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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrons. Ions. Binding energy

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Academic literature on the topic 'Electrons. Ions. Binding energy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrons. Ions. Binding energy"

1

BELLAZZINI, JACOPO, RUPERT L. FRANK, ELLIOTT H. LIEB, and ROBERT SEIRINGER. "EXISTENCE OF GROUND STATES FOR NEGATIVE IONS AT THE BINDING THRESHOLD." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 26, no. 01 (January 13, 2014): 1350021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x13500219.

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As the nuclear charge Z is continuously decreased an N-electron atom undergoes a binding-unbinding transition. We investigate whether the electrons remain bound and whether the radius of the system stays finite as the critical value Zc is approached. Existence of a ground state at Zc is shown under the condition Zc < N - K, where K is the maximal number of electrons that can be removed at Zc without changing the energy.

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Teterin, Yury, Labud Vukcevic, and Anton Teterin. "Structure of X-ray photoelectron spectra of low-energy and core electrons of Ln(C6H4OCH3COO-)3." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 20, no. 2 (2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0502017t.

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This paper deals with the results of an X-ray photo electron spectroscopy of lanthanide ortho-metoxybenzoates Ln(C6H4OCH3COO-)3, where Ln represents lanthanides La through Lu except for Pm and C6H4OCH3COO- - residuum of ortho-metoxybenzoic acid. The core and outer electron X-ray photo electron spectroscopy spectra in the binding energy range of 0-1250 eV were shown to exhibit a complex, fine structure. The said structure was established due to the outer (0-15 eV binding energy) and inner (15-50 eV binding energy) valence molecular orbital from the filled Ln5p and O2s atomic shells multiple splitting, many-body perturbation, dynamic effect, etc. The mechanisms of such a fine structure formation were shown to manifest different probabilities in the spectrum of a certain electronic shell. There fore, the fine X-ray photo electron spectroscopy spectral structure resulting from a certain mechanism can be interpreted and its quantitative parameters related to the physical and chemical properties of the studied com pounds (degree of delocalization and participation of Ln4f electrons in the chemical bond, electronic configuration and oxidation states, density of uncoupled electrons on paramagnetic ions, degree of participation of the low binding energy filled electronic shells of lanthanide and ligands information of the outer and in nervalence molecular orbitals, lanthanide close environment structure in amorphous materials, etc).

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Dobson, JF, AE Bocquet, PC Healy, S. Myhra, AM Stewart, and JG Thompson. "X-ray Photoelectron Studies of High-temperature Superconductors: Evidence for the Importance of Alkaline Earth Metals." Australian Journal of Physics 42, no. 4 (1989): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph890409.

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All high�temperature superconducting ceramics so far studied contain alkaline-earth ions, and in all cases core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows an anomalous low-binding energy peak from these ions. We argue that this may point to electron-rich alkaline earth layers. These should be highly polarisable, allowing them to facilitate uperconductivity by screening the repulsion between electrons and/or holes in the CuD layers.

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ALEXANDROV, DIMITER, and GLORIA HANG YU. "INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE HYDROGEN IONS AND ELECTRONS LOCATED IN INDIUM NITRIDE CONTAINING OXYGEN IMPURITIES." Nano 03, no. 05 (October 2008): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292008001246.

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Theoretical investigation of the interaction between positive hydrogen ions and electrons located in wurtzite InN containing oxygen impurity atoms is presented in this paper. The interaction is investigated on the basis of the energy pockets for both the electrons and the holes having places in the structure of InN containing oxygen atoms. These energy pockets are found on the basis of the electron band structure of wurtzite InN containing oxygen impurity atoms. A model of the system located electron–positive hydrogen ion is created. It is called the "inversed" hydrogen model, because the electron is fixed in the pocket, and the positive hydrogen ion can change its position (this ion can either be on the surface of InN or belong to a neighboring quasi-elementary cell). The Schrödinger equation for the "inversed" hydrogen model of the electron–hydrogen ion system is determined. The binding energy and the hydrogen-like energy levels of the electron–positive system hydrogen ion system are found.

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Teterin, Yury, Anton Teterin, Nikolay Yakovlev, Igor Utkin, Kirill Ivanov, Leonid Shustov, Labud Vukcevic, and George Bek-Uzarov. "X-Ray photoelectron study of actinide (Th, U, Pu, Am) nitrates." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 18, no. 2 (2003): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0302031t.

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In this work an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of nitrates Th(NO3)4.4H2O UO2(NO3)2-nH2O, Pu(NO3)4-nH2O, and Am(NO3)2.nH2O was done in the binding energy range from 0 to 1000 eV in order to draw a correlation of the fine spectral structure parameters with the actinide ions oxidation states close environment structure, and chemical bond nature. The linearity of the dependence of the An5fn line intensity on the number n5f of the An5f electrons was proven to remain up to the Am3+ ion with the electron configu5fra-tion{Rn 5f6. The spectral structure in the binding energy range from 0 to ~ 15 eV was associated with the formation of the outer valence molecular orbitals due to the interaction of the An6d-, 7s, 5f - O2p electrons, and the fine spectral structure in the binding energy range from ~ 15 to ~50 eV - with the formation of the inner valence molecular orbitals due to the interaction of the An6p - O2s electrons from the filled neighboring atomic orbitals of actinide and oxygen in the studied compounds. The fine structure of the core level electron spectra in the binding energy range from ~50 to 1000 eV was shown to correlate with the actinide ion oxidation state.

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Schrader, D. M., L. D. Hulett Jr., T. A. Lewis, Jun Xu, G. Laricchia, and T. N. Horsky. "The ORELA positron-scattering program: Progress in the first energy-analysis experiments." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1996): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-070.

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Implantation and fragmentation by positron impact have been extensively studied by the positron group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, but the group has never attempted an energy analysis of the ions produced. In this contribution, we report on the status of the first energy-analysis experiments planned with the ORELA (Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator) positron beam. These first experiments will be similar to the original ORELA ionization–fragmentation experiments in that the target molecules will be in a stagnant gas, and the positrons will be confined in a Penning trap. We plan (i) to measure binding energies of several positronium compounds, (ii) to measure the energies of fragment ions produced by positrons with energies below fragmentation thresholds, and (iii) to detect secondary electrons from processes following the formation of ions, and to measure their energies.

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Peter, A. John, and K. Lily Mary Eucharista. "Spin Polarization and Exchange Interaction in a Diluted Magnetic Qunautm Dot." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/561201.

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The spin interaction energy of differentMn2+ions with and without an itinerant electron is evaluated for different dot radii. Magnetization is calculated for various concentrations ofMn2+ions with different dot sizes. Spin polaronic shifts are estimated using a mean field theory. The lowest binding energies of electrons in aCd1-xMnxTequantum dot are also calculated. Results are obtained forCd1−xinMnxinTe/Cd1−xoutMnxoutTestructures as a function of the dot radius variationally. It is found that (i) more number ofMn2+spins enhance the spin polaronic effect and it varies linearly with the concentration, (ii) spin polarization ofMn2+ions increases with the concentration for any dot radii, (iii) the magnetization of Mn subsystem increases with the concentration ofMn2+ions and this feature is predominant for smaller dots, and (iv) variation of increase in ionization energy is sharper for smaller dots with increase in concentration. These results are discussed with the available data in literature.

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Ergashov, Yokub, Boltaxodja Umirzakov, Nebodir Nurmatov, and Golib Otamurodov. "Experimental and theoretical study of the effect of bombardment with Ar+ ions on the spectrum of valence electrons of a Si (111) single crystal." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801013.

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The paper studies the effect of disordering of the surface layers on the electronic and optical properties of single-crystal silicon.An analysis of the photoelectron spectra shows that with complete amorphization of the surface density, the condition of Si valence electrons of changes significantly. In particular, the positions of the main maximum of the electrons of the valence band of Si (111) shift by ~ 0.4 eV towards higher binding energies and the band gap Eg increases by 0.1-0.15 eV. The energy of a valence electron in amorphized silicon, which at low impurity concentrations, i.e. at low bombardment doses (D <1015 cm–2), the potential Mkk and, therefore, the shift of the maximum of the density of states vary linearly with respect to concentration. At high impurity concentrations (at doses D> 1015 cm–2), corresponding to the transition to amorphous silicon, the concentration dependence of Mkk is very weak. Therefore, upon amorphization, the peak A of the density of states of the silicon valence band under consideration is shifted to the region of lower electron binding energies. The theoretical substantiation of the obtained experimental results is given.

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Wang, Pengfei, Jun Yin, Qianqian Hu, Bocheng Lv, Jia-Lin Zhu, Wanyun Ma, Zhanmin Dong, Wei Zhang, and Jialin Sun. "Gate-tunable ion–electron hybrid phototransistor based on a graphene/RbAg4I5 composite." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 42 (2019): 13253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04222a.

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A phototransistor based on a composite of single-layer graphene and superconductor RbAg₄I₅ realizes linear modulation of the binding energy between electrons and silver ions, resulting in a two order of magnitude increase of photo-response.

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Teterin, Yury, and Anton Teterin. "Modern x-ray spectral methods in the study of the electronic structure of actinide compounds: Uranium oxide UO2 as an example." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 19, no. 2 (2004): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0402003t.

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Fine X-ray photo electron spectral (XPS) structure of uranium dioxide UO2 in the binding energy (BE) range 0-~c40 eV was associated mostly with the electrons of the outer (OVMO) (0-15 eV BE) and inner (IVMO) (15-40 eV BE) valence molecular orbitals formed from the incompletely U5f,6d,7s and O2p and completely filled U6p and O2s shells of neighboring uranium and oxygen ions. It agrees with the relativistic calculation results of the electronic structure for the UO812?(Oh) cluster reflecting uranium close environment in UO2, and was confirmed by the X-ray (conversion electron, non-resonance and resonance O4,5(U) emission, near O4,5(U) edge absorption, resonance photoelectron, Auger) spectroscopy data. The fine OVMO and IVMO related XPS structure was established to yield conclusions on the degree of participation of the U6p,5f electrons in the chemical bond, uranium close environment structure and interatomic distances in oxides. Total contribution of the IVMO electrons to the covalent part of the chemical bond can be comparable with that of the OVMO electrons. It has to be noted that the IVMO formation can take place in compounds of any elements from the periodic table. It is a novel scientific fact in solid-state chemistry and physics.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrons. Ions. Binding energy"

1

Le, Page Johnathan. "The Transfer of Energy Between Electrons and Ions in Solids." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498984.

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Hayton, S. J. T. "Single and double ionization of ions by energy-resolved electrons." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387406.

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Underwood, J. R. A. "The ionisation of Ca'+, Sr'+ and Ba'+ ions by energy resolved electrons." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329179.

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Sarabipour, Sarvnaz. "Damage induced in DNA and RNA components by low energy heavy ions, electrons and photons." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3952.

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Ion beams have recently emerged as a promising radiotherapy technique for treatment of large, solid, deep seated tumours. As the primary beam of heavy particles traverses through the cell, secondary charged and neutral species are generated. In particular secondary ions with energies up to 100 eV are produced in large numbers along the ionization track. Ionization and fragmentation of DNA components is a key step in radiobiological damage to the cell. An ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) ion beam system has been used to study the ionization and fragmentation pathways of DNA bases by ion irradiation in the condensed phase and electron impact in the gas phase. The apparatus consists of a low energy ion source, beam line, biomolecular film preparation system and a reaction chamber with high-resolution mass spectrometer to monitor desorbing ion yields. Solid condensed films of DNA bases were prepared in vacuo by sample evaporation from an oven and were subsequently irradiated with (1-100 eV) Ar+ ions. Upon bombardment, desorbing positive and negative fragments were collected using a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS). Ionization and fragmentation of Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and 5-aminouracil bases has been observed by low energy (10-100 eV) Ar + ions in the condensed phase and 70 eV electrons in the gas phase. These observations demonstrate fragmentation mechanisms involve site specific concerted dissociation reactions, deamination of Ade, Gua, Cyt in the condensed phase and the gas phase as well as amination of Adenine in the condensed phase. Of significant features of the mass spectra of all four bases are the production of NH 4+ (18 amu) and CH3+ (15 amu) fragments with high intensities relative to the most intense peak in each spectrum (HCNH+ , 28 amu). Utilizing isotopically labelled Ade, Gua and Cyt common purine and pyrimidine bond cleavage pathways and fragment origin sites were identified. Experiments performed with 5-aminouracil confirmed the deamination hypothesis of A, G and C bases by low energy Ar + ion impact in the condensed phase as well as the low energy electron impact in the gas phase.

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Oesterling, Lee Clifford. "Millimeter-Wave Time-Resolved Studies of Chemical and Physical Interactions Between Molecular Ions, Neutrals, and Electrons." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250393069.

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Santos, Samantha Fonseca dos. "Theoretical and computational studies of dissociative recombination of H₃⁺ with low kinetic energy electrons time-independent and time-dependent approach /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002668.

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Mabrouki, Ridha Ben Mohsen. "Drift Tube Ion Mobility Measurements for Thermochemistry, Kinetics and Polymerization of Cluster Ions." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1165.

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In this work, the Drift Tube Ion Mobility technique is used to study the hydrophobic hydration and solvation of organic ions and measure the thermochemistry and kinetics of ion-molecule reactions. Furthermore, an exploratory study of the intracluster polymerization of isoprene will be presented and discussed. The ion hydration study is focused on the C3H3+ cation1 and Pyridine▪+ radical cation.2 The chemistry of the cyclic C3H3+ cation1 has received considerable attention and continues to be an active area of research.3-7 The binding energies of the first 5 H2O molecules to c-C3H3+ were determined by equilibrium measurements. The measured binding energies of the hydrated clusters of 9-12 kcal/mol are typical of carbon-based CH+X hydrogen bonds. The ion solvation with the more polar CH3CN molecules results in stronger bonds consistent with the increased ion-dipole interaction. Ab initio calculations show that the lowest energy isomer of the c-C3H3+(H2O)4 cluster consists of a cyclic water tetramer interacting with the c-C3H3+ ion, which suggests the presence of orientational restraint of the water molecules consistent with the observed large entropy loss. The c-C3H3+ ion is deprotonated by 3 or more H2O molecules, driven energetically by the association of the solvent molecules to form strongly hydrogen bonded (H2O)nH+ clusters. The kinetics of the associative proton transfer (APT) reaction C3H3+ + nH2O → (H2O)nH+ + C3H2 exhibits an unusually steep negative temperature coefficient of k = cT(sup>63±4 (or activation energy of -32 ± 1 kcal mol-1). The behavior of the C3H3+/water system is exactly analogous to the benzene+ /water system8,9, suggesting that the mechanism, kinetics and large negative temperature coefficients may be general to multibody APT reactions. These reactions can become fast at low temperatures, allowing ionized polycyclic aromatics to initiate ice formation in cold astrochemical environments.The solvation energies of the pyridine+ radical cation by 1- 4 H2O molecules are determined by equilibrium measurements in the drift cell. The binding energies of the pyridine+(H2O)n clusters are similar to the binding energies of protonated pyridineH+(H2O)n clusters that involve NH+∙∙OH2 bonds, and different from those of the solvated radical benzene+(H2O)n ions that involve CHδ+∙∙OH2 bonds. These relations indicate that the observed pyridine+ ions have the distonic C5H4NH+ structure that can form NH+∙∙OH2 bonds. The observed thermochemistry and ab initio calculations show that these bonds are not affected significantly by an unpaired electron at another site of the ion. The distonic structure is also consistent with the reactivity of pyridine+ in H atom transfer, intra-cluster proton transfer and deprotonation reactions. The results present the first measured stepwise solvation energies of distonic ions, and demonstrate that cluster thermochemistry can identify distonic structures.The gas phase clustering of small molecules around the hydronium ion is of fundamental interest and is relevant to important atmospheric and astrophysical processes. In this work, the equilibrium constants for the formation of the H3O+(X)n clusters with X = H2, N2 and CO and n = 1-3 at different temperatures are measured using the drift tube technique10. The arrival time distributions (ATDs) of the injected H3O+ and the H3O+(X)n clusters formed inside the cell are measured under equilibrium conditions. The resulting binding energies for the addition of one and two hydrogen molecules are similar [3.4 and 3.5 kcal/mol, respectively). For the N2 clustering with n = 1-3, the measured binding energies are 7.9, 6.9 and 5.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The clustering of CO on the H3O+ ion exhibits a relatively strong binding energy (11.5 kcal/mol) consistent with the dipole moment and polarizability of the CO molecule. Theoretical calculations of the lowest energy structures are correlated to the experimental results. Finally, intracluster polymerization leading to the formation of covalent bonded oligomer ions has been investigated following the ionization of neutral isoprene clusters. The results indicate that isoprene dimer cation has a structure similar to that of the limonene radical cation. Mass-selected mobility and dissociation studies also indicate that the larger isoprene cluster ions have covalent bonded structures. The conversion of molecular clusters into size-selected oligomers is an important process not only for detailed understanding of the early stages of polymerization but also for practical applications such as the formation of new polymeric materials with controlled and unusual properties.

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Gibson, Meghan E. "Examining the Role of Magnesium Ions in the Structural Stability of Ribosomal Subunits and An Investigation of a Novel Anticancer Therapeutic: Analyzing the Binding Affinity of a Stapled p53 Peptide Analog for Regulator MDM2." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104431.

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Thesis advisor: Udayan Mohanty
Computational research can play a crucial component in the discovery of unique biochemical phenomena, from answering fundamental questions about molecular function and structure to the modeling of designed pharmaceuticals to cure many debilitating illnesses. Here computational methods are employed to examine the exquisite role that magnesium ions play in stabilizing ribosomal subunits responsible for protein translation and to analyze the potential of a proposed anticancer drug for a pathway that is impaired in the majority of human cancer cases
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Chemistry

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Dulieu, Olivier. "Etude des systemes atomiques a deux electrons externes par la methode de fonction d'onde correlee de pluvinage : application a l'etude des ions alcalins negatifs." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066350.

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Par cette methode, etude detaillee des etats excites et autoionisants de l'atome me; comparaison aux donnees experimentales et a des calculs par d'autres methodes. Extension de la methode de l'analyse a des systemes a deux electrons externes : li**(-), na**(-), k**(-)

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Coons, Marc P. L. "Solvent Effects for Vertical Ionization Processes in Liquid Water and at the Liquid-Vapor Interface." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503014629752161.

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Books on the topic "Electrons. Ions. Binding energy"

1

Lee, Timothy J. Comparison of the quadratic configuration interaction and coupled cluster approaches to electron correlation including the effect of triple excitations. [Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1991.

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Lee, Timothy J. Comparison of the quadratic configuration interaction and coupled cluster approaches to electron correlation including the effect of triple excitations. [Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1991.

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Structure of V(H₂)n + clusters for n = 1-6. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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W, Bauschlicher Charles, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Structure of V(H₂)n + clusters for n = 1-6. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Structure of V(H₂)n + clusters for n = 1-6. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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W, Bauschlicher Charles, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Structure of V(H₂)n + clusters for n = 1-6. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Track structure model for radial distributions of electron spectra and event spectra from high-energy ions. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrons. Ions. Binding energy"

1

Flannery, M. R., and D. Vrinceanu. "Stark Mixing in Rydberg Systems by Ultralow Energy Collisions with Ions." In Dissociative Recombination of Molecular Ions with Electrons, 151–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0083-4_15.

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de Odrowaąż Piramowicz, Marzena, Ralph Bock, Aleksandra Orzechowska, Kazimierz Strzałka, and Květoslava Burda. "Binding Sites of Cadmium Ions Within Photosystem II." In Photosynthesis. Energy from the Sun, 311–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6709-9_70.

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Greene, C. H., V. Kokoouline, and B. D. Esry. "Importance of Jahn-Teller Coupling in the Dissociative Recombination of H 3 + by Low Energy Electrons." In Dissociative Recombination of Molecular Ions with Electrons, 221–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0083-4_22.

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Lindroth, E., and R. Schuch. "Recombination of Cooled Highly Charged Ions with Low-Energy Electrons." In The Physics of Multiply and Highly Charged Ions, 231–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0542-4_7.

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Bernheim, M., and Ting Di Wu. "Resonant Desorption of Negative Ions from Adsorbed Layers Bombarded by Very Low Energy Electrons." In Springer Series in Surface Sciences, 208–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84145-3_27.

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Bernheim, M., and T. D. Wu. "Desorption of H−, O− and OH− Ions During Impact of Very Low Energy Electrons on Surfaces." In Springer Series in Surface Sciences, 15–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78080-6_2.

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Seeman, J., D. Schulte, J. P. Delahaye, M. Ross, S. Stapnes, A. Grudiev, A. Yamamoto, et al. "Design and Principles of Linear Accelerators and Colliders." In Particle Physics Reference Library, 295–336. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_7.

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AbstractLinear accelerators (linacs) use alternating radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles in a straight line. Linacs were invented about 95 years ago and have seen many significant technical innovations since. A wide range of particle beams have been accelerated with linacs including beams of electrons, positrons, protons, antiprotons, and heavy ions. Linac parameter possibilities include pulsed versus continuous wave, low and high beam powers, low and high repetition rates, low transverse emittance beams, short bunches with small energy spreads, and accelerated multiple bunches in a single pulse. The number of linacs around the world has grown tremendously with thousands of linacs in present use, many for medical therapy, in industry, and for research and development in a broad spectrum of scientific fields. Researchers have developed accelerators for scientific tools in their own right, being awarded several Nobel prizes. Moreover, linacs and particle accelerators in general have enabled many discovery level science experiments in related fields, resulting in many Nobel prizes as well.

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Brenten, H., H. Müller, and V. Kempter. "Electrons from Intra- and Interatomic Auger Processes in Low-Energy Collisions of Singly and Doubly Charged Inert Gas Ions with W(110) Surfaces Partially Covered by Alkali Atoms and NaCL Molecules." In NATO ASI Series, 105–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2840-1_7.

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"Underestimated Role of the Singular Spin–Spin Interaction in the Binding Energy of Two-Electron Atoms/Ions." In Breaking Paradigms in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 93–97. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814619936_0005.

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"Thermal Distribution of Electrons, Holes, and Ions in Solids." In Nanostructured Energy Devices, 130–73. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17613-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrons. Ions. Binding energy"

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Zwicknagel, G. "Energy loss of ions by collisions with magnetized electrons." In NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS IV: Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1454322.

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Zhang, Zhijun. "Energy spread minimization in a cascaded laser wakefield accelerator via velocity bunching (Conference Presentation)." In Laser Acceleration of Electrons, Protons, and Ions, edited by Eric Esarey, Carl B. Schroeder, and Florian J. Grüner. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2264688.

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Kohse-Höinghaus, Katharina, and Andreas Brockhinke. "Photons, Electrons, and Ions: Detective Work in Combustion Chemistry Research." In Optics and Photonics for Energy and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ee.2016.etu2a.1.

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Reissman, Timothy, Austin Fang, Ephrahim Garcia, Brian J. Kirby, Romain Viard, and Philippe M. Fauchet. "Inorganic Proton Exchange Membranes." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97149.

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Abstract:

Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) offer advantages from quick refills to the elimination of recharge times. They show the most potential in efficient chemical to electrical energy conversion, but currently one major source of inefficiency within the DMFC system is the electrolyte allowing fuel to cross over from the anode to cathode. Proprietary DuPont™ Nafion® 117 has been the standard polymer electrolyte thus far for all meso-scale direct methanol power conversion systems, and its shortcomings consist primarily of slow anodic reaction rates and fuel crossover resulting in lower voltage generation or mixed potential. Porous Silicon (P-Si) is traditionally used in photovoltaic and photoluminescence applications but rarely used as a mechanical filter or membrane. This research deals with investigations into using P-Si as a functioning electrolyte to transfer ions from the anode to cathode of a DMFC and the consequences of stacking multiple layers of anodes. Porous silicon was fabricated in a standard Teflon cylindrical cell by an anodization process which varied the current density to etch and electro-polish the silicon membrane. The result was a porous silicon membrane with approximately 1.5 μm pore sizes when optically characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The porous membranes were then coated in approximately 0.2 mg/cm2 Pt-Ru catalyst with a 10% Nafion® solution binding agent onto the anode. Voltage versus current data shows an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.25V was achieved with one layer when operating at 20°C. When adding a second porous silicon layer, the OCV was raised to approximately 0.32V under the same conditions. The experimental data suggested that the current collected also increased with an additional identical layer of anode prepared the same way. The single difference was that the air cathode side was surface treated with 0.1 mg of Pt black catalyst combined with a 10% Nafion® binding agent to aid in the recombination of hydrogen atoms to form the water byproduct. Porous silicon endurance runs with 2ml of 3% by volume methanol (0.7425M) fuel dissolved in water showed an operating voltage was generated for approximately 3 hours before the level dropped to approximately 65% of the 0.25V maximum voltage. Endurance runs with a second layer added extended the useful cell life to approximately 5 hours under the same conditions. In an effort to quantify these layering results, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry was conducted on a number of samples to verify decreased methanol concentration present in the second layer.

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Dietrich, Jan, and Reinard Becker. "Separation Of H− Ions And Co-Extracted Electrons At Full Energy." In PRODUCTION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF NEGATIVE IONS AND BEAMS: 11th International Symposium on the Production and Neutralization of Negative Ions and Beams. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2773670.

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Zeil, Karl, Constantin Bernert, Florian-Emanuel Brack, Marco Garten, Lennart Gaus, Thomas Kluge, Stephan D. Kraft, et al. "Proton beam quality enhancement beyond the 60 MeV energy level by active control of temporal properties of the Draco PW laser." In Laser Acceleration of Electrons, Protons, and Ions VI, edited by Stepan S. Bulanov, Carl B. Schroeder, and Jörg Schreiber. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2589546.

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Cohen, Scott M. "Effects of binding energy on exchange contributions to the stopping of electrons." In The CAARI 2000: Sixteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1395241.

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Variale, V., M. Cavenago, B. Skarbo, and V. Valentino. "Secondary electrons problem study in beam energy recovery for fusion: Experimental apparatus." In SIXTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEGATIVE IONS, BEAMS AND SOURCES (NIBS 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5083786.

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Tucker, E., and J. Gilligan. "Transport of energetic ions and electrons energy through the vapor shield during a tokamak plasma disruption." In International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1993.593172.

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Pokora, Ludwik, and Janusz Wawer. "Plasma Focus Device As An Unconventional Source Of High-Energy Electrons And Ions For Pumping Of Lasers." In Second Symposium on Laser Technology, edited by Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Bohdan K. Wolczak, and Wieslaw L. Wolinski. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.943351.

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Reports on the topic "Electrons. Ions. Binding energy"

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Gordon, Daniel, Dmitri Kaganovich, Michael Helle, Yu-hsin Chen, and Antonio Ting. Final Report on Laser-Driven Acceleration of High Energy Electrons and Ions: Experiments, Theory, and Simulations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1362264.

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