Academic literature on the topic 'Elementen (chemie)'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Elementen (chemie).'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Elementen (chemie)"

1

Jutzi, Peter, Jürgen Dahlhaus, and Michael Bangel. "(Dimethylaminoethyl)cyclopentadienyl-liganden in der chemie von gruppe-13-elementen (Al, Ga, In." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 460, no. 2 (November 1993): C13—C15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(93)83153-m.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Jacob, K., W. Kretschmer, K. H. Thiele, I. Pavlik, A. Ly?ka, and J. Hole?ek. "Beitr�ge zur Chemie der Alkylverbindungen von �bergangsmetallen. 57. 2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenyl-Verbindungen von 3d-Elementen." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 606, no. 1 (December 1991): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19916060114.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Elsayed Moussa, Mehdi, Michael Seidl, Gábor Balázs, Matthias Hautmann, and Manfred Scheer. "Das Potential von Molybdänkomplexen mit unsubstituierten heterodiatomaren Gruppe‐15‐Elementen als Linker in der supramolekularen Chemie." Angewandte Chemie 131, no. 37 (August 19, 2019): 13035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201907067.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Feh�r, F., and F. J. Ocklenburg. "Beitr�ge zur Chemie des Siliciums und des Germaniums. XXXVI. Darstellung von Magnesiumsilicid aus den Elementen durch Sinterung." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 530, no. 11 (November 1985): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19855301122.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Schädel, Matthias. "Chemie superschwerer Elemente." Angewandte Chemie 118, no. 3 (January 9, 2006): 378–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200461072.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Kratz, Jens Volker. "Chemie der schwersten Elemente." Chemie in unserer Zeit 29, no. 4 (August 1995): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19950290406.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Compton, Neville. "Die elementaren Werte der Chemie." Angewandte Chemie 131, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201813786.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

De Villiers, W. Van Z. "Van Seaborg tot sokkerballe: nuwe chemiese elemente en verbindings." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 17, no. 2 (July 12, 1998): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v17i2.694.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Jahn, Bérénice, and Lena Josefine Daumann. "Die faszinierende bioanorganische Chemie der Selten-Erd-Elemente." Chemie in unserer Zeit 52, no. 3 (January 10, 2018): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.201700800.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Wang, Shu-Guang, and W. H. Eugen Schwarz. "Symbol der Chemie: Das Periodensystem der chemischen Elemente im jungen Jahrhundert." Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 19 (April 27, 2009): 3456–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200800827.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Elementen (chemie)"

1

Richter, Mark Richard [Verfasser], Rochus [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmid, and Gerald [Akademischer Betreuer] Dyker. "Ungewöhnliche Bindungssituation in Komplexen mit schweren Elementen / Mark Richard Richter. Gutachter: Rochus Schmid ; Gerald Dyker." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/109588462X/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Barnikow, Jan. "Anwendung von Antikörperfragmenten zur Konstruktion von in vitro und in vivo schaltbaren Elementen." Diss., lmu, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-8732.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Lange, Sebastian [Verfasser], Gerald Akademischer Betreuer] Henkel, and Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] [Egold. "Einkernige Chelatkomplexe von Gruppe-9-Elementen mit Carben-Phosphan-Hybridliganden / Sebastian Lange. Betreuer: Gerald Henkel ; Hans Egold." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1036551911/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Viefhaus, Tillmann. "Präparative, spektroskopische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl-Verbindungen von Elementen der 5., 8. und 13. Gruppe." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9967009.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Krüger, Martin [Verfasser]. "Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer und funktionalisierter MOFs basierend auf Elementen der 13. Gruppe und deren spezielle optische Eigenschaften / Martin Krüger." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1148424938/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Hohmeister, Holger. "Darstellung neuer Organometallhalogenide mit Elementen der 13. und 14. Gruppe des Periodensystems und Versuche zur Synthese von Organogermanolen." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969563310.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Mo, Dennis [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Frank, and Christian [Gutachter] Ganter. "Untersuchungen zu Synthese und Reaktivität von ausgewählten Silyldiamiden von Elementen der 15. Gruppe / Dennis Mo ; Gutachter: Christian Ganter ; Betreuer: Walter Frank." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197302018/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Graser, Carl-Heinrich [Verfasser], and H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Geckeis. "Redoxspeziation von endlagerrelevanten Elementen mit Hilfe von Trennmethoden gekoppelt an ein Massenspektrometer mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma / Carl-Heinrich Graser. Betreuer: H. Geckeis." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/108172210X/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Ney, Christoph [Verfasser]. "Synthese und Charakterisierung ternärer und quaternärer Lithiumnitrid-Derivate mit Elementen der 5. bis 7. Hauptgruppe und deren potentielle Lithium-Ionen-Leitfähigkeit / Christoph Ney." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122524897/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Osters, Oliver Wilhelm [Verfasser], Tom [Akademischer Betreuer] Nilges, Thomas F. [Akademischer Betreuer] Fässler, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Brück. "Untersuchungen zur Phasenbildung und der Eigenschaften von Gruppe XV. und XVI. Elementen und Verbindungen : Polyanionen und Netzwerke / Oliver Wilhelm Osters. Gutachter: Thomas F. Fässler ; Tom Nilges ; Thomas Brück. Betreuer: Tom Nilges." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024355039/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Elementen (chemie)"

1

On beyond uranium: Journey to the end of the periodic table. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Atkins, P. W. The periodic kingdom: A journey into the land of the chemical elements. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Atkins, P. W. Hua xue yuan su wang guo zhi lü. Taibei Shi: Tian xia wen hua chu ban gu fen you xian gong si, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Atkins, P. W. The periodic kingdom: A journey into the land of the chemical elements. New York: BasicBooks, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Douglas, Bodie E. Concepts and models of inorganic chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

John, Emsley. The elements of murder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Latscha, Hans Peter, and Martin Mutz. Chemie der Elemente. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16915-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Martin, Mutz, ed. Chemie der Elemente. Berlin: Springer, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Dorin, Henry. Prentice Hall chemistry: The study of matter. Needham, Mass: Prentice Hall Inc., 1989.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

1926-, Jaschek Mercedes, ed. The behavior of chemical elements in stars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Elementen (chemie)"

1

Felixberger, Josef K. "Elemente – sämtliche Materie besteht aus 92 verschiedenen Elementen." In Chemie für Einsteiger, 3–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52821-1_1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Feil, Sylvia, Jörg Resag, and Kristin Riebe. "Vom Urknall zu den Elementen." In Faszinierende Chemie, 41–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49920-7_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Feil, Sylvia, Jörg Resag, and Kristin Riebe. "Vom Urknall zu den Elementen." In Faszinierende Chemie, 40–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57324-2_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Börner, Armin, and Juliana Zeidler. "Extrinsische Eigenschaften, die das Vorkommen von Elementen im biologischen Kontext begünstigen." In Chemie der Biologie, 85–105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64701-1_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Kurzweil, Peter. "Chemie der Elemente." In Chemie, 278–309. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08660-2_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Kurzweil, Peter, and Paul Scheipers. "Chemie der Elemente." In Chemie, 278–309. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-8280-6_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Kurzweil, Peter. "Chemie der Elemente." In Chemie, 320–55. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27503-7_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kurzweil, Peter. "Chemie der Elemente." In Chemie Aufgabensammlung für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler, 176–200. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01002-7_13.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hölig, Volkmar. "Elemente." In Lerntest Chemie, 68–96. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72394-0_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Hölig, Volkmar. "Elemente." In Lerntest Chemie, 217–48. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72394-0_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Elementen (chemie)"

1

Cozma, Antoanela. "SHEEPS CHEESE SOURCE OF MINERAL ELEMENTS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/6.2/s25.075.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kojić, Miloš. "MEMBRANE FINITE ELEMENT FOR MODELING HEART WALL." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.040k.

Full text
Abstract:
Modeling of heart wall deformation remains a challenge due to complex structure of tissue, which contains different group of cells and connective tissue. Muscle cells are dominant where, besides stresses coming from tissue deformation, active stresses are generated representing the load which produces heart motion and function. These cells form a helicoidal structure within so- called wall sheets and are considered as tissue fibers. Usual approach in the finite element (FE) discretization is to use 3D isoparametric elements. The dominant stresses lie in the sheet planes, while normal stresses in the wall normal directions are of the order smaller. Taking this stress state into account, we explore a possibility to model heart wall by membrane finite elements, hence considering the wall as a thick membrane (shell without bending effects). The membrane element is composite, containing layers over the thickness and variation of the direction of fibers. The formulated element is applied to a simplified left ventricle geometry to demonstrate a possibility to simulate heart mechanics by models which are much smaller and simpler for use than 3D conventional models.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Djukic, Tijana, Igor Saveljic, and Nenad Filipović. "ADDITION OF REMESHING TECHNIQUE TO THE STENT IMPLANTATION SOFTWARE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE SIMULATION OUTCOME." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.267dj.

Full text
Abstract:
Stent implanation is one of the clinical treatments of stenotic arteries. This clinical procedure requires careful planning that considers the geometry of the artery of the particular patient. The numerical simulation can be very useful to analyze the state of the arterial wall during and after this intervention. The numerical model considered within this paper simulates the expansion of the stent and subsequent deformation of the arterial wall using finite element method. This model was validated in literature against clinical data. Within the implementation, the tetrahedral finite elements were used. But, this type of elements can cause inaccuracies and instability during simulations. Within this paper, the stent implantation software was improved by implementing hexahedral finite element mesh and applying an additional remeshing technique in order to ensure better prediction of forces exerted on stent and stress within arterial wall. The benefits of these additions are demonstrated on the simulation of stent implantation with patient-specific coronary artery. This software can be used to analyze quickly the effect of different stent size and position on the state of the arterial wall after the intervention. It represents a valuable and reliable tool for the clinicians that can help them determine the outcome of the stenting intervention and thus improve the patient-specific pre-operative planning process.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Uđilanović, M. Z., S. D. Vasiljević, and Z. S. Šimšić. "QUANTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN PAPAVER RHOEAS L. AND PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.133u.

Full text
Abstract:
Plants are very important for proper human nutrition, so the content of essential elements was investigated in two poppy species. Essential elements such as Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo and Zn play a vital role in various biological processes. Samples of roots, stems, leaves and seeds of Papaver rhoeas L. and Papaver somniferum were acid dissolved and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The highest concentration of Ca was contained in leaf samples ML1 and ML2 with values of 38618.90 and 33320.15 mg/kg, the root of Papaver rhoeas L. had the highest concentration of Na with a value of 1651.07 mg/kg, while the leaf had the highest concentration of Mg of 4400.04 mg/kg. The leaf Papaver somniferum contains the highest concentration of K with a value of 61595.90 mg/kg, the root samples MK1 and MK2, both poppies had the highest Fe of 1254.21 and 1620.16 mg/kg. Seeds of both poppies, Papaver rhoeas L. and Papaver somniferum, contain the highest concentration of Cu with values of 30.57 and 22.20 mg/kg, Mn with values of 71.99 and 58.10 mg/kg and Zn with values of 76.99 and 82.09 mg/kg. The Co content in all samples was low.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Pereira, Cleon X., Zara Hoffmann, Caroline P. Castro, Geovanna S. Santos, Thais A. Aires, and Rodrigo E. Francisco. "CHEMIS3: A game for learning chemical concepts through elements of nature." In 2017 12th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cisti.2017.7975801.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Milošković, Aleksandra, Nataša Kojadinović, Milena Radenković, Simona Đuretanović, Tijana Veličković, Marijana Nikolić, and Vladica Simić. "POTENTIALLY TOXIC ELEMENTS IN LOWLAND GREAT MORAVA RIVER – BIOINDICATION WITH BLEAK (ALBURNUS ALBURNUS)." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.097m.

Full text
Abstract:
The utilization of fish bioindicators has become of crucial importance for ecosystem contamination assessment. Bleak (Alburnus alburnus) is a widely distributed epipelagic fish species characterized as very active with fast metabolism which can lead to a high accumulation of pollutants in tissues. Bleak is easy to sample, identify in the field by morphological characteristics, and easy to work within the laboratory. This study deals with the bleak sensitivity in detecting the pressure of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the large lowland Great Morava River. The Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, and Zn were estimated in whole body composite (wbc) of bleak. The study was conducted at Great Morava River, near the city of Paraćin in Serbia. The highest concentrations of essential elements Zn and Fe were detected. The most toxic elements As and Hg were below detection limits. The metal pollution index (MPI) was 0.39. In large lowland rivers, point sources of pollution such as municipal wastewaters of smaller settlements usually have only local impact due to high dilution by the main watercourse. Since bleak is a site-specific species, results in this study indicated that this stretch of the Great Morava River is slightly affected by PTEs. None of the elements above the maximum permitted concentrations (MPC) in fish meat for use in the human diet, prescribed by the Official Gazette and European Commission Regulation, were not recorded.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Nikolić, Aleksandar, Marko Topalović, Milan Blagojević, and Vladimir Simić. "BLOOD FLOW IN CORONARY ARTERY BIFURCATION CALCULATED BY TURBULENT FINITE ELEMENT MODEL." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.235n.

Full text
Abstract:
Simulation of blood flow in this paper is analyzed using two-equation turbulent finite element model that can calculate values in the viscous sublayer. Implicit integration of the equations is used for determining the fluid velocity, fluid pressure, turbulence, kinetic energy, and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. These values are calculated in the finite element nodes for each step of incremental- iterative procedure. Developed turbulent finite element model, with the customized generation of finite element meshes, is used for calculating complex blood flow problems. Analysis of results showed that a cardiologist can use proposed tools and methods for investigating the hemodynamic conditions inside bifurcation of arteries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Qona'atun, Muslela, Achmad Lutfi, and Rusly Hidayah. "Chemmo Configuration Game As Learning Media On Periodic System Of Element Matter." In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chemistry 2019 (SNK-19). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/snk-19.2019.38.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lutfi, Achmad, Rusly Hidayah, and Muslela Qona'atun. "Application Of Chemmo Configuration Play As A Learning Media Of Elements Periodic System." In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Chemistry 2019 (SNK-19). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/snk-19.2019.25.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Stojković, Danijela Lj, Verica V. Jevtić, Đorđe S. Petrović, Sandra S. Jovičić Milić, Nenad L. Vuković, Milena D. Vukić, and Bojan Stojanović. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLATINUM(II/IV) COMPLEXES WITH 2-AMINO-5-METHYL-4-PHENYLTHIAZOLE." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.339s.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper examines the synthesis of two new complexes of platinum(II/IV) ion, general formula [PtL2]Cl2 and [PtL2]Cl4, where L is 2-amino-5-methyl-4-phenylthiazole. The structures of the above mentioned compounds were determined by elemental microanalysis, infrared, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Elementen (chemie)"

1

Barash, Itamar, and Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactogenic hormones and amino acid occur and finally we proposed to identify which components of the translation machinery are modified. Background to the topic: Milk protein is the most valuable component in milk, both for direct human consumption and for manufacturing cheese and other protein-based products. Attempts to augment protein content by the traditional methods of genetic selection and improved nutritional regimes have failed. The proposal was based on recent results suggesting that the limiting factor for augmenting protein synthesis in the bovine mammary gland is the efficiency of converting amino acids to milk proteins. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate â-casein mRNA translation by cytoplasmatic polyadenylation. The interaction between insulin and prolactin was demonstrated two decades ago as crucial for milk-protein synthesis, but the molecular mechanisms involved were not elucidated. We found in differentiated CID 9 mouse mammary epithelial cells line that insulin and prolactin synergistically increases the rate of milk protein mRNA translation. We focused on â-casein, the major milk protein, and found that the increase in â-casein mRNA translation was reflected in a shift to larger polysomes, indicating an effect on translational initiation. Inhibitors of the PI3K, mTOR, and MAPK pathways blocked insulin-stimulated total protein and â-casein synthesis but not the synergistic stimulation. Conversely, cordycepin, a polyadenylation inhibitor, abolished synergistic stimulation of protein synthesis without affecting insulin-stimulated translation. The poly(A) tract of â-casein mRNA progressively increased over 30 min of treatment with insulin plus prolactin. The 3’-untranslated region of â-casein mRNA was found to contain a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), and in reporter constructs, this was sufficient for the translational enhancement and mRNA-specific polyadenylation. Furthermore, insulin and prolactin stimulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) but did not increase cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography