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Trifunović, Darko. "Elements of Critical Infrastructure Resilience." National security and the future 20, no. 1-2 (2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/nstf.20.1-2.6.
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This Article points to key elements of Critical Infrastructure Resilience (CIR) and how they differ from Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP). CIP is still very important and one of the key systems that the society relies upon to ensure the continuity of operation of CI. However, CIP cannot predict an adequate number of major threats that would allow to conduct the preparedness and response at the level which would ensure the sufficient operation of CI in all cases. In that sense CIR sets a new paradigm with a quality that reduces vulnerability, minimizes the consequences of threats, accelerates response and recovery, and facilitates adaptation to a disruptive event. Some selected concepts of CIR with examples are presented in the Article that should assist in further development and enhancement of resilience of subsystems and infrastructures as a whole, resulting in more secure CI.
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CHOVANČÍKOVÁ, Nikola. "RESILIENCE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS." Krízový Manažment 17, no. 2 (2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/krm.c.2018.2.51-59.
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Rehak, David, David Patrman, Veronika Brabcová, and Zdeněk Dvořák. "IDENTIFYING CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE USING CASCADING IMPACT ASSESSMENT." Transport 35, no. 3 (2020): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12414.
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Road transport is a key means of transporting people and cargo on land. Its particular advantages are speed and operability, which are balanced, however, by dependence on road infrastructure. Road infrastructure reliability is an important factor in its functioning. If some elements of road infrastructure are disrupted or fail, the function of dependent infrastructures, such as the integrated rescue system or industry, are also impaired and may fail. These important elements of road infrastructure should be identified as critical and be given greater attention when identifying weaknesses and implementing subsequent security measures. This article introduces the Identifying Critical Elements of Road Infrastructure (ICERI) method, which was designed to make use of Cascading Impact Assessments (CIA). The use of CIA allows critical elements to be identified through impact escalation analysis. These impacts can therefore be monitored not only in road transport infrastructure but also across the entire critical infrastructure system.
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Iura, Adrian. "Economic and Financial Elements of Critical Infrastructure Augmentation." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 30, no. 2 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2024-0051.
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Abstract This article will explore the intersections between economics and finance that underpin the strengthening of critical infrastructure systems. Exploring this area, I can realise that improving critical infrastructures is a necessity that every country depends on. Given the technological advances and threats that are constantly developing, we will be able to conclude that the need to understand the importance of these infrastructures and how to develop them depends on the economic implications that are part of a country’s investment plan. Through a comprehensive review of case studies and economic theories, this article will highlight various factors that influence critical infrastructure development decisions, ranging from fiscal and budgetary constraints to development or upgrading decisions. In addition, this paper will analyse, from a theoretical point of view, the importance of public-private partnerships, government funding and risk management strategies that underpin the resilience and sustainability of critical infrastructure. Finally, this paper will provide a nuanced perspective on economic and financial management, the growth of critical systems that are vital to the optimal and effective functioning of national security.
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Jin-Hui Li, Chol-Ju An, and Gwang-Nam Rim. "Impact of Transport Infrastructure on Gross Regional Products: Evidence from Chinese Provinces under the “Belt and Road Initiative”." Business Perspective Review 2, no. 2 (2020): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/business-perspective-review.v2i2.145.
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Purpose: This paper analyzes the impact of transport infrastructure on Gross Regional Products in Chinese provinces under the “Belt and Road Initiative”.
 Methods: The impact of the key elements of transport infrastructure on Gross Regional Products is analyzed based on the data related to development levels of transport infrastructure and economic development. Correlation and regression analyses were used for data analysis. 
 Results: It is found that railways and highways, which are the key elements of transport infrastructure, have a strong correlation with Gross Regional Products, and their effects are diverse among provinces under study. 
 Implications: The findings demonstrate the position and role of diverse infrastructural elements in enhancing the economic benefits of infrastructural investment and promoting economic growth. Thus, it is expected to facilitate decision-making related to infrastructural investment under the “Belt and Road Initiative”.
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Kulyk, O. I. "Virtual assets market infrastructure." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.32.
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Analyses the virtual assets market infrastructure. It was found that the uncertainty about the definition of the virtual assets market infrastructure makes it impossible to identify the infrastructure elements. Given that, it is necessary to propose the definition of virtual assets market infrastructure, identify the elements of the mentioned infrastructure, and make proposals for the development of the legal regulation regarding the virtual assets market. Thus, it was given the definition of the virtual assets market infrastructure as a set of elements that provide, regulate and create conditions for the normal, efficient and smooth functioning of this market.
 The article considers scientific approaches to the classification of the market infrastructure elements into general elements and special elements. General elements could be considered as infrastructure elements in all kinds of markets. But special elements are functioning only on the virtual assets market. For this study, it was proposed to identify only the special elements of the virtual assets market infrastructure. According to the research, special elements include: 1) service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets; 2) issuers (miners); 3) self-regulatory organizations. At the same time, it was grounded that the market users could not be considered as an element of the virtual assets market infrastructure. It was substantiated that the virtual assets market is at its early stage of formation, and therefore new elements of the market infrastructure may emerge. Besides, it was grounded that the definition of virtual asset market infrastructure should be enshrined in the law governing the relations on the virtual assets market.
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Camarinha-Matos, Luis M., and Hamideh Afsarmanesh. "Elements of a base VE infrastructure." Computers in Industry 51, no. 2 (2003): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3615(03)00033-2.
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Figuli, Lucia, Matúš Ivančo, Zuzana Kubíková, and Zuzana Zvaková. "Reliability of Selected Critical Infrastructure Elements." International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research 2, no. 1 (2018): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2018.157.163.
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Kotlyarova, S. N. "Green Urban Infrastructure: Assessment Challenges." Economics and Management 26, no. 10 (2020): 1102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-10-1102-1108.
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The presented study addresses the problem of forming and assessing green urban infrastructure, focusing on the elements of green infrastructure in the largest cities of the Russian Federation.Aim. The study aims to analyze approaches to identifying key elements of green infrastructure and methodological approaches to its assessment.Tasks. The authors determine approaches to highlighting key structural elements of green infrastructure; use statistics to comparatively assess the elements of green infrastructure in the largest Russian cities; identify problems in approaches to assessing key elements of green infrastructure.Methods. This study uses the methods of system analysis and comparison to address the problems of assessing key elements of green urban infrastructure and provides data published on the official websites of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, and the Federal State Statistics Service.Results. Key structural elements of green infrastructure are identified and its effects on the urban environment are determined. Methodological approaches to assessing green infrastructure are analyzed, and its key elements in the largest cities of the Russian Federation are comparatively analyzed. The authors identify assessment problems and conclude that it is necessary to update the methodology of approaches to assessing the elements of green infrastructure in order to take into account its results at the stage of urban and spatial planning of territories.Conclusions. The results of the study can be used in developing a methodology for green infrastructure assessment and urban planning.
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Lisiecki, Paweł, Maciej Szłapczyński, and Ewelina Chołodowicz. "Automatic Generation of Virtual Railway Infrastructure Elements." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 28, no. 2 (2024): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_252/119.
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This article is devoted to the issues of modeling a 3D virtual world for railroad simulators and the problems of creating a map for such a simulator. An algorithm using artificial intelligence methods for detection, classification, and place railway infrastructure objects from video recordings in a 3D virtual world, as well as GPS data has been proposed. The proposed solution, supporting automatic generation of virtual elements of railway infrastructure, is a significant innovation in the field of research.
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Брежнєв, Євген Віталійович, Герман Вікторович Фесенко та Вячеслав Сергійович Харченко. "МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ТА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ КРИТИЧНИХ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ІНФРАСТРУКТУР". RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, № 4 (20 грудня 2018): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2018.4.08.
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The world trends in increasing of threats of natural and man-made nature, a level of terrorist threats, the number and complexity of cyberattacks have caused the actualization of needs for critical information infrastructure protection and improvement it's informational security and functional safety. A critical information infrastructure is considered as a set of information and telecommunication systems, improper operation of which may lead to the occurrence of an accident of critical infrastructure (energy, transport, etc.), as well as to decrease in quality of its services. The subject of paper’s study is the mechanisms for ensuring the safety (protection) of critical information infrastructures. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the approach to the development of methodological foundations and technologies for assessing and ensuring the safety (protection) of critical information infrastructures taking into account the state and capabilities of modern information technologies. The methods used are: systems analysis methods, mathematical optimization methods, safety, and risk theory methods. The following results were obtained. The main tasks of the critical infrastructure protection system are formulated. The necessity of using the system of protection of critical information infrastructure as part of the system of protection of critical infrastructure is substantiated. The concept and principles of the methodology for assessing and ensuring the safety (protection) of critical information infrastructures are developed, working hypotheses, methods and models necessary for their implementation are suggested. The way of interaction of the elements of the proposed methodology, tasks and elements of the critical infrastructure protection system is shown. The results obtained are aimed at solving of one fundamental problem such as the existence of a contradiction between the intensive development of critical information infrastructures, negative influences and threats of various nature and the lack of methodological foundations, models, methods and information technologies for assessment and assurance of critical information infrastructure security and safety. The results obtained should be used to create elements of informational and analytical support for the decision maker in solving tasks related to the assessment and security (protection) of critical infrastructure
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Ramji-Nogales, Jaya. "Breakdowns at the Border: Legal Infrastructures and Political Polarization." German Law Journal 25, no. 8 (2024): 1247–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2024.81.
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AbstractThis Article examines the role of political polarization in contributing to acute infrastructural dysfunction. It begins by applying an infrastructural lens to the study of law, identifying the synergies and tensions inherent in that conversation. The second section investigates the components of a functional border legal infrastructure from a range of perspectives, seeking to understand the performative role of the border. The Article next presents three case studies of politically polarized border legal infrastructures, highlighting material, relational, and distributional elements. Drawing from those examples, the Article then unpacks the role of law as border infrastructure, highlighting the contribution that a legal perspective can offer to the infrastructures literature. This section examines the layers of law involved in border infrastructures, including international, regional, and bilateral; the regulatory role of national law in constructing and governing infrastructures; and the jurisdictional functions of law in allocating the political and financial authority that are essential to the effective operation of infrastructures. This analysis highlights the role of discretion and opacity, as well as political polarization, in setting the stage for infrastructural breakdown. The Article ends by reflecting on the recursive relationship between politics and law in border infrastructures, examining how that dynamic creates and manifests failures, dysfunction, and acute breakdown.
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NAMAZOV, S. A., R. M. KHUSAINOV, and N. G. TALIPOV. "MODELS FOR RECOGNITION OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS." Herald of Technological University 27, no. 3 (2024): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2024_27_3_90.
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The paper considers the problem of recognising road infrastructure elements (temporary signs, guardrail tapes, traffic cones). To solve it, we propose to use the following types of models: Deep Learning model, Random Forest model, Support Vector Machines model, Directional Gradient Histogram model. The principles of operation of the models presented in the article are considered. Recognizing road infrastructure elements in three of the four models studied requires a significant amount of time. The factors influencing the implementation of road works and object recognition are analyzed. The need for road work often depends on weather conditions (rain, snowfall, blizzard, fog, etc.). Recognition of road infrastructure elements includes the following stages: data capture, data preprocessing, model selection, model training, model testing. The article proposes the choice of a recognition model for road infrastructure elements (temporary barriers, temporary signs, traffic cones) based on the YOLO neural network, which has high detection speed and accuracy. The use of the YOLO neural network model allows for timely recognition of objects in images or video streams, which will further reduce the risks of road accidents. Based on the analysis of recognition models for road infrastructure elements, the use of the YOLO neural network model, which does not require significant financial costs, is proposed. The model was trained in the Google Colab development environment in the Python programming language. The neural network model was trained for 100 epochs in 15 minutes. The accuracy of recognition of road infrastructure elements on the training data set was 90%, and on the test set - 79%. In the future, it is planned to expand new data in the form of images of road infrastructure elements and develop a software package for automatically recognizing these elements and reducing the number of road accidents.
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Dvořák, Zdeněk, Eva Sventeková, David Řehák, and Zoran Čekerevac. "Assessment of Critical Infrastructure Elements in Transport." Procedia Engineering 187 (2017): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.413.
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Smith, H. N., and K. J. Poulter. "The elements of an open KBS infrastructure." Future Generation Computer Systems 9, no. 4 (1993): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(93)90037-p.
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Callaway, Stephen K. "Elements of infrastructure: Factors driving international entrepreneurship." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 7, no. 1 (2004): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-07-01-2004-b004.
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This article focuses on “born globals” (Knight and Cavusgil 1996) and interfirm resources to explain international entrepreneurship. The theory posed here challenges the traditional image of international business as a long, gradual process not occurring until later in the life cycle, and applying only to large multinational corporations (MNCs). Increasingly, new ventures must expand their operations internationally early in their history in order to be competitive (Oviatt and McDougall 1994), and require infrastructure (Van de Ven 1993), or interfirm resources, for success. Specifically, firms may rely on three factors to expand internationally: cost factors, unique global resources, and networks.
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Hruza, Petr. "Resilience and Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure Resilience and Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 20, no. 2 (2018): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2018.2.110-114.
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The article deals with resilience and protection of critical information infrastructure elements. The elements affect rapid recovery of the system to its original state and the increase of resistance during the subsequent emergency events. The article also deals with sectoral and cross-sectional criteria for determining the critical information infrastructure elements, which are closely related to resilience and protection. Risk assessment has been conducted in the area of critical information infrastructure. Finally, amendments of the Czech Cyber Security Act have been mentioned.
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Symonenko, Roman. "EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT LEVEL THE TELEMATIC HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR “VEHICLES – INFRASTRUCTURE” SYSTEM." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny 1, no. 265 (2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2021-1-265-22-30.
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The article is devoted to the study of the actual scientific and technical problem of improving the vehicles operation efficiency under specific infrastructural operating conditions. The structure of the «Vehicles – Infrastructure» system is generalized using a systems approach. In particular, it is presented in the form of a functional scheme. This scheme combines the main processes of the system in propulsion, transmission, chassis and interaction with the infrastructure, processes input values and outputs, feedbacks, providing control of process parameters to achieve the desired system performance. A systematization method of telematic hardware and software the «Vehicles – Infrastructure» system is proposed. The method allows to analyze existing morphological structures and form new morphological structures of the system. They are considered as ways to increase operational efficiency of vehicles with improved telematic hardware and software of basic functional elements. A method for determining the telematic hardware and software development level of the «Vehicles – Infrastructure» system and its functional elements is proposed. The method takes into account the implementation variants development level of vehicles and infrastructure telematic hardware and software basic morphological features. The morphological structures of the «Vehicles – Infrastructure» system telematic hardware and software for research are determined. These morphological structures combine the different development level variants of 16 morphological features for the «Vehicles» and «Infrastructure» functional elements. Keywords: vehicles, infrastructural operating conditions, functioning process, functional scheme, morphological matrix, morphological structure, telematic hardware and software development level.
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САЙГАШКИН, Я. В., Ю. С. ДИМОВ, and М. О. СУРАЕВА. "MANAGEMENT OF SMALL INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES AS ELEMENTS OF THE REGION'S INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 6(155) (August 2, 2023): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2023.155.6.108.
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Малые инновационные предприятия с недавних пор являются значимыми элементами инновационной инфраструктуры, формируемой государством в регионах. Сама инновационная инфраструктура в регионах обладает определенными специфическими особенностями, характерными географическому расположению региона, уровню его социально-экономического развития и т.п. В представленной статье автором делается попытка рассмотреть малое инновационное предприятие как элемент инновационной инфраструктуры региона. В работе автор выделяет элементы инновационной инфраструктуры региона, выделяет преимущества развития инновационной инфраструктур региона, а также представлены преимущества развития малых инновационных предприятий при вузах. Small innovative enterprises have recently been significant elements of the innovation infrastructure formed by the state in the regions. The innovation infrastructure itself in the regions has certain specific features that are characteristic of the geographical location of the region, the level of its socio-economic development, etc. In the presented article, the author makes an attempt to consider a small innovative enterprise as an element of the region's innovative infrastructure. In the work, the author highlights the elements of the region's innovative infrastructure, highlights the advantages of developing the region's innovative infrastructures, and also presents the advantages of developing small innovative enterprises at universities.
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Mirowski, Alexander, and Brian P. Harper. "Elements of Infrastructure Demand in Multiplayer Video Games." Media and Communication 7, no. 4 (2019): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2337.
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With the advent of organized eSports, game streaming, and always-online video games, there exist new and more pronounced demands on players, developers, publishers, spectators, and other video game actors. By identifying and exploring elements of infrastructure in multiplayer games, this paper augments Bowman’s (2018) conceptualization of demands in video games by introducing a new category of ‘infrastructure demand’ of games. This article describes how the infrastructure increasingly built around video games creates demands upon those interacting with these games, either as players, spectators, or facilitators of multiplayer video game play. We follow the method described by Susan Leigh Star (1999), who writes that infrastructure is as mundane as it is a critical part of society and as such is particularly deserving of academic study. When infrastructure works properly it fades from view, but in doing so loses none of its importance to human endeavor. This work therefore helps to make visible the invisible elements of infrastructure present in and around multiplayer video games and explicates the demands these elements create on people interacting with those games.
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Pinkovetskaia, Iuliia S., Anton V. Lebedev, Mikhail A. Rozhkov, and Natalia V. Berezina. "Assessment of Business Infrastructure in 2018." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 68 (2021): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.24.
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The aim of the research is to assess development of entrepreneurship infrastructure of various countries according to opinions of experts from these countries. The elements were: knowledge and technology transfer infrastructure; commercial and professional infrastructure; production and information infrastructure; market infrastructure; institutions providing easy access to existing markets; social and cultural infrastructure. The research is based on methods of economic analysis, analogies, generalizations, classification, system, and structural approaches. Information from the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project report for 54 countries was used as input data. The estimation of the distribution of indicator values on the effectiveness of the six main infrastructure elements of business development reflecting the opinions of experts from these countries with the use of mathematic models of normal distribution. During the study we determined the average indicator values characterizing experts ' opinions on the effectiveness of each of the six key infrastructure elements of business development on a scale of ten; the intervals of their changes characteristic for the majority of countries were also considered. New knowledge about the effectiveness of infrastructure elements of business development in various countries has been obtained.
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Simkiv, Liliya. "Market infrastructure: elements and significance in a market economy." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(144) (2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-4-1.
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Peculiarities of market infrastructure formation in Ukraine are studied. The genesis of the formation of the economic category "infrastructure" is considered, its main functions and role in the socio-economic development of society are determined. The paper substantiates that the market infrastructure should be considered as a set of objects and institutional structures that ensure the formation of material, financial, and information links between market participants. The complexity of the market infrastructure as a system is due to the variety of functions performed by its constituent elements. We can distinguish financial and credit, organizational, technical, and information subsystems. The interaction of elements of market infrastructure will ensure maximum efficiency and timely implementation of any programs and activities aimed at creating a competitive market environment. The shortcomings that hinder the efficient development and functioning of market infrastructure are identified, namely: lack of a regulated system of interaction between existing market infrastructure actors, insufficient innovation activity of research institutions, low perception of innovations by manufacturing enterprises, and weak provision of infrastructure network with human resources. The paper argues that the methodological approach to market infrastructure research should be based on the assessment of the existing market infrastructure, analysis of strategic directions of socio-economic development of the territory (medium and long term), taking into account the interests and needs of market participants, forecasting, identifying opportunities and risks related to the development of market infrastructure facilities, including the definition of priority areas and measures, implementation of programs and projects for the development of these facilities, and monitoring the implementation of planned measures for market infrastructure. The assessment of the existing level of market infrastructure development should be carried out in order to identify the potential additional opportunities related to market development, increase its competitiveness, and take into account the interests of market participants.
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Belik, V. A. "CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BY OBJECT CONTENT: SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 2, no. 196 (2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-2-196-35-43.
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The article considers the conceptual apparatus of transport, transport system and transport infrastructure and studies the existing classifications of transport infrastructure on the basis of their object content. The key characteristics of these classifications are determined and enlarged groups of infrastructure elements are identified, on the basis of which a consolidated grouping of transport infrastructure objects is formulated. The main problems of classification of transport infrastructure objects and approaches to their formation are identified. The author's classification of transport infrastructure elements is developed, including two new concepts: social transport infrastructure and industrial transport infrastructure. In order to justify the advantages of the author's classification, a detailed differentiation of infrastructure objects by means of transport within two new groups is made.
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Omotayo, Temitope, Alireza Moghayedi, Bankole Awuzie, and Saheed Ajayi. "Infrastructure Elements for Smart Campuses: A Bibliometric Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147960.
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Sustainable development can be attained at a microlevel and having smart campuses around the world presents an opportunity to achieve city-wide smartness. In the process of attaining smartness on campuses, the elements requiring attention must be investigated. There are many publications on smart campuses, and this investigation used the bibliometric analysis method to identify such publications produced over the last decade. A matrix of 578 nodes and 3217 edges was developed from 285 publications on smart campus construction and procurement. Fifteen cluster themes were produced from the bibliometric analysis. The findings revealed that China contributed 48.4% of all published articles on the smart campus. The findings presented a framework from the cluster themes under the four broad infrastructure areas of building construction or repurposing, technology and IT network, continuous improvement, and smart learning and teaching management. The implications of the findings identified that IT project management, traditional procurement strategy, and standard forms of contracts such as the New Engineering Contract (NEC) and the Joint Contract Tribunal (JCT) are applicable in the procurement of smart cities.
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Straka, Martin, Michal Balog, Peter Bindzár, Pavol Semančo, and Erik Žatkovič. "New Method for Design of Transport Infrastructure Elements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.141.
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A trend in automotive freight has experienced rapid development in recent years. The increase of traffic intensities is closely related to the increasing demand of building elements of transport the infrastructure that will provide services to monitor traffic, inform road users and protect transport companies property and citizens who participate in the process of transportation. The current state of layout and allocation problem solving of elements of transport infrastructure is limited to the use of mathematical, multicriteria or heuristic methods. Each approach has its advantages and limitations but none of them solves same layout and allocation of a particular procedure with a specific position. System of blocks (SB) method is a method, which joints the layout and allocation into one unit, using the principles of mathematics, multicriteria, heuristic procedures and graphics simultaneously. The advantage of the proposed method is the complexity of the proposed solution, i.e. consideration of multi-criteria approach with no pre-defined positions and precise definition and the actual position of the elements in space allocation.
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Cieśla, Katarzyna, Tomasz Krukowicz, and Krzysztof Firląg. "Analysis of cyclists’ behaviour on different infrastructure elements." MATEC Web of Conferences 231 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823103001.
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Increasing bicycle traffic causes the occurrence of related phenomena, which were not observed before. However, it can be observed that the cycling infrastructure of Warsaw is used in various ways, and some cyclists do not respect the law. The aim of this article is to examine the behaviour of cyclists in various road traffic situations. Empirical research was carried out for 15 objects located in Warsaw. Selected facilities were divided into 7 types of road infrastructure. The research was carried out by means of video recording with the use of a camera. Cyclists were classified by age, gender and type of bike used. As a result of the study, the number of correct and incorrect behaviours of cyclists was determined. It was found that the largest share of prohibited behaviours occurs in case of complicated solutions of cycling infrastructure and in case of its discontinuity. The behaviour of cyclists during the red signal display was also assessed. It was noted that this signal is better respected at road crossings than at tram crossings. Case studies have also been carried out and opportunities for improvement identified.
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Birkin, Mark, Rob Procter, Rob Allan, et al. "Elements of a computational infrastructure for social simulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1925 (2010): 3797–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0145.
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Applications of simulation modelling in social science domains are varied and increasingly widespread. The effective deployment of simulation models depends on access to diverse datasets, the use of analysis capabilities, the ability to visualize model outcomes and to capture, share and re-use simulations as evidence in research and policy-making. We describe three applications of e-social science that promote social simulation modelling, data management and visualization. An example is outlined in which the three components are brought together in a transport planning context. We discuss opportunities and benefits for the combination of these and other components into an e-infrastructure for social simulation and review recent progress towards the establishment of such an infrastructure.
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Urbancová, Zdenka, and Eva Sventeková. "Assessing vulnerability of key elements of railway infrastructure." Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019): 1597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.221.
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Sventekova, Eva, and Zdenek Dvorak. "Theoretical frame for testing critical transport infrastructure elements." Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness 3, no. 2 (2013): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jemc1302037s.
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Dovgiy, Stanislav O., Oleh V. Kopiika, and Oleksii S. Kozlov. "Information technology of IT-infrastructure management architecture elements." Environmental safety and natural resources 44, no. 4 (2022): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2022.4.91-113.
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The development of the System Architecture of the IT-infrastructure focused on the use of modern Data Centers is considered. At the same time, it is envisaged to create components that describe: general approaches to building a system architecture; IT-services – information technologies that solve the task of providing IT-services; logical model of IT-infrastructure. Formulated logic of IT-infrastructure construction: IT-infrastructure architectures define a set of services. IT-services are provided to three groups of clients. IT-services and clients are connected by 5 implementation scenarios. The integration of IT-services is determined by 5 architectures. As IT-services, we understand information technologies aimed at maintaining the following elements in a technically good state: network devices, computing equipment, data storage devices, automatic software deployment services, network services, perimeter protection services, directory services, file and print services, data management services, business application services, IT-management services, archiving and recovery services, certificate management services, integration services. Architectures define the fundamental principles of building IT-services and their relationship. Also, requirements for the creation of IT-services are formed on the basis of the architecture. One of the most important architectures is architecture of IT-infrastructure management. The architecture of the management system ensures the necessary level of IT-services of the Data Center due to the organization of three components – personnel, processes, technologies. The tasks of the architecture are: use of processes and information technologies to identify and minimize failures of IT-services; ensuring a high degree of integration of information technologies; ensuring response to changes in system parameters and performance of service functions in real time. As an example, the management function of the IT-service “network administration” (monitoring and control of configuration management services, coordination of changes, remote management and debugging) is considered. The algorithmic synthesis of programs and devices network management is considered, which consists in the construction of a functional scheme of control devices in two stages – abstract and structural synthesis, and all the steps of its solution and subsequent hardware synthesis are determined.
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Boyle, Philip, and Tia Dafnos. "Infrastructures of Pacification: Vital Points, Critical Infrastructure, and Police Power in Canada." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 34, no. 01 (2019): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2019.5.
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AbstractThough described as the first milestone towards securing Canada’s critical infrastructure (CI), the 2009 National Strategy for Critical Infrastructure is the most recent effort in decades of federal engagement with the problem of how to secure the material elements that underpin state, economy, and society. In this article, we show how a little-known civil defence program initiated after WWII to protect important industrial facilities from military enemies has transformed in the contemporary period into the monitoring of a range of political and social movements as perceived dangers to what is understood today as CI. We view these changes as indicative of transformations in the exercise of police power through which the contemporary colonial-liberal order is enacted.
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Cîrdei, Ionuţ Alin. "Improving The Level of Critical Infrastructure Protection by Developing Resilience." Land Forces Academy Review 23, no. 4 (2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2018-0028.
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Abstract Modern society is characterized by the increasing interdependence between the actors of the international environment, in the conditions of globalization of all the fields of social life. Increasing interdependencies, together with the emergence of new risks and threats, which attempt to exploit systemic vulnerabilities, which are increasingly numerous and difficult to eliminate, bring a new issue to states and other security environment actors: to ensure the protection the infrastructure elements that are indispensable to the normal activity of the population, economic agents, nongovernmental organizations and state institutions. Critical Infrastructure Protection becomes an important point on the agenda of all decision-makers who are in a position to counter the asymmetric threats that jeopardize national interests and democratic values. Due to the multiplication of risks and threats and the multiplication of interdependencies between the various infrastructure elements, the protection of critical infrastructures can not be achieved effectively only by ensuring their physical protection. The cascading effects of a disturbance can be felt at the level of society as a whole, and it is therefore necessary to address the issue of ensuring the protection of critical infrastructures in a comprehensive manner including infrastructure and community resilience issues.
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Larsson, Anthony, Carl Savage, Mats Brommels, and Pauline Mattsson. "Structuring a research infrastructure: A study of the rise and fall of a large-scale distributed biobank facility." Social Science Information 57, no. 2 (2018): 196–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018418761848.
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This study analyses the perceived key interests, importance, influences and participation of different actors in harmonizing the processes and mechanisms of a distributed research infrastructure. It investigates the EU-funded initiative, BioBanking and Molecular Resource Infrastructure in Sweden (BBMRI.se), which seeks to harmonize the biobanking standards. The study interviews multiple actors involved throughout the development process. Their responses are analysed via a framework based on the IIED Stakeholder Power Analysis Tool. The BBMRI.se formation was facilitated by two parallel processes, with domestic and European/foreign origin, with leading scientists becoming ‘National Champions’. The respondents joined the organization under the premise that it would be a collaborative endeavour, but they were disappointed to learn the deliberative elements were more prevalent. In conclusion, the resulting autonomous structure caused disarray, while also fuelling interpersonal differences, ultimately leading to the closure of the infrastructure. Hence, it is necessary to clearly identify potential collaborative and deliberative elements already at the outset while also securing wider forms of communication between the participating actors, when establishing distributed research infrastructures. Moreover, while prior literature suggests that research infrastructures counteracts fragmentation, these results illustrate that this is not the case for this distributed research infrastructure.
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Liu, Zongwei, Haokun Song, Hong Tan, Han Hao, and Fuquan Zhao. "Evaluation of the Cost of Intelligent Upgrades of Transportation Infrastructure for Intelligent Connected Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (January 18, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5841373.
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Intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) have become the focus and development direction of the automobile industry. As a flexible intelligent terminal, ICVs will become a necessary part of the intelligent transportation system. The routes of developing ICVs based on “vehicle to X” (V2X) can effectively alleviate the demands of vehicles for intelligent functions and cut related research costs, accelerating commercialization of ICVs and leading to many social benefits. At present, China has made it clear to develop ICVs based on V2X, which requires simultaneous intelligent upgrades of vehicles and transportation infrastructure. Therefore, intelligent upgrades of transportation infrastructure must match the functional requirements of ICVs. In addition, the investment in intelligent upgrades of transportation infrastructure is mainly from the government, so the costs must be controlled reasonably to find the most cost-effective upgrade route. In this paper, the types of intelligent transportation infrastructures were determined by sorting out the demands of ICVs for transportation infrastructure, and the deployment methods and upgrade routes of intelligent transportation infrastructures were designed. Then, the cost evaluation model for intelligent upgrade of transportation infrastructures was established, based on which, the cost evaluation of different intelligent upgrade routes of transportation infrastructure was carried out in closed highway and open urban road scenarios to determine the optimal route. Besides, the key elements affecting the cost of transportation infrastructure upgrades were identified, and their impact degrees on transportation infrastructure upgraded were analyzed by scenario analysis. The results show that the intelligent transportation infrastructure for advanced ICVs mainly includes communication base stations, roadside units (RSUs), vision sensors, millimeter-wave radars, laser radars (LiDARs), meteorological sensors, intelligent signal machines, edge computing servers, and cloud computing centers. The route of deploying primary intelligent transportation infrastructure at first and then directly upgrading them to advanced level can well match the functional requirements of ICVs on the basis of lower costs. The costs of RSUs, LIDARS, and edge computing servers as well as data transmission rate of 5G are key elements affecting the costs of intelligent upgrades of transportation infrastructure.
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Еферина, Татьяна, Виктория Лизунова, Дарья Просянюк, and Дарья Шинова. "Innovative Infrastructure as a Factor of Inter-Regional Differentiation in the Russian Federation." Public Administration Issues, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 191–212. https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2017-0-1-191-212.
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The article is devoted to the monitoring and evaluating of regional innovation infrastructure. The final aim of creating a separate field of organizational infrastructure elements is achieved by a sequential construction of regional market-oriented infrastructure systems working on the network principle. The paper presents a catalogue of regional innovation infrastructural elements, their key characteristics and an approach to assess the performance. Moreover timeline of the creation of innovative infrastructure elements is presented, regions and federal districts, with the greatest opportunities for the realization of innovative projects, as well as the most lagging regions are highlighted. The authors conclude that priority of an asymmetrical regional development leads to increasing disparities in regional development. Key risks of the asymmetrical regional development are economic and social disparities between the regions, labor migration to innovations leading regions increasing the load on the budgets of donor regions, the growth of social tension. However, theoretically, in the long term, development of the region-innovative leaders can become a driver for developing economy as a whole. But there is no evidence of this so far. The authors propose setting up a centralized strategic monitoring system to assess effectiveness and efficiency of the innovation infrastructure elements.The article is based on the results of the general research of the Russian Federation subdevisions to determine the presence and characteristics of the elements of the innovation infrastructure.It was conducted in March-May 2016.
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Dolata, Małgorzata, and Jarosław Lira. "Rozwój infrastruktury wodno-ściekowej na obszarach wiejskich woj. wielkopolskiego." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2011, no. 6 (2011): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2011.06.5.
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The article presents changes in the water and sewerage infrastructure in rural powiats of the Wielkopolskie voivodship in the years 1999–2008. Survey results confirm intuitively formulated conclusions that the most quickly developing elements of the water and sewerage infrastructure was sewerage system in powiats of the low and very low infrastructural level. A rural population number using waste water treatment plant services increased more quickly in powiats typical for extreme classes of infrastructural equipment. Water system was the most slowly developing element of the water and sewerage infrastructure. This results from its relatively high development level in the first year of the survey.
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Bocharova, Yuliia, and Oleksandr Ishchenko. "Directions of improving the innovation infrastructure of the national economy." Management of Economy: Theory and Practice. Chumachenko’s Annals, no. 2019 (2019): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/2221-1187.2019.106-118.
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The directions of improving the existing innovative infrastructure of the national economy are identified. The pool of strategic alternatives for reconfiguring the functional components of the innovation infrastructure of the national economy is determined and the choice of the most effective strategy is justified. Measures of efficiency improvment and competitiveness of the existing structural elements of the functional components of the innovation infrastructure, including their digitalization are proposed. The main directions of diversification of the structural elements of the functional components of the innovation infrastructure are determined. The virtualization strategies of the structural elements of the functional components of the innovation infrastructure are determined. The main factors that should be taken into account when substantiating the spatial organization of the structural elements of the functional components of the innovation infrastructure are determined.
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Zhuo, Guangping, Shah Nazir, Habib Ullah Khan, and Neelam Mukhtar. "An Efficient Multifeature Model for Improving the Performance of Critical Energy Infrastructure." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8411379.
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Energy infrastructure is well thought-out to be one of the complex infrastructures due to its convoluted configuration and automatic control among all of the systems. With such systems, various connections are made for the purpose of configurations. The energy system infrastructure aims to analytically evaluate each element of the system based on fundamental energy branches according to the customer demand. Developing a novel critical evaluation approach for complex energy infrastructure is pertinent to the evaluation of mixed energy system infrastructure. Considering the functional relationships between elements and their infrastructures, a system is needed to overcome the limitations of the current systems. By doing the efficient modeling of enhancing the performance infrastructure of critical energy infrastructure enable better quantitative evaluation of system. The purpose of the proposed study is to develop an evaluation approach for enhancing the performance of critical energy infrastructure. With the help of the proposed approach, efficient multifeature model for enhancing the performance of critical energy infrastructure was experimentally calculated. The experimental setup of the proposed study was done in the Super Decision tool for an efficient multifeature model for enhancing the performance. Results of the experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed research.
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Duda-Gromada, Katarzyna. "Tourism Management in the Vicinity of the Selected Retention Reservoirs in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 13, no. 1 (2008): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2008-0021.
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Abstract The creation of a retention reservoir causes changes in the management of its vicinity. Tourism functions develop, and as a result the tourism infrastructure also develops. In the paper, selected aspects of the tourism management in the vicinity of two retention reservoirs in Poland (Solina and Tresna) are discussed. The author characterizes the accommodation, catering, transport, and supplementary infrastructures. Also, the results of an opinion poll rating these elements of the infrastructure are presented.
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Kukla, Weronika. "The infrastructure of road transport in poland in shaping the state security." Transport Economics and Logistics 80 (December 31, 2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.80.15.
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The infrastructure of road transport, as one of the elements of the country’s transport system, has a significant impact on the implementation of all kinds of transport taking place within the particular transport branch. Current quantitative and qualitative nature of individual infrastructural elements occurring in Poland, as well as the possibility of their further development are of great importance in shaping multidimensional security of the Republic of Poland.
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Okosun, Andrew E., Francis O. Okeke, Ajuluchukwu E. Igwe, Emmanuel C. Ezema, and Cyriacus O. Okpalike. "Rural Area Infrastructural Challenges and the Role of Architecture in Urban-Rural Development in Nigeria." European Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 4 (2023): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2023.v12n4p305.
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Urban and rural areas are diametrically opposed but related phenomena. It is often difficult to ascertain where the rural areas end and where the city begins; because in city’s growth process, the surrounding countryside is absorbed. Part of it disappears forever, but many of its elements are preserved, fitting into the urban environment with marked differences of infrastructure facilities. These Community infrastructures are the framework of physical facilities needed to support and sustain inhabitants to live and work. However, rural societies suffer neglect. Many elderly people retire and return to rural areas for the comfort, slow and communal lifestyle it offers. Yet, as the world advances at a rapid pace, rural areas and people are left behind. Employing a qualitative literature review, the study delves into the current state of rural infrastructure development in Nigeria, and review various programmes implemented by the government in years past. The findings reveal three phases of rural infrastructural development. It highlights the issues and challenges stemming from the neglect of rural infrastructural needs, and the role of architecture in facilitating urban-rural development. It concludes that focus must be turned to rural areas with architects playing significant role in advancing the quality of rural life.
 Keywords: Infrastructure facilities, Rural development, Architecture, Environment, Urban-rural.
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Krakowiak-Bal, Anna, Urszula Ziemianczyk, and Andrzej Wozniak. "Building entrepreneurial capacity in rural areas." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 6 (2017): 903–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2017-0223.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to verify the development of economic activities in rural areas in terms of their public infrastructural equipment. Design/methodology/approach As a case study, the Polish rural areas were selected. A two-stage survey was conducted in 2015. The first stage involved entrepreneurs from rural areas. The second stage of survey was data collection for rural areas regarding economic activity and infrastructural equipment. In total, 121 objects (communes) were selected. The multicriteria analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used for the analysis. Findings The results demonstrate that for each kind of business, communication accessibility is the most important criterion. By contrast, environmental awareness and concern for the environment is the least important element for pursuit of the economic activity in rural areas. Research limitations/implications Limitations are connected mainly with the applied AHP method. The number of the comparable elements at the same hierarchy level is limited due to practical purposes. In addition, an assumption of full comparability of elements (criteria and alternatives) in the hierarchy model can be discussed. Furthermore, data quality and availability limit the scope of the empirical work. This study is a major simplification of reality modeling, but it gives practical benefits by simplifying the decision support procedure. Practical implications The findings of this paper contribute to the advancing theory of local development, with public infrastructure being one of its basic elements (factor of production). This paper explores the importance of physical infrastructure for different economic activities, and thus offers theoretical insights in two areas. First, this paper indicates the uneven weight of each infrastructure element for the various business sectors. Second, based on the collected data, this study also contributes to the literature, by using the AHP method to explore the relationships between infrastructural equipment and economic activity in rural areas. As the practical implication for local and regional development policies, this study indicates, that the most important criterion for each kind of economic activity is communication accessibility. This kind of public investment should be undertaken primarily to support entrepreneurship, especially in rural areas. Originality/value The uniqueness of the method lies in assumption about the uneven weights of infrastructure elements and therefore their impact on the process of ranking the objects (rural areas). The weight of individual infrastructure elements will vary depending on the kind of economic activity; therefore, the way of ordering will also be different for each economic activity.
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Perepelitsa, R. R., and K. D. Sergeeva. "Elements of energy infrastructure modernization of buildings and cities." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1683 (December 2020): 052024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1683/5/052024.
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Hufnagel, Carol L., and Scott D. Struck. "Core Elements of Green Infrastructure Programs for CSO Control." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 5 (2012): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811698998.
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Rehak, David, Pavel Senovsky, and Simona Slivkova. "Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Elements and Its Main Factors." Systems 6, no. 2 (2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems6020021.
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Prochazkova, Dana. "Generic Model for Safety Management of Critical Infrastructure Elements." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION 19 (January 31, 2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232010.2022.19.2.
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The article summarizes the results of a detailed study of selected elements of critical infrastructure. Based on the interconnection of risk management and safety for technical installations and their selected critical elements and, above all, the lessons learned from the study of their accidents and failures, a ge-neric model for managing their safety during the operation is compiled. Its main parts are and described, e.g. a process of risk management towards safety; structure of safety management over time, the division of responsibilities for risk management and the way of safety management process documentation.
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Macioszek, Elżbieta, and Nicol Piasecka. "Road users behaviors on selected elements of transport infrastructure." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (2018): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.370.
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The problem of road users behaviors on selected elements of transport infrastructure have been presented in this paper. The study of road users behaviors was carried out at selected five cities located in the Masovian Voivodeship. During the survey the information about drivers, pedestrians and cyclists behaviors at intersections like roundabouts have been collected. The collected information concerned among others recognition and adhere to the existing traffic control at roundabouts as well as respects the pedestrians priority at pedestrian crossings located on the roundabouts entries.
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Rehak, David, Pavel Senovsky, Martin Hromada, and Tomas Lovecek. "Complex approach to assessing resilience of critical infrastructure elements." International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 25 (June 2019): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2019.03.003.
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Gazizullin, R. I. "LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS AND ITS ELEMENTS." Issues of law 22, no. 5 (2022): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/pro-prava220504.
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Brutovský, Michal, Pavol Prievozník, and Eva Sventeková. "Risk assessment of key elements in road transport infrastructure." Transportation Research Procedia 74 (2023): 1352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.282.
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