Journal articles: 'Electroplating. Chromium'

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MORIKAWA, Tsutomu. "Greening the Chromium Electroplating." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 69, no. 6 (2018): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.69.212.

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Islam, Fahrul, and Budi Hatono. "Paparan kromium dan kerusakan ginjal pada pekerja pelapisan logam." Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat 32, no. 8 (2018): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.12130.

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Chromium exposure and the kidney damage risk among electroplating workersPurposeThis study was carried out to investigate the kidney damage risk due to chromium exposure at the workplace.Method33 electroplating workers and 33 control subjects with no history of occupational exposure to chromium in Makassar were involved. Chromium levels in urine were measured with atomic absorption spectrometry. ResultsUrine from exposed workers contained higher levels of chromium, when compared with those obtained in the control group. Furthermore, there was a direct relationship was obtained between the amount of chromium and kidney damage. Kidney damage was associated with the existence of chromium level in urine. Electroplating work environments increased the high risk of chromium exposure. Workers exposed for long periods of time result in a higher level of accumulated exposure in the body. The findings of this study indicated that there was higher level of chromium exposure in electroplating workers with kidney damage.ConclusionThis study suggested the labor office to closely monitor chromium emission levels in high risk industries. Meanwhile, industry owners need to ensure that every worker uses personal protective equipment to reduce risk.

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Rizky, Hana Eka, and Jojok Mukono. "Levels of Chromium in Air with Chromium in the Blood of Workers Electroplating in Purbalingga." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 9, no. 2 (2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v9i2.2017.172-180.

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Chromium (VI) is a form of chromium which commonly used in metal plating industry with engineering electroplating. The negative impacts for workers when contact with chromium are, skin irritation, nose, throat and lungs irritations. Research purposes are to describe the levels of chromium in the air and the blood of electroplating workers. This was an observational research design with cross sectional approach. Data analyzed by descriptive methods. Population of this research were electroplating workers of metal plating industry in Purbalingga. The samples were consisted of the respondents and environmental samples. The number of respondents were 8 workers which determinated purposive sampling methods. Environmental samples were obtained by measurements the levels of chromium in the air. The results showed that average level of chromium in the air 0.01 mg/m3. This level was appropriate to threshold limit value according to Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja Dan Transmigrasi RI 13/MEN/X/2011. Most of electroplating workers (87.5%), had the high levels of chromium blood (1.7 μg/L) and exceeded the normal limit value. Metal coating business owners should regularly control the use of personal equipment for workers to reduce the exposure of chromium for them.

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Fomichev, V. T., A. V. Savchenko, and G. P. Gubarevich. "Functional Galvanic Coatings of the Cr-Zn System." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 688–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.688.

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The authors have studied the influence of the electric current density, temperature, electrolyte composition on the properties of electroplating Chromium-Zinc deposits. The dependence of the maximum yield of metal on the physico-chemical characteristics of the solutions for electroplating of Chromium and Cr-Zn alloy has been shown. Chromium-Zinc coatings have been obtained from electrolytes based on chromic acid in the presence of organic additive (4-methylaminophenol). Abrupt nonlinear changes in density, viscosity, surface tension, specific electrical conductivity due to structural transformations in electrolytes are observed at the concentration of zinc sulphate of 4070 gramm / litr (further in the text - g/l), and the organic additive of 2-5 g/l. The obtained model has been applied to predict the optimal electrolyte compositions for the processes of Cr-Zn alloy formation, which will allow reducing the research efforts concerning the electrochemical studies of the given process when chromic acid solutions are used. The coatings exhibit high hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, low internal stresses.

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Galimov, Damir M., Dmitrii V. Ardashev, and Aleksandr A. Dyakonov. "Morphology and Properties of Solid Chrome Plating, Obtained by the Galvano-Mechanical Method." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.872.

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In this article, studies of chromium coatings obtained by a conventional electroplating method, as well as by electroplating combined with mechanical processing, were carried out. The metallographic investigations and the micro-hardness tests of the coating were carried out and characteristic types of electroplating chromium coatings were determined. It was determined that the coating obtained by galvano-mechanical processing (current density – 75 A/dm2, solution temperature – 58 °C, chrome plating time – 45 min) does not have dendritic defects, fits snugly to the base material, however, is characterized by an increased fragility. The micro-hardness of the galvanic chrome plating, obtained by electroplating, with a load of 100 g, is 960...990 HV. The surface of galvanic chromium coatings obtained under different conditions was investigated, the advantage of the galvano-mechanical technology of applying a chromium coating, implemented on the sample under study, was shown.

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Li, Chun-Teh, Wen-Jhy Lee, Kuo-Lin Huang, Sheng-Feng Fu, and Yi-Chieh Lai. "Vitrification of Chromium Electroplating Sludge." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 8 (2007): 2950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062803d.

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Setyaningsih, Yuliani, Adi Heru Husodo, and Indwiani Astuti. "Work Environment Factors and Their Influence on Urinary Chromium Levels in Informal Electroplating Workers." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183106007.

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One of the informal sector which absorbs labor was electroplating business. This sector uses chromium as coating material because it was strong, corrosion resistant and strong. Nonetheless hexavalent chromium is highly toxic if inhaled, swallowed and contact with skin. Poor hygiene, the lack of work environment factors and sanitation conditions can increase the levels of chromium in the body. This aimed of this study was to analyze the association between work environment factors and levels of urinary chromium in informal electroplating worker. A Purposive study was conducted in Tegal Central Java. The research subjects were 66 male workers. Chi Square analysis was used to establish an association between work environment factors and level of urinary chromium. There is a relationship between heat stress and wind direction to the chromium levels in urine (p <0.05), but there is no relationship between humidity and levels of chromium in the urine (p> 0.05). This explains that work environment factors can increase chromium levels in the urine of informal electroplating workers.

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Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, and Chulaluck Changul. "PHOTOCATALYTIC REMOVAL OF TR I- AND HEXA-VALENT CHROMIUM IONS FROM CHROME-ELECTROPL ATING WASTEWATER." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 22, no. 4 (2017): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.171.

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A novel technique based on photocatalysis was applied to eliminate chromium ions, a toxic hazardous environmental pollutant. The photoreduction of each species of chromium (total, hexavalent, and trivalent chromiums) from chrome-electroplating wastewater was investigated using a titanium dioxide suspension under irradiation by a low-pressure mercury lamp. The initial concentration of total chromium was 300 mg/l. The applied conditions were the direct photocatalytic reduction process at pH 3.65 and the indirect photocatalytic reduction with added hole scavengers at the same solution pH. Results from both processes were comparatively discussed. Result show that chromium was not efficiently removed by direct photoreduction. In contrast, with the adding of hole scavengers, which were formate ions, the photoreduction of chromium was very favorable. Both hexavalent and trivalent chromiums were efficiently removed. The photocatalytic mechanism is purposed in this study.

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Setyaningsih, Yuliani, Indwiani Astuti, and Adi Heru Husodo. "Determinants Levels of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine among Chromium Electroplating Workers." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 4 (2016): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v5i4.4845.

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Electroplating workers were exposed by particulate and fog of chromium from electrolysis process during work. Chromium is highly carcinogenic when inhaled. Chromium can be reduced in the cells in the body. This process may generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) causing lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. This research was aimed to analyse the influence of chromium to the levels of urinary 8-OHdG as an indicator to support early diagnosis of occupational disease. 66 electroplating workers in Tegal District were taken purposively as samples for this research. There were association between chromium level in urine, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, Body Mass Index, smoking habit, alcohol and supplement drink consumption and urinary 8-OHdG (p&lt;0.05). There was not association between BMI and urinary 8-OHdG (p&gt;0.05). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed the alcohol consumption had the most powerful influence to the level of urinary 8-OHdG. The levels of urinary 8-OHdG could be used as an indicator of oxidative DNA damage and early diagnosis of occupational disease among electroplating workers who were exposed by chromium.

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Setyaningsih, Yuliani, Indwiani Astuti, and Adi Heru Husodo. "Determinants Levels of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine among Chromium Electroplating Workers." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 4 (2016): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v5i4.4845.

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Electroplating workers were exposed by particulate and fog of chromium from electrolysis process during work. Chromium is highly carcinogenic when inhaled. Chromium can be reduced in the cells in the body. This process may generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) causing lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. This research was aimed to analyse the influence of chromium to the levels of urinary 8-OHdG as an indicator to support early diagnosis of occupational disease. 66 electroplating workers in Tegal District were taken purposively as samples for this research. There were association between chromium level in urine, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, Body Mass Index, smoking habit, alcohol and supplement drink consumption and urinary 8-OHdG (p&lt;0.05). There was not association between BMI and urinary 8-OHdG (p&gt;0.05). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed the alcohol consumption had the most powerful influence to the level of urinary 8-OHdG. The levels of urinary 8-OHdG could be used as an indicator of oxidative DNA damage and early diagnosis of occupational disease among electroplating workers who were exposed by chromium.

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El Safty, Amal Mohamed Kamal, Aisha Mohamed Samir, Mona Kamal Mekkawy, and Marwa Mohamed Fouad. "Genotoxic Effects Due to Exposure to Chromium and Nickel Among Electroplating Workers." International Journal of Toxicology 37, no. 3 (2018): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581818764084.

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Using chromium and nickel for electroplating is important in many industries. This process induces variable adverse health effects among exposed workers. The aim of this study is to detect the genotoxic effects of combined exposure to chromium and nickel among electroplating workers. This study was conducted on 41 male workers occupationally exposed to chromium and nickel in the electroplating section of a factory compared to 41 male nonexposed individuals, where full history and clinical examination were performed. Laboratory investigations included measurement of serum chromium, nickel, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and micronuclei were measured in buccal cells. In exposed workers, serum chromium ranged from 0.09 to 7.20 µg/L, serum nickel ranged from 1.20 to 28.00 µg/L, serum 8-OHdG ranged from 1.09 to12.60 ng/mL, and these results were statistically significantly increased compared to nonexposed group ( P < 0.001). Electroplaters showed higher frequencies of micronuclei in buccal cells when compared to nonexposed (ranged from 20.00 to 130.00 N/1,000 versus 2.00 to 28.00 N/1,000; P < 0.001). Linear regression models were done to detect independent predictors of 8-OHdG and micronucleus test by comparing exposed and nonexposed groups. The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases serum 8-OHdG by 4.754 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-5.96). The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases micronucleus by 35.927 (95% CI: 28.517-43.337). Serum 8-OHdG and micronucleus test in buccal cells were increased with combined exposure to chromium and nickel. The current research concluded that workers exposed to nickel and chromium in electroplating industry are at risk of significant cytogenetic damage.

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SATO, Eiichi, Yasumichi MATSUMOTO, and Shigeru TODA. "Lead alloy anodes for chromium electroplating." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 39, no. 11 (1988): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.39.695.

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13

ISHIZAKI, Noboru. "Trivalent chromium electroplating. W. Canning's envirochrome." Jitsumu Hyomen Gijutsu 33, no. 6 (1986): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1970.33.213.

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OSAJIMA, Mitsuhiro. "Guide of a Chromium (III) Electroplating." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 69, no. 6 (2018): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.69.237.

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Espinosa, D. C. R., and J. A. S. Tenório. "Thermal behavior of chromium electroplating sludge." Waste Management 21, no. 4 (2001): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(00)00056-8.

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Ohtsuka, Masaaki, Hideaki Hatsuok, Yukio Hirose, and Hitoshi Ishii. "Young's Modulus Measurement of Chromium Electroplating." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800009216.

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The electroplating of Cr has been an important industrial process for cutting tools, press machines and molds for casting. In spite of these, quite a few problems remain unsolved regarding the basic property. It is important to know the mechanical characteristics of Cr electroplated layers.In the present paper, the first part deals with the measurement of mechanical Young's modulus of Cr electroplated layers. The X-ray method was successfully applied to measure the X-ray Young's modulus and the residual stress on the Cr electroplated surface layer.

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Chen, E. S., G. P. Capsimalis, and G. R. Weigle. "On the electroplating of laminated chromium." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 17, no. 2 (1987): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01023297.

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Khramkov, V. P. "Chromium electroplating of glass press molds." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 5 (1987): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00699386.

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Setyaningsih, Yuliani, Ida Wahyuni, Ekawati, and Praba Ginandjar. "THE RENAL FUNCTION STATUS OF METAL ELECTROPLATING WORKERS EXPOSED TO CHROMIUM VI." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.1/art.863.

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Chromium (Cr) is commonly used as an anti-corrosive agent. Due to its unique nature, Cr is used to coat metal in order to make it looks shiny and attractive. However, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), a form of chromium used in electroplating, is classified as carcinogenic substance. Its portal of entry into the human body can be through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Talang District in central-Java, Indonesia is a center of informal sector’s metal electroplating industry. Electroplating workers in the informal sector rarely wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while working. This research analyzed the relation between chromium exposure, age, length of employment, and nutritional status with renal function of metal electroplaters. The subjects of this study involved 35 electroplaters from Talang with working experience ranging between 6 and 40 years. The independent variables were age, length of employment, nutritional status and exposure to chromium. Dependent variable was workers’ renal function. Urine samples were collected to determine chromium exposure and renal function based on urinary chromium and creatinine levels. Data was analyzed using chi-square test with SPSS Statistics software. The average urinary chromium and creatinine levels were 21.16 μg/L and 209.75 mg/dL respectively. This study found no relation between age and chromium levels in urine and renal function. However, length of employment and nutritional status were found to be significantly related to renal function. Although chromium exposure does not appear significantly associate with renal function, the average urinary chromium levels of metal electroplaters did exceed threshold values.

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Hirpara, Pooja, Bhatt Nikhil, and D. Srinivas Murty. "Bacterial Treatment For Removal of Chromium (Vi) Containing Electroplating Waste Waters." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (2011): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/136.

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Boubaaya, Rabah, Omar Allaoui, Younes Benarioua, and Mokhtar Djendel. "Microstructural and Mechanical Characterizations of Chromium Carbides and Chromium Borides Layers Over Low-Carbon Steel Surface." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 8 (2020): 1130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2673.

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Hard coatings based on chromium carbides and chromium borides are widely used in applications that require mechanical performance, i.e., high hardness and low friction coefficient and good corrosion resistance. In this work, we made layers of chromium carbides and chromium borides on the surface of low carbon steel through some specific treatments. For chromium carbides, the cementation in a solid medium followed by electroplating of chromium on the surface and finally the application of annealing treatment at temperatures between 500 and 1100 °C for 1 hour. For chromium borides, the boriding treatment in solid medium at 900 °C for 4 hours followed by chromium electroplating on the steel surface and finally the application of annealing treatment at temperatures at 950 °C for 1 and 2 hours. The obtained results show that, in the first case, the cemented layer and the chromium deposited on the surface combine to form chromium carbides on the treated surface after annealing. Similarly, for the second case, boron diffusion and chromium deposition lead to chromium borides on the treated surface. The characteristics of the chromium carbides and chromium borides obtained are very similar to those of chromium carbides and chromium borides obtained by other processes.

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Del Pianta, Dimitri, Jérôme Frayret, Christine Gleyzes, Cyril Cugnet, Jean Charles Dupin, and Isabelle Le Hecho. "Determination of the chromium(III) reduction mechanism during chromium electroplating." Electrochimica Acta 284 (September 2018): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.114.

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Saghi Beyragh, Mohammad Reza, Shahin Khameneh Asl, Rahim Vasfpour, Farshid Tazesh, and Parisa Khallagi. "A Comparison between the Corrosion Resistances of High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) Sprayed Coatings and Hard Chromium Coatings." Materials Science Forum 673 (January 2011): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.673.173.

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HVOF-sprayed coatings (WC–17%Co) and hard chromium coatings corrosion resistances have been compared through electrochemical polarization test in 3.5% NaCl solution. WC–17%Co alloy coatings were deposited on mild steel substrates by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) spray process. The layers of standard and crack free hard chromium coatings were prepared by using Direct Current (DC) and Pulse Current (PC) electroplating process on the mild steel substrates. Hard chromium coatings was characterized as a reference material, to verify whether HVOF-sprayed coatings are suitable as a hard chromium coatings replacement. The microstructure of the coatings was examined by OM, SEM and XRD. Standard hard chromium coatings passivate in NaCl environment, but crack free hard chromium coatings were prepared by using Pulse Current (PC) electroplating do not passivate. The lowest corrosion current densities (Icorr) were recorded for crack free hard chromium coatings. Comparative electrochemical test results showed that, the Standard hard chromium coating has the highest Icorr and were significantly damaged after the electrochemical tests. It is seem to be that WC–17%Co alloy coatings can be substituted for standard hard chromium coatings but crack free chromium coatings bring new challenge for HVOF-sprayed coatings!

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Lee, Chong Mu, Kyung Ha Kim, and Jong Min Lim. "Sputter-Deposited Cr as an Alternative to Electroplated Cr." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.674.

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Since the hexavalent chromium used in chromium electroplating was found to cause cancer in human body, alternative deposition techniques have been widely investigated. Sputter deposition of chromium (Cr) as a deposition technique for replacing electroplating was studied. Effects of RF-power, substrate temperature on the deposition rate, corrosion-resistance, hardness and adhesion strength were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the structure and the compositions of the films. The hardnesses of the films were measured by using a nanoindenter. The microstructures of the films were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The deposition rate and hardness of the sputter-deposited Cr film tend to increase with the increasing RF-power and substrate temperature of the sputtering process. Both the hardness and adhesion strength of the sputter-deposited chromium film was found to be higher than those of the electroplated chromium film.

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Snyder, Donald L. "Electroplating nickel/chromium for the automotive industry." Metal Finishing 95, no. 8 (1997): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(97)82254-4.

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da Silva, G. S., F. A. dos Santos, G. Roth, and C. L. C. Frankenberg. "Electroplating for chromium removal from tannery wastewater." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17, no. 2 (2019): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02494-1.

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Willey, John R. "Functional single-cell trivalent chromium electroplating method." Metal Finishing 104, no. 11 (2006): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(06)80341-7.

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Hine, F., K. Takayasu, and N. Koyanagi. "A Platinized Titanium Anode for Chromium Electroplating." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 133, no. 2 (1986): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2108574.

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Marcus, Maria Iuliana, Mihaela Andreea Mitiu, Maria Vlad, Mariana Mincu, Gina Ghita, and Ana Maria Anghel. "Influence of Different Electroplating Sludge Types on the Iron Ions Recovery Yield." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 3 (2018): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.3.6161.

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Electroplating sludge resulting from wastewater (washing wastewater and technological solutions) treatment is considered to be a hazardous waste, being a mixture of hydroxides of many heavy metals such us: iron, chromium, copper, nickel, cadmium or zinc. The metal compounds from electroplating sludge have a great economic value, thus, a number of techniques have been investigated in order to recover them. This paper presents the results of the research activity in the laboratory in order to recover Fe (II, III, VI) from two types of electroplating sludge: a fresh sludge from wastewaters treatment and an old sludge, stabilized by disposal for many years. Iron recovery was performed by the solubilization of the sludge in several stages, to yield hydroxides or metal salts of chromium, iron, or zinc. The iron recovery has been performed from the cake obtained after the chromium recovery. In this cake, the iron is present in the form of divalent, trivalent and hexavalent iron. The iron recovery yield was 98.50% from fresh sludge (recovery in one stage) and 96.80% from old sludge (recovery in two stages).

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Lin, San-Chi, Chung-Chieh Tai, Chang-Chuan Chan, and Jung-Der Wang. "Nasal septum lesions caused by chromium exposure among chromium electroplating workers." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 26, no. 2 (1994): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700260207.

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Schoeman, J. J., J. F. van Staden, H. M. Saayman, and W. A. Vorster. "Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis for Electroplating Effluent Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (1992): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0239.

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A South African developed tubular cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (RO) system from Membratek (Pty) Ltd was evaluated for the treatment of nickel rinse water and mixed electroplating effluent. Spiral wrap polyamide (DuPont) and thin film composite (FilmTec) membranes were evaluated for cadmium and chromium rinse water treatment, respectively. Preliminary laboratory results have shown that nickel rinse water should be treated economically with tubular RO. Approximately 92% of the rinse water could be recovered for reuse. The RO brine is of suitable quality for reuse in the electroplating process. Plant payback for a 5 m3/h nickel/water recovery RO plant was determined to.be 1.3 years (approximately 2 000 mg/ℓ Ni in feed). No severe membrane fouling was encountered during the investigation. However, membrane fouling can affect the process adversely and this will be studied further. Approximately 90% water, of suitable quality for reuse as rinse water in the plating process, could be recovered from mixed electroplating effluent. Effluent volume for subsequent treatment with lime was significantly reduced. It may also be possible to treat cadmium and chromium rinse waters with RO. Approximately 92% and 91% water, of suitable quality for reuse as rinse water, could be recovered with spiral wrap polyamide and thin film composite membranes, respectively. Membrane fouling was experienced during cadmium rinse water treatment. However, water flux could be restored by chemical cleaning. Very little fouling was experienced during chromium rinse water treatment. The fouling potential of the rinse waters for the membranes and subsequent cleaning procedures will be studied further. Preliminary results have shown that payback for 5 m3/h RO cadmium/water and RO chromium/water recovery plants should be 3 and 7 years, respectively. Reverse osmosis has been shown to be a very effective technology for water and chemical recovery and for effluent volume reduction. The electroplating industry causes serious pollution and wastes large volumes of water. Consequently, RO is a technology that may be applied to good effect in the electroplating industry to control pollution and to save scarce water.

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Widiatmoko, Pramujo, and Isdiriayani Nurdin. "Pengaruh krom pada elektrodeposisi nikel dari larutan nikel-krom." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 10, no. 2 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2011.10.2.2.

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The chromium effect on nickel electrodeposition from nickel-chromium solution Electrodeposition, which can convert nickel ion into pure nickel metal, is an alternative for reducing nickel concentration in electroplating waste and in same time increasing its economic value. The aim of this research is to study the effect of chromium presence on the performance of Nickel recovery from liquid waste of Ni-Cr electroplating process. Liquid of electroplating waste leachate is represented by solutions containing nickel and chromium sulfate method. All experiments were carried out at ambient temperature and pressure with Cr/Ni ratio and boric acid composition as variables. Result of the research shows that chromium presence in solution with 28.9% Cr/Ni ratio increases activation polarization of about 500 mV. Optimum condition of the experiment is obtained for Cr/Ni ratio 3.7%-w. Increasing Cr/Ni ratio from 3.7% to 14.8% decreases current efficiency by 57% and deposition efficiency by 5%, and also increases energy consumption by 8.3%. Morphology of deposited nickel deteriorates with increasing of Cr/Ni ratio and hydroxide compound is formed when it reaches 14.8%. Keywords: nickel electrodeposition, nickel-chromium solution, chromium, electroplating wasteAbstrakElektrodeposisi merupakan metode alternatif yang potensial untuk mengurangi kandungan nikel dari limbah elektroplating sekaligus meningkatkan nilai ekonomisnya, dengan produk berupa logam nikel murni. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkuantifikasi pengaruh krom dalam proses pemulihan nikel dari larutan limbah industri yang mengandung nikel dan krom. Nikel sulfat dan krom sulfat digunakan sebagai pendekatan larutan hasil ekstraksi limbah padat. Percobaan dilakukan pada tekanan dan temperatur ruang dengan variasi rasio krom terhadap nikel serta konsentrasi asam borat sebagai aditif. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan krom dengan rasio Cr/Ni 28,9% meningkatkan polarisasi aktivasi sekitar 500 mV. Kondisi optimum untuk percobaan ini diperoleh ketika rasio Cr/Ni 3,7%-berat. Perubahan rasio Cr/Ni dalam larutan dari 3,7% menjadi 14,8% menurunkan efisiensi arus sebesar 57%, menurunkan efisiensi deposisi 5%, serta meningkatkan kebutuhan energi hingga 8,3%. Morfologi deposit nikel menjadi lebih buruk dengan kenaikan rasio Cr/Ni, dan berubah menjadi deposit hidroksida pada rasio Cr/Ni 14,8%.Kata kunci: elektrodeposisi nikel, larutan nikel-krom, krom, limbah elektroplating

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Sathvika, T., Akhil Raj Kumar Saraswathi, Vidya Rajesh, and N. Rajesh. "Confluence of montmorillonite and Rhizobium towards the adsorption of chromium(vi) from aqueous medium." RSC Advances 9, no. 49 (2019): 28478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05528b.

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34

Kuo, Y. M., and C. S. Wang. "Characteristics of chromium droplets generated from gas bubbling in chromium electroplating processes." Journal of Aerosol Science 29 (September 1998): S1223—S1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)90794-7.

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35

Averina, Yu M., G. E. Kalyakina, V. V. Menshikov, Yu I. Kapustin, and V. S. Boldyrev. "Neutralisation Process Design for Electroplating Industry Wastewater Containing Chromium and Cyanides." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 84 (June 2019): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2019-3-70-80.

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Manufacturing processes in the electroplating industry employ hazardous chemicals and generate hazardous waste, including hexavalent chromium compounds and heavy metal cyanides. We designed a reagent-based treatment technology that can remove these contaminants and is relatively simple to implement and maintain. The technology features low reagent consumption but high treatment efficiency and simplifies separating precipitates from the treated effluent. The paper presents a detailed description of how to neutralise electroplating shop wastewater. We propose a system of organizational and technological measures to improve chemical safety.

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36

Chen, Chun-wan, Wen-Yu Yeh, and Yu-Kang Chen. "Evaluation of control method in chromium electroplating tank." Journal of Aerosol Science 29, no. 1-2 (1998): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)90285-3.

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37

Kruglikov, S. S. "Application of electromembrane processes in chromium electroplating technology." Petroleum Chemistry 56, no. 10 (2016): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544116100042.

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38

Jayakrishnan, Sobha, K. Dhayanand, R. M. Krishnan, R. Sekar, and S. Sriveeraraghavan. "Metal Distribution in Electroplating of Nickel and Chromium." Transactions of the IMF 76, no. 3 (1998): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871201.

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39

Bailey, Ronald A., and Toshinobu Yoko. "High-temperature electroplating of chromium from molten FLINAK." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 16, no. 5 (1986): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01006927.

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40

de Souza e Silva, Paula Tereza, Nielson Torres de Mello, Marta Maria Menezes Duarte, et al. "Extraction and recovery of chromium from electroplating sludge." Journal of Hazardous Materials 128, no. 1 (2006): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.026.

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41

SUKSABYE, P., P. THIRAVETYAN, W. NAKBANPOTE, and S. CHAYABUTRA. "Chromium removal from electroplating wastewater by coir pith." Journal of Hazardous Materials 141, no. 3 (2007): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.018.

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42

Kongsricharoern, N., and C. Polprasert. "Chromium removal by a bipolar electro-chemical precipitation process." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 9 (1996): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0189.

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This research was conducted in laboratory to investigate an alternative for Cr removal from an electroplating wastewater using the electro-chemical precipitation (ECP) process. The ECP unit, operated in the bipolar mode, had six steel plates including the anode and cathode and was supplied with DC power. The electroplating wastewater used in the experiments contained Cr concentrations in the range of 570-2100 mg/l. The Cr removal efficiencies in the bipolar ECP units were higher than 99% and the Cr concentrations in the treated effluent were less than 0.5 mg/l. The acceptable conditions of the bipolar ECP unit treating the electroplating wastewater were found to be: I - 1.0 amp (or i - 6.70 amp/m2) and initial pH (pHi) of 4.5. At these acceptable conditions, the electric power and steel electrode plate consumptions were 20.0 kWh/m3 and 1.1-2.8 kg-Fe/kg Cr removed, respectively. X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffractometric analysis performed on the precipitated sludge revealed the main compounds to be maghemite (Fe2O3) and chromite (FeCr2O4). The percent Fe2O3 and FeCr2O4 contents of the dried ECP sludge were 68% and 25%, respectively. From the mass balance analysis, the percent of Cr removal by precipitation in the ECP unit and adsorption on the ECP sludge were 85.1 and 14.8%, respectively.

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43

Naghdali, Zohreh, Soleyman Sahebi, Reza Ghanbari, Milad Mousazadeh, and Hamzeh Ali Jamali. "Chromium removal and water recycling from electroplating wastewater through direct osmosis: Modeling and optimization by response surface methodology." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 6, no. 2 (2019): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2019.13.

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Background: Considering the carcinogenic effects of heavy metals, such as chromium, it is essential to remove these elements from water and wastewater. Direct osmosis is a new membrane technology, which can be a proper alternative to conventional chromium removal processes. Methods: The wastewater samples were collected from an electroplating unit, located in Alborz industrial city, Qazvin, Iran. Magnesium chloride was used as the draw solution, and a semipermeable membrane (Aquaporin) was used in this study. The experiments were designed, using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) with draw solution concentration (0.5- 1.5 M), feed solution concentration (4-12 mg/L), and experiment time (30-90 minutes) as variable factors. The chromium concentration and water flux were also measured, based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry and water flux equation, respectively. Results: Direct osmosis was highly efficient in chromium removal and water recycling. Water flux and chromium removal efficiency were 15.6 LMH and 85.58%, respectively, under optimal conditions (draw solution = 1.27 mol/L, feed solution = 4 mg/L, and experiment time = 90 min). In terms of validity, the results predicted by the quadratic polynomial model were in good agreement with the responses reported in the laboratory. Conclusion: In direct osmosis, the use of magnesium chloride as the draw solution resulted in the acceptable chromium removal from electroplating wastewater. Using this method, chromium concentration in wastewater reduced to a level lower than the discharge standards, established by Iran’s Department of Environment.

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Dube, Donatus, Champaklal T. Parekh, and Bothwell Nyoni. "Removal of Chromium and Nickel from Electroplating Wastewater Using Magnetite Particulate Adsorbent: (1) Effect of pH, Contact Time and Dosage, (2) Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 7 (2016): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n7p222.

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Wastewater discharged into municipal sewer systems from electroplating process plants contains a heavy load of metal ions and often requires pre-discharge treatment. Treatment of wastewater to reduce the concentration of metal ions employing an adsorption process has been studied using a wide range of adsorbents. In this work, the concentrations of chromium and nickel ions in wastewater samples from a local electroplating shop were found to be above the limits set out by the Bulawayo City Council, and the Environmental Management Agency, a statutory agency under the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the removal of chromium and nickel ions from the wastewater using magnetite as an adsorbent is studied. Magnetite particulate adsorbent used in this experiment has demonstrated to be an effective adsorbent material. At the optimum process operating pH of 4 – 7 the absorbent was able to achieve removal rates of up to 99% for chromium and 98% for nickel. The adsorption processes for chromium and nickel have been proven to be physical in nature using the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model. Also, the adsorption kinetics data fit well with pseudo second-order kinetic model.

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Liao, Chia Wen, Kung Hsu Hou, Hsiang Cheng Wang, Chen En Lu, and Ming Der Ger. "Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Electroplating Trivalent Chromium-Carbon Coating." Key Engineering Materials 642 (April 2015): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.642.45.

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A decorative and high hardness chromium-carbon coating, electrodeposited with a trivalent chromium sulfate electrolyte, could improve the environment pollutions and toxicity of hexavalent chromium system. The trivalent chromium-carbon coatings can be deposited onto substrates directly without any buffer layer. The lifetime of various mechanical parts can be improved due to their high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. The effect of different concentration of main salt on the composition, hardness, corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The SEM observation of surface morphology showed that the appropriate concentration of main salt can diminish the defects caused by internal stress under excessive content, As increasing the concentration of main salt from 0.05M to 0.2M, the Icorr of the coatings would be raised from 1.04×10-6 A/cm2 to 1.26×10-5 A/cm2. XRD results showed that the structure of the coatings prepared by at 0.1 M main salt with a heat treatment at 400 °C for 1 h had Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 phases appeared as well as the hardness of that enhanced up to 1350 Hv than 880 Hv of the as-deposited coatings. Wear test results showed that the coatings prepared by at 0.1 M main salt via a heat treatment of 400 °C had the better wear resistance.

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Baral, A., R. Engelken, W. Stephens, J. Farris, and R. Hannigan. "Evaluation of Aquatic Toxicities of Chromium and Chromium-Containing Effluents in Reference to Chromium Electroplating Industries." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 50, no. 4 (2006): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0068-x.

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47

Sun, Liyuan, and Joan F. Brennecke. "Characterization of Imidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids Plus Trivalent Chromium Chloride for Chromium Electroplating." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 54, no. 17 (2015): 4879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie505026v.

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48

Su, Ling, and Heng Shen Xie. "Determination of Chromium(VI) in Waste Water by Reversed Flow Injection Spectrophotometry." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.939.

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A method for determination of Chromium(VI) by reversed flow injection spectrophotometry based on the catalytic effects of chromium on the oxidation reaction of methylene blue by sodium periodate in sulfuric acid medium is established. Effects of concentration of reagents and other conditions have been optimized. Calibration graphs are linear for ranges of 0 to 1.0mgl−1. A detection limit of 0.007mgl−1 chromium is achieved. The proposed method is successfully applied to the analyses of industrial waste water and electroplating waste liquor, with relative standard deviation of less than 1.5% and the recoveries are 92.9％ to 97.5％for the determination of chromium.

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49

Malysh, S. V., I. M. Kovenskiy, and L. Z. Chaugarova. "Formation of residual stresses during the restoration of parts by chrome electroplating." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (January 15, 2021): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2020-6-144-149.

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As the title implies the influence of the electrolysis on the nature and magnitude of residual stresses in the steel base and the chrome coating during restoration of parts has been considered. It has been shown that with an increase in compressive stresses on the surface, a decrease in tensile stresses in the chromium deposit and transition of tensile stresses to compressive ones near the boundary of the base are observed. A correlation between the parameters of the crystal lattice of electroplated chromium and the steel base has been established. The values of the tensile residual stresses in the chromium deposit decrease with increasing the compressive residual stresses in the base.

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50

Haque, Md, Md Hoque, Md Islam, Md Islam, and Chand Mustafa. "Effect of Various Operating Parameters on Trivalent Chromium Electroplating." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 13, no. 3 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2017/31411.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electroplating. Chromium'

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