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Books on the topic 'Electrope'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Seo, Masahiro. Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Properties of Solid Electrode Surfaces. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7277-7.

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2

Ryall, Christopher John. Rapid prototyping of electro discharge machining (EDM) electrodes. [s.l.]: typescript, 1995.

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3

Hejna, Jan. Detektory elektronów w elektronowych mikroskopach skaningowych wysokopróżniowych. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2010.

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4

Misell, D. L. Electron diffraction: An introduction for biologists. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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5

Zou, Xiaodong. Electron crystallography: Electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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6

Roy, Markham, and Horne Robert W, eds. Electron diffraction and optical diffraction techniques. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1990.

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7

Hiroshima Workshop on Transport and Thermal Properties of Advanced Materials (2nd 2002 Hiroshima University). Proceedings of the Second Hiroshima Workshop on Transport and Thermal Properties of Advanced Materials: T2PAM, held in Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, 16-19 August 2002. Edited by Oguchi T, Sera M, and Takabatake T. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2003.

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8

Fujita, T., G. Oomi, and H. Fujii. Transport and thermal properties of f-electron systems. New York: Springer Science, 1993.

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9

Beeston, B. E. P. Electron diffraction and optical diffraction techniques. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986.

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10

L, Dudarev S., and Whelan M. J, eds. High-energy electron diffraction and microscopy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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11

Gundel, Hartmut W. Electron emission from ferroelectrics: A new generation of pulsed electron beam sources. Aachen: Shaker, 1996.

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12

Kästner, Gerhard. Many-beam electron diffraction related to electron microscope diffraction contrast. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993.

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13

Pfefferkorn, Conference (5th 1986 Brueggen West Germany). Physical aspects of microscopic characterization of materials: Proceedings of the 5th Pfefferkorn Conference, held October 2 to 7, 1986, at Brueggen, West Germany. AMF O'Hare, IL: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Inc., 1987.

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14

Chen, E. C. M. The electron capture detector and the study of reactions with thermal electrons. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2004.

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15

Compton, R. G. Electrode potentials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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16

Electrode dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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17

Ciszewski, Antoni. Praca wyjścia metali. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1986.

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18

Champness, P. E. Electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2001.

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19

Hawkes, Peter W. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics. San Diego: Elsevier, 2002.

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20

Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. Electrons in Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.001.0001.

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The book treats in a unified way electronic properties of molecules (magnetic, electrical, photophysical), culminating with the mastering of electrons, i.e. molecular electronics and spintronics and molecular machines. Chapter 1 recalls basic concepts. Chapter 2 describes the magnetic properties due to localized electrons. This includes phenomena such as spin cross-over, exchange interaction from dihydrogen to extended molecular magnetic systems, and magnetic anisotropy with single-molecule magnets. Chapter 3 is devoted to the electrical properties due to moving electrons. One considers first electron transfer in discrete molecular systems, in particular in mixed valence compounds. Then, extended molecular solids, in particular molecular conductors, are described by band theory. Special attention is paid to structural distortions (Peierls instability) and interelectronic repulsions in narrow-band systems. Chapter 4 treats photophysical properties, mainly electron transfer in the excited state and its applications to photodiodes, organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and water photolysis. Energy transfer is also treated. Photomagnetism (how a photonic excitation modifies magnetic properties) is introduced. Finally, Chapter 5 combines the previous knowledge for three advanced subjects: first molecular electronics in its hybrid form (molecules connected to electrodes acting as wires, diodes, memory elements, field-effect transistors) or in the quantum computation approach. Then, molecular spintronics, using, besides the charge, the spin of the electron. Finally the theme of molecular machines is presented, with the problem of the directionality control of their motion.
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21

Shils, Jay L., Sepehr Sani, Ryan Kochanski, Mena Kerolus, and Jeffrey E. Arle. Recording Techniques Related to Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders and Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0038.

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Neuromodulation therapies are now common treatments for a variety of medically refractory disorders, including movement disorders and epilepsy. While surgical techniques for each disorder vary, electricity is used by both for relieving symptoms. During stereotactic placement of the stimulating electrode, either deep brain stimulation electrodes or cortical strip electrodes, intraoperative neurophysiology is used to localize the target structure. This physiology includes single-unit recordings, neurostimulation evoked response evaluation, and intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) to ensure the electrode leads are in the optimal location. Because the functional target for the responsive neurostimulator is more easily visualized on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative physiology is used more as a confirmatory tool, in contrast to the more functional localization-based use during electrode placement for movement disorders. This chapter discusses surgical placement of the electrodes for each procedure and the physiological guidance methodology used to place the leads in the optimal location.
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22

1936-, Springford Michael, ed. Electron: A centenary volume. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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23

B, Hirsch P., ed. Topics in electron diffraction and microscopy of materials. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999.

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24

Kimura, T., and Y. Otani. Magnetization switching due to nonlocal spin injection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0021.

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This chapter discusses and presents a schematic illustration of nonlocal spin injection. In this case, the spin-polarized electrons are injected from the ferromagnet and are extracted from the left-hand side of the nonmagnet. This results in the accumulation of nonequilibrium spins in the vicinity of the F/N junctions. Since the electrochemical potential on the left-hand side is lower than that underneath the F/N junction, the electron flows by the electric field. On the right-hand side, although there is no electric field, the diffusion process from the nonequilibrium into the equilibrium state induces the motion of the electrons. Since the excess up-spin electrons exist underneath the F/N junction, the up-spin electrons diffuse into the right-hand side. On the other hand, the deficiency of the down-spin electrons induces the incoming flow of the down-spin electrons opposite to the motion of the up-spin electron.
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25

Seeck, Margitta, and Donald L. Schomer. Intracranial EEG Monitoring. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0029.

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Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is used to localize the focus of seizures and determine vital adjacent cortex before epilepsy surgery. The two most commonly used electrode types are subdural and depth electrodes. Foramen ovale electrodes are less often used. Combinations of electrode types are possible. The choice depends on the presumed focus site. Careful planning is needed before implantation, taking into account the results of noninvasive studies. While subdural recordings allow better mapping of functional cortex, depth electrodes can reach deep structures. There are no guidelines on how to read ictal intracranial EEG recordings, but a focal onset (<5 contacts) and a high-frequency onset herald a good prognosis. High-frequency oscillations have been described as a potential biomarker of the seizure onset zone. Intracranial recordings provide a focal but magnified view of the brain, which is also exemplified by the use of microelectrodes, which allow the recording of single-unit or multi-unit activity.
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26

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Electrochemistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0020.

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This chapter explores electrochemistry, from the fundamental observations associated with the Daniel Cell to redox reactions and the Nernst equation. As throughout the book, all the discussions are based on rigorous first principles, with each step carefully explained, and deduced logically from previous material. Topics covered include electrodes and electrode potentials, half-cells and half-cell reactions, electrochemical cells, the electromotive force, standard reversible electrode potentials, oxidising and reducing agents, redox reactions, and the half-cell Nernst equation, and the full reaction Nernst equation.
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27

Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. The electron. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0003.

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Discusses with some rigour the properties of electrons, based on the Schrodinger equation. Introduces the concepts of wave function, quantum-mechanical operators, and wave packets. Examples cover the electron meeting an infinitely long potential barrier and the passage of electrons through a finite barrier (which leads to the phenomenon of tunnelling).The electron in a potential well is also discussed, solving the problem both for a finite and for an infinite well, and finding the permissible energy levels. The chapter is concluded with the philosophical implications that arise from the quantum-mechanical approach. Two limericks relevant to the subject are quoted.
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28

Bertel, E., and A. Menzel. Nanostructured surfaces: Dimensionally constrained electrons and correlation. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.11.

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This article examines dimensionally constrained electrons and electronic correlation in nanostructured surfaces. Correlation effects play an important role in spatial confinement of electrons by nanostructures. The effect of correlation will become increasingly dominant as the dimensionality of the electron wavefunction is reduced. This article focuses on quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) confinement, i.e. more or less strongly coupled one-dimensional nanostructures, with occasional reference to 2D and 0D systems. It first explains how correlated systems exhibit a variety of electronically driven phase transitions, and especially the phases occurring in the generic phase diagram of correlated materials. It then describes electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions in low-dimensional systems and the phase diagram of real quasi-1D systems. Two case studies are considered: metal chains on silicon surfaces and quasi-1D structures on metallic surfaces. The article shows that spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs for many quasi-1D systems on both semiconductor and metal surfaces at low temperature.
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29

Glazov, M. M. Electron & Nuclear Spin Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.001.0001.

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In recent years, the physics community has experienced a revival of interest in spin effects in solid state systems. On one hand, solid state systems, particularly semicon- ductors and semiconductor nanosystems, allow one to perform benchtop studies of quantum and relativistic phenomena. On the other hand, interest is supported by the prospects of realizing spin-based electronics where the electron or nuclear spins can play a role of quantum or classical information carriers. This book aims at rather detailed presentation of multifaceted physics of interacting electron and nuclear spins in semiconductors and, particularly, in semiconductor-based low-dimensional structures. The hyperfine interaction of the charge carrier and nuclear spins increases in nanosystems compared with bulk materials due to localization of electrons and holes and results in the spin exchange between these two systems. It gives rise to beautiful and complex physics occurring in the manybody and nonlinear system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductor nanosystems. As a result, an understanding of the intertwined spin systems of electrons and nuclei is crucial for in-depth studying and control of spin phenomena in semiconductors. The book addresses a number of the most prominent effects taking place in semiconductor nanosystems including hyperfine interaction, nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamical nuclear polarization, spin-Faraday and -Kerr effects, processes of electron spin decoherence and relaxation, effects of electron spin precession mode-locking and frequency focusing, as well as fluctuations of electron and nuclear spins.
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30

Soetbeer, Janne Marie. Dynamical Decoupling in Distance Measurements by Double Electron-Electron Resonance. Springer Spektrum, 2016.

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31

Alarcón, Gonzalo, and Antonio Valentín. Intracranial electroencephalographic recordings. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0012.

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Around 30% of patients assessed for surgery for the treatment of epilepsy require intracranial electrodes to localize the epileptic focus or to identify functionally relevant cortex. Patients can be very different and the various non-invasive techniques used during presurgical assessment often render conflicting or contradictory results. Deciding the type of electrodes to be used and the sites to be implanted can be puzzling. This chapter describes the electrode types available, their indications, and various implantation strategies. This chapter also summarizes the criteria used to interpret chronic and acute (intraoperative) intracranial recordings, as well at the methods used to carry out and interpret functional mapping with electrical stimulation.
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32

McKenna, Kevin. Amperometric enzyme electrodes with conducting organic salts as electrode materials: Kevin McKenna. 1987.

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33

Edington, Jeffrey William. Practical Electron Microscopy in Materials Science. Techbooks, 1991.

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34

Electromagnetic Response Functions of Nuclei. Nova Science Publishers, 2001.

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35

G, Oomi, Fujii H, Fujita T, and Hiroshima Workshop on Transport and Thermal Properties of f-Electron Systems (1992 : Hiroshima-shi, Japan), eds. Transport and thermal properties of f-electron systems. New York: Plenum Press, 1993.

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36

Zou, Xiaodong, D. Dorset, and Sven Hovmöller. Electron Crystallography. Springer, 2014.

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37

Billard, Laura Agnes Hunt. Laser induced electron transfer of soluated electrons in liquid alcohols. 1986.

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38

Takahashi, S., and S. Maekawa. Spin Hall Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the spin Hall effect that occurs during spin injection from a ferromagnet to a nonmagnetic conductor in nanostructured devices. This provides a new opportunity for investigating AHE in nonmagnetic conductors. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrical current is carried by up-spin and downspin electrons, with the flow of up-spin electrons being slightly deflected in a transverse direction while that of down-spin electrons being deflected in the opposite direction; this results in an electron flow in the direction perpendicular to both the applied electric field and the magnetization directions. Since up-spin and downspin electrons are strongly imbalanced in ferromagnets, both spin and charge currents are generated in the transverse direction by AHE, the latter of which are observed as the electrical Hall voltage.
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39

Henningsson, Anders. Ion Insertion into Electrode Materials Studied With X-Ray & Electron Spectroscopic Methods. Uppsala Universitet, 2002.

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40

Wright, A. G. Timing with PMTs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0008.

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The timing capability of photomultipliers (PMTs) can be inferred from the basic laws of electron motion. The relationships between time dispersion and field strength, initial electron energy, angle of emission, and electrode spacing follow from these laws. For conventional PMTs, the major contribution to dispersion arises from the cathode-to-first-dynode region. The field gradient at the cathode primarily determines the timing. This is verified by examining the electron motion in non-uniform electric fields. The contribution from interdynode transitions is small for linear focussed PMTs. Monte Carlo simulations of output waveforms from scintillators agree with measurements. The performance of threshold, zero crossing, and constant fraction (CF) discriminators is examined, revealing the superiority of the CF types. Two organizations have made detailed timing measurements, some of which show sub-nanosecond jitter. Proximity focussed PMTs from Hamamatsu confirm time dispersion measured in picoseconds.
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41

Petersen, Erika A. Spinal Cord Stimulation. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0032.

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Spinal cord stimulation is an effective strategy for managing chronic neuropathic pain that is refractory to other medical treatment. Proper patient selection and fastidious technique are essential to good outcomes. Electrodes can be placed through both percutaneous and laminotomy approaches. Care should be taken to minimize the risks of spinal electrode implantation: infection, neurologic injury, device migration, and device malfunction. Technological innovation and applications continue to improve rapidly, affording more options for treatment.
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42

Hong, Rong-Kai. Temporal characteristics of electro-cochlear channel in single-electrode cochlear prosthesis patients. 1993.

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43

Chen, E. C. M., and E. S. D. Chen. Electron Capture Detector and the Study of Reactions with Thermal Electrons. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2004.

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44

Ieda, J., and S. Maekawa. Spinmotive force. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0007.

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This chapter begins with Faraday’s law, which states that electromotive forces power everything by virtue of the charge e of an electron, and introduces spinmotive forces which reflect the magnetic moment of an electron. This motive force reflects the energy conservation requirements of the spin-torque transfer process that is at the heart of spintronics. The Stern-Gerlach experiment that used spin-dependent forces established the existence of spin. It is shown here that conservative forces would exist even if an electron was not charged, and do exist for uncharged excitations, such as magnons or phonons. Such forces are especially important in ferromagnetic materials where the spinmotive force commonly drives an electronic charge current due to the higher mobility of the majority electrons.
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45

B, Brown E., ed. Electron diffraction. Elsevier, 1987.

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46

(Editor), Angela K. Wilson, and Kirk A. Peterson (Editor), eds. Recent Advances in Electron Correlation Methodology (Acs Symposium Series). An American Chemical Society Publication, 2007.

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47

Glazov, M. M. Hyperfine Interaction of Electron and Nuclear Spins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the key interaction–hyperfine coupling–which underlies most of phenomena in the field of electron and nuclear spin dynamics. This interaction originates from magnetic interaction between the nuclear and electron spins. For conduction band electrons in III–V or II–VI semiconductors, it is reduced to a Fermi contact interaction whose strength is proportional to the probability of finding an electron at the nucleus. A more complex situation is realized for valence band holes where hole Bloch functions vanish at the nuclei. Here the hyperfine interaction is of the dipole–dipole type. The modification of the hyperfine coupling Hamiltonian in nanosystems is also analyzed. The chapter contains also an overview of experimental data aimed at determination of the hyperfine interaction parameters in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures.
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48

Hirohata, A., and J. Y. Kim. Optically Induced and Detected Spin Current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0006.

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This chapter presents an alternative method of injecting spin-polarized electrons into a nonmagnetic semiconductor through photoexcitation. This method uses circularly-polarized light, whose energy needs to be the same as, or slightly larger than, the semiconductor band-gap, to excite spin-polarized electrons. This process will introduce a spin-polarized electron-hole pair, which can be detected as electrical signals. Such an optically induced spin-polarized current can only be generated in a direct band-gap semiconductor due to the selection rule described in the following sections. This introduction of circularly polarized light can also be used for spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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49

TENS equipment, techniques, and biophysical principles. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0003.

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The purpose of the electrical current delivered during TENS is to generate nerve impulses in peripheral nerve fibres to modulate the flow of nociceptive information and reduce pain. The characteristics of the electrical currents (i.e. stimulating parameters) and physiology at the electrode–skin interface will influence which nerve fibres are excited. Conventional TENS and acupuncture-like TENS are two techniques developed to stimulate different types of nerve fibres. The purpose of this chapter is to overview the biophysical principles of TENS and to explain how these principles have been used to inform clinical practice by covering TENS equipment and the standard TENS device, the electrical characteristics of currents produced by a standard TENS device, lead wires and electrodes, the physiology at the electrode–skin interface including nerve fibre activation by TENS, and TENS techniques used in clinical practice, including conventional TENS and acupuncture-like TENS (AL-TENS).
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50

Coleman, William L., and R. Michael Burger. Extracellular Single-Unit Recording and Neuropharmacological Methods. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0003.

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Small biogenic changes in voltage such as action potentials in neurons can be monitored using extracellular single unit recording techniques. This technique allows for investigation of neuronal electrical activity in a manner that is not disruptive to the cell membrane, and individual neurons can be recorded from for extended periods of time. This chapter discusses the basic requirements for an extracellular recording setup, including different types of electrodes, apparatus for controlling electrode position and placement, recording equipment, signal output, data analysis, and the histological confirmation of recording sites usually required for in vivo recordings. A more advanced extracellular recording technique using piggy-back style multibarrel electrodes that allows for localized pharmacological manipulation of neuronal properties is described in detail. Strategies for successful signal isolation, troubleshooting advice such as noise reduction, and suggestions for general laboratory equipment are also discussed.
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