Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Éléments traces – Aspect environnemental'
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Yan, Rong. "Partition des éléments traces dans les fumées de combustion du charbon." Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0345.
Full textSchneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043.
Full textThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Suaire, Rémi. "Dynamique de transfert des fondants routiers dans un bassin de rétention des eaux de ruissellement routières : vers une solution d’assainissement par phytoremédiation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0116.
Full textDuring winter, deicing salts are spread on roads in order to preserve road safety for users. Under the influence of different parameters, these compounds are partly transferred to the environment, the rest of it being collected by the road runoff retention systems. However, road runoff retention ponds have not been designed for deicing salt treatment; they only play a role in the regulation of fluxes before their rejection into the environment. Furthermore, NaCl has a harmful impact on the environment, because of its toxicity to certain aquatic organisms and because it contributes to the increase of trace metal (TM) mobility, which are toxic as well. This shows the need for a specific treatment for these compounds. The objective of this research is to bring better understanding of deicing salt dynamics in a retention pond, but also to investigate the potential use of phytoremediation as a treatment solution for road runoff. A model retention pond was selected; it is located along a highway in Chenevières (Lorraine region, France). The first part of the work focused on the monitoring and the characterization of NaCl transfers in this pond. Water was weekly sampled for 3 years at the pond input and output and NaCl and TM concentrations were measured. Meteorological conditions and salt spreading data were monitored to appraise the salt fraction actually collected by the pond. Results showed that only 25 to 50 % of the spread salt is effectively collected. Moreover, results on NaCl dynamics proved that the pond only plays a role on transient storage and salt dilution before rejection into the environment. Moreover, measurements and analyses of sampled basin sediments and roadside soils were performed to assess speciation and TM mobility in this particular context. In this case, no significant effect of NaCl was recorded except for zinc (Zn); but major ions were mobilized. When it comes to treatments, conventional desalination technologies are too expensive and inappropriate in this context. Then, potentialities of phytodesalination were explored. Three halophyte plants were selected on the basis of specific criteria, allowing their use in road runoff context: Armeria maritima, Atriplex halimus and Atriplex hortensis L. Germination and growth experiments were run in various salinity conditions and in the presence/absence of Zn, in order to assess their tolerance to salt and Zn, as well as their accumulation abilities. These plants showed a high tolerance for NaCl in salinities in the range of those encountered in road runoff existing treatment systems at Chenevières. The three species accumulated significant amounts of NaCl and zinc in their aerial parts. The use of halophytes for phytodesalination of road runoff is a promising technique to address the issue of environmental impact of deicing salts
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I032/document.
Full textThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Suaire, Rémi. "Dynamique de transfert des fondants routiers dans un bassin de rétention des eaux de ruissellement routières : vers une solution d’assainissement par phytoremédiation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0116/document.
Full textDuring winter, deicing salts are spread on roads in order to preserve road safety for users. Under the influence of different parameters, these compounds are partly transferred to the environment, the rest of it being collected by the road runoff retention systems. However, road runoff retention ponds have not been designed for deicing salt treatment; they only play a role in the regulation of fluxes before their rejection into the environment. Furthermore, NaCl has a harmful impact on the environment, because of its toxicity to certain aquatic organisms and because it contributes to the increase of trace metal (TM) mobility, which are toxic as well. This shows the need for a specific treatment for these compounds. The objective of this research is to bring better understanding of deicing salt dynamics in a retention pond, but also to investigate the potential use of phytoremediation as a treatment solution for road runoff. A model retention pond was selected; it is located along a highway in Chenevières (Lorraine region, France). The first part of the work focused on the monitoring and the characterization of NaCl transfers in this pond. Water was weekly sampled for 3 years at the pond input and output and NaCl and TM concentrations were measured. Meteorological conditions and salt spreading data were monitored to appraise the salt fraction actually collected by the pond. Results showed that only 25 to 50 % of the spread salt is effectively collected. Moreover, results on NaCl dynamics proved that the pond only plays a role on transient storage and salt dilution before rejection into the environment. Moreover, measurements and analyses of sampled basin sediments and roadside soils were performed to assess speciation and TM mobility in this particular context. In this case, no significant effect of NaCl was recorded except for zinc (Zn); but major ions were mobilized. When it comes to treatments, conventional desalination technologies are too expensive and inappropriate in this context. Then, potentialities of phytodesalination were explored. Three halophyte plants were selected on the basis of specific criteria, allowing their use in road runoff context: Armeria maritima, Atriplex halimus and Atriplex hortensis L. Germination and growth experiments were run in various salinity conditions and in the presence/absence of Zn, in order to assess their tolerance to salt and Zn, as well as their accumulation abilities. These plants showed a high tolerance for NaCl in salinities in the range of those encountered in road runoff existing treatment systems at Chenevières. The three species accumulated significant amounts of NaCl and zinc in their aerial parts. The use of halophytes for phytodesalination of road runoff is a promising technique to address the issue of environmental impact of deicing salts
Iqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0020.
Full textThe changes in land use of contaminated agricultural soils are susceptible to modify their trace metal availabilities by changing the quality and quantity of soil organic matter. But the role of soil organic matter in the determinism of trace metal availabilities in contaminated soils is not well known. The objective of the present study was to assess the role of soil organic matter in determinism of trace metal availabilities and their dynamics in contaminated soils varying in their texture and nature of pollution. A strategy of studying Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd availabilities of two sites with different texture and origin of pollution was adopted and the role of organic matter was assessed through; 1) sampling the soils of two parcels at each site with two different land uses i.e. under annual crop and under perennial energy crop miscanthus, 2) changing the soil organic matter of these soils through in vitro soil incubations. A combined approach of chemical metal extractions and metal localization study in different soil size fractions was used. The results of the trace metal availabilities of the soil under miscanthus compared to annual crop soil showed that the influence of changes in organic matter through land use was different at both sites. In the silty clayed soil, the availability of Cu and Pb which are the metals known to be preferentially bound to organic matter was decreased with an increase in their localization in soil finer fractions. In the site with organic matter rich sandy soils the availability of metals which are known to be bound to soil mineral phases i.e. Zn and Cd was changed without a change in their localization. The results of laboratory incubation experiments revealed that the mineralization of soil organic matter affects the trace metal availability in two ways. Cu and Zn availabilities are changed in all soils whatever the texture while Pb and Cd availabilities changed only in sandy soils. This difference of the change of metal availabilities in both cases of organic matter variations i.e. between the soil samples under different land use and in the samples of laboratory incubations can be explained by the fact that the changes in organic matter were not similar in both cases. Our work on the metal enriched particulate organic matter (POM) fractions, the most labile organic matter fractions showed that POM act as source and sink of the metals in our conditions and POM associated copper is bioavailable in liquid medium but its bioavailability is less than the metal added as salt solution. These results, increasing the understanding of the role of soil organic matter in the determinism of trace metal availability in different textured soils, are discussed
Schneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043/document.
Full textThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Brunel, Célia. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques (Pb, Zn, Cd) sur un petit bassin versant amont contaminé par des déchets miniers - cas du bassin versant amont du Lez (Ariège, Pyrénées)." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30025.
Full textOn the orphan Sentein mining district (Pyrénées), the Zn, Cd and Pb dynamics is studied at the scale of the Lez upstream catchment, with geochemical and mineralogical approaches. From the primary and natural mineralization, mining exploitation has lead to the redistribution of metal into several secondary sources (contaminated soils, extraction wastes and tailings). Tailings are the main storage compartment of metals. Submitted to erosion, they constitute the principal source. In this carbonated context, the metal exportation under dissolved form is limited by the formation of secondary minerals. Runoff and erosion are dominant processes for metal mobilization. At the catchment outlet, particulate dispersion is dominant specially, during storm events. The contribution of this mining site to Garonne metal fluxes is assessed
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUI032.
Full textThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Iqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Full textNafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332/document.
Full textTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Perrin, Anne-Sophie. "Rôle des fertilisants azotés dans l'érosion chimique des bassins versants carbonatées : implication dans la consommation de CO2 et la composition chimique des eaux de surface." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/817/.
Full textNitrogenous fertilizers are a major contributor of acidity to soils and carbonate bedrocks, as a result of their high reactivity, are the main buffers through mineral weathering reactions. This perturbation of natural carbonate weathering processes is susceptible to modify the carbon budget of the weathering loop. Different approaches, from soil and small catchment experiments in the south-west of France (Gascogne area) to global scale estimations allowed us to better constrain the impact of these modifications on the quality of riverine water and on the global carbon budget. Carbonate weathering processes induced by nitrogenous fertilizers would decrease the proportion of alkalinity (and thus of carbon) in relation to calcium and magnesium ions by a minimum of respectively 5,7 to 13,4% and 1,6 to 3,8% of the CO2 naturally consumed by carbonate weathering in France and on a global scale. This decrease represents 6 to 15% of the CO2 consumed by silicate weathering on a global scale. Experimentations on soil columns showed that nitrification processes of ammonium ions increase cations fluxes in drainage soil solutions and lead to direct CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Elements and carbonate weathering budgets, measured from intensive surveys of elements fluxes in two small agricultural catchments (the Montoussé and the Hay catchments) highlighted the role of hydrology, vegetation and secondary precipitation of calcite in the relative loss of CO2 consumption by carbonate weathering in agricultural areas
Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332.
Full textTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
Lucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195.
Full textBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Lucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195/document.
Full textBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Baalousha, Mohammed Ahmed. "Rôle environnemental des colloïdes naturels comme porteurs des éléments traces." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13164.
Full textLévèque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0093/document.
Full textIn a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)
Molénat, Nathalie. "Etude des biotransformations de différentes formes de l'arsenic en traces et ultra traces en présence de certaines souches pures de micro-organismes." Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3004.
Full textOlivan-Waldhart, Ana-Cristina. "Mise au point de l'analyse des hydrocarbures volatils à l'état de traces. Applications : pollution et toxicologie." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT039G.
Full textCamizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035/document.
Full textThe Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Camizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035.
Full textThe Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
Full textThe anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils
Cardona, Aurélie. "L'agriculture à l'épreuve de l'écologisation : éléments pour une sociologie des transitions." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0132.
Full textIn spite of measures aiming to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, changes in farming practices remain modest while societal concerns continue to rise. The environmental mission assigned to agriculture is complex and subject to interpretation. The growing number of diverse stakeholders turning their attention to farming increases the demands placed on agriculture. In this context, the goal of this thesis is first, to understand how a diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders involve themselves in transition processes towards more environmentally-soundagriculture and second, to understand the effect of their involvement on farmers practices. To achieve this, I relied on a pragmatic approach wich highlights "frictions", as well as "holdfasts" used by stakeholders and makes it possible to give a faithful account of their interpretations and experience of transition processes. Based on a socio-historical analysis and three case-studies from the Paris region, I characterized, first, the conditions of the emergence of movements promoting change in agriculture practices, second, the enrollment processes throught wich the issue of transition makes sense and, third, the changes in terms of both agricultural practices and forms of governance of those changes as well. The study shows that transition processes emerge as the result of adjustements between diverse stakeholders embedded in different communities. This analysis suggests the emergence of a "territoire-based contribution" model of change, where a diversity of stakeholders contributes by their discourse and actions to the ecologization of agriculture in their territoire
Lorrain, Anne. "Utilisation de la coquille Saint-Jacques comme traceur environnemental : approches biologique et biogéochimique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452437.
Full textRocher, Vincent. "Introduction et stockage des hydrocarbures et des éléments métalliques dans le réseau d'assainissement unitaire parisien." Paris 12, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007154.
Full textThe development of combined sewer overflow (CSO) management strategies requires an improved knowledge on the pollutant loads in sewer deposits since many authors have underlined their significant role as source of pollution in CSO discharges. At first, this work lias irnproved the knowledge on the storage of hydrocarbon and metallic pollutants in the 3 kinds of sewer deposits (gross bed sediment, organic layer, biofilm) and on the spatial fluctuation of pollution at the Paris combined sewer scale. The second part of this work concerns the pollutant loads conveyed by the different introductory source pathways to the sewer i. E. Roof runoff, road runoff including road runoff during ram events and street cleaning, and sewer effluents (dornestic waste waters, restaurant effluents, etc. ). For all these samples, quantitative (contents and fluxes) and qualitative (fingerprints) approaches have been combined
L'Herroux, Loïc. "Devenir des éléments métalliques provenant des effluents d'élevages apportés aux parcelles agricoles : étude du modèle expérimental "Solepur" et cas de l'estuaire de l'Aber-Wrach." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2035.
Full textOuedraogo, Boukary. "Éléments économiques pour la gestion de l'offre et de la demande du bois-énergie dans la région de Ouagadougou." Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40035.
Full textMerrot, Pauline. "Géochimie, spéciation et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques (Fe, Ni, Cr et Mn) au sein des sédiments du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS551.pdf.
Full textNew Caledonia is covered on 33% of ultramafic rocks enriched in trace metals elements (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn and Co). The erosion of these massifs represents an important source of these trace metals towards the lagoon, partially registered on the World List Heritage by UNESCO for its biodiversity. Understanding the geochemical cycle of these toxic trace metals is essential to evaluate the potential impacts on the biodiversity of this ecosystem. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has shown that the contribution of iron sulfides is low, Ni and Fe are bearing by goethite and clays. These latter minerals representing the major phase for the Fe and Ni speciation were identified as chrysotile and green clays: a smectite (nontronite), a mica (glauconite) and a serpentine like a greenalite/berthierine. The clay minerals cycle and the green clay plays a major role in the Fe and Ni cycle, but also in Mn and to a lesser extent in the Cr cycles. The Mn speciation is shared by the clay minerals and the carbonates species whereas Cr is bearing by goethite and chromite inherited of laterite and in lesser extent by clay minerals. Cr is totally present under the reduced form which is the less toxic form. This absence of Cr(VI) is linked to the absence of Mn oxides in sediments avoiding the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and thus limits the impact on the environment. Finally, the chemical extractions of these metals show a relatively low bioavailability of trace metals except for Mn implying an effective long-term trapping for trace metals and thus limiting the environmental impacts even if the concentrations extracted are not negligible and can be threaten the biodiversity of the lagoon
Vandenabeele, Odile. "Utilisation d'isocyanates libres et masqués pour la dérivation de fonctions nucléophiles à l'état de traces. Application au dosage des amines biogènes et carbamates." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20103.
Full textTapia, Zamora Joseline Soledad. "Sources, mobilité et biodisponibilité des métaux traces et métalloïdes dans la ville minière d'Oruro sur l'altiplano bolivien." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1813/.
Full textThis study was performed within the main altiplanic hydrological system constituted by the Lake Titicaca-Desaguadero River- Lake Poopó-Coipasa salar (TDPS) sub-basins. This region is characterized by the presence of two highly mineralized ranges: the Cordillera Occidental related to epithermal and sedimentary Cu deposits and the Cordillera Oriental associated with numerous metallogenic belts, where the Bolivian Tin Belt is very well known. The Oruro Department is located in the central part of this belt. This study has been motivated by the fact that despite this city has been exposed to intense mining activities since the XVIIth century, very little is known about the geochemical characteristics and the dispersion processes affecting this area. A detailed geochemistry study was performed in five lacustrine sedimentary cores (Lake Uru Uru). Statistical analyses of sediment and soil concentrations allowed us to propose a geochemical background and a present time geochemical baseline for the Altiplano sediments and has allowed us to propose that the upper continental crust (UCC) composition is not adequate to obtain enrichment factors in this region, naturally enriched in trace metals and metalloids. Furthermore, we propose that the anthropogenic impact in superficial soils is associated with trace elements dispersion from the Vinto Foundry, whereas Lake Uru Uru sediments are related to mining activities. Post-depositional redistribution of trace metals and metalloids during early diagenesis are related to a change in chemical speciation of these elements and moreover, authigenic enrichment, mainly as sulfides. Particularly, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides destabilization plays a preponderant role in this redistribution. Early diagenesis is influenced importantly by seasonal precipitation variability, with an important role of evaporation. Trace elements diffusion into the water-sediment interface, controlled by concentration gradients resulting from redox reactions during early diagenesis, show that Lake Uru Uru sediments are a source of trace metals and metalloids, particularly arsenic, into the overlying water column. This work has also shown that trace metals and metalloids deposition within Lake Uru Uru sediments is mainly influenced by three sources : local geology, authigenic minerals formation during early diagenesis influenced probably by cold ENSO (La Niña) events and mining origin gangues and ores
Halconruy, Thierry. "Nouvelles compétences des formateurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs du bâtiment face à la révolution environnementale et énergétique : éléments de mise en œuvre dans une structure de formation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS016S.
Full textSustainable development issues have strong impact on the building sector. To deal with these issues, major changes are to occur, not only in terms of organization but also in terms of professional skills. Consequently, the sector must prepare for a huge reconfiguration of professional practices. Engineering being directly affected by this evolution, this requires the implementation of adapted training, and, therefore, appeals for a significant enhancement of the skills of the teachers. To identify these different aspects the present research was conducted using a cross-approach. Following a first axis, specific issues of the construction industry are studied in order to make clearly appear the major mutations that will appear in the short and medium term as an answer to environmental and energy issues. Firstly, an analysis of the sector is proceeded in order to characterize, on one hand, professional practices and, on the other hand, the different jobs occupied by engineers. Secondly, an analysis by themes and technologies, taking into account research activities, technological trends and interviews of professionals, leads to identify the technical and behavioral changes which future engineers should be prepared to. From this double analysis the profiles of competencies required for future engineers, in the short and medium term, are deduced. Following a second axis, a focus is made on issues inherent to trainers working for engineering schools. Analysis of skills required for trainers operating in engineering schools leads to distinguish two major fields (teaching skills and disciplinary skills) likely to be strongly impacted in case of major structural or technological evolution. By crossing the results of the two axes of analysis, we highlight the need for new skills for trainers, for initial training as well as for continuous training, in order to accompany the evolution of the sector. These conclusions are then compared with the results of an inquiry proceeded within an existing higher education school representative of building engineers training facilities. The analysis shows highly contextual issues regarding capitalization and development of the skills of these trainers. It then makes concrete proposals on how to create the conditions in order to achieve the desired skills
Calvez, Philippe. "Modélisation d'agencements énergétiques durables dans les zones urbaines intelligentes : une approche pour la réduction de l’emprise énergétique par les pratiques soutenables." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010056.
Full textOn one hand, the ecological transition and sustainable development issues are today a reality that cannot be ignored given the negative impacts of human activities on their environments. On the other side, an increasingly important digitization of these environments results in the generation of massive volumes of digital traces, which are all signs of actors’ activities. A significant challenge is to understand the ins and outs of environmental impact due activities and considering Emprise of Energy (EmE) as a key indicator and how this indicator can strongly change from an activity to another. Our approach considers the identification of Practice on the basis of these digital traces generated by human and non-human entities during specific activities. Practice (instantiation of activity) uses more or less resources (physical and virtual) during their existence. Be able to identify which one is more resources dependent would help to better understand how to promote ecological transition. Promoting or at least identifying on the basis of quantifiable indicators (i.e Energy Emprise), practices that have a low impact on the environment, could be an innovative approach. These practices, in the sense of coordination of multiple heterogeneous entities in time and space, can be formalized in the form of multidimensional structures activities - Hypergraph of Activities – using the theory of Assemblage (Agencement in french) and using a set of mathematical tool (Simplicial Complexes, Hypernetworks). This research attempts to model the phenomenon of human and not human activity based on the characterization of the context (massive contextual data). These Assemblages are calculated and represented in an research application (IMhoTEP) which aims to build these complex structures not based on a priori entities’ classification, but by focusing on the relationships that they maintain in several dimensions. The main goal is to offer a decision tool which support actors’ ecological transition by understand activities inducing consumption or production of resources. These academic research in the field of computer science is based continuous digitization of physical and virtual spaces, particularly highly connected urban areas (Smart City, Internet of Everything)
Le, Touz Nicolas. "Conception et étude d’infrastructures de transports à énergie positive : de la modélisation thermomécanique à l’optimisation de tels systèmes énergétiques." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0038/document.
Full textIn the context of the energy transition, with the use of new energies as a priority, we propose to study the energy performance of solar hybrid roads. An exhaustive study of climatic conditions makes it possible to establish the energy gains and losses of these systems, then a numerical model is developed to couple thermal diffusion, hydraulic convection and radiative transfers by the finite element method with the possibility of state changes. This model is implemented in a Matlab core and applied to annual meteorological data for different cities to establish and map energy potential. An analysis of the results with regard to climate makes it possible to highlight a link between this potential and the notion of a unified degree day, adapted from the building's thermal energy, thus allowing the engineer to quickly estimate the energy potential based on climatic data. During winter operation, the objective is to prevent from black ice occurring on the roads. A temperature control strategy based on the adjoint state method is implemented. A climate analysis is again carried out to take humidity into account to determine heating needs. Other frost protection solutions, based on electric heating, were also modelled and subjected to these control strategies in order to highlight the possibility of significant energy savings. These control laws have beengeneralized to problems of property reconstruction in a background and an application combining this thermal approach with an electromagnetism-based approach is proposed
Roy, Samuel. "Traitement du ruissellement routier chargé en sels de déglaçage et en métaux lourds par un marais épurateur construit et adapté." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27010.
Full textFollowing the construction of Highway 40 in the 1970s (Félix-Leclerc section), concentrations of de-icing salts and heavy metals in Saint-Augustin Lake have greatly increased. An adapted constructed wetland (MECA) in which halophyte plants were integrated was installed in order to treat part of the highway runoff. The behavior and the effectiveness of the MECA were evaluated to determine if it is an appropriate technology to mitigate the problem of de-icing salts and heavy metals contamination. Observations and analyses have allowed us to establish that halophyte plants are generally not adapted to the environmental conditions of the MECA and that approximately only 1% of the de-icing salts get stored in the plants. Concentrations measured in the water indicate that the MECA is effective at storing de-icing salts, especially during dry weather periods, but that the accumulated amounts of salts are not very significant compared to the introduced amounts.
Chaurand, Perrine. "Apport de la cristallochimie et de la spéciation du chrome et du vanadium à la modélisation de l'altération de granulats artificiels (sous-produits d'aciérie)." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189579.
Full textLe Cr exclusivement trivalent, très stable dans les sites octaédriques d'une ferrite de calcium, est très peu relargué lors des tests de lixiviation en laboratoire et en lysimètre. Une phase de type spinelle, issue de l'altération de (Fe, Mn, Mg)O contrôle également la mobilité du Cr(III). Au contraire, le V(III) subit une oxydation en V(V) au sein même de sa phase porteuse, qui s'accompagne d'une perte de symétrie, à l'origine de sa mobilité à l'échelle du laboratoire.
Les données issues de ces expériences ont permis d'écrire les équations thermodynamiques d'équilibre à l'origine de l'initialisation d'un modèle géochimique robuste (CHESS) reproduisant l'altération des LAC : évolution minéralogique et courbes cinétiques de relargage obtenues lors des tests de lixiviation statique et dynamique en laboratoire. Ce modèle vise à terme à prédire le comportement à long terme des LAC dans un scénario de valorisation donné.
Fritsch, Clémentine. "UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524516.
Full textTran, Tuan Vu. "Problèmes combinatoires et modèles multi-niveaux pour la conception optimale des machines électriques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0011.
Full textThe design of electrical machinery has a long tradition and the business as usual approach is a tries and errors iterative process, certainly converging but necessarily stopped prematurely as too expensive. A recent upgrade has been to replace the prototypes and models by virtual prototypes, fully numerical, such as those provided by the finite element method. Nevertheless, the process stops always on a frustration, because the designer is never sure to have completely explored the design space that offers to him. The optimal design approach proposes to improve this process by guiding it, i.e. by proposing a methodology and by equiping it, i.e. by providing software tools. But in this approach many difficulties appear. Thus, the general objectives of this thesis are multiple. It is to define specific representative optimization problems of the structural choices and develop reference benchmarks of optimization: discrete, multi-physics, multidisciplinary, multi-objective and multi-level. Then, it must seek, adapt and describe the best optimization methods able to solve these problems. These methods are implemented and tested in order to prove their efficiency and adaptation. A secondary but important objective is to capitalize and disseminate the developed knowledge
Liñero, Campo Olaia. "Understanding the partitioning and concentration of trace elements in the plant organs of some food crops : influence of the plant allometry and of the growth stage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0049/document.
Full textThis work is focuded on the accumulation of essential and non-essential elements, paying a special attention to the dible part of the plants, in terms of food safety and human health. The thesis work has been divided in two main parts. The first one is related to a field expeiment performed in open-air plots, where Swiss chards and tomato plants were grown from seedlings to maturity in a natural soil during five months, using organic or conventional agricultural practices. Plants were harvested at six different growth satges and the total concentrations of 27 elements were measured in all plants organs. The objective was to study the partitioning of elements between the plant organs, depending on the plant age on the cultivation practice. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the understanding and modelling of the partitioning of cadmium (Cd) in sunflowers at the reproductive stages. Sunflowers wre grown in nutrient solution at low Cd availability consistent with thaht found in the field, from germination toi maturity. During the reproductive period, five samplings were carried out to investigate the partitioning of the total Cd between plant organs and the origin of the Cd allocated to seeds (root uptake vs; remobilization from other plant organs). At the flower bud and grain filling stages, the partitioning of the Cd recently taken up between the different plant organs was followed and modelled by exposing several plants for the three days to a 111Cd enriched nutrient solution. The roles of the transpiration and of the plant allometry were specially investigated
Tabach, Eddy El. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Tabach.pdf.
Full textCette étude permet de dégager les paramètres prépondérants. Ces paramètres sont ensuite considérés pour la construction d'une base de données qui sert à la calibration d'un modèle basé sur les "réseaux de neurones ". Ce modèle est utilisé dans le cas de l'étude de l'impact de l'aménagement de la RN2 entre Avesnes sur Helpes et Maubeuge sur les champs captants du synclinal de Bachant. La troisième partie traite de la migration d'une pollution diffuse d'origine agricole (nitrates) dans la zone non saturée. On présente la zone d'étude et les résultats des suivis in situ, en ce qui concerne d'une part les apports d'engrais en surface (historiques culturaux) et d'autre part les mesures de profils en nitrates effectués pour certains sondages. On présente ensuite la construction de la base de données. Les variables d'entrée retenues sont les historiques culturaux en surface (apports d'azote), l'épaisseur de la couche de couverture limoneuse en dessous de la zone racinaire, la profondeur de la nappe et le temps. Finalement, on présente le modèle de réseaux de neurones artificiels et son application à la construction de cartes de contamination en nitrates de la partie supérieure de la nappe
Schrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555.
Full textModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Schrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555/document.
Full textModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Tran, Tuan Vu. "Problèmes combinatoires et modèles multi-niveaux pour la conception optimale des machines électriques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425590.
Full textLeveque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques." Phd thesis, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12253/1/leveque.pdf.
Full textConstantineau, Simon. "Variations inter- et intra-spécifiques de la phytoextraction des éléments traces As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn chez trois cultivars de saule." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11623.
Full textPhytoextraction is a promising solution to the environmental problem of soil contamination by trace elements (TE). This study focuses on intra and interspecific differences (S. purpurea, S. dasyclados, S. miyabeana) of three willow cultivars used for phytoextration of six TE (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). The objectives are (i) describe the interspecific variations of FISH CREEK cultivar (S. purpurea) used for phytoextraction on two study sites; and (ii) describe intra and interspecific variations of FISH CREEK (S. purpurea) SV1 (S. dasyclados) and SX67 (S. miyabeana) cultivars used for phytoextraction of a study site. The selected indicators of intra and interspecific variations are : total biomass, TE concentrations extracted and translocation factors (x ̅ weighted TE conc. in aerial parts / conc. TE in the roots). The contribution of soil properties (contamination level, physicochemical characteristics) to phytoextraction was evaluated. The cultivars showed significant interspecific variations. However, intraspecific variations were sometimes more important than variations measured between the three different cultivars grown on one study site. The magnitude of intraspecific variations of FISH CREEK cultivar grown on two study sites is attributed to the influence of pH, mineralogy and organic matter content, which differ between the two sites. It was also shown that the phytoextraction of TE was not consistently correlated positively with the contamination level. This suggests that the TE concentrations measured in soil can not by themselves explain the variation in the measured tissue concentrations. The involvement of retention mechanisms in soil appear to be more responsible for the observed variation. ET compartmentalization suggests that the willow is effective for Cd and Zn extraction and is effective for As, Cu, Ni, and Pb phytostabilisation. Regarding the amount extracted, cultivar FISH CREEK seems the most effective cultivar in this study.