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Journal articles on the topic 'Electronic scrap'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Fritz, Benjamin, Carin Aichele, and Mario Schmidt. "Environmental impact of high-value gold scrap recycling." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 10 (August 25, 2020): 1930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01809-6.

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Abstract Purpose The gold routes satisfying the global gold supply are mining (74%), recycling of high-value gold (23%), and electronic scraps (3%). Besides its applications in the investment, jewelry, and industrial sector, gold also has a bad image. The gold production in industrial as well as artisanal and small-scale mines creates negative impacts such as resource depletion, extensive chemical use, toxic emissions, high energy consumption, and social concerns that are of great importance. On the other hand, almost all gold is recycled and has historically always been. In common life cycle assessment (LCA) databases, there is no data on recycling of high-value gold available. This article attempts to answer the question what the ecological benefits of this recycling are. Method In this study, we were able to collect process data on the most commonly used high-value gold scrap recycling process, the aqua regia method, from several state-of-the-art German refineries. With this data, life cycle inventories were created and a life cycle model was produced to finally generate life cycle impacts of high-value gold scrap recycling. Results This study contains the corresponding inventories and thus enables other interested parties to use these processes for their own LCA studies. The results show that high-value gold scrap recycling has a considerably lower environmental impact than electronic gold scrap recycling and mining. For example, high-value gold scrap recycling in Germany results in a cumulative energy demand (CED) of 820 MJ and a global warming potential (GWP) of 53 kg-CO2-Eq. per kg gold. In comparison, common datasets indicate CED and GWP levels of nearly 8 GJ and 1 t-CO2-Eq. per kg gold, respectively, for electronic scrap recycling and levels of 240 GJ and 16 t-CO2-Eq. per kg gold, respectively, for mining. Conclusion The results show that buying gold from precious metal recycling facilities with high technological standards and a reliable origin of the recycling material is about 300 times better than primary production.

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2

Ahn, Jae-Woo, Jinki Jeong, Jae-Chun Lee, Dong-Gin Kim, and Jong-Gwan Ahn. "Bioleaching of Electronic Scrap usingThiobacillus ferrooxidans." Geosystem Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 2005): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2005.10541238.

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3

Hill, James W., and Tommy A. Lear. "Recovery of gold from electronic scrap." Journal of Chemical Education 65, no. 9 (September 1988): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed065p802.

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4

Ertuğ, Burcu. "Processing of Electronic Glass Scrap Recycling." American Chemical Science Journal 4, no. 5 (January 10, 2014): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acsj/2014/8939.

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5

Hoffmann, James E. "Recovering precious metals from electronic scrap." JOM 44, no. 7 (July 1992): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03222275.

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6

Telyakov, A. N., T. A. Aleksandrova, and M. A. Neezhko. "Melting Features of Electronic Scrap Concentrates." Metallurgist 58, no. 9-10 (January 2015): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-015-9988-5.

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7

Brandl, Helmut, Stefan Lehmann, and Mohammad A. Faramarzi. "Mobilization of Silver, Gold, and Platinum from Solid Materials by HCN-Forming Microorganisms." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.50.

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Cyanogenic Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and P. plecoglossicida were able to mobilize silver, gold and platinum when grown in the presence of various metal-containing solids such as powdered platinum, platinum-containing automobile catalytic converters, powdered silver, or gold-containing electronic scrap. Five percent of silver was mobilized from powdered jewelry scrap as dicyanoargentate after one day, although 96% was mobilized when non-biological cyanide leaching was applied. Dicyanoargentate proved to inhibit growth at concentrations >20 mg/L. Gold was microbially solubilized from electronic scrap (shredded printed circuit boards). Maximum dicyanoaurate concentration corresponded to a 68.5% dissolution of the total gold added. Additionally, cyanide-complexed copper was detected during treatment of electronic scrap due to its high copper content of approximately 100 g/kg scrap. Small amounts of platinum were mobilized from pure platinum powder after 10 days. The process proved to be very slow. In summary, all findings demonstrate the potential of microbial mobilization of metals as cyanide complex from solid materials and represent a novel type of microbial metal mobilization which might find industrial application.

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8

Zhang, Shunli, and Eric Forssberg. "Mechanical separation-oriented characterization of electronic scrap." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 21, no. 4 (December 1997): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(97)00039-6.

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9

Zhang, Shunli, and Eric Forssberg. "Intelligent Liberation and classification of electronic scrap." Powder Technology 105, no. 1-3 (November 1999): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00151-5.

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10

Malhotra, Subhash C. "Trends and opportunities in electronic scrap reclamation." Conservation & Recycling 8, no. 3-4 (January 1985): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(85)90002-5.

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11

Sum, Elaine Y. L. "The recovery of metals from electronic scrap." JOM 43, no. 4 (April 1991): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03220549.

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12

Ilyas, Sadia, Chi Ruan, H. N. Bhatti, M. A. Ghauri, and M. A. Anwar. "Column bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap." Hydrometallurgy 101, no. 3-4 (March 2010): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.12.007.

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13

Ilyas, Sadia, and Jae-chun Lee. "Fungal leaching of metals from electronic scrap." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 30, no. 3 (August 2013): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402261.

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14

Laser, Stefan. "Sorting, shredding and smelting scrap." Valuation Studies 7, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 221–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/vs.2001-5992.2020.7.2.221-255.

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The global economy of e-waste recycling has received much attention in recent waste studies literature. This article gives an account from the inside of two different sites within a leading high-tech recycling and smelting company in which such e-waste is assessed; and discusses the valuation of electronic waste in the course of its industrial processing. Based on a two-month long ethnography by way of an internship, the article examines how the recycler manages to distinguish and separate out valuable ‘scrap’, in contrast to valueless ‘waste’. The article subdivides the inquiry into two questions. What practices are involved when transforming e-waste into scrap and waste? And how can we appreciate differences in how they are configured? The study of two different facilities in operation next to one another provides additional leverage to the inquiry since the valuation practices involved when assessing the incoming e-waste differ between them. Differences are tied to specificities in how the electronics are sorted out, shredded, and smelted. The article shows how these processes of deformation are linked to the valuation practices and the accounting system of the company. Calculations, it is argued, succeed only because things are literally broken.

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15

Das, Subhabrata, Bin Dong, and Yen Peng Ting. "Gold Biodissolution from Electronic Scrap and Biomineralization of Bacterial Gold Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.668.

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Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown great promises in biomedical applications due to their distinct dimensions, non-toxicity, regulated drug release capability and adjustable surface functionalities. This study illustrates a green method for GNPs synthesis from electronic scrap material (ESM) usingCupriavidus metalliduransandDelftia acidovorans.Leaching of pre-treated electronic scrap materials at 0.5 % (w/v) pulp density using spent medium genetically from modifiedChromobacterium violaceumpBAD strain recovered 37.8% of gold. The recovered gold in solution was converted in GNPs usingC. metalliduransandD. acidovorans. The synthesized GNPs were mostly spherical in shape and crystalline in nature.

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16

Natarajan, Gayathri, Song Buck Tay, Wen Shan Yew, and Yen-Peng Ting. "Engineered strains enhance gold biorecovery from electronic scrap." Minerals Engineering 75 (May 2015): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.01.002.

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17

Kulandaisamy, S., J. Prabhakar Rethinaraj, P. Adaikkalam, G. N. Srinivasan, and M. Raghavan. "The aqueous recovery of gold from electronic scrap." JOM 55, no. 8 (August 2003): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0102-2.

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18

Telyakov, A. N., D. V. Shmidt, A. A. Petukhov, and G. M. Gavrilov. "Results of Pilot Tests for Electronic Scrap Enrichment." Metallurgist 57, no. 11-12 (March 2014): 1126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-014-9856-8.

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19

Menad, N., Bo Björkman, and Eric G. Allain. "Combustion of plastics contained in electric and electronic scrap." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 24, no. 1 (October 1998): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00040-8.

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20

So, Hong-Il, Joo-eun Lee, Yeon-Chul Cho, Jae-Woo Ahn, and Ho-Jin Ryu. "Leaching of Silver (Ag) from Electronic Scrap by Thiourea." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 56, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2018.56.7.511.

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21

Ceballos, Diana, Catherine Beaucham, and Elena Page. "Metal Exposures at three U.S. electronic scrap recycling facilities." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 14, no. 6 (May 10, 2017): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2016.1269179.

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22

Willner, J., A. Fornalczyk, J. Cebulski, and K. Janiszewski. "Preliminary Studies on Simultaneous Recovery of Precious Metals from Different Waste Materials by Pyrometallurgical Method." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0136.

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Abstract Automotive catalytic converters have a limited life time, after which the catalyst must be replaced or regenerated. The spent catalytic converters contain small amount of precious metals. Recovery of these metals is essential for environmental and economic reasons. The waste electronic equipment is also an attractive source for recovery of precious metals. Precious metals in electronic scraps are concentrated mainly in printed circuits and integrated circuits - so generally in elements that are the most diverse in their composition. Material heterogeneity of these elements is the reason why there is no universal method for processing this type of scrap. Methods used in the world for recovery of precious metals from spent auto catalytic coverters and electronic wastes by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods were mentioned in this paper. The results of simultaneous melting of electronic waste with spent automotive catalysts were presented. The printed circuit boards were used as the carrier and as a source of copper. The precious metals present in the catalyst were collected in copper.

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23

Akilarasan, Muthumariappan, Sakthivel Kogularasu, Shen-Ming Chen, Tse-Wei Chen, and Bih-Show Lou. "A novel approach to iron oxide separation from e-waste and bisphenol A detection in thermal paper receipts using recovered nanocomposites." RSC Advances 8, no. 70 (2018): 39870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra08017h.

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24

Shmidt, D. V., Bashar Issa, and V. Yu Timofeev. "Preparation a Scrap of the Electronic Enterprises and its Subsequent Processing." Solid State Phenomena 303 (May 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.303.79.

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The processing conditions of the of electronic wastes are largely dependent on environmental standards and requirements. Modern technologies for processing electronic waste should meet the increased demand for metals as well as the requirements. Electronic wastes can be classified as hazardous materials, as household and industrial electrical devices, which contain components such as batteries, capacitors, cathode ray tubes, etc. Electronic waste can consist of a large number of components of various sizes, shapes and chemical composition. Some of them contain hazardous metals, including mercury, lead, cadmium. The presence of precious metals in electronic waste such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, as well as non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel, zinc, tin, etc.) make it attractive for processing. In industry, both hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods are used to extract valuable metals from electronic waste. Applied technologies may have both advantages and disadvantages.

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25

Zhang, Shunli, and Eric Forssberg. "Optimization of electrodynamic separation for metals recovery from electronic scrap." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 22, no. 3-4 (June 1998): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00004-4.

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26

Ting, Yen-Peng, Chi Chong Tan, and Van Anh Pham. "Cyanide-generating bacteria for gold recovery from electronic scrap material." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S653—S654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1515.

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27

Jarosz, Piotr, Stanisław Małecki, and Krzysztof Gargul. "Recycling of metal bearing electronic scrap in a plasma furnace." JOM 63, no. 12 (December 2011): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-011-0208-x.

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28

Nath, Bhola, Ranjeeta Kumari, Valendu Gupta, N. D. Vaswani, and Seema Lekhwani. "A community based study on e-waste disposal in Srinagar, Uttarakhand: assessment of awareness and practices." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (July 23, 2018): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183075.

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Background: ‘E-waste’ is waste electrical and electronic equipment (EE) which are intended to be discarded. Improper disposal leads to hazardous effects on health and environment. Awareness about e-waste is important for all those using EE.Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study among consumers of EE and scrap dealers in Srinagar city, of Pauri district in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand. Information was collected on knowledge about e-waste, its types and disposal practices.Results: Only 6.7% respondents heard the term E-waste. 77% of the respondents didn’t know about the ways of disposing the e-waste and 45.7% were totally unaware of hazardous effects of improper disposal. Knowledge among scrap dealers was altogether absent.Conclusions: Awareness on various aspects of E-waste was found to be poor among respondents and totally absent among scrap dealers.

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29

Barnwal, Amit, Shubham Vishvakarma, and Nikhil Dhawan. "Comparison of different routes for recovery of metals from electronic scrap." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 9 (2018): 17046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.111.

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30

Ilyas, Sadia, Munir A. Anwar, Shahida B. Niazi, and M. Afzal Ghauri. "Bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap by moderately thermophilic acidophilic bacteria." Hydrometallurgy 88, no. 1-4 (August 2007): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.04.007.

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31

Ilyas, Sadia, and Jae-chun Lee. "Bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap in a stirred tank reactor." Hydrometallurgy 149 (October 2014): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.07.004.

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32

Quinet, P., J. Proost, and A. Van Lierde. "Recovery of precious metals from electronic scrap by hydrometallurgical processing routes." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 22, no. 1 (February 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03403191.

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33

Leader, Alexandra M., Xue Wang, and Gabrielle Gaustad. "Creating the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Medals from Electronic Scrap: Sustainability Analysis." JOM 69, no. 9 (July 13, 2017): 1539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2441-4.

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34

Pool, R. "The multimillion-tonne scrap heap [Technology - Recycling]." Engineering & Technology 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.0704.

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35

Pandey, Dr Shakuntala. "ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WASTE: A GROWING ISSUE." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 12 (April 24, 2020): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i12.2017.596.

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“WEEE” or Waste electrical and electronic equipments” A computer complete with monitor, keyboard, mouse and the central processing unit weight about 32 kg. But with no scientific system of recycling in place they are dumped as E-waste. Pile after pile of chips and assorted bits and pieces of computers are contributed by IT companies. As the IT segment tries to keep pace the recycling market gets flooded with fresh stocks of electronics materials - stripped, pounded and extracted. The BPO/IT segment is one of the largest generators of e-waste. As the problem of e-waste continues to grow bigger, the need to evolve clean means of disposal has become more urgent. Some private companies are working on scientific recycling of waste. The bulk of e-waste still travels to the scrap yards and the backroom recycler.

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36

Mostafavi, Melika, Fereshteh Rashchi, Saman Beikzadeh Noei, and Navid Mostoufi. "Optimization of Ni, Cu and Zn Recovery in Bioleaching of Electronic Scrap." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.692.

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Bioleaching was applied to mobilize metals from printed wire boards (PWBs). PWBs have a rich metal content and are produced in high volume. Operating conditions of bioleaching of PWBs using an adapted mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) and A. thiooxidans to recover Cu, Zn and Ni were optimized in this study. The adaptation phase began at 1 g/L PWBs powder with 10% inoculation and the final pulp density was 20 g/L after about 40 days. Optimization was performed using central composite design method to optimize four effective factors, including initial pH (1.5 to 2), pulp density (15 to 25 g/L), initial sulfur (3 to 7 g/L) and initial FeSO4 (15 to 25g/L), to achieve maximum recoveries of Cu, Zn and Ni. Also, the present study evaluated the effect of the independent variables initial pH, pulp density, initial Fe3+ concentration and initial sulfur content on extraction of metals from PWBs. Results showed that with an initial pH of 1.5, 25g/L pulp density, 25 g/L of FeSO4·7H2O and 7 g/L of S0, copper, zinc and nickel recoveries reached 92%, 96% and 94%, respectively, after 25 days.

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37

Kogan, V. S., and I. V. Berkovich. "Silver, gold and palladium leaching from electronic scrap using bromine- bromide solution." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 4, no. 311 (December 15, 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2019/6445.36.

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38

Kruzhkova, G. V., Yu Yu Kostyukhin, and I. M. Rozhkov. "Technique of management of the choice of rational structures of electronic scrap." Economy in the industry 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2017-4-351-358.

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39

Zhang, Shunli, Eric Forssberg, Bo Arvidson, and William Moss. "Aluminum recovery from electronic scrap by High-Force® eddy-current separators." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 23, no. 4 (September 1998): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(98)00022-6.

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40

Scharnhorst, Wolfram, Christian Ludwig, Jörg Wochele, and Olivier Jolliet. "Heavy metal partitioning from electronic scrap during thermal End-of-Life treatment." Science of The Total Environment 373, no. 2-3 (February 2007): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.023.

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41

Brandl, H., R. Bosshard, and M. Wegmann. "Computer-munching microbes: metal leaching from electronic scrap by bacteria and fungi." Hydrometallurgy 59, no. 2-3 (February 2001): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-386x(00)00188-2.

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42

Porcayo-Calderon, J., J. J. Ramos-Hernandez, E. Porcayo-Palafox, L. M. Martínez de la Escalera, J. Canto, J. G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and L. Martinez-Gomez. "Sustainable Development of Corrosion Inhibitors from Electronic Scrap: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (December 6, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6753658.

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Due to its high content of rare earths, the use of permanent magnets can be a sustainable alternative for the synthesis of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors in order to replace the use of highly toxic inhibitors, as well as the use of rare earth salts of high purity and high cost. In this study, the recovery of rare earths from permanent magnet wastes and their synthesis to chloride salts were carried out. Rare earth chlorides were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors by electrochemical techniques on API X70 steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution. Both anodic and cathodic polarization curves were made, and measurements of both open-circuit potential, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance were made. Results show that the inhibitor synthesized is a mixture of Nd and Pr chloride. Its performance as a corrosion inhibitor is superior to that of high purity Nd chloride (analytical reagent). The results show that the use of electronic scrap is a sustainable source for the synthesis of green corrosion inhibitors with low carbon footprint.

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43

Ilyas, Sadia, Jae-chun Lee, and Ru-an Chi. "Bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap and its potential for commercial exploitation." Hydrometallurgy 131-132 (January 2013): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.11.010.

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44

de Buzin, Pedro Jorge Walburga Keglevich, Weslei Monteiro Ambrós, Irineu Antônio Schadach de Brum, Rejane Maria Candiota Tubino, Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio, and Josep Oliva Moncunill. "Development of a Physical Separation Route for the Concentration of Base Metals from Old Wasted Printed Circuit Boards." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11091014.

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Wastes from old electronic devices represent a significant part of the electronic scrap generated in developing countries, being commonly sold by collectors as low-value material to recycling hubs abroad. Upgrading the quality of this waste type could drive the revenue of recyclers, and thus, boost the recycling market. On this basis, this study investigated the possibility of concentrating metals from old wasted printed circuit boards through a physical separation-based route. Preparation of samples comprised fragmentation, size classification, density, and magnetic separation steps, followed by chemical and macro composition analysis. Cu, Al, Fe, and Sn constituted the major metals encountered in the scraps, including some peak concentrations of Zn, Sb, Pb, Ba, and Mn. Four distinct concentrate products could be obtained after suitable processing: (a) a light fraction composed of plastics and resins; (b) an aluminum concentrate; (c) a magnetic material concentrate, containing mainly iron; (d) a final concentrate containing more than 50% in mass of copper and enriched with nonferrous metals. Preliminary evidence showed that further processes, like the separation of copper wires through drumming, can potentially improve the effectiveness of the proposed processing circuit and should guide future works.

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45

Seyyed Mahdavi, S. J., and K. Mohammadi. "SCRAP: Sequential circuits reliability analysis program." Microelectronics Reliability 49, no. 8 (August 2009): 924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2009.06.001.

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46

Ivănuş, D., R. C. Ivănuş, and F. Călmuc. "Withdrawn article - Bioleaching of electronic scrap by mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms." EPJ Web of Conferences 6 (2010): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20100614002.

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47

Aleksandrova, T. A., N. M. Telyakov, A. N. Telyakov, and D. V. Gorlenkov. "Effect of Tungsten on Precious Metal Extraction During Processing of Radio-Electronic Scrap." Metallurgist 61, no. 3-4 (July 2017): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0475-z.

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48

Sitko, Jacek. "Analysis of selected technologies of precious metal recovery processes." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2019-0007.

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Abstract The article presents the technologies of obtaining precious metals as a byproduct in the processing of copper concentrates in KGHM POLSKA MIEDŹ SA and in the processing of zinc and lead concentrates in Huta Cynku “MIASTECZKO ŚLĄSKIE”. Discussed technologies for recovery of silver from secondary raw materials such as: used silver catalysts, scrapped electronic devices, defective transistors, scrap of silver-plated glasses, used solutions used for processing photosensitive materials are discussed. Jewellery and tableware and technical coatings in electronics and electrical engineering. The high reflectivity of the light rays from the silver surface was used in the production of special reflectors and mirrors, and chemical resistance in the construction of apparatus (such as equipment resistant to molten hydroxide alkali metals).

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49

Kogan, V. S., and I. V. Berkovich. "Silver, gold and palladium leaching from pre-prepared electronic scrap using bromine-bromide solution." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 3, no. 310 (September 15, 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2019/6445.29.

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Blazsó, M., Zs Czégény, and Cs Csoma. "Pyrolysis and debromination of flame retarded polymers of electronic scrap studied by analytical pyrolysis." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 64, no. 2 (September 2002): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(02)00035-9.

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