Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electrons accélérés par laser'
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André, Arnaud. "Etude numérique de l’interaction laser-plasma sous dense : de la propagation de l’impulsion au rayonnement émis par les électrons accélérés." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112098.
Full textAn intense and short laser pulse propagating through an under dense plasma creates a plasma wave in its wake. The huge electric fields generated by this wave are responsible for the acceleration of trapped electrons to high energies in a very short distance. A nonlinear acceleration regime, known as the bubble regime, is particularly exciting as it generates mono-energetic electron beams. Outstanding results have been obtained recently in this thematic. However, while the electron beam itself has been widely characterized, there is still a lack of information concerning the detail of the interaction process itself. During my thesis work, I contribute to bring responses to this problematic, by studying the information carried out by the light emitted during interaction using intensive numerical simulations.The first part of my thesis is the dedicated to the links existing between the properties of accelerated electrons and the radiation they emit. From its properties, we can deduce the direction of the electron beam at the end of the acceleration, as well as in some particular conditions inside the beam. It is also possible to observe variations of the interaction through radiations.The second part is dedicated to the pulse propagation study. The pulse shape and spectrum of the laser pulse can be modified during the interaction of the laser within the medium. We have studied the propagation of the pulse in Nitrogen and Argon for slightly relativistic intensity. We showed that in given conditions, the pulse spectrum can be shifted due to self-modulation, the generation of an electronic density gradient due to the gas ionization. We also studied the pulse propagation at higher intensity, in the bubble regime. We identified the origin of interaction variations, observed in the first part of the thesis through the emitted radiation study
Popescu, Horia. "Génération et transport des électrons rapides dans l'interaction laser-plasma à haut flux." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EPXX0040.
Full textThe general context of this study is the Inertial Confinement for thermonuclear controlled fusion and, more precisely, the Fast Igniter (FI). In this context the knowledge of the generation and transport of fast electrons is crucial. This thesis is an experimental study of the generation and transport of fast electrons in the interaction of a high intensity laser (≥ 1019 W/cm2) with a solid target. The main diagnostic used here is the transition radiation. This radiation depends on the electrons which produce it and thus it gives important information on the electrons: energy, temperature, propagation geometry, etc. The spectral, temporal and spatial analysis permitted to put in evidence the acceleration of periodic electron bunches which, in this case, emit a Coherent Transition Radiation (CTR). During this thesis we have developed some theoretical models in order to explain the experimental results. We find this way two kinds of electron bunches, emitted either at the laser frequency (ω0), either at the double of this frequency (2ω0), involving several acceleration mechanisms: vacuum heating / resonance absorption and vxB, respectively. These bunches are also observed in the PIC simulations. The electron temperature is of about 2 MeV in our experimental conditions. The electrons are emitted starting from a point source (which is the laser focal spot) and then propagate in a ballistic way through the target. In some cases they can be re-injected in the target by the electrostatic field from the target edges. This diagnostic is only sensitive to the coherent relativistic electrons, which explains the weak total energy that they contain (∼few mJ). The CTR signal emitted by those fast electrons is largely dominating the signal emitted by the less energetic electrons, even if they contain the major part of the energy (∼ 1 J)
Popescu, Horia. "Génération et transport des électrons rapides dans l'interaction laser-matière à haut flux." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001799.
Full textBaccou, Claire. "Initiation de réactions nucléaires par des protons accélérés par laser." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX016/document.
Full textThe recent development of high-intensity laser beams has stimulated the advent of many schemes to produce nuclear reactions by laser. Laser pulses with intensity higher than 1018 W.cm-2 can particularly be used to accelerate proton and ion beams with interesting characteristics such as a broad spectrum, a short duration (~ 10ps), a large number of particles per picosecond and a high energy cut-off, up to tens MeV. Thus, nuclear reactions with resonances close to hundreds keV can be initiated, such as the p-11B fusion reaction which releases 8.7MeV and three alpha particles, or, such as threshold reactions with produce positron emitters, used in nuclear medicine. This thesis was dedicated to the development of an experimental platform at the ELFIE laser facility, at LULI (Ecole Polytechnique, France) to study the production of nuclear reactions using the following scheme: a proton beam is accelerated by the TNSA mechanism on a first target, and sent into a boron target to induce nuclear reactions. A second laser beam can be used to ionize and heat the boron target. A set of complementary diagnostics has been developed to measure and characterize the reaction products. Several parameters such as the proton flux, the proton spectrum, the boron target state (solid or plasma) and its composition were studied in order to identify the physics parameters that optimize the number of reactions. The understanding of the physics that govern the production of reactions in this scheme is necessary to consider applications in medicine or in fusion schemes, to produce energy
Salah, Wael. "Champ de sillage du faisceau d'électrons accéléré dans un photoinjecteur." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10067.
Full textBuffechoux, Sébastien. "Augmentation de l'énergie des faisceaux de proton accélérés par laser ultra-intense et étude des caractéristiques des faisceaux accélérés par laser ultra-court." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600647.
Full textMaheut, Yohann. "Etude expérimentale de la physique de l'allumage par choc dans le cadre de la fusion nucléaire par confinement inertiel." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0202/document.
Full textShock ignition is a novel approach for inertial confinement fusion where the compression and the ignition phases by a strong shock are separated. The scheme is promising to the extent that it can generate very high gains and can be tested on already existing lasers systems. In addition, this concept requires lower implosion velocities that allows for compressing more massive targets which limits the impact of hydrodynamic instabilities. However, the physic issues related to shock ignition are still largely unexplored especially experimentally. Indeed, even if the compression phase takes place in the well-known collisional regime (I<1014W=cm2), ignition requires a spike which intensity exceeds 1015W=cm2.This regime is strongly non-linear with the onset of parametric instabilities. These instabilities may decrease the absorption and can also generate suprathermal electrons that can preheat the central part of the fuel and make the compression less efficient. Another key issue is the capability of launching a strong shock in presence of a plasma corona which can deteriorate the laser-target coupling and produce lamentation. Nevertheless, theoretical considerations tend to show that if the energy of fast electrons is moderate (<100keV), they could improve the coupling, deposit their energy in the shock front and hence amplify it. The work presented in this thesis consists in testing these two issues : launching a strong shock in the conditions corresponding to shock ignition i.e. in presence of a plasma corona and study the effect of hot electrons on the shock strength by measuring their energy and their quantity
Barakat, Hala. "Effet de la stérilisation par électrons accélérés sur les COC et sur l'impact des interactions avec des molécules actives." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114802/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study the effect of electron beam radio-sterilization on cyclo olefins copolymers (COC) used as pharmaceutical storage materials, as well as to investigate its impact on the interaction with pharmaceuticals formulations. Due to the analytical methodology used which dealt with different techniques of characterization such as size exclusion chromatography, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements, we have been able to put into evidence different kinds of modifications both in the bulk and on the surface of the sterilized material and also after ageing.The principal modification of material’s bulk, observed at the recommended dose for sterilization (25 kGy), was polymer chains scissions, accompanied with creation of low molecular weight compounds, that are potentials migrants that risk to affect the safe use of COC. Indeed, some of these compounds have been found with a relatively important concentration in the solutions where sterilized COC was stored, especially in aqueous solutions. However, the preliminary study of toxicity has shown the absence of cytotoxicity of the extractables obtained at the sterilization dose.Surface modifications of radio-sterilized COC are of two types: a physical one, with an increase of the surface’s roughness and a chemical one with the formation of polar oxidation products; these two modifications result in an increase of surface’s wettability that may be important. However, in some cases such as for aged samples, these modifications are relatively weak even at doses higher than the one recommended for sterilization, which can explain the absence of the effect of radiation on the behavior of COC towards drug solutions. Indeed, no variation of drug sorption has been observed between aged COC irradiated and none irradiated
André, Thomas. "Transport et manipulation d’électrons produits par interaction laser plasma sur la ligne COXINEL." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS602/document.
Full textRecent advances in Laser Plasma Acceleration techniques (LPA) are now able to generate strong accelerating gradients (GV.m⁻¹); however the produced electron beam thus still presents a large energy spread (%) and a large divergence (mrad). The COXINEL project (ERC Advanced Grant 350014, PI. M.E. Couprie), aims at qualifying, in replacement of a conventional accelerator, a Laser Plasma Accelerator, for a Free Electrons Laser application. To achieve the required properties, the electron beam must be manipulated using a transport line. This line consists in a first triplet of permanent magnets quadrupoles of variable gradient which focuses the beam and allows for the control of the initial divergence. An electromagnetic chicane then reduces the slice energy spread by lengthening the beam longitudinally. A restricted energy range can then be selected by inserting a slit inside the chicane. Finally, a quadruple of electromagnetic quadrupoles provides the final focus in an undulator. The thesis deals on the study of electron beam transport produced by LPA along this line. Different electron production regimes have been used: ionization injection, gas cell. The transport was controlled using a new alignment and pointing compensation method for the initial electron beam by adjusting independently the beam position and dispersion at different location on the line. A fine adjustment of the transported energy was carried out by adjusting the quadrupole gradient. The produced beam was transported along the line and was characterized in terms of transverse distribution, emittance and energy. Experimental results were then successfully compared with numerical simulations. This work paves the way for the observation of undulator radiation, a preliminary step before Free Electron Laser amplification
Pisani, Francesca. "Etude expérimentale de la propagation et du dépôt d'énergie d'électrons rapides dans une cible solide ou comprimée par choc laser: application à l'allumeur rapide." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001022.
Full textBruneau, Yoann. "Réalisation d'un faisceau d'ions-électrons monochromatiques à partir d'atomes refroidis par laser." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112251/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the creation of charged-particle beam based on a source with a low energy spread. Common sources, based on thin nanometer-size needle, allows to create charged-particles beams with a high energy (electric higher than 10 kV are used) and with a high energy spread (higher than 1 eV) due to interactions between particles created close to each other. A new source, based on an atomic beam cooled transversaly and ionized using lasers, allows to extend the size of the source until 100 µm and limit the interactions between particles while creating a cold source with temperatures as low as few 100 µK and thus with a low energy spread. A guiding laser applied along the propagation axis of the atomic beam uses the dipole force to concentrate the atoms in a area with a size as little as 0,4 mm while keeping the properties of low temperature of the atomic beam. With this kind of source, it is possible to create a charged-particle beam with a current greater than 1 nA. A new process of ionisation based Rydberg ionisation is studied in this thesis and compared to the early experiments based on photoionisation of cold atoms from a 3D-MOT
Beuton, Romain. "Modélisation de la structuration d'un matériau diélectrique irradié par une impulsion laser femtoseconde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0231/document.
Full textFemtosecond laser pulses are an efficient tool to induce localized structural modifications in the bulk of dielectrics materials. The dielectrics, initially transparent, start to efficiently absorb the energy when the laser intensity exceeds the optical breakdown threshold of the material. This property, coupled to a femtosecond pulse duration smaller than the caracteristic relaxation times of matter, allows to induce a localized and accurate energy deposition in the irradiated volume. In order to model the formation of such structures, a 2D thermo-elasto-plastic model, including solid-liquid transitions through a softening model, has been implemented in a lagrangian hydrodynamic code. Studies on the formation of a single cavity and several interacting cavities have been firstly performed, assuming an instantaneous energy deposition in the bulk of fused silica. The relaxation of the heated matter, transformed to a warm dense plasma, induces shock waves in the surrounding cold solid. Permanent deformations may appear if the stress, induced by the waves, exceeds the yield strength of the material. This first study allowed to understand and describe the various steps of the micro-structures formation, which are strongly correlated to the elasto-plastic behavior of the surrounding solid. Furthermore, by using a Weibull’s law, accounting for defects density in the material, cracks probabilities have been predicted. Secondly, the structuration of fused silica by a Bessel beam has been considered. For that purpose, a 3D Maxwell solver coupled to a fluid description of the electron dynamics has been used to model the laser energy deposition. Results allow to understand how the energy deposition establishes and show the effects of the different ionization processes on the electron density and energy profiles. Then, thermo-elasto-plastic simulations have been carried out including the calculated energy deposition. Various kinds of induced deformations in fused silica have been obtained depending on the incident pulse energy and duration, which is in agreement with experimental observations
Llor, Aisa Emma. "Génération de très hautes pressions d'ablation laser et de chocs forts pour l'allumage des réactions de fusion nucléaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0013/document.
Full textThe Shock Ignition (SI) scheme is a promising approach to obtaining energy on alarge scale. However, this scheme needs ablation pressures in the range of 300-400Mbar to reach ignition. The objective of this thesis is therefore to better understandthe underlying physics of high pressure generation by energetic electrons in a regimeof intensity between one and ten petawatt per cm2. In this thesis, a model hasbeen established for calculating the shock pressure generated by hot electrons andthe time of its formation for an arbitrary electron energy distribution and plasmadensity profile. It is shown that a broader electron energy distribution leads to amore homogeneous energy deposition which implies a longer shock time formationand a reduction of the shock strength. These consequences should be taken intoaccount in shock ignition target design. The extension of this model to the case ofa inhomogeneous plasma shows that the low density corona decreases fast electrons energy and then the amount of energy deposited in the compressed target. This leads to a reduction of the time needed for the shock formation, of the shock pressure and the energy invested in the shock. This theoretical model allows us to interpret the experiment performed in spherical geometry on the OMEGA laser facility. The comparison between numerical simulations and experimental results allow us to characterize the electron source as well as shock pressure and dynamic. Finally, we propose a preliminary design of an experiment to explore the hot electron role in shock generation in planar geometry on the LMJ-PETAL laser facility
Leblanc, Adrien. "Miroirs et réseaux plasmas en champs lasers ultra-intenses : génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé et de faisceaux d’électrons relativistes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS384/document.
Full textWhen focusing an ultra-intense femtosecond laser pulse [I>10¹⁶W/cm²] onto a solid target, this target is ionized at the very beginning of the laser pulse. The resulting dense plasma then reflects the laser in the specular direction: it is a plasma mirror. The ultra-intense laser field can accelerate electrons within the plasma at relativistic speeds. Some are ejected towards the vacuum and these plasma mirrors are therefore sources of relativistic electron beams. Moreover, at each optical cycle they radiate in the form of extreme ultraviolet light, resulting in the generation of high-order harmonics of the laser frequency (HHG). The objective of this PhD is to understand laser-plasma interaction though the characterization of high-order harmonics and relativistic electron beams generated from plasma mirrors. The first part deals with harmonic beam measurement. Due to the extreme physical conditions during the interaction, detection can only be performed at macroscopic distance from target. Thus, the characterization of the harmonic beams’ angular properties (carried out as a function of interaction conditions in previous works) only provides partial information on the interaction itself. A technique of coherent diffraction imaging, named ptychography, which consists of diffracting a probe onto an object, is transposed to HHG on plasma mirrors by optically micro-structuring the plasma on a target surface. Harmonic fields are then reconstructed spatially in amplitude and phase directly in the target plane. Thanks to this measurement in different interaction conditions, previously developed theoretical analytical models in non-relativistic regime [I<10¹⁸W/cm²] and relativistic regime [I>10¹⁸W/cm²] are experimentally validated. The second part of the PhD is dedicated to the experimental characterization of angular and spectral properties of relativistic electron beams. A theoretical and numerical study shows that this constitutes the first clear observation of vacuum laser acceleration (VLA). Finally, a simultaneous study of harmonic and electron signals highlights a strong correlation between both processes in the relativistic regime
Nguyen, Van Hoang. "Transistor Quantique InAs à Electrons Chauds : Fabrication submicronique et étude à haute fréquence." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20084/document.
Full textThis work aims to develop a new high speed transistor in a vertical transport configuration that exploits the favourable transport properties of III-V semiconductor heterostructures based on InAs. This transistor is similar to a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), but has theoretical assets to overcome the fundamental high speed limits of electron transport in HBT. Our approach uses the concept of hot electron transistor in an original InAs/AlSb quantum heterostructure, that we called a quantum hot electron transistor (QHET) or quantum cascade transistor (QCT). This research was almost done in Southern Electronics Institute (IES) under supervision of Dr. Roland Teissier and other work was realized in Micro-Nanotechnology Electronics Institute (IEMN) under supervision of Dr. Mohamed Zaknoune. The QHET is a unipolar vertical transport device made of a InAs/AlSb quantum heterostructure. Its first advantage over npn HBTs is the low base sheet resistance of 250 Ω/□ , accessible with moderate n-type doping levels (typically 1018 cm-3), which is a key parameter for high speed operation. Secondly, electron transport in the short (typically 100nm) bulk InAs collector is mostly ballistic with calculated transit times much shorter than in InP-based devices. We already developed the design and technology of QHET and demonstrated its resonant transports at cryogenic temperature and its improved static operation in smaller device. From these results, we come to develop our QHET structures to achieve high current gain. Using quantum design of thin base, the current gain is about 15. We fabricated QHET with emitter width scaled down to 0.3µm, using a state of the art electron beam lithography process. The junctions are defined using selective chemical etching. The base contact is self-aligned on the emitter contact. We achieved base resistance lower than 50Ω, comparable to state of the art HBTs. The small dimension allowed reaching the high current density regime of up to 1 MA/cm² required for high frequency operation. The static current gain is about 10, but could be increased up to 14 using a new quantum design. The collector breakdown voltage is greater than 1.2 V.Towards high frequency measurement, the substrate must be non-conducting material but InAs substrate is not available. Two technologies were proposed: transferred substrate and metamorphic substrate. For transferred substrate technology, we obtained a response of cutoff frequency of 77 GHz for FT and 88 for FMAX. For metamorphic substrate technology, we performed the growth of the transistor structures on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. We used a thin GaSb buffer layer for metamorphic growth of the active part of the transistor, with an adequate growth procedure that allows forming mainly 90° misfit dislocations at the interface between the GaAs and GaSb. This technique permits more convenient and reliable processing of the devices, as compared to use of the more standard AlSb thick buffer layer. The frequency response was determined from S-parameters measured with a network analyser up to a frequency of 70 GHz. The measured gains, after de-embedding of the connection parasitic for a device with 0.5x4µm² emitter for JC=350kA/cm² (Ic= 6.0mA, Ib= 0.7mA, Vce=1.3V). The frequency dependence is not conventional on this device, with a resonance in the current gain close to 10 GHz and a slope different from -20 dB/decade for Mason's unilateral gains. Nevertheless, we could extract the cut-off frequencies FT=172 GHz from H21 and FMAX =230 GHz using -20dB/decade extrapolation of maximum stable gain (MSG). The present results confirmed the validity of this novel device concept. In addition, this is the first demonstration of the ability of a hot electron transistor to operate at high frequency at room temperature
Galdi, Alice. "Propriétés magnétiques, orbitales et de transport d'hétérostructures basées sur LaMnO3." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00644684.
Full textBeaucourt-Jacquet, Céline. "Étude expérimentale du guidage du faisceau d’électrons dans le cadre de l’allumage rapide de cibles de fusion." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14741/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is realised in the framework of the fast ignition of inertial confinement fusion for energy production. In this scheme the compression and the ignition phases are decoupled. During the second phase, the electron beam must cross over 300 µm in the dense fuel to deposit its energy in the dense core and ignite the fusion reactions.The major problem of the scheme is related to the divergence of the electron beam while it crosses the dense matter. Among the different propositions to inhibit the electron divergence we consider here the schemes without cone that are based on the effect of magnetic collimation. In particular, A.P.L. Robinson and his co-authors [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 025002, 2008] suggested a simple way to control the electron beam divergence by using a sequence of two laser pulses. The first one creates a magnetic background favourable for the confinement of the second electron beam resulting from the second interaction. The validation of this scheme is the major goal of this thesis.We present the results of experimental sudies and numerical modeling of the electron beam guiding with help of two consequent laser pulses. The experiment was performed on the Vulcan facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory at Didcot in UK, based on the proposal submitted by an international group of scientists in the framework of the European project for inertial fusion energy HiPER. This experiment allowed us to define a combination of laser and target parameters where the electron beam guiding takes place. The analysis of experimental data and numerical modelling is realised with the hydrodynamic code CHIC coupled to the charged particules transport module M1. The interpretation of the experimental results allowed us to explain the experimental data and the physical basis of guiding and to define the magnetic conditionflavourable to the electron beam guidance
Vallet, Alexandra. "Hydrodynamic modelling of the shock ignition scheme for inertial confinement fusion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0214/document.
Full textThe shock ignition concept in inertial confinement fusion uses an intense power spike at the end of an assembly laser pulse. the key feature of shock ignition are the generation of a high ablation pressure, the shock pressure amplification by at least a factor of a hundred in the cold fuel shell and the shock coupling to the hot-spot. in this theses, new semi-analytical hydrodynamic models are developed to describe the ignitor shock from its generation up to the moment of fuel ignition. A model is developed to describe a spherical concerging shock wave in a pre-heated hotspot. The self-similar solution developed by Guderley is perturbed over the shock Mach number Ms >>1. The first order correction accounts for the effects of the shock strength. An analytical ignition criterion is defined in terms of the shock strength ans th hot-spot areal density. The ignition threshold is higher when the initial Mach number of the shock is lower. A minimal shock pressure of 20 Gbar is needed when it enters the hot-spot. The shock dynamics in the imploding shell is the analyzed. The shock is propagating into a non inertial medium with a high radial pressure gradient and an averall pressure increase with time. The collision with a returning shock coming from the assembly phase enhances further the ignitor shock pressure. The analytica theory allows to des cribe the shock pressure and strength evolution in a typical shock ignition implosion. It is demonstrated that, in the case of the HiPER target design, a generation shock pressure near the ablation zone on the order of 300-400 Mbar is needed. An analysis of experiments on the strong shock generation performed on the OMEGA laser facility is presented. It is sown that a shock presssure close to 300 Mbar near the ablation zone has been reached with an absorbed laser intensity up to 2 x 10(15) W:cm-2 and a laser wavelength of 351 nm. This value is two times higher than the one expected from collisional laser absorption only. That significant pressure enhancement is explained by contribution of hot-electrons generated by non-linear laser/plasma interaction in the corona. The proposed analytical models allow to optimize the shock ignition scheme, including the inuence of the implosion parameters. Analytical, numerical and experimental results are mutualy consistent