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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrostatic sensors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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Heydarianasl, Mozhde. "Optimization of electrostatic sensor based on sensor separation." Sensor Review 39, no. 5 (2019): 724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2018-0158.

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Purpose Electrostatic sensors are applied to measure velocity of solid particles in many industries because controlling the velocity particles improves product quality and process efficiency. The purpose of current paper is optimization of these sensors which is required to achieve maximum spatial sensitivity and minimum statistical error. Design/methodology/approach Different electrode of electrostatic sensors with different length, thickness and sensor separations were experimentally applied in laboratory. Then, correlation velocity, signal bandwidth and statistical error were calculated. Findings High sensor separation is a crucial factor because it would lead to increase signal similarity and decrease statistical error. This paper focuses on the effect of sensor separation on optimization of electrostatic sensors. Originality/value From observations, the optimal value for length, thickness and sensor separations was 0.6, 0.5 and 15 cm, respectively. Consequently, statistical error has improved by about 17 per cent. These results provided a significant basis of optimization of electrostatic sensors.

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Bamba, Noriko, N. Endo, T. Takagi, and Tatsuo Fukami. "Pressure Sensing Using Electrostatic Capacitance." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.865.

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Piezoelectric ceramic pressure sensors have been attracted great interest due to their simple and miniature structure compared with conventional sensors such as strain gauge sensor. A new type of static pressure sensor by using a change of permittivity upon applied mechanical pressure has been studied in this work. BaTiO3 ceramics with/without a small amount of Mn were used as sensing materials and the effect of poling treatment on their sensor performance was investigated. An anti-ferroelectric material, NaNbO3, was also examined. All materials could detect the change of pressure through the frequency shift of CR oscillator. Change of permittivity of non-doped BaTiO3 and Mn doped BaTiO3 without poling treatment were larger than that of PZT used as a reference, that is, BaTiO3 ceramics had higher-pressure sensitivity. BaTiO3 and relative materials, however, needed transit time to reach the steady state, while NaNbO3 was independent to the time. Conclusively, it seems that BaTiO3 and relative materials without poling treatment and the anti-ferroelectric material, NaNbO3, become possible candidates as a pressure sensor using permittivity change.

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Ruochen, L. I. U., B. E. I. Shaoyi, G. U. Meng, W. A. N. G. Han, and S. U. N. Jianzhong. "Research on Characteristics of Electrostatic Wear-Site and Oil-Line Sensor with Theoretical and Comprehensive Analysis." Journal of Sensors 2022 (February 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9188776.

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As a unique monitoring technique, electrostatic monitoring has been proved to be effective on prognostics and health management of tribological system by using electrostatic sensors. Wear-site sensor (WSS) with a flat circle probe and oil-line sensor (OLS) with a ring probe are two typical sensor types for electrostatic monitoring. However, this developing technique has not been applied in actual industry manufacture so far due to the united characteristics on electrostatic sensors. This paper first presents the mathematical models of both WSS and OLS for theoretical simulation. Then a series of contrast analysis on sensor characteristics between WSS and OLS with varied sensor structure parameters are presented. The results show that the distributions of spatial sensitivity for WSS or OLS itself only are similar, while they are quite different between WSS and OLS. Both WSS and OLS are symmetrical and their distributions can be simplified in one phase for further investigations. The theoretical efficiency curves have close relationship between WSS and OLS. The investigations of sensor performances on characteristics and a presented unified three level system have offered a better electrostatic sensor application in future.

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Tang, Xin, Zheng Hu, Zhong Sheng Chen, and Yong Ming Yang. "Investigation into Spatial Sensitivity of Probe-Type Electrostatic Sensors for On-Line Condition Monitoring of Heat Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.817.

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Probe-type electrostatic sensors provide a novel and applicable way to realize on-line condition monitoring of heat engines. However, researches on this type of electrostatic sensors are still scanty, especially needs more detailed studies for the sensors sensing characteristics. In this paper, a simulative 3-D model with high fidelity was established using COMSOL, by which a detailed research on probe-type electrostatic sensors spatial sensitivity was conducted, the whole spatial sensitivity distribution on the centre section and conclusions about the influencing factors of spatial sensitivity were acquired. The simulative results were confirmed by experiments, and can be used for optimal design of probe-type electrostatic sensors.

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Office, Editorial. "Kompensasie vir die invloed van die elektriese veldsterkte op die bepaling van die bewegingshoek van ’n vliegtuig." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 17, no. 3 (1998): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v17i3.701.

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During flight large voltage differences can develop between isolated sensors on the wingtips of an aircraft. This is as a result of charge differences in the atmosphere under the influence of the earth's electrostatic field. These charge differences can be utilised for aircraft attitude measurements. An electrostatic sensor has been developed to measure these charge differences.

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Yan, Yong, Yonghui Hu, Lijuan Wang, et al. "Electrostatic sensors – Their principles and applications." Measurement 169 (February 2021): 108506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108506.

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Tan, Xiangyu, Hao Sun, Chunguang Suo, Ke Wang, and Wenbin Zhang. "Research of electrostatic field measurement sensors." Ferroelectrics 549, no. 1 (2019): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2019.1592558.

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Peng, Jun, Shuhai Jia, Jiaming Bian, Shuo Zhang, Jianben Liu, and Xing Zhou. "Recent Progress on Electromagnetic Field Measurement Based on Optical Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 13 (2019): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132860.

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Electromagnetic field sensors are widely used in various areas. In recent years, great progress has been made in the optical sensing technique for electromagnetic field measurement, and varieties of corresponding sensors have been proposed. Types of magnetic field optical sensors were presented, including probes-based Faraday effect, magnetostrictive materials, and magnetic fluid. The sensing system-based Faraday effect is complex, and the sensors are mostly used in intensive magnetic field measurement. Magnetic field optical sensors based on magnetic fluid have high sensitivity compared to that based on magnetostrictive materials. Three types of electric field optical sensors are presented, including the sensor probes based on electric-optic crystal, piezoelectric materials, and electrostatic attraction. The majority of sensors are developed using the sensing scheme of combining the LiNbO3 crystal and optical fiber interferometer due to the good electro-optic properties of the crystal. The piezoelectric materials-based electric field sensors have simple structure and easy fabrication, but it is not suitable for weak electric field measurement. The sensing principle based on electrostatic attraction is less commonly-used sensing methods. This review aims at presenting the advances in optical sensing technology for electromagnetic field measurement, analyzing the principles of different types of sensors and discussing each advantage and disadvantage, as well as the future outlook on the performance improvement of sensors.

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Aranguren, D., J. López, E. Pérez, J. Herrera, L. Aragón, and H. Torres. "Operational analysis of electric field mills as lightning warning systems in Colombia." Ingeniería e Investigación 31, no. 2SUP (2011): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v31n2sup.25211.

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Electrostatic field measurements taken in Bogotá, Colombia, during thunderstorms in November (the rainy season due to inter-tropical confluence zone over central Colombia) were used to study the performance of an isolated electric field sensor and analyse its most important operational characteristics. The distances from each flash to the studied sensor were obtained by using the Colombian lightning location system. The ΔE cf distance ratio led to defining a charge model which could be used as a reference for calibrating other electrostatic field sensors to be used as lightning warning systems.

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Krakover, Naftaly, B. Robert Ilic, and Slava Krylov. "Micromechanical resonant cantilever sensors actuated by fringing electrostatic fields." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 5 (2022): 054001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac5a61.

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Abstract We report on the architecture and operational principle of a resonant cantilever-type displacement sensor. The device is actuated electrostatically by a side electrode that is coplanar with the cantilever and by a gap-closing electrode positioned underneath the beam. The unique electrode geometry combined with the appropriate actuating voltages allows positioning of the cantilever in close proximity to the bistability threshold, where the frequency sensitivity to the electrode displacement is enhanced. Using a reduced order model backed by numerical simulations, the dependencies of the device frequency on the beam’s deflections and the actuation voltages were mapped. We show wide-range tunability that spans a range between softening and hardening behavior. We demonstrate displacement sensing using fabricated single crystal silicon ≈2000 µm long, ≈5 µm thick cantilevers. When compared to a resonant cantilever sensor actuated solely by a gap-closing electrode, measurements from our fringing field actuated devices show a four times higher sensitivity of ≈98 Hz µm−1. The suggested approach may find applications in a broad range of micro and potentially nano-scale applications including resonant inertial, force, mass and bio-sensors.

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Mika, Michał, Mirjam Dannert, Felix Mett, Harry Weber, Wolfgang Mathis, and Udo Nackenhorst. "Electrostatic sensor modeling for torque measurements." Advances in Radio Science 15 (September 21, 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-55-2017.

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Abstract. Torque load measurements play an important part in various engineering applications, as for automotive industry, in which the drive torque of a motor has to be determined. A widely used measuring method are strain gauges. A thin flexible foil, which supports a metallic pattern, is glued to the surface of the object the torque is being applied to. In case of a deformation due to the torque load, the change in the electrical resistance is measured. With the combination of constitutive equations the applied torque load is determined by the change of electrical resistance. The creep of the glue and the foil material, together with the temperature and humidity dependence, may become an obstacle for some applications Kapralov and Fesenko (1984). Thus, there have been optical and magnetical, as well as capacitive sensors introduced). This paper discusses the general idea behind an electrostatic capacitive sensor based on a simple draft of an exemplary measurement setup. For better understanding an own electrostatical, geometrical and mechanical model of this setup has been developed.

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Baldi, A., A. Bratov, R. Mas, and C. Domı́nguez. "Electrostatic discharge sensitivity tests for ISFET sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 80, no. 3 (2001): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(01)00918-2.

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Calle, C. I., J. G. Mantovani, C. R. Buhler, E. E. Groop, M. G. Buehler, and A. W. Nowicki. "Embedded electrostatic sensors for Mars exploration missions." Journal of Electrostatics 61, no. 3-4 (2004): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2004.03.001.

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Gilavdary, I. Z., S. N. Mekid, and N. N. Riznookaya. "PARAMETRIC AMPLIFICATION OF THE SIGNALS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC GRAVIINERTIAL SENSOR." Devices and Methods of Measurements 8, no. 2 (2017): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2017-8-2-108-121.

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The challenges of designing simple, reliable, and high sensitivity graviinertial sensors are investigated. The sensor comprises a proof mass (PM) and is fixed with the housing by the elastic torsion suspension. PM makes small rotations under the action of gravitational forces or inertial forces.The distinctive features of the sensor are that the differential electrostatic system provides simultaneous reading of the desired signal and a control the torsional rigidity of suspension. In addition, the PM's rotational angular velocity transforms in the alternating current flowing through the capacitors. The presence of аlternating current (AC) voltage sources allows to get the parametric amplification of AC and significantly to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. In the simplest case, the sensor does not contain any feedback circuits.As an example, calculations of the micromechanical linear accelerations confirm that the periodic modulation of the coefficient of elastic stiffness of the suspension can significantly increase the sensitivity in the low frequency range, even in the absence of parametric resonance.Conditions for suppressions of background current participating in the output signal from a parametric pumping due to the asymmetry of the differential circuits are set. The frequency characteristics calculations of the sensor were carried out. It is expected, that the proposed sensor design ensures minimum noise level, which can be achievable in the graviinertial sensors. This design and the constructed theory can serve as a basis for creating a wide range of graviinertial devices operating on a movable base, for example, linear and angular accelerometer, gravity gradiometer, gravimeters, and inclinometers, which can be realized in the hybrid and in the micromechanical versions.

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Fuketa, Hiroshi. "Ultra-Low Power Hand Gesture Sensor Using Electrostatic Induction." Sensors 21, no. 24 (2021): 8268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248268.

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This paper presents an ultra-low power hand gesture sensor using electrostatic induction for mobile devices. Two electrodes, which consist of electret foils stacked on metal sheets, are used to recognize two gestures such as hand movements from left to right and right to left. The hand gesture recognition is realized by detecting the electrostatic induction currents induced by hand movements. However, the electrostatic induction currents are significantly small; hence, a hand gesture recognition chip is first designed in this study to amplify and detect the small electrostatic induction currents with low power. This chip is fabricated in a commercial 180 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, and the measurement results indicate that the fabricated gesture recognition chip consumes 406 nW, which is less than 1/100th of the power dissipation of conventional gesture sensors.

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Zhang, Linyi, Xi Chen, Pengfei Li, Chuang Wang, and Mengxuan Li. "A Method for Measuring the Height of Hand Movements Based on a Planar Array of Electrostatic Induction Electrodes." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102943.

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This paper proposes a method based on a planar array of electrostatic induction electrodes, which uses human body electrostatics to measure the height of hand movements. The human body is electrostatically charged for a variety of reasons. In the process of a hand movement, the change of a human body’s electric field is captured through the electrostatic sensors connected to the electrode array. A measurement algorithm for the height of hand movements is used to measure the height of hand movements after the direction of it has been obtained. Compared with the tridimensional array, the planar array has the advantages of less space and easy deployment; therefore, it is more widely used. In this paper, a human hand movement sensing system based on human body electrostatics was established to perform verification experiments. The results show that this method can measure the height of hand movements with good accuracy to meet the requirements of non-contact human-computer interactions.

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Mao, Huijie, Hongfu Zuo, Han Wang, Yibing Yin, and Xin Li. "Debris Recognition Methods in the Lubrication System with Electrostatic Sensors." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8043526.

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The oil-line electrostatic sensor (OLS) is a developing debris monitoring sensor. Previous work has shown that electrostatic charge signals can indicate the debris by calculating the Root Mean Square (RMS) value or the correlation-based indicator, but the precision of these methods is not high. This paper further developed the more accurate methods to obtain detailed debris information. Firstly, to interpret the monitoring principle of OLS and provide the guidance for developing the debris recognition methods, this paper analyzed the possible charge sources in the lubrication system and obtained the characteristics of the OLS by establishing its mathematical model. Further, a new OLS test rig was designed and verified the correctness of the sensor’s characteristics and its mathematical model. Based on the characteristics of the sensor, two new debris recognition methods were proposed. Finally, the effects of the new debris recognition methods were verified by the practical industrial gearbox bench test. Results showed that, compared to the traditional methods, the new methods could recognize the debris effectively and provide more detailed information of the debris.

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Reynaud, Adrien, Mickaël Leblanc, Stéphane Zinola, Philippe Breuil, and Jean-Paul Viricelle. "Responses of a Resistive Soot Sensor to Different Mono-Disperse Soot Aerosols." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030705.

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Since 2011, the Euro 5b European standard limits the particle number (PN) emissions in addition to the particulate mass (PM) emissions. New thermal engine equipped vehicles also have to auto-diagnose their own particulate filter (Diesel particulate filter or gasoil particulate filter) using on-board diagnostic (OBD) sensors. Accumulative resistive soot sensors seem to be good candidates for PM measurements. The aim of this study is to bring more comprehension about soot microstructures construction in order to link the response of such a sensor to particle size and concentration. The sensor sensitivity to the particle size has been studied using successively an electrostatic and an aerodynamic classification, showing the same trend.

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Reynaud, Adrien, Mickael Leblanc, Stéphane Zinola, Philippe Breuil, and Jean-Paul Viricelle. "Soot Particle Classifications in the Context of a Resistive Sensor Study." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130987.

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Since 2011, Euro 5b European standard limits the particle number (PN) emissions in addition to the particulate matter (PM) emissions. New thermal engines equipped vehicles have to auto-diagnose their own Diesel particulate filter (DPF) using on-board diagnostic (OBD) sensors. Accumulative resistive soot sensors seem to be good candidates for PM measurements. The aim of this study is to bring more comprehension about soot micro-structures construction in order to link the response of such a sensor to particle size and PN concentration. The sensor sensitivity to the particle size has been studied using successively an electrostatic and an aerodynamic classification, showing the same trend.

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Esashi, Masayoshi. "Packaged Sensors, Microactuators and Three-Dimensional Microfabrication." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 3 (1995): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0200.

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Packaged micromechanical sensors were fabricated using bonded glass-silicon microstructures. These are integrated, resonant, or force-balancing sensors. Distributed electrostatic microactuator (DEMA) and three-dimensional microfabrication methods were developed.

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Mikhailov, P. G. "Modeling the Influence of the Edge Electrostatic Effect on the Transformation Function of Thin-Film Quasi-Differential Capacitive Sensitive Elements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (2021): 012143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012143.

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Abstract Capacitive sensing elements are the main components of capacitive measuring transducers, which determine most of the metrological characteristics and operational parameters of sensors. First of all, capacitive sensing elements ensure the temporal and parametric stability of sensors, which are the main operational characteristics in such areas as rocket and space and aviation technology, the nuclear industry, in which the instability of sensors and measuring systems based on them can lead to high financial and human losses. etc. At the same time, compensation for lateral capacitive couplings and electrostatic leaks are very important issues, since small changes in capacitance when measuring physical quantities can lead to uninformative measurements in the presence of distortion of electrostatic fields in a capacitive sensing element. In this regard, it is necessary to take into account and simulate the stray fields of electrostatic fields and their influence on measurements.

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Yan, Zirui, Yaofang Zhang, Weimin Kang, et al. "TiO2 Gas Sensors Combining Experimental and DFT Calculations: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (2022): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203611.

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Gas sensors play an irreplaceable role in industry and life. Different types of gas sensors, including metal-oxide sensors, are developed for different scenarios. Titanium dioxide is widely used in dyes, photocatalysis, and other fields by virtue of its nontoxic and nonhazardous properties, and excellent performance. Additionally, researchers are continuously exploring applications in other fields, such as gas sensors and batteries. The preparation methods include deposition, magnetron sputtering, and electrostatic spinning. As researchers continue to study sensors with the help of modern computers, microcosm simulations have been implemented, opening up new possibilities for research. The combination of simulation and calculation will help us to better grasp the reaction mechanisms, improve the design of gas sensor materials, and better respond to different gas environments. In this paper, the experimental and computational aspects of are reviewed, and the future research directions are described.

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MACHIDA, Masashi. "Development of tomography system of electrostatic charge sensors." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 23, Supplement1 (2003): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.23.supplement1_171.

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Wang, Yuelin, and M. Esashi. "The structures for electrostatic servo capacitive vacuum sensors." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 66, no. 1-3 (1998): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(98)00037-5.

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Wallash, A. J. "Electrostatic modeling and ESD damage of magnetoresistive sensors." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, no. 1 (1996): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.477549.

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Henning, Alex, Michel Molotskii, Nandhini Swaminathan, et al. "Electrostatic Limit of Detection of Nanowire-Based Sensors." Small 11, no. 37 (2015): 4931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201500566.

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Vinokur, R. Y. "Feasible Analytical Solutions for Electrostatic Parallel-Plate Actuator or Sensor." Journal of Vibration and Control 10, no. 3 (2004): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546304030943.

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This paper presents several analytical solutions for the conventional electrostatic parallel-plate model and explains the effect of the quality factor decrease with the voltage applied. Such a model is of importance in the development of electrostatic (capacitive) sensors and actuators including acoustical transducers and loudspeakers, and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). It serves to reveal and interpret the basic phenomena (in particular, the “pull-in” instability and “negative spring” effect) but there is still some room for new effects and analytical results, although the model is nonlinear and provides rather computational than comprehensible close-form relationships as “negative quality factor effect” described in this paper. The new results obtained can be supportive to analyze, test, and design electrostatic sensors and actuators.

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Wu, Ying, Yuanjie Su, Junjie Bai, et al. "A Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor for PH Detection." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5121572.

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A self-powered, sliding electrification based triboelectric sensor was developed for detecting PH value from a periodic contact/separation motion. This innovative, cost-effective, simply designed sensor is composed of a fluorinated ethylene propylene thin film and an array of electrodes underneath. The operation of the TENG (triboelectric nanogenerator) sensor relies on a repetitive emerging-submerging process with traveling solution waves, in which the coupling between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction gives rise to alternating flows of electrons between electrodes. On the basis of coupling effect between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, the sensor generates electric output signals which are associated with PH value. Experimental results show that the output voltage of the TENG sensor increases with the increasing PH value, which indicate that the PH value of different solution can be real-time monitored. This work not only demonstrates a new principle in the field of PH value measurement but also greatly expands the applicability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as self-powered sensors.

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BHATIA, VASUDA, VIKESH GAUR, and VINOD K. JAIN. "NEW TECHNIQUE TO DEPOSIT THIN FILMS OF CARBON NANOTUBES BASED ON ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE DEPOSITION AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR ALCOHOL DETECTION." International Journal of Nanoscience 08, no. 04n05 (2009): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x09006298.

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A new technique based on an electrostatic-force-directed-self-assembly was developed to fabricate thin films of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on thin dielectric wires. This technique was further developed to achieve functionalization of the nanotubes via acid-free dry route in a few seconds. The functionalization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The electrostatically self-assembled films provided significantly enhanced sensitivity for detection of alcohol vapors. Sensors were tested for response of alcohol concentrations as low as 200 ppm (parts per million) with a sensitivity of 4% and high repeatability. Recovery of sensors was observed to be within 200 s. Selectivity of the sensors for different organic vapors was defined based on the recovery time. Operation of sensors did not require high temperatures. It was realized that corona-based electrostatic self-assembly (CESA) pattering technique for batch fabrication of the sensors was fast, simple, low-cost, and required no specialized equipment.

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Zhang, Ying, Hongfu Zuo, and Fang Bai. "Feature extraction for rolling bearing fault diagnosis by electrostatic monitoring sensors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 10 (2014): 1887–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214550014.

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There are mainly two problems with the current feature extraction methods used in the electrostatic monitoring of rolling bearings, which affect their abilities to identify early faults: (1) since noises are mixed in the electrostatic signals, it is difficult to extract weak early fault features; (2) traditional time and frequency domain features have limited ability to provide a quantitative indicator of degradation state. With regard to these two problems, a new feature extraction method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis by electrostatic monitoring sensors is proposed in this paper. First, the spectrum interpolation is adopted to suppress the power-frequency interference in the electrostatic signal. Then the resultant signal is used to construct Hankel matrix, the number of useful components is automatically selected based on the difference spectrum of singular values, after that the signal is reconstructed to remove background noises and random pulses. Finally, the permutation entropy of the denoised signal is calculated and smoothed using the exponential weighted moving average method, which is used to be a quantitative indicator of bearing performance state. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively remove noises and significantly bring forward the time when early faults are detected.

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Fang, Feiyu, Han Wang, Huaquan Wang, et al. "Stretchable MXene/Thermoplastic Polyurethanes based Strain Sensor Fabricated Using a Combined Electrospinning and Electrostatic Spray Deposition Technique." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030252.

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In this work, a novel flexible electrically resistive-type MXene/Thermoplastic polyurethanes(TPU) based strain sensors was developed by a composite process of electrospinning (ES) and electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). Compared with other deposition processes, the sensing layer prepared by ESD has better adhesion to the ES TPU nanofiber membrane and is not easy to crack during the stretching process, thereby greatly improving the working range of the strain sensor. Furthermore, we obtained the sandwich structure easily by ES on the surface of the sensing layer again. This will help make the stress distribution more uniform during the stretching process and further increase the strain sensing range. The ESD-ES strain sensors were attached on skin to monitor various human motions. The results demonstrate that our ESD-ES strain sensors have wide application prospects in smart wearable device.

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KURITA, Koichi. "1F31 Walking rehabilitation support technique by using electrostatic induction sensor with acceleration sensors." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2014.26 (2014): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2014.26.187.

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Rasmussen, A. "Use of sensor characterization data to tune electrostatic model parameters for LSST sensors." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 05 (2015): C05028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/05/c05028.

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Ma, Zhonglei, Ajing Wei, Jianzhong Ma, et al. "Lightweight, compressible and electrically conductive polyurethane sponges coated with synergistic multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene for piezoresistive sensors." Nanoscale 10, no. 15 (2018): 7116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00004b.

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Špikić, Dorijan, Matija Švraka, and Darko Vasić. "Effectiveness of Electrostatic Shielding in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Induction Soil Sensing." Sensors 22, no. 8 (2022): 3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22083000.

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High-frequency electromagnetic induction (HFEMI) sensors, operating in the frequency range from 300 kHz to 30 MHz, have been proposed for the measurement of soil electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity that are related to the physical and chemical properties of soil. Because of the high-frequency operation, the capacitive coupling between the sensor transmitter and receiver coils is comparable to inductive coupling, creating the need for electrostatic shielding. The remnant capacitive coupling after the implementation of shielding can lead to significant difficulties in the sensor signal interpretation, because both coupling mechanisms are highly dependent on the geometry of the HFEMI sensor and applied shield. In this paper, we introduce the discussion on the relationship between the sensor geometry, shielding and the coupling mechanisms for HFEMI soil sensing. We theoretically and experimentally evaluate a typical HFEMI sensor and its shielding in the frequency range of up to 20 MHz and propose a method for evaluating the effectiveness of a shield configuration. In the case study, we experimentally analyze the HFEMI sensor above a saline solution for two shield configurations. The results agree well with the results of a finite element method analysis.

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Shokuhfar, Ali, Payam Heydari, and Salman Ebrahimi-Nejad. "Electrostatic Excitation for the Force Amplification of Microcantilever Sensors." Sensors 11, no. 11 (2011): 10129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s111110129.

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Söderkvist, Jan. "Electrostatic excitation of tuning fork shaped angular rate sensors." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 7, no. 3 (1997): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/7/3/032.

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Riehl, P. S., K. L. Scott, R. S. Muller, R. T. Howe, and J. A. Yasaitis. "Electrostatic charge and field sensors based on micromechanical resonators." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 12, no. 5 (2003): 577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2003.818066.

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Puers, Robert, and Daniel Lapadatu. "Electrostatic forces and their effects on capacitive mechanical sensors." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 56, no. 3 (1996): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(96)01310-6.

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Ghommem, Mehdi, Fehmi Najar, Mohamed Arabi, Eihab Abdel-Rahman, and Mustafa Yavuz. "A unified model for electrostatic sensors in fluid media." Nonlinear Dynamics 101, no. 1 (2020): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-020-05780-7.

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Lin, Jun, Zhong-Sheng Chen, Zheng Hu, Yong-Min Yang, and Xin Tang. "Analytical and Numerical Investigations into Hemisphere-Shaped Electrostatic Sensors." Sensors 14, no. 8 (2014): 14021–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140814021.

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Shi, Xiaoqing, Yulan Lu, Bo Xie, et al. "A Double-Ended Tuning Fork Based Resonant Pressure Micro-Sensor Relying on Electrostatic Excitation and Piezoresistive Detection." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130875.

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This study proposes a microfabricated resonant pressure sensor based on electrostatic excitation and low-impedance piezoresistive detection in which a pair of double-ended tuning forks were utilized as resonators for differential outputs. In operations, targeted pressures deforms the pressure-sensitive membrane, resulting in stress variations of two resonators, leading to shifts of the intrinsic resonant frequencies, which were then measured piezoresistively. The developed microfabricated resonant pressure sensor was fabricated using simple SOI-MEMS processes and quantified in both open-loop and closed-loop manners, where the quality factor, differential sensitivity and linear correlation coefficient were quantified as higher than 10,000, 79.4 Hz/kPa and 0.99999, respectively. Compared to previous resonant piezoresistive sensors, the developed device leveraged single-crystal silicon as the piezoresistor, with advantages in simple sensing structures and fabrication steps. Furthermore, the differential setup was adopted in this study which can further improve the performances of the developed sensors.

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Han, Gi Hyeon, Sun Woo Kim, Jin Kyeom Kim, et al. "3D Multiple Triangular Prisms for Highly Sensitive Non-Contact Mode Triboelectric Bending Sensors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (2022): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091499.

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Here, a highly sensitive triboelectric bending sensor in non-contact mode operation, less sensitive to strain, is demonstrated by designing multiple triangular prisms at both sides of the polydimethylsiloxane film. The sensor can detect bending in a strained condition (up to 20%) as well as bending direction with quite high linear sensitivity (~0.12/degree) up to 120°, due to the electrostatic induction effect between Al and poly (glycerol sebacate) methacrylate. Further increase of the bending angle to 135° significantly increases the sensitivity to 0.16/degree, due to the contact electrification between them. The sensors are attached on the top and bottom side of the proximal interphalangeal and wrist, demonstrating a directional bending sensor with an enhanced sensitivity.

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Zhao, Chun, Graham S. Wood, Suan Hui Pu, and Michael Kraft. "A mode-localized MEMS electrical potential sensor based on three electrically coupled resonators." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 6, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-1-2017.

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Abstract. We report a new class of MEMS resonant potential sensor based on the mode localization effect using a 3-degree-of-freedom (DoF) electrically weakly coupled resonator system. As opposed to previously reported electrically coupled 2DoF mode-localized resonant sensors, it can be shown in theory that the 3DoF structure has an improved sensitivity without sacrificing signal transduction, in addition to a reduced nonideal effect with regard to the vibration amplitudes and the motional currents. Experimentally, it has also been shown that several orders of magnitude higher sensitivity can be achieved compared to frequency shift and 2DoF mode-localized sensor. In the best case, we are able to demonstrate over 4 orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity compared to frequency shift as an output signal. Compared to current state-of-the art 2DoF mode-localized sensor, the highest sensitivity improvement is over 123 times. An estimation of the noise floor of the sensor is 614 µV / √Hz for potential sensing, or an equivalent 57.6e / √Hz for charge sensing, and a dynamic range of 66.3 dB can be achieved. Furthermore, two different approaches for detection were investigated, perturbing the stiffness in the form of either an axial electrostatic force or a change in electrostatic spring. We were able to demonstrate that the approach of changing electrostatic spring is more sensitive than its counterpart.

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Mirfakhrai, Tissaphern, Ji Young Oh, Mikhail Kozlov, et al. "Carbon Nanotube Yarns as High Load Actuators and Sensors." Advances in Science and Technology 61 (September 2008): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.61.65.

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Carbon nanotubes have attracted extensive attention in the past few years because of their appealing mechanical and electronic properties. Yarns made through spinning multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been reported. Here we study the application of these yarns as electrochemical actuators, and as force sensors. MWNT yarns are mechanically strong with tensile strengths reaching one GPa. When charge is stored in the yarns they change in length. This is thought to be because of a combination of electrostatic and quantum chemical effects. We report strains up to 0.6 %. The charged yarns can also generate current and change in voltage in response to a change in the applied tension. Electrostatic and quantum effects contributing to actuation are introduced along with the effect of the yarn geometry on actuation and other contributing factors.

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Astier, Pierre, Pierre Antilogus, Claire Juramy, Rémy Le Breton, Laurent Le Guillou, and Eduardo Sepulveda. "The shape of the photon transfer curve of CCD sensors." Astronomy & Astrophysics 629 (September 2019): A36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935508.

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The photon transfer curve (PTC) of a CCD depicts the variance of uniform images as a function of their average. It is now well established that the variance is not proportional to the average, as Poisson statistics would indicate, but rather flattens out at high flux. This “variance deficit”, related to the brighter-fatter effect, feeds correlations between nearby pixels that increase with flux, and decay with distance. We propose an analytical expression for the PTC shape, and for the dependence of correlations with intensity, and relate both to some more basic quantities related to the electrostatics of the sensor, which are commonly used to correct science images for the brighter-fatter effect. We derive electrostatic constraints from a large set of flat field images acquired with a CCD e2v 250, and eventually question the generally-admitted assumption that boundaries of CCD pixels shift by amounts proportional to the source charges. Our results show that the departure of flat field statistics from the Poisson law is entirely compatible with charge redistribution during the drift in the sensor.

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Alanezi, Mohammed, Houssem Bouchekara, Muhammad Javaid, and Mohammad Shahriar. "A Fully Connected Cluster with Minimal Transmission Power for IoT Using Electrostatic Discharge Algorithm." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 3 (2021): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360313.

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In the emerging age of the Internet of Things (IoT), energy-efficient and reliable connection among sensor nodes gain prime importance. Wireless engineers encounter a trade-off between sensors energy requirement and their reliable full connectivity. Consequently, the need to find the optimal solution draws the attention of many researchers. In this paper, the Electrostatic Discharge Algorithm (ESDA) is proposed, implemented, and applied to minimize energy needs of a sensor node while ensuring the fully-connectedness of each node. The obtained results show that the proposed method achieves better results than those found in the literature using the particle swarm optimization method in terms of energy savings and reliable connectivity.

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Sun, Yanming, Zhe Dong, Zhezhe Ding, et al. "Carbon Nanocoils and Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films for Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Acoustic Sensors." Coatings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101599.

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Carbon nanocoils (CNCs) are widely used in functional devices due to their helical morphology, which can be utilized in the fabrication of functional materials with unique properties. In this study, CNCs/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films were prepared using an electrostatic spinning method and used to form a diaphragm for Fabry–Perot acoustic sensors. With the addition of CNCs, the fabricated composite film showed enhanced mechanical performance responding to acoustic wave pressure. Considering the optical and mechanical response, the content of CNCs was set as 0.14 wt.%; the highest acoustic wave pressure response of the sensor was 1.89 V/Pa at 16.2 kHz, which was relatively higher than that of devices with pure polymer films. Additionally, the sensor had a broadband frequency response from 2 to 10 kHz. The results indicate that the proposed composite film acoustic sensor is suitable for low-frequency acoustic sensing, which lays the foundation for the extended application of functional sensors based on CNCs.

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Weppner, Werner. "Ceramic Chemical Sensors: An Overview." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1809.

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Electrostatic potential drops across interfaces caused by the exchange of ions together with electrons may be used in various ways to measure the concentration of chemical species. Potentiometric sensors make use of thermodynamic equilibration between the gas and the solid electrolyte (type I and II) or the gas and a predominantly electronically conducting mixed conducting electrode in combination with a junction at the electrode/electrolyte interface (type III). Kinetic sensors make use of the transfer of ions across interfaces under non-equilibrium conditions and relate the rate determining process to the concentration of the gas. Response time, selectivity and sensitivity effects are discussed.

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Zou, Qiang, Fengrui Yang, and Yaodong Wang. "Highly sensitive flexible modulus sensor for softness perception and clinical application." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 3 (2022): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac49a2.

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Abstract The wearable sensors for softness measuring are emerging as a solution of softness perception, which is an intrinsic function of human skin, for electronic skin and human-machine interaction. However, these wearable sensors suffer from a key challenge: the modulus of an object can not be characterized directly, which originates from the complicated transduction mechanism. To address this key challenge, we developed a flexible and wearable modulus sensor that can simultaneously measure the pressure and modulus without mutual interference. The modulus sensing was realized by merging the electrostatic capacitance response from the pressure sensor and the ionic capacitance response from the indentation sensor. Via the optimized structure, our sensor exhibits high modulus sensitivity of 1.9 × 102 in 0.06 MPa, a fast dynamic response time of 100 ms, and high mechanical robustness for over 2500 cycles. We also integrated the sensor onto a prosthetic hand and surgical probe to demonstrate its capability for pressure and modulus sensing. This work provides a new strategy for modulus measurement, which has great potential in softness sensing and medical application.

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