Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electronic scrap'

The rare earth elements are a group of 17 elements consisting of the lantahnide series, scandium and yttrium. The application with the largest rare earth consumption is the permanent rare earth magnets. The neodymium-iron-boron magnets are the strongest permanent magnetic material known and are widely used. There is a concern that there will be a shortage in Nd-Fe-B magnets in short time. This has lead to an increased interest in the recycling of the rare earth magnets in the world.This project gives a very brief introduction to the Nd-Fe-B magnets, their uses and recycling. Two types of experiments that aims at recovery of neodymium from Nd-Fe-B magnets have been performed; extraction of neodymium by the use of molten silver and extraction of neodymium by direct oxidation. In the liquid silver experiments, extraction was obtained, but the analysis gave equivocal results. In the direct oxidation experiment, the separation of an iron phase and a neodymium oxide phase failed, and the experiment was not seen as successful.Magnetic waste from WEEE Recycling was also performed, and it turned out to contain small amounts of rare earth elements.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-18T18:34:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_João Cabral_PPGECAM.pdf: 1516222 bytes, checksum: 1dfca4d9fc8997484046f1a4b3ca8fde (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T18:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_João Cabral_PPGECAM.pdf: 1516222 bytes, checksum: 1dfca4d9fc8997484046f1a4b3ca8fde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20
O trabalho versa sobre a problemática do crescimento da geração de um tipo de resíduo eletroeletrônico: a bateria de chumbo-ácido. Os resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos são objeto de diversas pesquisas mundo afora, não somente devido ao seu crescimento acelerado, mas também porque muitos são fontes de materiais perigosos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Nesse contexto, estão as baterias automotivas, cuja produção está vinculada à fabricação de carros e a sua própria vida útil. A maior parte das baterias comercializadas no Brasil são do tipo chumbo-ácido, cujos resíduos contêm grandes quantidades de chumbo que poderiam ser aproveitadas. Dessa maneira, esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal a construção de um modelo matemático para a projeção futura de sucatas de bateria, considerando fatores tais como mercado de venda de automóveis (carro passeio) e vida útil das baterias. Para tanto, foi construída uma série temporal, a partir da análise histórica de venda de veículos, composta por dados de 10 anos. Com o levantamento das informações, foram utilizadas ferramentas de análise de séries temporais para a identificação da existência de características como tendência e/ou sazonalidade na série de dados. Comprovada a existência de tais características, foi realizada a suavização da série e, posteriormente, a proposição do método estatístico de previsibilidade, observando as hipóteses de utilização de médias móveis, suavizações simples, dupla ou tripla. O modelo matemático deste estudo poderá tornar possível o planejamento adequado, por parte de empresas e governo, quanto à política de gerenciamento dos resíduos de acumuladores, considerando a logística reversa, como objetivo a ser alcançado.
The paper aims to introduce the issue from the growing generation of a type of electronic waste: a lead-acid battery. Waste of electrical and electronic equipment are the subject of several studies around the world, not only because of its rapid growth, but also because many are sources of hazardous materials to the environment and public health. Most batteries sold in Brazil are the lead-acid type, whose waste contains large amounts of lead that could be harnessed. Thus, this work aims to build a mathematical model for the future projection of battery scrap, considering factors such as car sales market (passenger car) and battery life. To this end, a time series will be built from the historical analysis of car sales, comprising data for 10 years. From the survey information will be used time series analysis tools for identifying the existence of trend and/or seasonality. If proven such characteristics, the smoothing of the series will be held and subsequently proposing the statistical method of predictability, noting the chances of using moving averages, simple smoothing, double or triple. The mathematical model of this study will make possible the proper planning on the part of business and government, as the management policy of waste batteries, considering the reverse logistics as a goal to be achieved.

As sucatas eletrônicas são hoje consideradas como matéria prima de alto valor agregado e economicamente viável, devido à presença de metais preciosos (e.g. prata, ouro, platina e paládio) em sua composição. Em geral, a comercialização é baseada no teor de metais preciosos e cobre, sendo assim, as análises químicas desempenham papel fundamental nesse ambiente de negócios. O método mais empregado para esse tipo de análise, considerado padrão é o Fire Assay, que consiste na extração dos analitos da matriz tornando determinação final praticamente livre de interferências. Entretanto o Fire Assay é um método susceptível a erros sistemáticos devido ao grande número de etapas, lento, caro e ambientalmente insustentável devido à quantidade de reagentes utilizados e resíduos gerados (e.g. chumbo). Diante dessas importantes desvantagens, o desenvolvimento de métodos que apresentem exatidão, precisão, boa frequência analítica, custo e que gere poucos resíduos se tornam necessários para a melhoria do controle de qualidade desses materiais. Sendo assim, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de método para a determinação simultânea de Au, Ag e Pd por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-x por comprimento de ondas (WDSXRF), usando diferentes estratégias de preparação de amostras. As sucatas eletrônicas se caracterizam por serem heterogêneas, além disso, o material possui grande quantidade de metais como Al, Cu e Fe na composição fazendo com que a comunição seja um elemento chave no método e determinante da frequência analítica. Considerando esta dificuldade as amostras foram moídas em moinho oscilatório de discos de em diferentes tempos a fim de se investigar a influencia do tamanho de partículas para estudo de representatividade e precisão além da influencia do tamanho de partículas nas determinações por WDSXRF devido ao efeito sombra. Para os analises por WDSXRF as amostras com 40 minutos de moagem e preparadas com fusão com ferro e enxofre demonstraram boas correlações quando comprados ao Fire Assay. As dissoluções das amostras para analises em ICP OES ocorreu em duas etapas, a 1ª com HNO3 (aquecimento em chapa) para evitar passivação do ouro e a 2ª com 10 ml de água régia, usando o programa do forno de micro-ondas, com rampa de 160 °C a 210 °C (30 min). Foi observado que o excesso de Cl- formou complexos que inibiram perdas de Ag+ pro precipitação. As soluções finais foram analisadas no ICP OES e as concentrações obtidas foram comparadas ao método de Fire Assay. O método proposto mostrou boa correção para todos os elementos ao método padrão. A reprodutibilidade para Au foi de 4,1% (n=15 amostras) e a recuperação média comparada ao método padrão foi de 102%. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se dizer que o método proposto é comparável ao Fire Assay quanto à precisão e limites de detecção, apresentando melhores respostas quanto à frequência analítica, custo e geração de resíduos
Electronic scraps are today considered as raw material of high added value and economically viable, due to the presence of precious metals (e.g. silver, gold, platinum and palladium) in your composition. In general, the marketing is based on the content of precious metals and copper, therefore, chemical analysis plays a key role in this business environment. The method employed for this kind of analysis, considered standard, is the Fire Assay, which consists of the extraction of analytes in the array, making final determination virtually free of interference. However the Fire Assay is a method susceptible to systematic errors due to the large number of steps, slow, expensive and environmentally unsustainable due to the amount of reagents used and waste generated (e.g. lead). On these important disadvantages, the development of methods which have accuracy, precision, good analytical cost and frequency that generate few residues become necessary for the improvement of the quality control of these materials. Therefore, the objective of this research was the development of method for the simultaneous determination of Au, Ag and Pd by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES) and fluorescence spectroscopy for x-ray wavelengths (WDSXRF), using different sampling strategies. Electronic scraps are characterized for being heterogeneous, in addition, the material possesses large amount of metals such as Al, Cu and Fe in the composition so that the communication is a key element in determining the frequency and analytical method. Considering this difficulty the samples were ground into oscillatory grinder discs at different times in order to investigate the influence of the particle size for study of representativeness and accuracy beyond the influence of the particle size determination by WDSXRF due to the shadow effect. For the analysis by WDSXRF samples with 40 minutes of grinding and prepared with merger with iron and sulfur showed good correlations when purchased the Fire Assay. The dissolutions of the samples for analysis in ICP-OES occurred in two steps, first with HNO3 (heating plate) to avoid gold passivation and the 2nd with 10 ml of aqua regia, by using the microwave oven, with 160 °C ramp to 210 °C (30 min). It was observed that the excess of Cl-formed complex that inhibit loss of Ag+ by precipitation. The final solutions were analysed at the ICP OES and the concentrations obtained were compared to the method of Fire Assay. The proposed method showed good fix for all elements to the standard method. Reproducibility for Au was 4.1% (n = 15 samples) and the average recovery compared to the standard method was 102%. Based on the results obtained can be said that the proposed method is comparable to the Fire Assay for accuracy and limits of detection, showing best answers regarding the analytical frequency, cost and waste generation.

Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Ökonomische Analyse der Rückgewinnung von hochwertigen Metallen aus elektrischen und elektronischen Altgeräten in Deutschland“. Elektro- und Elektronikgeräte sind aus dem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken; die Unternehmen entwickeln und produzieren immer leistungsfähigere Produkte, wobei durch die immer schnelleren und kurzlebigeren Innovationszyklen die Abfallberge ausgedienter Elektro(nik)geräte beständig wachsen. Mit Inkrafttreten des Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz am 24. März 2005 werden alte Elektro(nik)geräte zukünftig getrennt gesammelt und weitgehend verwertet. Neu ist, dass die Hersteller mehr Verantwortung für ihre Produkte übernehmen und zur Verwertung der getrennt gesammelten Elektro- und Elektronik-Altgeräten verpflichtet sind. Das Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz geht zum einen aus der europäischen Richtlinie über die Entsorgung von Elektro- und Elektronik-Altgeräten (WEEE) und zum anderen aus der europäischen Richtlinie über die Verwendung bestimmter gefährlicher Stoffe in Elektro- und Elektronikgeräten (RoHS) hervor und gilt als Reaktion auf die wachsenden Elektro(nik)schrott-Berge. Für die Unternehmen der Entsorgungs- und Recyclingbranche ergeben sich mit diesen gesetzlichen Neuerungen neue Chancen auf Weiterentwicklung ihres Geschäftsfeldes. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt den Demontageunternehmen, mit deren Hilfe erst die gesetzlichen Forderungen, hinsichtlich der zu erzielenden Rückgewinnungsquoten und der notwendigen selektiven Behandlung einiger Baugruppen, erfüllt werden können. Die Rückgewinnung hochwertiger Metalle aus Elektro(nik)schrott bedarf im Hinblick der Preissteigerungen auf den Rohstoffmärkten höchster Priorität. Mit Etablierung eines Sekundärrohstoffmarktes kann ein rohstoffarmes Land wie Deutschland der Abhängigkeit des Importes von Primärrohstoffen signifikant entgegenwirken.

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Includes bibliographies.
by Alan Szu-Hsin Wan.
Sc.D.

Knowledge of the ion temperature (Ti) is important for tokamaks when determining plasma parameters from diagnostics which require knowledge of the ion and electron temperature (Te) and also because ions of high energy could damage plasma facing components by sputtering on high power devices. In the tokamak edge there are limited data for Ti, however the few existing measurements show that, beyond the confined plasma, Ti > Te, unlike in the confined plasma where ions and electrons are thermal coupled. A measurement technique using retarding field energy analyser(RFEA) probes to measure Ti has been implemented on the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) to allow measurements at the midplane and also at the divertor target which are two key areas in the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma. Measurements in ohmic low confinement (L-mode) plasma discharges have shown that Ti ≈ 2Te at the midplane, while Ti ≈ Te at the target. Additionally heated L-mode plasmas have shown that Ti can be greater than Te at the divertor target. In inter-ELM high confinement (H-mode) plasmas, Ti is often found to be higher than Te, with extremes in high power plasmas of Ti/Te ≈ 3 at the target. Initial measurements of the temperature of ions released by an average ELM show that Ti reduces with distance from the strike point at the target. The measured upper limit on Ti in an average ELM reduces from 60 eV to 30 eV over ∼ 4 cm radially at the target. Measurements made by the target RFEA during ELMs show peak Ti ∼ 35 eV compared to peak Te measurements by Langmuir probes of ∼ 25 eV. These initial measurements of Ti agree with modelling of the ELM evolution in the SOL which show hot electrons arriving at the target before the remaining particles released by the ELM. Measurements by RFEA probes are subject to a correction in the presence of parallel flows in the SOL. It has been found from modelling of the MAST SOL that measurements made by the target RFEA should be multiplied by a correction factor between 0.65 and 0.7. Although this reduces the ratios measured of Ti/Te, measurements in inter-ELM H-mode and additionally heated L-mode plasmas would still show Ti > Te at the target. In ohmic L-mode plasmas, however, the reduction in Ti would mean Ti < Te.

Le néodyme appartient à la série des lanthanides se trouvant dans le tableau périodique. Il est le composant clé des aimants permanents Nd2Fe14B implantés dans différents appareils électroniques mais aussi dans appareils dis « écologiques » comme les éoliennes, les voitures ou vélos électriques. De nos jours seulement 1 % du néodyme présent dans les déchets électroniques est recyclé. De fortes tensions géopolitiques ainsi que la croissance rapide de la demande pour ce type d’aimants conduisent à d’importantes spéculations et fluctuations sur le prix du néodyme aggravées par l’appauvrissement annoncé de la ressource.Depuis quelques décennies, plusieurs procédés de recyclage du néodyme ont été développés au niveau des laboratoires sans avoir été utilisés à l’échelle industrielle. Les procédés existants ont plusieurs désavantages comme un grand nombre d’étapes avant d’obtenir le produit final ou encore l’utilisation de grandes quantités de produits chimiques.Le but de ces recherches est le développement d’un procédé pyrochimique pouvant être une alternative à ceux déjà existants. Ce procédé permettrait de récupérer le néodyme sous sa forme métallique en seulement une étape. Pour atteindre cet objet, il a fallu élaborer un réacteur pouvant résister à de hautes températures ainsi qu’aux sels fondus pouvant être corrosifs selon leur composition. Par la suite, les propriétés électrochimiques du néodyme ont été étudiées dans différents sels fondus à base de chlorures et de fluorures afin trouver la configuration optimale pour l’extraction du néodyme contenu dans les aimants permanents.Nous avons ainsi prouvé qu’il était possible d’extraire le néodyme sous sa forme métallique contenu dans de vieux aimants permanents en une seule étape durant une électrolyse
Neodymium belongs to the lanthanide’s serie of the period system and is the key component of the permanent magnets Nd2Fe14B which are implemented in electronic devices and “green” technologies like wind turbines or electric cars and bicycles. Nowadays, only one percent of the neodymium in electronic scraps is recycled. Due to the geopolitical considerations and a strong increase of the use of permanent magnets, there is an impoverishment of the raw material resources leading to an instable market.Since some decades, few recycling processes have been developed on a lab scale without any upscaling to the industrial scale. The existing processes have several drawbacks like multiple steps to obtain the final desired product. This means that these methods have a long process time or use a large amount of chemical productsThe aim of this research was the development of a pyrochemical process, which could be an alternative to the existing recycling processes in order to extract neodymium from electronic scraps with less steps, a smaller amount of chemical products and a higher recovery rate of the rare neodymium. For this purpose a special reaction chamber has been created which resists to the severe experimental conditions induced by the use of high temperatures and corrosive molten salts. Moreover the electrochemical behaviour of neodymium in different chloride- and fluoride-based molten salts was studied in order to find the most appropriated setup.We could prove that the pyrochemical method could be the solution to recover neodymium from the old permanent magnets under its metallic form in just one single reaction step during an electrolysis

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
資訊管理系碩士在職專班
99
Comparing with the general service industry, electrical scrap recycling stands a uniqueness model. Generally speaking, the service industry obtains the profits based on the charging of customer service; however, the service for the mentioned electrical scrap recycling is to recycle the metal-contained scrap. In the process of this business chain, on the one hand, customer benefits from selling valuable scrap; on the other hand, the scrap recycling supplier can also gain the profits from the variance in price as well as the operation charge by recycling and selling the metal scrap. That is to say, this is the win-win business model. The supplier of electrical scrap recycling purchases the metal scrap which is more precious than the normal scrap. In addition, the scrap of the domestic industry is all regulated and specified by the government scrap law (according to Art. 2.2, enterprise scrap regulation). Therefore, customer cares not only the environmental safety, but also the control and avoidance for any illegal corrupt practice. This research is based on the bibliography, case analysis and the related talk and conversation. Collection for theory bibliography of the worldwide scholars as the basement and do the further discussion for the research. Take G-company (the supplier of electrical scrap recycling) as the case study example, to improve the common problem of information un-symmetry among the scrap recycling industry. Electronic Scrap Tracking System is specialized to control the process of the reverse logistics, which is to improve the time-wasting of traditional industry as well as the reinforcement for the customer confidence. Hope this is beneficial for those who are interested in Electronic Scrap Tracking System in the future on the controlling process and to create a new service model for electrical scrap recycling industry.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
99
The volume of waste electrical and electronic product increases rapidly in recent years. Due to eco-awareness and legislative requirements, manufacturers have to take the responsibility of recycling their own brand-name products. Many enterprises cooperate with third-party logistics service providers to bear responsibilities for part (or all) of recycling operations of waste electrical and electronic products. For simplicity, we initially consider a two-tier supply chain for e-scrap in a reverse supply chain. Our model consists of a manufacturer, as a leader, and a third-party logistics service provider, as a follower. Each supply chain member maximizes its own profit functions. We consider that recycled product unit profit affected by mass customization index. This research derives the optimal contract rent for the third-party logistics service provider and the optimal reward money for customers. Then, we discuss the impact of the change in the average range of mass customization index, the collection effort and both firms’ unit profit on return rate, the proportion of processed products, the profit of manufacturer (or third-party logistics service providers) and total profit in the recycling system.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
93
There is approximatly 0.0015 % of gallium concentration in the earth. The Gallium metal chemical compound is can react with the Sulphur , Selenium , Tellurium , Phosphorus , Arsenic , and Antimony under high temperature; resulting chemical compound including high frequency , high electron person who move and characteristic such as being with low noise that produce, so receive the extensive application of electronic science and technology industry . Through the scarce Gallium metal retrieving , can sell then obtain profits. The ones that produce grind the mud all with solidification and bury the way to deal with at present. There is no proper Gallium metal that retrieve treatment technology and organization yet at home. If it is improper to be dealed with, may influence the environment to be very huge . So, as regards economic worth and environmental impact, the Gallium metal offal needs retrieving and dealing with badly. Bake the universe and procedure of grinding , dehydrating to bake the universe , acid to dissolve appearing , zinc replacement , retrieving electrolytically etc. to the offal of electron industry and Gallium metal mainly in this research, retrieve the scarce Gallium metal, retrieve the goal utilized again in order to avoid polluting the environment and reaching offals. And study and probe into the electron industry Gallium metal and retrieve the method . According to achievement of this research, the acid is dissolved, choosing 4N nitric acid and 4N sulphuric acid as dissolving out the thickness bestly separately, it is lowest that can drop the consumption to , and can reach the greatest result of dissolving . The Zinc replaces the experiment , when the nitric acid dissolves the liquid in 2.5 A, it is relatively good in purity to add 20 g of electrolytic efficiency of zinc and finished product; In 5 A, it is relatively good to add 20 g of electrolytic efficiency of Zinc. The sulphuric acid does not have obvious difference. Electrolytic result, the nitric acid dissolves the liquid and controls temperature in 20℃ when being electrolytic, the electrolytic result is better than to have no temperature of controlling. Different ampere is electrolytic, it is all relatively good in purity with electrolytic efficiency of 5A and finished product that the nitric acid dissolves the liquid ; It is relatively good that the sulphuric acid dissolves the liquid with electrolytic efficiency of 5A. Oxidizing gallium producting after being electrolytic, have arsenic metal to remain. Judge tentatively , the nitric acid dissolves the electrolytic finished product of the liquid in order to oxidizeGalliums after being electrolytic; The electrolytic finished product that the sulphuric acid dissolves the liquid is a sulphuric acid gallium. This best research condition of research, dissolve samples for the nitric acid , add 20 g of zinc and D2EPHA, after by 5A the electrolytic,whether make it last Gallium result finished product (the electrolytic to last 61.7% efficiencies, 98.2% of purity ) relatively good. Under the best research condition, 25 g abolish the Gallium sample (55.6% ) , is retrieved 61.7% by the experiment course gallium , get and make and oxidize 8.8 grams of Galliums thickly, its purity is 98.2%, other composition are Lead (1.76% ) and Zinc (0.09% ).

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
103
In this study, the electrochemical reactor constructed by the structure design of batch reactor was used for the electrolysis process of gold-containing scraps in aqueous phase. The characterization of gold-containing scraps were analyzed and the experimental results indicated that the gold-containing scraps were layered metal structures that is copper plating nickel and gold, sequentially. The recovery of gold was investigated in an electrochemical batch reactor. The experimental results indicated that the gold distribution in sludge increase with increasing initial thiosulfate concentration. However, there was an obvious decrease between experiment and prediction when thiosulfate concentration was 0.5 M. The gold distribution in electrolysis of 0.4 M ammonium was the same as 0.5 M ammonium. The copper distribution in residual scraps of 0.4 M ammonium was higher than 0.5 M ammonium. The gold distribution in electrolyte was similar when copper concentration between 10 and 50 mM. The gold distribution in electrolyte was high, and the gold distribution in residual scraps was the lowest for nitrogen as purge gas.