчому рівні з урахування використання електронної системи закупівель. На рівні наукової практики у роботі вперше обґрунтовано запровадження конкурентних механізмів публічних закупівель в сучасних геоекономічних умовах у їх взаємозалежності від процедури закупівлі в єдиній системі акомодації, що доведено ознакою ефективності здійснення публічних закупівель за умови, що ринок через притаманні йому механізми самостійно забезпечує найкращий продукт за найменшу ціну; в результаті чого запропоновано адаптацію механізмів здійснення електронних закупівель відповідно до вимог і правил Світового банку шляхом переходу до електронного формату, забезпечення змагальності на конкурентних засадах з максимальним залученням представників бізнесу з метою досягнення економії часових та бюджетних ресурсів, мінімізації правових і організаційних порушень, запобігання корупційним проявам, можливістю оскарження неправомірних рішень, забезпеченістю прав усіх учасників, визначення алгоритмів дій уповноважених осіб при здійсненні закупівель задля їх ефективності тощо. Обґрунтовано необхідність впровадження механізму електронних закупівель, що потребує удосконалення наступних його складових: стандартизація набору вимог для скорочення часових витрат задля мінімізації вимог для формування повного пакету документів; співставність суб’єктного фактору та уніфікація процедури оскарження, унормування повноважень та функціоналу Антимонопольного комітету України; розробка та запровадження єдиного алгоритму дій. Розроблено пропозиції та надано практичні рекомендації щодо формування ефективних механізмів публічних закупівель в сучасних геоекономічних умовах: 1) доповнити частину 2 статті 16 Закону України «Про публічні закупівлі» новим критерієм - «якість» або «якісним кваліфікаційним критерієм», під яким слід розуміти сукупність властивостей товарів, робіт, послуг, що повністю задовольняє потребу замовника, має високий рейтинг і відповідає найвищим міжнародним та національним стандартам (ергономічним, технологічним, технічним; 2) запровадити «чорні списки» або «реєстр недобросовісних учасників» для уникнення цінового демпінгу і подальшого недопущення недобросовісних учасників до участі у закупівлях; 3) забезпечити повну автоматизацію процесу обміну інформації між державними реєстрами під час оцінки і розгляду пропозицій учасників; 4) упровадити безпаперовий обмін інформації на всіх етапах здійснення закупівлі, особливо в частині укладення електронних договорів та автоматичної їх реєстрація в органах державної казначейської служби; 5) для професіоналізації фахівців у сфері публічних закупівель, після внесення будь-яких змін до Закону України «Про публічні закупівлі» або підзаконних нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють сферу публічних закупівель, впровадити необхідність підвищення кваліфікації (навчальні семінари, вебінари, схематичне зображення змін «що було» і «що стало») тощо як обов’язкове; 6) рекомендувати до здійснення такі заходи, що сприятимуть усуненню недоліків у системі публічних закупівель в Україні: запровадження механізму електронних закупівель; забезпечення переведення тендерної документації повністю в електронний формат; збільшення частки «зелених» публічних закупівель з метою мінімізації негативного впливу на навколишнє середовище, шляхом затвердження уповноваженим органом, що здійснює регулювання та реалізує державну політику у сфері закупівель, чітко визначених методик оцінки тендерних пропозицій за екологічними критеріями, для можливості широкого використання фахівцями з публічних закупівель при оголошенні процедур закупівель. Доведено, що системі публічних закупівель в Україні слід вжити заходів для розвитку професійного підходу. Такі заходи включають в себе: створення категорії в державному реєстрі спеціалістів, яка опікуються питаннями публічних закупівель – «спеціалісти / службовці з публічних закупівель», основною або єдиною функцією яких є здійснення закупівель; вони повинні мати можливість просування та кар’єрного зростання за допомогою збільшення категорій та рангів, але у межах напрямку державні закупівлі; встановлення кваліфікаційних вимог щодо призначення та просування для різних рівнів посад в сфері публічних закупівель; створення «відділів публічних закупівель» у замовників (генеральних замовників), де працюватимуть спеціалісти на призначених посадах, кожен із відповідним рангом (завдання до кожної посади слід визначити у посадовій інструкції); створення програми для сертифікації навичок і кваліфікації спеціалістів у галузі публічних закупівель, яка проводитиметься Центром підготовки спеціалістів з публічних закупівель, заснованим Міністерством економічного розвитку і торгівлі під контролем Департаменту публічних закупівель з метою сприяння мобілізації потенціалу та професійного зростання працівників сфери публічних закупівель в Україні тощо.
The dissertation proves at the scientific and theoretical level that an efficiently functioning system of public procurement is among the most important tools for the state regulation of the country’s economic development. The functions of the state regulation of the country’s economic development are not limited to ensuring efficient and rational spending of public funds, but extend to creating conditions for the development of a competitive environment, new information technologies, prevention of corruption; development of construction of socially important objects, public trust; producer incentive policy, which provides employment management; regulation of the processes of formation and implementation of state and local budgets; implementation of programs to improve public welfare in general. The conceptual and categorical framework of the subject matter of the study is specified by defining the concept of “public procurement mechanisms” as a set of certain standardized algorithms of actions of all subjects of the procurement process for their effective implementation; clarification of the concepts of “efficiency of public procurement” in terms of adding the definition of ensuring maximum transparency by creating appropriate and equal conditions for all participants in public procurement and the possibility of disclosing the corruption by the civil society actors; clarification of the concept of “electronic procurement” in terms of transition to the electronic format of documentation to the maximum extent, taking into account the requirements and rules of domestic legislation; clarification of the concept of “public procurement" in terms of considering its sustainability at the stages of procurement planning and the tender document formation. The theoretical and methodological discourse of the study allowed considering the public procurement system depending on the expected cost and number of procedures, which made it possible to show the dynamics of general approaches to ensuring the public procurement efficiency in general. The specifics of public procurement in modern geoeconomics for improved organization and functioning of the modern public procurement system in Ukraine at the state level have been highlighted by combining the national and regional indicators within national thresholds to optimize logistics processes for the quality of goods, works, services and rational use and saving of budget funds; at the supranational level – conducting and implementing supranational procurement in the international space in the construction, repair, reconstruction of important infrastructure and social facilities, providing high-tech equipment of social actors in terms of absolute efficiency of the process and mechanisms – legal efficiency, economic efficiency, result efficiency, as well as time efficiency. As a result, the methodology for monitoring the efficiency of public procurement has been improved, taking into account the principles of institutional interdependence “state, business, civil society”; the technologies of qualitative and quantitative compliance with the provision of goods, works and services; the expediency and feasibility of the decisions made; criteria-based approach to efficiency assessment based on index-risk; the system strategy of internal control for each customer; the compensation mechanisms, etc. This methodology is aimed at identifying inconsistent procedural actions, preventing corruption risks and ensuring the correct use of directives in public procurement at the supranational level and quantitative verification of the use of EU unified public procurement. It is proved that the efficiency of the public procurement and the rational use of public funds will contribute to the implementation of relevant standards for managing the procurement process, including compliance with current rules of public procurement by public authorities, commercial organisations and their representatives at all stages of the procedure. Moreover, the efficiency will be achieved only if the procurement process is subject to analysis and control. Therefore, the improved public procurement system efficiency should be ensured through the development of its important component, in particular, the implementation of e-procurement mechanism. The criteria of efficient public procurement are clarified and, firstly, the need in addition of the following criteria is substantiated: the geoeconomic logistic factor at the regional level; timely delivery of goods, works and services; warranty service; relevant experience; secondly, the expansion of the subcriteria – combination of quantity/quality depending on successful projects and complexity of competitive procurement; obtaining a quality product at the lowest price; thirdly, the ranking of the quality criterion in each case; fourth, the development of appropriate methods and methodologies, public approval, given the e-procurement system used. At the level of scientific practice, the introduction of competitive mechanisms of public procurement in modern geoeconomic conditions in their interdependence on the procurement procedure in a single accommodation system is substantiated for the first time, which is proved by the sign of the efficiency of public procurement, provided that the market through its inherent mechanisms independently provides the best product at the lowest price. As a result, it is proposed to adapt the e-procurement mechanisms pursuant to the requirements and rules of the World Bank by transition to the electronic format, ensuring competitiveness on a competitive basis with maximum involvement of business to save time and budget resources, minimize legal and organizational violations, prevent corruption, while ensuring the possibility of appealing against illegal decisions, ensuring the rights of all participants, determining the algorithms of actions of authorized persons in procurement for their effectiveness, etc. The necessity of implementing the e-procurement mechanism has been substantiated, while the following e-procurement mechanism elements require the improvement: standardization of a set of requirements to reduce the time required to minimize the requirements for the preparation of a complete document package; comparability of the subjective factor and unification of the appeal procedure, standardisation of the powers and functionality of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine; the single action algorithm development and implementation. The following proposals and practical guidelines for efficient public procurement in modern geoeconomics have been developed and presented: 1) supplement Article 16 § 2 of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" with a new criterion - “quality” or “quality qualification criterion”, which should be construed as a set of properties of goods, works, services that fully meets the customer’s needs, has a high rating and meets the highest international and national standards (ergonomic, technological, technical); 2) introduce the “blacklists” or “register of bad-faith bidders” to avoid price dumping and further prevent bad-faith bidders from participating in procurement; 3) ensure full automation of the process of information exchange between state registers during the evaluation and consideration of bids; 4) implement the paperless exchange of information at all stages of procurement, especially in terms of concluding electronic contracts and their automatic registration in the State Treasury Service authorities; 5) implement the need for training (training workshops, webinars, schematic representation of changes as “before” and “after”), etc. as mandatory criterion for the professional development of specialists in the field of public procurement, after making any changes to the Law of Ukraine “On Public Procurement” or by-laws governing the public procurement; 6) recommend the implementation of the following measures to facilitate the elimination of shortcomings in the public procurement system of Ukraine: implementation of e-procurement mechanism; ensuring the complete transition the electronic format of tender documents; increase in the share of “green” public procurement in order to minimize the negative environmental impact to be achieved by approving the clearly defined methods of evaluating bids according to environmental criteria by the body authorized to regulate and implement the public procurement policy, for the possibility of widespread use by public procurement specialists when announcing procurement procedures. It is proved that the public procurement system in Ukraine should take measures to develop a professional approach. These should include: creation of a category of specialists in charge of public procurement issues - “public procurement specialists/employees” in the state register, whose key (or only) function is the implementation of procurement; they should be able to develop and advance their careers by increasing their categories and ranks, but within the public procurement; establishing qualification requirements for appointment and promotion for different levels of positions in the public procurement; creation of the “public procurement departments” for customers (general customers), where specialists will work in the assigned positions, each with the appropriate rank (tasks for each position should be defined in the job description); creation of the public procurement specialist skills and qualification certification program, which will be implemented by the Public Procurement Training Centre established by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade under the control of the Public Procurement Department, aimed to promote capacity building and professional growth of public procurement employees in Ukraine.

E-procurement systems make purchasing activities more effective in terms of both time and cost. However over the past years there is evidence that some of the expected benefits have not been achieved. Among several appointed causes, supplier‟s adherence to such platforms has been regarded as one. The focus of this research is in supplier adoption of e-Procurement. Such a study is important in order to better address the issues actually faced by suppliers within e-Procurement. We have conducted a questionnaire-based survey to 721 Portuguese companies and performed an empirical analysis of the results. The findings from this work provide empirical evidence that the supplier perceived benefits and business partner pressures are positively related to e-Procurement adoption while some barriers like implementation costs have the opposite effect. The main critical success factors on e-Procurement adoption are also presented.
Os sistemas de e-Procurement permitem melhorias significativas no tempo e custo associados aos processos de compra. No entanto, nos últimos anos existe evidência de que alguns dos benefícios esperados não têm sido alcançados. Entre as várias causas apontadas, a falta de adesão dos fornecedores a esse tipo de plataformas foi apontada como uma. O foco desta pesquisa está na adopção dos fornecedores ao e-Procurement, mais especificamente nos factores que levam a sua adesão. Foi realizado um questionário a 721 empresas Portuguesas e os dados obtidos analisados. Os resultados deste trabalho fornecem evidências de que os benefícios percebidos pelos fornecedores e as pressões dos parceiros de negócios estão positivamente relacionados com a intenção de adopção, enquanto algumas barreiras, como custos de implementação têm o efeito oposto. Os principais factores críticos de sucesso na adesão ao e-Procurement são também apresentados.

碩士
龍華科技大學
商學與管理研究所碩士班
92
The common goals of electronization are to improve efficiency and efficacy. Take advantage of modern information and communication technologies, we are able to reduce the cost of procurement information, make the procurement process more public and enhance the capability of contract management. In order to promote the efficiency, give rise to the profitable and get rid of the harmful, the military procurement policy and system must be specifically established, the responsibility and authority be properly given, the operation process be streamlined, and the education and training be popular so as to make procurement personnel fully understand the regulation and perform the job effectively. Besides, in order to satisfy the requirement of combat readiness, we should realize the objective of procurement and acquire the most appropriate quality at the most reasonable cost. By reviewing the insufficiency of electronic procurement operation, we should be able to improve the efficacy with proper organization process reengineering. A set of complete conception of organization process reengineering should include these aspects such as policy, system, authority and responsibility, operation process, education and training. By reviewing literature about the drawback of electronic procurement operation and the utilization of human resource, this study aimed at the factors of failure in achieving the procurement objective and tried to find out and provide the resolutions for decision-making unit. This study adopted the methodology of theory analysis to research the procurers’ recognition and expectation of military procurement process reengineering after electronization. Besides, this study also made a questionnaire survey of military procurement personnel. Based on the retrieved samples, the cluster analysis and classification, single-factor variation analysis had been applied and the result shows that members from different departments (plan, bidding, examination and acceptance, supervision and audit) possess different expectations and views toward electronic procurement policy, system, authority and responsibility, process and the need of education and training. The personnel training remarkably affect the establishment of procurement policy and system.

碩士
國立臺北大學
公共行政暨政策學系
95
Government procurement budget is over 800 billions every year. It is a very important part of the national economy. It is also a very significant part of the government budget expenditures account. In the past, the traditional of the tender process, including many concealed unknown information which can easily lead a scandal of collusion between officials and businessmen. Now many countries have gradually changed to use the Internet to allow the government to open the tender for liberalization. It has created a combination of the Internet and e-procurement system (e-Procurement). In our country, the government e-procurement system has been established for some time, the development has been completed the government electronic procurement system, the government electronic procurement tendering system, the inter-entity supply contracts system (IESCS), the electronic catalogs and quotation system, and the government procurement card. The future of government will implement the entire procurement process into the electronic procurement system. The paper try to use of critical success factors theory to analyze how to create a successful e-procurement system and to promote the necessary grasp quickly for government. Reviewing the electronic procurement related research which are concentrates mostly on the e-procurement system efficiency and performance analysis, are less used critical success factors. Therefore, the paper collect the information and literature survey about the critical success factors of government e-procurement system and use questionnaire to analyze for follow up research reference. The paper presents the main structure of critical success factors of the e-procurement system is divided into four major parts. The first part is the system and technology, including safety and competence, technical standards, systems integration. The second part is organization and management, including senior management support, project management, change management, e-procurement strategy. The third part is practices and procedures, including users understand and training, supplier participation, performance measurement. The fourth part is environment, including government decree and the nature of the industry. The results of this paper analyzed the framework of critical success factors how to affect the e-procurement system of government. The framework firstly structures the external environment affect internal factors. The external environment includes the environment and system and technology. Internal factors include organizational and management and the practices and procedures. Practices and processes affect e-procurement systems the most, therefore all factors will indirectly affect practices and procedures, then affecting e-procurement systems.

碩士
世新大學
資訊管理學研究所(含碩專班)
93
For the past few years, the rapid development of the Internet, the Communication and the Information Science and Technology has not only promoted the fast growth of E-Commerce, but also urged the electronic service development. The present electronic service which is constructed in the Internet includes: Electronic payment, electronic auction, electronic voting, electronic procurement and so on. At the moment, our government is promoting enthusiastically the Electronic Government (E-Government), using the Internet and related technology to improve government organizations' efficiency and capability. Taking cost-reduction and efficiency-enhancement into consideration, the traditional procurement operation has gradually been done through the Internet. In many past researches, the majority of researchers placed emphasis on the electronic procurement mechanism that is based on the principle that the lowest tender wins. This way of winning contracts imposes restriction on the tenders which have good procurement functions and conditions. Therefore, as the Goverment Procurement Act of our country was made, the procurement method from other advanced countries and rules of the procurement agreement from the countries of the World Trade Organization were consulted. Besides, the mechanism which let the most advantageous tender win the contract was added and this mechanism is accessible to every official organization. Till now, no research has relative investigation of the electronic procurement mechanism which functions this way that the most advantageous tender wins the contract. As a result, this research will take the most advantageous tender wins the contract as a scope, establish an electronic procurement mechanism which is based on the elliptic curve cryptographic system (for example: self-certified public key cryptosystem, bidirectional authentication mechanism, blind signature mechanism, signature encryption mechanism, multiple signature encryption mechanism, fair document exchange mechanism, digital signature electronic stamp mechanism, digital signature mechanism, security electronic mail system mechanism and anonymous conference key distribution system and so on...). And the electronic stamp mechanism which is based on the elliptic curve digital signature will strengthen the security and usability of the procurement contract signing procedure , and combine contract signing with nowadays business application, so as to develop the electronic procurement mechanism that is safe and efficient.

碩士
國防管理學院
國防資訊研究所
91
Between 20th and 21st century, owing to the significant improvement of fundamental science such as electronics, information, telecommunications, many industries like semi-conductor and 3C are emerged. It also helps change the appearance of traditional industries. This revolution of information-based technology profoundly influences our economy, society and culture. In the meantime, Taiwan faces the strong impact of global economy depression, and many industries are draining. Currently, it is an important subject how to take advantage of information technology to strengthen the research, development and innovation, to promote the competitiveness, and to build a high quality “Digital Taiwan”. Executive Yuan has been promoting e-government and internet plan since 1997. The plan continues speeding up information application and helps achieve the goal of e-government. Public Construction Commission, Executive Yuan “electronic catalogue and quotation system” is a current information system which is efficient than traditional manual operation, but there are some problems to be solved. For example, while some institutions want to procure the products and inquiry the product-related information, they can’t acquire the latest and correct product-related information from the database which is synchronously updated by suppliers. It will influence all procedures on decision making. Therefore, in this paper we hope to introduce software-agent and XML standard to improve the procedure and work efficiency

碩士
國立陽明大學
醫務管理研究所
92
Internet is the greatest influence civilization in this century, following the calculator, through its fast transmission broadcasts megaton of information and commercial messages have flown from a single room the end of the horizontal. Through it, in business potential has been revolutionized. This electronic stream — E-commerce has actively attempted to infiltrate and disrupt not just private activity but the whole world, this trend has shifted trading culture and competitive strategies leading to the broadening of business exchange and trading. This research is based on the current hypothesis examining E-Commerce structure via affirmation, and this thesis will concentrate on electronic procurement procedure practiced between manufacturer and provider, the manner they excise Information Technology and the integration of task approach. There are piled floor to ceiling, all kinds of commerce and industries whose operation are conveyed by Internet. Economic efficiency could through alliance and joint acquisition fulfil, procurement quantity as well as decrease procurement expenditure, rescue capital intensive industries in both labour force reduction warehouse needs reduction. E-Commerce is now practiced in the pharmaceutical field, like DOH-supervised hospitals, institutions, and related industries. Currently an entity may execute an inter-entity supply contract with a supplier for acquisition of property or services that are commonly needed. When revolutionary procurement theory meets the realities of government-as-usual, something’s got to give. Government needs to give a chance to E-Commerce to show the reductions in the costs of electronic data interchange. This inquiry focuses on “DOH hospital pharmaceuticals and Materials Unified Order Network”（HPMUON）, and evaluates ongoing E-commerce and distribution management. The study reports on the findings of surveys and series of investigations to find obstacles, which prevent use or create difficulties for users, Network administrators and suppliers. The surveys were conducted in face-to-face interviews, and accompanying evaluation is designed to improve the current HPMUON system and lay out an acceptable version regulated by Central Region Office, DOH. E-commerce has improved user operation interface, simplified united procurement processes, and enhanced information safety. The service provided quick access to information, and focused on achieving a more equitable distribution and transparency. Marketing is one of the considerations for entrepreneurs in E-commerce but there are additional concern, client protection, the system’s security, stability and maintenance, also interaction between business owner and their customer. Consequently, all review e-commence use inDOH-supervised hospitals has shown a direct impact on operations and future development. E-Management, which the DOH-supervised hospitals have reduces the operational costs and increases efficiency in support of various medical assignments. In light of the current E-Government initiative, through an assessment of effectiveness, non-performance defect have to be corrected. My sincere wish is, this exploration may assist medical professions and enterprises launching E-Management in the future.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
行銷與流通管理研究所
92
Procurement is critical to the operations cost and product quality of business. With the progress of information technology, more and more companies implement electronic procurement (e-P) systems to improve their purchasing processes. However, anecdotal evidence has indicated numerous failures in e-P applications. Ignoring or failing to deal with some critical factors of e-P implementation is a major cause to these failures. This study explores the effects of critical factors for successful implementation of e-P to the application benefits. A framework is proposed to describe the benefits and critical success factors of e-P implementation. The framework defines benefits in the following four dimensions: time, cost, quality, and organization. Based on the result of empirical survey, five dimensions of critical success factors are derived: organizational support, functions of e-P system, management of suppliers, industrial characteristics, and characteristics of procurement process. The empirical results show that all the critical success factors, except characteristics of procurement process, notably affect the benefits of e-P implementation. Moreover, the benefits on organization and quality aspects are found especially significant from the applications of electronic procurement.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊管理學系
90
Facing the competitive pressure from new hospitals and nonstop new policies from central healthcare insurance institute, many practioners and academic researchers are keeping concentrated on reducing the hospital operation cost and promoting the healthcare quality, and most of them agree that reduce the pharmacy cost is the best solution. As electronic commerce is more and more popular now, the B2B EC, which has been adopted by many other industries, are growing in healthcare industry. More and more hospital managers are starting to learn to use the information technology effectively to raise the operation performance and to lower the cost. But some of they still can not cross the gap because they don’t have enough benefit acknowledgement of information technology. The object of this research is constructing the measurement index of E-Procurement. We based on the prior researches of benefits of IOS, include EDI and E-commerce, and perspective of hospital managers to obtain the perceived benefits of E-Procurement in local hospital. After survey 154 domestic hospitals, data was analyzed by “exploratory factor analysis” and “confirmatory factor analysis”, the benefits of E-Procurement in local hospital can be divided in to direct benefits and indirect benefits. Furthermore, hospital scale and adoption status do have significant influence on some benefit items. Finally, future research issues and management policy suggestions are listed.