Journal articles: 'Elevated Water Tank'

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Indhudhar, C. M., Dr K. P. Shivananda, and Dr J. K. Dattatreya. "Cost Optimization of Elevated INTZE Water Tank." Bonfring International Journal of Man Machine Interface 4, Special Issue (July 30, 2016): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijmmi.8169.

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Tripathi, Sandesh Sagar, and Kamal Bahadur Thapa. "Seismic Performance of Elevated Reinforced Concrete Water Tanks." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v16i1.36535.

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Most of the codal provisions used worldwide for the design of elevated water tanks incorporates the nonlinear response through reduction factor that considers overstrength, ductility and redundancy. The majority of these codes provide a value which incorporates the demand of their geological condition and construction industry. In Nepal, there is lack of own guidelines and codes for the seismic design of elevated water tanks. In the present work, seismic performance of elevated reinforced concrete (RC) Intze type water tank is evaluated and value of the response reduction factor (R) for the design of such tank is determined. In this research work 34 models of elevated reinforced water tank were analyzed using SAP 2000 to evaluate the seismic performance with varying tank filling condition and staging height for 450 cumec and 225 cumec capacity. Based on the results, it is concluded that single value of response reduction factor cannot be justified for all heights and capacity of elevated RC water tank. So, for economical design purpose, estimation of response reduction factor with exact analysis is preferred.

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Naik, Swathi C., and M. S. Bhandiwad. "Seismic Analysis and Optimization of a Rectangular Elevated Water Tank." Bonfring International Journal of Man Machine Interface 4, Special Issue (July 30, 2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijmmi.8161.

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Chaudhari, Mr Rohit Kiran. "Non-Linear Time History Analysis of an Elevated Water Tank." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35939.

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It was discovered that reinforced concrete elevated water tanks with frame staging outperformed reinforced concrete elevated water tanks with shaft staging in terms of seismic resistance. These can be due to the frame staging's seismic energy absorption capability. As a result, the primary goal of this research is to better understand the seismic behavior and performance characteristics of elevated water tanks with frame staging. Furthermore, when compared to other shapes, circular tanks have the smallest surface area for a given tank size. As a result, the amount of material needed for a circular water tank is less than for other shapes. As a result, a circular water tank was chosen, and seismic analysis of elevated RC circular water tanks was carried out according to IITK-GSDMA guidelines, with the behavior of the water tank analysed for various parameters such as zone factor, soil condition, and different staging heights. SAP 2000 was used to determine the structure's modal characteristics (mode shapes and modal participation mass ratio).

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Kotrasová, Kamila. "Elevated Tank Due to Earthquake Even." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2017-0024.

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Abstract Elevated reservoirs are mainly used for storing of variety water. During earthquake activity the fluid exerts impulsive and convective (sloshing) effects on the walls and bottom of tank. This paper provides theoretical background for analytical calculating of elevated water tank due to earthquake even and deals with simplified seismic design procedures for elevated tanks.

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Karvekar, Asst Prof A. V. "Comparative Analysis & Design of Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR) By Manually & Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38108.

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Abstract: Water tanks are important public utility and industrial structure. The design and construction method used in reinforced concrete are influenced by the prevailing construction practices ,the physical property of the material and the climatic conditions water tanks are classified on the basis of their shape and position of structure storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water all tanks are designed as crack free structure to eliminate any leakage . The principle objective of this project is to plan, analysis and design a circular overhead tank of 750lakh litters capacity. In this project all structural elements of circular water tank are analysed and design by using manually and ETAB software . this project giuesin brief ,The theory behind the design of liquid retaining structures (Elevated circular water tank ) using limit state method with reference to IS: 3370 (2009)and IS456:2000 The behaviour of structure for the parameters like story drift ,displacement stiffness ,deflection ,storey shear ,base shear , area of steel ,for circular water tank are studied on ETAB software and then comparison of the results is made between manually design By this study we say that the circular water tank analysis and design on ETAB software is more economical and safe than manually design of water tank. Keywords: Circular water tank , Seismic pressure, Population Forcasting, Limit state method ,working stress method , ETAB .

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Hadj-Djelloul, Nasser Dine, and M. Djermane. "Effect of Geometric Imperfection on the Dynamic of Elevated Water Tanks." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091455.

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The elevated tanks are considered as very sensitive structures in seismic movement condition. Moreover, the conical steel tank manufacturing without local geometric imperfection seems to be too difficult. In generally, the latter is the most responsible factor to define the shell structures buckling capacity. For this reason, several theoretical and experimental researchers studied the performance of this type of structure under seismic loading. The present study aims to demonstrate the local geometric imperfection effect on dynamic buckling of elevated water tank. Using the three dimensions finite element technique to study the seismic response of perfect and imperfect elevated water tank was established taking into account the following factors; the interaction fluid structure (FSI), the wall flexibility, the local geometric imperfection, the nonlinear time history analysis, the material and geometric nonlinearity, and this by the application of three different instability criteria for the critical PGA estimate. The critical PGA of the imperfect elevated water tank numerical models decreased by 45, 45% compared to the elevated water tank numerical model without local geometric imperfection. The obtained results confirm the local geometric imperfection effect on dynamic buckling of elevated water tanks.

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Ghosh, Aparna Dey, Soumi Bhattacharyya, and Anuja Roy. "On the Seismic Performance of Elevated Water Tanks and their Control Using TLDs." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.270.

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The post-earthquake function of elevated water tank structures so as respond to the civil water requirements is of extreme significance. These structures are, however, extremely vulnerable to seismic conditions and there has been substantial damage/failure of several such structures during major earthquakes. A review of the damage and performance of some elevated water tanks subjected to earthquakes is presented in this paper. An investigation is also made on the seismic vibration control of elevated water tank structures by using Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs). A frequency domain formulation for the transfer function of the elevated water tank with attached TLDs is developed. Numerical studies on a reinforced concrete elevated water tank with shaft type support are carried out. The effect of detuning on the performance of the TLDs due to the change in the structural frequencies resulting from the fluctuating water level in the water tank is also examined. Results indicate that it is possible to design a fairly robust and effective TLD system for the seismic vibration mitigation of the considered elevated water tank.

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Khedikar, Prof Amey R. "Seismic Analysis and Comparative Study of Elevated Storage Tank by GSDMA Guidelines." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36164.

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A container to store water in a huge amount of capacity can simply be called as the water tank. During the earthquakes, all these liquid storage tanks get collapsed or damaged heavily. 40 to 65 years is the feasible lifetime of an ESR in general. Shortage of drinking water, utilizing water, uncontrolled fires, etc are some unexpected events caused due to any damage or collapse of the tanks. Water tank parameters include various designs of tanks and different way of construction, materials, linings etc. Different materials are used for the construction and development of water tanks such as: - plastic, concrete, steel, fiberglass, etc. Therefore, to avoid all those unwanted events in the future various studies have been carried out regarding different types, shapes of water tanks. In this research, Elevated Service Reservoir (E.S.R) is being compared of shape Rectangular & Circular water tanks of capacity 5lakh litres and a total height of 18m with 3m, 4.5m staging height in Earthquake Zone V by Equivalent static analysis using STAAD.PRO software and referring GSDMA guidelines for the design of a tank and IS 1893 PART2-2014 code. By studying all the observations and results, it shows that Circular water tank is more preferable and economical for use.

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., Nishigandha R. Patil. "SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF ELEVATED WATER TANK." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 05 (May 25, 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0405025.

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Mankar, Priyanka M., H. R. Nikhade, Er Minal Dehadrai, and Khalid Ansari. "Analysis of Circular Elevated Service Reservoir Using STAAD Pro by Considering the Effect of Continuity." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 2603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2303.

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In most regions of the country, early damage of elevated water tanks during their service life is becoming an increasing concern. The majority of damage occurs in tanks due to a lack of knowledge in design and ignoring continuity effect. Elevated water tank are used for storage of water at certain height and supplying water for essential usage. Hence damage of such structure endanger supply of drinking water and severe economical losses. The main purpose of this research is to determine the importance of continuity analysis in practical application and use of staadpro software to analyse an elevated circular water tank. The bottom joint of water tank is examined using continuity effect. This is the common joint where base slab, wall, bottom rings beam, gallery, column and base beam join. water tank is subjected to self-weight and hydrostatic Pressure due to water. Continuity effect increase stress, Hoop tension, BM hence its necessary to consider its effect while designing the tank. The results obtained from staadpro software is nearly same with manual result. This indicated that staadpro is suitable for design and analysis of water tanks. Three model having capacity of 55 m3, 125 m3 and 221 m3 situated in yavatmal, buldana and ramtek district is taken for analysis. Seismic analysis and wind analysis is also carried out on this model for safety purpose.

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12

Kong, W. L., and T. I. Campbell. "Thermal pressure due to an ice cap in an elevated water tank." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-076.

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Ice formations have contributed to the deterioration observed in elevated reinforced concrete water tanks in Ontario. Pressures exerted by an ice cap contained within a circular tank and subjected to an increase in temperature are studied in this paper. A mathematical model for simulation of ice is used to determine hoop and flexural stresses induced in the wall of the tank by an expanding ice cap. These predictions are validated by comparison with test data, and charts have been developed by means of which hoop and flexural stresses in the wall of a tank may be determined for any particular thermal conditions in the ice cap. Key words: thermal pressure, water tank, ice cap, mathematical model, design charts, hoop stress, flexural stress.

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Darweesh, Moustafa S. "Elevated tanks effect on transient pressures: case study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 4 (June 14, 2021): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.022.

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Abstract Elevated tanks are an integral part of the water supply networks. This paper highlights the effect of elevated tanks' location and size on the transient pressures resulting from the sudden failure of pumps. A comparison between the impact of elevated tanks and air vessels on the water hammer was also performed. The Bentley HAMMER model was first validated then applied to analyze the unsteady flow within an actual distribution network. The results display that the elevated tanks have a considerable effect on the surge pressures, where they improve the extreme pressures effectively at and around them, but they cannot fully protect the system from the water hammer risks, as there are still relatively large negative pressures at some distant junctions. Besides, as the tank capacity increases, the surge pressures increase slightly. In our case study, the best location of the elevated tank is at the network extremity and then at the pumping stations, since the minimum pressures improve by 67 and 54%, respectively. Although the present case study may differ from other supply systems, the obtained results can provide an indication of the elevated tanks' role in alleviating undesirable water hammer effects.

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14

Faras, Aqsa S. "Seismic Behavior of RCC Circular Elevated Water Tank." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 1922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.6287.

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15

Hammoum, Hocine, Amar Aliche, Karima Bouzelha, Younes Aoues, Ouali Amiri, and Youcef Mehani. "Fragility analysis of concrete elevated water tanks under seismic loads." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 57 (June 22, 2021): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.57.09.

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The design of concrete elevated water tanks involves several kinds of uncertainties. Traditionally, the design of these structures is based on a deterministic analysis. Partial safety factors prescribed in design codes are applied to take into account these uncertainties and to ensure sufficiently safe design. However, this approach does not allow rational evaluation of the risk related to the structural failure and consequently its reliability. In fact, the partial safety factors can lead to over-designed structures; or to under designed structural components leading to a lack of structural robustness. In this study, a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations is used to analyze the reliability of elevated water tanks submitted to hazard seismic loading. This reliability approach, takes into account mainly two parameters. Firstly, the hydraulic charge in the tank container which is a function of time, and secondly, the hazard seismic loading through the Peak Ground Acceleration is considered as a random variable. Fragility curves depending on seismic zones and soil types are obtained by using the probabilistic approach, where they demonstrate the dominant failure modes that can cause the structural failure with respect to different seismic levels, soil types and water height level in the tank container.

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S.S., QUADRI, and SAWANT R.M. "SEISMIC STABILITY OF PURE CONICAL ELEVATED WATER TANKS UNDER VARYING TANK INCLINATION." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 7, no. 4 (2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.7.4.13802.

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Moslemi, Mehdi, Amir Reza Ghaemmaghami, and M. Reza Kianoush. "Parametric based study for design of liquid-filled elevated tanks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 7 (July 2016): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0218.

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In this study, the dynamic behavior of elevated water tanks is investigated by performing a comprehensive parametric study on conical elevated tanks using the finite element technique. Through this study, a wide range of tank parameters and geometries typically found in practice is considered. To perform this parametric study, a parametric model capable of building any finite element models of a three-dimensional conical elevated tank with varying parameters is developed. As a result of this parametric study, pressure distribution graphs corresponding to both impulsive and convective hydrodynamic pressures can be generated by carrying out spectral analysis. These pressure graphs can be utilized simply in design applications for liquid-filled conical elevated tanks. The accuracy of the proposed pressure graphs is verified by comparing these results with those calculated using the previously verified finite element time-history analysis and also the “current practice”.

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Koshti, A. A. "Behaviour of R.C. Elevated Water Tank by Staad - Pro." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.30285.

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Sepe, Vincenzo, and Antonino E. Zingali. "Wind induced response of an elevated steel water tank." Wind and Structures 4, no. 5 (October 25, 2001): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2001.4.5.383.

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Lopes, H. M., and C. S. Oliveira. "Use ofIn-SituDynamic Measurements to Calibrate Analytical Models of RC-Elevated Water Tanks." Shock and Vibration 19, no. 5 (2012): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/434513.

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Before establishing the priority settings for the reduction of seismic risk of water supply infrastructures, it is necessary to understand the dynamic behavior of elevated water tanks, which are components of those infrastructures. Among other information, the main frequencies of vibration of these structures must be estimated and the analytical models used in their analysis and design should reproduce the frequency values obtained by in-situ dynamic tests. This work focuses exclusively on reinforced concrete (RC) elevated water tanks (200–750 m^3 of water at heights of 30–40 m), which are very common structures in the water supply systems in Portugal since the mid XXth century. This type of structures can also be seen in many regions around the world. First, a nationwide survey was conducted to determine the most common typologies in the country in terms of structural layout. Second, an in-situ campaign using ambient vibration as input was performed for a group of selected structures to determine the main frequencies of vibration and to identify modal shapes and damping values. Third, a finite element model of several different typologies was developed using the water simply as a concentrated mass at the top; the elastic properties of the model of the structure including the foundation were calibrated, so that the frequencies of various mode shapes obtained by the analytical model would match the frequencies of the real structure. Finally, an expression was derived to estimate the fundamental frequency of a group of elevated water tank typologies based on the total mass at the top of the supporting structure, which include the water, the global lateral stiffness, and the height of the tank. This study, providing important information on the frequencies of vibration of RC-elevated water tanks, contributes in a definite way to the analysis and design of such water tanks.

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Nayak, Chittaranjan B., and Sunil B. Thakare. "Seismic performance of existing water tank after condition ranking using non-destructive testing." International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering 11, no. 4 (September 17, 2019): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-00241-x.

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Abstract There has been a collaborative attempt to address the seismic vulnerability of existing structures in India after an earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, in 2001. Seismic diagnosis and seismic retrofit for the existing tanks have become a remarkable issue to be worked since deterioration is a cosmopolitan and natural phenomenon. It is important to know the exact reason for distress and type of distress. To manage such issues, a proper method of repair and rehabilitation with detailed plans and methodology is required. This paper is aimed at evolving systematic investigation metrology for condition ranking procedure based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and strengthening by various retrofitting strategies. For that case study, an existing elevated water tank is considered, which was designed according to state of the art over 40 years ago as per old Indian Standard (IS) code. The ranking assessment of the elevated service reservoir was carried out using different non-destructive tests (NDTs). DER, i.e., degree (D), extent (E) and relevancy (R) rating technique was employed to find out the condition index of the elevated service reservoir (ESR). After finding the condition ranking of the existing structure, an analysis was carried out using SAP 2000 to find the present-day seismic requirements using IS codes. After knowing the seismic demand of the water tank, various retrofitting methods were adopted for improving the drift capacity and flexural capacity of the structure. The results were finally used to address some of the critical issues of the seismic response of the retrofitted structure in terms of a time period, mode shapes, base shear, displacement, acceleration, and velocity. From the case study result of seismic retrofit for the existing elevated water tank, it is confirmed that a relatively simple seismic retrofit method is effective to keep the tank functional after an earthquake.

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Alemzadeh, Hassan, Hamzeh Shakib, and Mohammad Khanmohammadi. "Development of Rocking Isolation for Response Mitigation of Elevated Water Tanks under Seismic and Wind Hazards." Shock and Vibration 2020 (October 1, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5498298.

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Elevated water tanks are categorized as strategic components of water supply systems in modern urban management. Past earthquake events have revealed the high vulnerability of these structures. This paper investigates the development of rocking isolation (RI) to these structures as a response mitigation technique. Using an analytical approach, a dynamic model is developed for two isolation cases: (1) at the pedestal base and (2) under the tank. The model incorporates a simplified analogy for simulating the liquid-tank system which is modified for a tank under rocking motions. Based on the dynamics of rocking structures, the equations of motion, impact, and uplift transitions are derived. Then, free vibration and seismic response history analyses are carried out on a sample structure. Discussions are made on the effect of RI on the dynamic and seismic responses of the pedestal and components of the liquid-tank system. Effects of various RI cases, pedestal heights, and tank filling levels are studied for a group of structures excited by an ensemble of ground motions. Considering that the system may be vulnerable to other lateral loadings, the combined effects of seismic and wind hazards are also studied. The wind loads are assumed to act statically and simultaneously with the seismic excitations. Results show that the first case of RI decreases the acceleration demands of mid-rise and tall structures, thus lowering the structural demands to 50% of the fixed-base system. However, the second case of RI has almost no effect on the performance of the system, upgrading only the response of mid-rise structures. Both RI cases also aggravate the wave oscillations and increase the freeboard requirements. Finally, while the combined seismic and wind hazards have almost no effect on the operational performances, the force demands of the structures are increased by 10%.

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Mohan, Akhila S., and George M. Varghese. "Static Analysis of Interlocked Water Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.243.

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In the areas prone to natural disasters, ability of lifeline systems from catastrophic damages is one of the most important challenges in civil engineering. One of the most important structures is elevated water tanks. Most of the damages observed to these structures under seismic events are due to the improper design and wrong selection of supporting system. This paper investigates the suitability of interlocking system for staging of an elevated water tank of higher capacity. As a preliminary study the performance of concrete interlock panelled tower under static condition is analyzed by considering the standard earth gravity under full and empty conditions. The study concludes that the new system can perform in a similar way as that of the conventional system.

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Vickers, Richard M., Victor L. Yu, S. Sue Hanna, Paul Muraca, Warren Diven, Neil Carmen, and Floyd B. Taylor. "Determinants of Legionella pneumophila Contamination of Water Distribution Systems: 15-Hospital Prospective Study." Infection Control 8, no. 9 (September 1987): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700067412.

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AbstractWe conducted a prospective environmental study for Legionella pneumophila in 15 hospitals in Pennsylvania. Hot water tanks, cold water sites, faucets, and show-erheads were surveyed four times over a one-year period. Sixty percent (9/15) of hospitals surveyed were contaminated with L pneumophila. Although contamination could not be linked to a specific municipal water supplier, most of the contaminated supplies came from rivers. Parameters found to be significantly associated with contamination included elevated hot water temperature, vertical configuration of the hot water tank, older tanks, and elevated calcium and magnesium concentrations of the water (P < 0.05). This study suggests that L pneumophila contamination could be predicted based on design of the distribution system, as well as physicochemical characteristics of the water.

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Alembagheri, Mohammad, Maria Rashidi, and Mohammad Seyedkazemi. "Structural System Identification of Elevated Steel Water Tank Using Ambient Vibration Test and Calibration of Numerical Model." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 10 (September 2020): 2071010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420710108.

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This research aims to investigate the feasibility of using ambient vibration testing for system identification of an elevated water tank. To identify the natural dynamic properties, the experimental study is carried out on an elevated steel water tank located in Tehran. The tank is instrumented with a sensitive velocimeter sensor (microtremor), and the ambient velocity of the tank is recorded for 30[Formula: see text]min in three orthogonal axes. Employing the peak-picking method in the frequency domain, the fundamental frequency of the tank is determined as about 1.9[Formula: see text]Hz. Then, the numerical model of the tank is generated and calibrated based on the obtained data. In the primary modeling, the values of natural frequencies of the tank are in good agreement with the results of the ambient vibration data. This finding is judged to be reasonable considering no clear sign of corrosion in the steel material.

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Hoopes, Lisa A., André M. Landry Jr., and Erich K. Stabenau. "Physiological effects of capturing Kemp's ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys kempii, in entanglement nets." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-140.

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Blood samples were collected from 58 wild Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) to examine the physiological effects of capture in entanglement nets. Captured turtles were placed in holding tanks or in-water cages to examine whether the postcapture holding protocol influenced the time course of recovery of blood homeostasis. Lactate concentrations at capture were 4.5 ± 0.3 and 3.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L (mean ± SE) for L. kempii assigned to the in-water-cage and holding-tank treatments, respectively. Turtles held in holding tanks for 1 h exhibited a significant increase in lactate concentration over capture levels, whereas lactate concentrations in the cage-held animals did not change. Lactate concentrations declined to less than 1.0 mmol/L by 6 and 10 h post capture for turtles in the in-water-cage and holding-tank treatments, respectively. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations at capture were substantially elevated above base-line levels reported in the literature for comparably sized loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Turtles in holding tanks exhibited greater reductions in NE and E at 1 h post capture than did their counterparts in the in-water cages. Although plasma Na+ and Cl- concentrations were not affected by entanglement netting, K+ concentration was elevated in tank-held L. kempii at 1 h post capture. Taken together, these data indicate that entanglement netting causes significant physiological disturbance in sea turtles and that recovery of blood homeostasis is influenced by the postcapture holding protocol.

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Kamble, RK. "Water management in mountainous Jardhar Village, Chamba Block, Uttarakhand, India." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9946.

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An attempt has been carried out to assess water management practices adopted by Jardhar villagers in Chamba block of Uttrakhand. The rain water during rainy season got collected in chahals (mountainous tanks) on top of mountains. The rain water which got collected in these structures percolates through mountains and forms number of small streams which were perennial in nature. The water from these streams were received in a small metal tank at the end of stream in the mountain and through a steel pipe this collected water was diverted and collected into a cement tank at an elevated location at the entrance of the village. From this elevated water reservoir water was distributed at various locations in the village through public stand posts. The sustainable utilization of water in this mountainous area paved way for availability of water throughout the year and thus can sustain the population in such a topographic region. This traditional water management in Jardhar village has set an example of water management which can be adopted in such terrains throughout the world. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9946 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 93-100

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Jolie, Michael, Ayman M. El Ansary, and Ashraf A. El Damatty. "Seismic analysis of elevated pure conical tanks under vertical excitation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 10 (October 2014): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0104.

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Truncated conical vessels are commonly used as liquid containers in elevated tanks. Despite the widespread use of this type of structure worldwide, no direct code provisions are currently available covering its seismic analysis and design. The purpose of the current study is to assess the importance of considering the vertical component of ground accelerations when analyzing and designing this type of water-storage structure. The study is conducted using an equivalent mechanical model that estimates the normal forces that develop in the tank walls when subjected to vertical excitation. In addition, a three-dimensional finite element model has been developed by modeling the walls of the tank using shell elements. The finite element model has been employed to predict maximum membrane and overall meridional stresses due to both hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure distributions. Comparisons have been conducted to assess the significance of considering vertical excitation and to identify the magnification in meridional stresses due to bending effects associated with support conditions and large deformations.

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Eidinger, John M. "Performance of Water Systems during the Maule Mw 8.8 Earthquake of 27 February 2010." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000038.

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The Maule Mw 8.8 earthquake of 27 February 2010 impacted a number of water and wastewater lifelines. Ground shaking and liquefaction heavily damaged the Essbio water and wastewater systems, particularly in Concepción. Ground shaking destroyed more than 70 elevated water tanks in rural water systems built by the national government. A fire water tank collapsed at the Santiago Airport. There was damage to canals. Despite more than 3,000 repairs to other types of water pipe, the high-density polyethylene pipe used in the Concepción water distribution system was undamaged.

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Miri, Mahmood, and Aidin Kahkeshan. "Seismic evaluation and studying the effect of friction damper." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (April 13, 2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.2040.

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Water elevated tanks are one of the most important tools in supplying water for cities. Due to their damages in previous earthquakes, and the necessity for keeping them in safe and usable condition after earthquakes is obvious. Thus, by making various modeling, their behavior under seismic loading is investigated. Moreover, the pros and cons of dampers are also evaluated. In this thesis, the proposed concrete water tank is modeled under three different earthquakes of Tabas, Northridge and Chichi. Moreover, the damper is located in three various positions. The results are illustrated for different fullness of tanks. Keywords: Seismic Evaluation, Friction Damper, Earthquake.

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31

Mellati, Afshin. "Predicting Dynamic Capacity Curve of Elevated Water Tanks: A Pushover Procedure." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 11 (November 29, 2018): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091177.

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Despite the importance of water tanks for water supplies and supporting the community resilience through the firefighting usages in catastrophic conditions, post-earthquake situations especially, a few studies have been done on seismic behavior of water tanks so far. The scope of this paper is to propose a new pushover procedure to evaluate seismic responses of elevated water tanks (EWT) supported on the concrete shaft in the form of dynamic capacity curves (i.e. base shear versus top displacement). In this regard, a series of shaft supported EWTs are simulated considering soil-structure and fluid-structure interactions. The shaft is modelled with frame elements and plastic hinges are assigned along the shaft to consider the material nonlinearity. The effect of soil-structure interaction and fluid-structure interaction are considered through the well-known Cone model and modified Housner model, respectively. At first, parametric studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of various essential parameters such as soil type, water level and tank capacity on seismic responses of EWTs using incremental dynamic analysis (i.e. nonlinear-time-history-analyses with varying intensities). Thereafter, pushover analyses as nonlinear static analyses are performed by variation of lateral load patterns. Finally, utilizing these results and comparing them with mean IDA curve, as an exact solution; a pushover procedure based on the most reliable lateral load patterns is proposed to predict the mean IDA curve of the EWTs supported on the concrete shaft. The obtained results demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed pushover procedure with errors limited to 30 % only in the changing stage from linear to nonlinear sections of the IDA curve.

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32

Chavan, Ms Bhagyashree. "Study of Seismic Analysis of Non-Conventional Shapes of Elevated Water Tank." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.31740.

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Sai Ramya, M., and J. Sandhya Rani. "Seismic Analysis of RC Elevated Rectangular Water Tank using Various Staging Patterns." CVR Journal of Science & Technology 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32377/cvrjst1705.

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34

Anjum, Tayyaba, and Mohd Zameeruddin. "Evaluation of Efficacy of the Elevated Water Tank Under the Seismic Loads." International Journal of Civil Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v8i1p104.

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35

Alannz, Layth Abdul-Aleem. "Determination of Best Location for Elevated Tank in Branched Network." Journal of Engineering 24, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.06.09.

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The research focuses on determination of best location of high elevated tank using the required head of pump as a measure for this purpose. Five types of network were used to find the effect of the variation in the discharge and the node elevation on the best location. The most weakness point was determined for each network. Preliminary tank locations were chosen for test along the primary pipe with same interval distance. For each location, the water elevation in tank and pump head was calculated at each hour depending on the pump head that required to achieve the minimum pressure at the most weakness point. Then, the sum of pump heads through the day was determined. The results proved that there is a most economical location where the energy consumption is minimum. This location joined with the branched line that containing the most weakness point. The best location didn’t join with the highest demand location unless this location containing the most weakness point. The results indicated that the moving of tank away from best location in pump direction result in pump head increasing that exceed the increasing in pump head when the tank moves in the opposite direction. The location of tank beside the pump station was the worst location. Also, the results showed that as the distance between the pump and the highest demand become shorter, the required pump head become less. The uniform demand distribution required the least amount of pump head, it required minimum head of (554)m while the networks, that have highest demand at distance 200m,400m, and 1000m from the pump station, required minimum head of 651m, 682m, and 726m respectively.

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Paterson, Brian D., Stephen G. Grauf, and Ross A. Smith. "Haemolymph chemistry of tropical rock lobsters (Panulirus ornatus) brought onto a mother ship from a catching dinghy in Torres Strait." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97069.

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For export of live Panulirus ornatus from northern Queensland, divers catch the lobsters by hand and keep them in small tanks on dinghies before draining the tanks and returning at speed to a mother ship that has a larger storage tank. The lobsters are sometimes too weak for export. The physiological state of lobsters stored in a tank on the mother ship was studied by measuring the concentrations of L-lactate, D-glucose and ammonia in the haemolymph. Oxygen levels in the dinghy tanks were normally acceptable but fell rapidly below 50% saturation when flow was stopped and the tank was draining. The concentration of lactate in the haemolymph of lobsters arriving from the dinghy was 16.4 ± 5.7 mmol L-1 (mean ± s.d.,n = 9); this fell during storage on the mother ship. On the mother ship, serum concentrations of calcium, potassium and magnesium ions all increased, haemolymph glucose concentration increased slightly and then decreased, and ammonia concentration did not change. Future work may identify which aspects of prior handling are responsible for the elevated lactate concentrations in captive lobsters, but improvements could be made meanwhile to water flow through the dinghy tanks.

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Hammoum, Hocine, Nassima Miloudi, Karima Bouzelha, Younes Aoues, and Ouali Amiri. "Temporal analysis of the performance of an elevated concrete tank considering the corrosion of the steel reinforcement." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 56 (March 28, 2021): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.56.08.

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Reinforced concrete water storage tanks are civil engineering structures subject to very aggressive atmospheric conditions that expose them to harmful corrosion risk. This dangerous phenomenon caused by the penetration of chloride ions causes pitting corrosion and leads to the reduction of the section of the reinforcements and consequently to the loss of strength and the structure performance. In this study, we are interested in analyzing the performance of an elevated storage tank, taking into account the corrosion of the reinforcements subjected to tensile stress, by considering environments with different rates of aggressiveness. A method based on Housner's model is used to evaluate the tension stresses in the reinforced concrete (RC) pedestal (supporting system) of the tank, subjected to the seismic actions. A pitting corrosion model is developed in order to determine the evolution in time of the reinforcements section in different environments. Several parameters influencing corrosion are taken into account, such as concrete cover and the concentration of chlorides ions.

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Devadanam, Bojja, M. K. MV Ratnam, and Dr U. Ranga Raju. "Effect of Staging Height on the Seismic Performance of RC Elevated Water Tank." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 04, no. 01 (January 15, 2015): 18568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2015.0401022.

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39

N. Asati, Ankush, and Dr Mahendra S.Kadu. "Seismic Investigation of RC Elevated Water Tank for Different Types of Staging Patterns." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 14, no. 1 (August 25, 2014): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v14p202.

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THOMPSON, ROGER S., WILLIAM H. SNYDER, and JEFFREY C. WEIL. "Laboratory simulation of the rise of buoyant thermals created by open detonation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 417 (August 25, 2000): 127–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112000001191.

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Laboratory experiments were conducted in a water tank to investigate the rise through the atmosphere of thermals generated by the detonation of surplus military munitions. The fall of a dense volume of fluid through the water in the tank follows the same governing equations as the rise of a buoyant volume of gas in the atmosphere. By filling the tank with a layer of water and a layer of salt water, an elevated step change in density was obtained, simulating a temperature inversion or jump in the atmosphere. The growth of the linear dimensions of the thermal and its volume were determined and used in the development of a criterion for predicting when a thermal will fully penetrate the inversion. Replacing the second layer of fluid with water of gradually increasing salinity, an elevated constant density gradient was obtained. In these cases, the maximum penetration distance of the thermal was observed and the equilibrium position and vertical spread were determined experimentally.These observations and the empirical relationships determined from them should prove useful in the development and evaluation of air pollution dispersion models for predicting the atmospheric transport and diffusion of material released during such detonations.

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Amin, Osama Khasraw Mohammed, Mohammad Zaher Akkad, and Tamás Bányai. "Designing of water distribution system." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 3 (2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.3.7.

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Water distribution system (WDS) aims to distribute water from reservoirs or aqueducts to the end-users. This system is part of the water supply network that carries potable water from a central treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to deliver water sufficiently to meet residential, commercial, industrial, and firefighting requirements. Modern systems aim to solve water distribution systems management problems, such as the lowest cost, and most efficient design by using linear/nonlinear optimization schemes, which are limited by the system size, the number of constraints, and the number of loading conditions. After a literature review for the articles that dealt with this topic, designing two parts of the water distribution system is discussed as a case study in Erbil. Pumps and storage tanks, while optimizing the water distribution system by minimizing the project cost through minimizing the volume of the elevated tank according to the pump working hours.

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Spinks, Jean, Suzanne Phillips, Priscilla Robinson, and Paul Van Buynder. "Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: A cause for concern?" Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0001.

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In early 2003, after a prolonged drought period, extensive bushfires occurred in the east of Victoria affecting 1.5 million hectares of land. At the time, smoke and ash from bushfires, settling on roofs, contained pollutants that could potentially contaminate rainwater collected and stored in tanks for domestic use. The major concerns include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete combustion of organic matter and arsenic from burnt copper chrome arsenate (CCA) treated wood. An increase in microbial contamination through altered nutrient levels was also hypothesised. A pilot study of 49 rainwater tank owners was undertaken in north-east Victoria. A rainwater tank sample was taken and analysed for a variety of parameters including organic compounds, microbiological indicators, metals, nutrients and physico-chemical parameters. A survey was administered concurrently. A number of results were outside the Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) values for metals and microbiological indicator organisms, but not for any tested organic compounds. PAHs and arsenic are unlikely to be elevated in rainwater tanks as a result of bushfires, but cadmium may be of concern.

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., Sagar T. Mane, and Prashant M. Kulkarni . "Time History Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Elevated Water Storage Tank using Baffle Wall." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 9, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.4.2.

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Adiyanto, M. I., A. A. A. Damit, S. N. Yaakup, S. A. H. S. Mustapha, and S. C. Chin. "Effect of column size on the seismic capacity of elevated reinforced concrete water tank." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 244 (March 7, 2019): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/244/1/012010.

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45

Terenzi, Gloria, and Elena Rossi. "Seismic analysis and retrofit of the oldest R/C elevated water tank in Florence." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16, no. 7 (January 15, 2018): 3081–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0306-4.

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Velivela, Ramesh, Ravindra Vipparthy, and Panduranga Rao Bavineni. "An alternative approach to lateral load analysis of framed type elevated water tank stagings." Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00186-2.

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47

Thomas, K., E. McBean, and H. M. Murphy. "Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (June 8, 2013): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.126.

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Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.

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Richardson, William B., and Stephen T. Threlkeld. "Complex Interactions of Multiple Aquatic Consumers: An Experimental Mesocosm Manipulation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-004.

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In 7-m3 outdoor tanks filled with lake water, the presence/absence of omnivorous young-of-the-year Micropterus salmoides, zooplanktivorous Menidia beryllina, and herbivorous larval Hyla chrysocelis was experimentally manipulated. A cross-classified design was used to assess the interactive effects of these vertebrate consumers on the experimental food webs. Large zooplankters and large, actively swimming macroinvertebrates (Ceriodaphnia, Simocephalus, Corixidae, Notonectidae, and Dytiscidae) were particularly susceptible to depletion by both fish species. Micropterus tanks contained greater numbers of Keratella quadrata and Hebridae but fewer benthic cyclopoid copepods. Menidia tanks contained more Synedra and algal filaments. Hyla exerted only minor direct effects on the tank communities. When both fish species were in the same tank, both had elevated mortality. Micropterus, in tanks with Menidia and Hyla, were larger and in better condition than in tanks without Hyla. The primary effects of the experimental manipulations on food web components were two- and three-way interactions in which the effect of a given treatment was dependent on the presence of another treatment. Results suggest that the addition or removal of consumers may not cause linear, additive changes in food webs.

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LIVAOGLU, RAMAZAN, ALPER TURAN, M. HESHAM EL NAGGAR, and ADEM DOGANGUN. "THE NUMERICAL AND EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF ELEVATED TANKS CONSIDERING SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 06, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343111250008x.

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Water tanks are an essential lifeline whose continuing availability and serviceability immediately after earthquake events are crucial for providing undisrupted emergency services. Their seismic performance is, therefore, of paramount importance. The seismic response of an elevated liquid tank situated on a soft soil deposit was studied by means of field vibration tests and numerical simulations. The ambient and forced vibration tests were conducted to identify the soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects on the small strain dynamic behavior of the structure. A series of time domain numerical analyses were performed to evaluate the seismic performance of these structures from a performance based design point of view. The results showed that consideration of SSI increased the displacement demand significantly. Thus, the calculated maximum displacement demand for supporting frame components of the tank may be underestimated significantly when the SSI effects are neglected. In addition, the seismic induced shear forces considering SSI effects were much smaller than the seismic shear forces for the fixed based case. For some soil types, the effect of this reduction on the overall response may become more prominent than the structural ductility mechanism. This resulted in the failure mechanism being initiated by a coupled compression — bending moment effect, rather than shear failure. Finally, the sloshing response is significantly increased due to the SSI.

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STRELKOV, Alexander K., Svetlana Yu TEPLYKH, Pavel A. GORSHKALEV, and Ashot M. SARGSYAN. "DESIGN OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT UNIT." Urban construction and architecture 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.01.9.

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Surface run-offs due to snow melting and rainfall gather dust, rubbish, oil-products and other pollutants and flow into nearest water basin that results in pollution of environment and surface water bodies. The article describes a package unit of waste water physical and chemical treatment for enterprises of railway and automobile transport. It also can be used for elevated track of railway sorting yard. The unit consists of degritter, holding tank, floater, granular and sorption filters. The unit was tested in laboratory and pilot conditions. It was put in a evaluation test with standardized test solution and real waste water.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Elevated Water Tank'

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