Relevant bibliographies by topics / ELF electromagnetic waves

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'ELF electromagnetic waves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 20 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "ELF electromagnetic waves"

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Masita, Aurora Azzara, Rike Fitria, Safitri Nuril Nisabela, Audri Mely Prabandari, and Ike Lusi Meilina. "THE IMPACT OF LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD ON KETAN TAPE MATURATION: pH, DENSITY, AND TASTE." Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi 7, no. 2 (2023): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jiituj.v7i2.30061.

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This study explores the novel effect of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves on the fermentation process of sticky rice tape, a traditional Indonesian food made from glutinous rice. ELF electromagnetic waves are waves consisting of magnetic fields and electric fields that do not require intermediaries in their propagation and have frequencies ranging from 0-300 Hz. The study uses a unique experimental method that exposes 2 kg of sticky rice tape, divided into 10 control and 10 experimental samples, each weighing 100 grams and wrapped in ziplock plastic, to ELF electromagnetic wa
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Pravitasari, Arinda, Eka Rinda Wati, Via Amanda, et al. "Utilization of Tempe as a Base Material in the Study of Electromagnetic Wave Properties in the ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) Range." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA 13, no. 4 (2024): 168. https://doi.org/10.19184/jpf.v13i4.53471.

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Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and can propagate without a medium. The sub-spectrum of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range of 0 to 300 Hz is known as Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. This experiment aims to demonstrate the effects of ELF magnetic field radiation on the ripening of food materials. The control and experimental groups in this study involved test materials, including 1 kg of cassava tape, 1 kg of glutinous rice tape, and 1 kg of tempeh. Each test material was di
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Shabitna, Flapreliani Syafa, Yushardi ., and Sudarti . "Pemanfaatan Gelombang Elektromagnet Extremely Low Frequency (Elf) Dalam Ketahanan Pangan." Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains Dan Teknologi 2, no. 2 (2023): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47233/jpst.v2i4.1357.

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Physics is considered an important subject that is taught as a subject in itself with various considerations. Physics is seen as both a process and a product, so successful physics learning requires attention to effective and efficient learning. The utilization of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves has great potential in the field of food security. ELF waves have low-frequency characteristics that create a unique potential to influence microbial activity and nutrient availability in improving food security productivity. ELF waves can be used to increase the productivity and qu
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Hu, Yunpeng, Zeren Zhima, Tieyan Wang, et al. "The Typical ELF/VLF Electromagnetic Wave Activities in the Upper Ionosphere Recorded by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite." Remote Sensing 16, no. 15 (2024): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16152835.

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Driven by the scientific objective of geophysical field detection and natural hazard monitoring from space, China launched an electromagnetic satellite, which is known as the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), on 2 February 2018, into a circular sun-synchronous orbit with an altitude of about 507 km in the ionosphere. The CSES-01 has been in orbit for over 6 years, successfully exceeding its designed 5-year lifespan, and will continually operate as long as possible. A second identical successor (CSES-02) will be launched in December 2024 in the same orbit space. The ionosphere i
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Hayakawa, M., A. Schekotov, J. Izutsu, and A. P. Nickolaenko. "Seismogenic effects in ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic waves." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH 06, no. 02 (2019): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i02.001.

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Price, Colin. "ELF Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning: The Schumann Resonances." Atmosphere 7, no. 9 (2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos7090116.

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Farhan, Ahmed Mohammed, та Hadeer Mohammed Farhan. "تأثير المجال الكهرومغناطيسي (ELF) على جسم الإنسان – مراجعة". Journal of engineering sciences and information technology 7, № 4 (2023): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.a051122.

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This study analyzed and showed the effects of electromagnetic fields on humans (current studies have shown that using a mobile phone for six hours or more each day for five days in a row causes sexual failure in the body). Frequency, wavelength, and energy are the three fundamental components of electromagnetic waves, which are short-range waves that occur from the oscillation of the electric field and the magnetic field. Additionally, non-ionizing radiation can be regarded of as the magnetic field. This argues that this is because microwaves, cell towers, and other source of radiation are les
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Agustina, Metthahera Anggun Dwi, Eka Rini Wahyuning Tias, Nadhiefa Nissa’ul A.N, Yushardi Yushardi, Firdha Kusuma Ayu Anggraeni, and Ike Lusi Meilina. "EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF) MAGNETIC FIELD RADIATION ANALYSIS OF TEMPE MATERIAL MATURITY." EduFisika: Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 8, no. 3 (2023): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.59052/edufisika.v8i3.29872.

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Electromagnetic waves in physics are waves composed of a magnetic field and an electric field whose propagation does not require an intermediary medium. Magnetic fields with Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) frequencies have a frequency range of 0 to 300 Hz. Electromagnetic waves can propagate without needing a medium, so they are called electromagnetic radiation with various types of electromagnetic waves which are differentiated based on their frequency. Electric fields are easily blocked, so their intensity will decrease if they are blocked by objects. Meanwhile, magnetic fields have characteri
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WAHDANI, AZMI SAFNA, BERLIAN CANTIKA ANUGRAH, DINNA PERTAMA P, FINGGI DWI PAMUNINGTYAS, NANDA DENI AL KHOLID, and SITRA ROSIANA. "PENGARUH MEDAN MAGNET ELEKTROMAGNETIK ELF DENGAN INTENSITAS PAPARAN 300?T TERHADAP KEMATANGAN TEMPE MENTAH." KNOWLEDGE: Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan 4, no. 4 (2024): 179–90. https://doi.org/10.51878/knowledge.v4i4.3986.

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The development of various technological tools also includes sources that expose magnetic fields. Radiation in electromagnetic waves has a very broad spectrum that begins with electromagnetics with very extreme low frequencies to electromagnetics with very large or high frequencies such as gamma rays. In this practicum activity on Extremely Low Frequency magnetic radiation, we can prove the effect of the ELF magnetic field on the process of food maturity in tempeh at the beginning of fermentation. This research is included in experimental research with a laboratory experimental design. Researc
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Koshevaya, S., N. Makarets, V. Grimalsky, A. Kotsarenko, and R. Perez Enríquez. "Spectrum of the seismic-electromagnetic and acoustic waves caused by seismic and volcano activity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 2 (2005): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-203-2005.

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Abstract. Modeling of the spectrum of the seismo-electromagnetic and acoustic waves, caused by seismic and volcanic activity, has been done. This spectrum includes the Electromagnetic Emission (EME, due to fracturing piezoelectrics in rocks) and the Acoustic Emission (AE, caused by the excitation and the nonlinear passage of acoustic waves through the Earth's crust, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere). The investigated mechanism of the EME uses the model of fracturing and the crack motion. For its analysis, we consider a piezoelectric crystal under mechanical stresses, which cause the uniform
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ELF electromagnetic waves"

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Maurya, Ajeet Kumar. "ELF/VLF wave studies of ionosphere and magnetosphere electromagnetic phenomenon in low latitude region." Thesis, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai, 2013. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/212.

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A thesis submitted to the university of Mumbai for the Ph. D.(Science) degree in Physics under the guidance of Dr. Rajesh Singh.<br>The present study provides the first detail description of morphological features of tweek radio atmospherics recorded at low latitude (L<1.3) Indian stations and their application in monitoring D-region or lower ionosphere during solar quiet (transition period of solar cycle 23 and 24) and eclipse conditions. This dissertation is also focused on long standing problem of propagation mechanism of low latitude whistlers. This work helps in advancing our knowledge of
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MAROUAN, YOUSSEF. "Etat de polarisation et caracteristiques de propagation moyennes d'emissions em naturelles dans un magnetoplasma froid : application aux donnees ebf du satellite aureol-3." Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2040.

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Observation supposee effectuee en un point fixe de l'espace. Cette observation consiste en la mesure simultanee d'au moins trois composantes du champ electromagnetique. Discussion des estimateurs du degre de polarisation proposes par samson. Simulation numerique. Identification experimentale des modes d'une onde multiple en propagation dans ce magnetoplasma (ou deux modes peuvent coexister), obtenue a partir des caracteristiques de polarisation des ondes. Application aux emissions tres basse frequence observees par satellite aureol-3
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Musumpuka, Remmy. "The association between VLF and ELF chorus emissions and electron precipitation." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8311.

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This is an investigation into the association between ionospheric absorption caused by electron precipitation and ELF:3 Hz-3 kHz and VLF:3 kHz-30 kHz, chorus. Ionospheric absorption was measured using the chain of riometers in Finland and related to chorus events recorded simultaneously at SANAE (L=4.2), Antarctica. The displacement in longitude of the Finnish riometers from SANAE’s conjugate point made it impossible to establish a clear relationship between chorus and riometer absorption. The diurnal variation of chorus has been established for the years 2002, 2004 and 2005 and it is shown th
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Books on the topic "ELF electromagnetic waves"

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Pan, Weiyan, and Kai Li. Propagation of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Waves. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39050-0.

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Hitchcock, R. Timothy. Extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields \. AIHA, 1995.

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D, Grossi Mario, Lorenzini Enrico, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. System engineering study of electrodynamic tether as a spaceborne generator and radiator of electromagnetic waves in the ULF/ELF frequency band. Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1987.

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D, Grossi Mario, Lorenzini Enrico, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. System engineering study of electrodynamic tether as a spaceborne generator and radiator of electromagnetic waves in the ULF/ELF frequency band: Semiannual report #1, for the period 1 September 1985 through 28 February 1986. Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1986.

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Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel., ed. ELF/VLF/LF radio propagation and systems aspects: Papers presented at the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel Symposium, held at the Quartier Reine Elisabeth, Brussels, Belgium, 28th September-2nd October 1992. Agard, 1993.

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Li, Kai, and Weiyan Pan. Propagation of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Waves. Springer, 2016.

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Li, Kai, and Weiyan Pan. Propagation of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Waves. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Li, Kai, and Weiyan Pan. Propagation of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Waves. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2013.

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Radiofrequency And Elf Electromagnetic Energies A Handbook For Health Professionals. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

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Chao di pin he ji di pin dian ci bo de chuan bo ji zao sheng: Propagation and noise of SLF and ELF electromagnetic waves. Guo fang gong ye chu ban she, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "ELF electromagnetic waves"

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Bering, Edgar A. "ELF and VLF Waves in the Polar Clefts and Caps." In Electromagnetic Coupling in the Polar Clefts and Caps. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0979-3_15.

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Pan, Weiyan, and Kai Li. "Radiation and Propagation of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Waves of Space Borne Transmitter." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39050-0_7.

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Pan, Weiyan, and Kai Li. "Excitation and Propagation of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Waves in the Earth–Ionosphere Waveguide/Cavity." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39050-0_2.

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Pan, Weiyan, and Kai Li. "Historical and Technical Overview of SLF/ELF Electromagnetic Wave Propagation." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39050-0_1.

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I. Sotnikov, Vladimir. "Parametric Interaction of VLF and ELF Waves in the Ionosphere." In Plasma Science and Technology. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100009.

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In this Chapter we analyze a non-linear parametric interaction between Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) waves in the ionosphere. We demonstrate that nonlinear parametric coupling between quasi-electrostatic Lower Oblique Resonance (LOR) and ELF waves significantly contributes to the VLF electromagnetic whistler wave spectrum. Analytical and numerical results are compared with experimental data obtained during active space experiments and satellite data. These data clearly show that presence of VLF waves in the region of plasmasphere boundary layer, where there are no injected due to substorm/storm activity energetic electrons with energies of tens keV can strongly affect the radiation belt boundary.
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Liburdy, Robert P. "ELF fields and the immune system: signal transduction, calcium metabolism, and mitogenesis in lymphocytes with relevance to carcinogenesis." In Interaction Mechanisms of Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198577591.003.0013.

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Abstract Calcium has played an important role in investigations of extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field interactions with cellular systems. ELF-modulated radiofrequency (RF) carrier waves and ELF fields themselves have been shown to alter calcium efflux from neural tissue (Bawin and Adey 1976; Blackman et al. 1982, 1990; Dutta et al. 1984). ELF fields have also been reported to alter normal diatom movement, which is dependent on calcium, and also calcium uptake in resting human peripheral lymphocytes (Liboff et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1987). Efforts to reproduce these latter findings have proven inconclusive (Frazier et al. 1990; Parkinson and Sulik 1990; Prasad et al. 1991).
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Kheifets, Leeka, Adele Green, and Richard Wakeford. "Radiation and public health." In Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, edited by Roger Detels, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Fran Baum, Liming Li, and Alastair H. Leyland. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0054.

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The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses frequencies that range from above approximately 10<sup>20</sup> hertz (Hz) for ionizing radiation at the high end of the spectrum to static fields and power frequencies of 50–60 Hz at the low end. In order of decreasing frequency, the spectrum comprises gamma-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, radio waves and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF EMF). This chapter reviews sources and health effects of human exposure to radiation within the electromagnetic spectrum, and for ionizing radiation exposure to subatomic particles, as well as reviewing policies for limiting human exposure where appropriate.
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Schnorr, Teresa. "Video Display Terminals and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." In Case Studies in Occupational Epidemiology. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068313.003.0001.

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Abstract Video display terminals (VDTs) were first associated with adverse reproductive outcomes in 1980, when a cluster of birth defects was observed among women using VDTs at the Toronto Star newspaper. This report was followed by a number of other adverse pregnancy outcome clusters, primarily spontaneous abortion, but including other adverse outcomes such as stillbirths, low birthweight, and preterm birth (Berquist, 1984). Three different hypotheses were proposed as possible explanations for the clusters: (1) physical stress (defined as prolonged sitting), (2) psychological stress due to the demands of the work environment, and (3) electromagnetic energy emissions (Tell, 1990). As of 1984, no epidemiologic studies of VDT and pregnancy outcome study were underway in the United States, and the literature contained little information on the potential hazards of VDTs. While physical stress, defined as heavy lifting, had been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (Mamelle et al., 1984), the association with work posture (sitting versus standing) had not been studied. There was little information about the potential effect of workplace psychological stress on reproductive function, although two studies had shown an association between a measure of occupational mental stress and premature birth (Mamelle et al., 1984; Naeye and Peters, 1982). No animal or human studies had been conducted of the potential reproductive hazards of electromagnetic fields produced by VDTs. These electromagnetic fields were of two types, ELF (extra-low frequency) and VLF (very low frequency). These two frequencies are in the lower end of the electromagnetiic spectrum, below radio waves or microwaves. ELF fields are also produced by common 60 Hz wiring in houses and appliances. Studies of the reproductive effects in animals exposed to ELF and VLF were just beginmng.
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Agrawal, Alkesh. "An Application-Based Study on Electromagnetic Absorber Using Metamaterial." In Metamaterials - History, Current State, Applications, and Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108146.

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In recent years, metamaterials (MMs) have attracted researchers due to their geometrical and structural uniqueness that make these materials to absorb, block, and enhance electromagnetic (EM) waves, which is not possible with conventional materials found in nature. These artificially engineered materials derive the EM properties (effective values of permittivity ε∼eff and permeability μ∼eff less than zero) from the shape, size, orientation, and periodicity of unit cells rather inheriting those from material composition. The study on MMs has been diversified from the radio frequency range to the optical frequency range, with potential applications in realization of novel devices such as perfect lenses, EM, and MM based microwave patch antennas. For the past few years, the concept of MMs has been widely used to develop and design metamaterial perfect absorbers (MPAs). The proposed chapter mainly focuses on the classification of materials on the basis of permittivity and permeability; MPAs; applications of MPAs; experimental demonstrations of first single-band MPAs in microwave, THz, mid-IR and near IR regimes; conditions for complete absorption of EM waves; MPA as perfectly matched layer (PML); attenuation mechanism of EM waves inside the MPA; calculation of MM parameters; measurement and testing process, followed by a case study on multi-band MPA.
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Yagoube, Izzeldin Idris Abdalla, Taib Ibrahim, Nursyarizal Mohd Nor, and Perumal Nallagownden. "Performance of PM Linear Generator Under Various Ferromagnetic Materials for Wave Energy Conversion." In Handbook of Research on Green Engineering Techniques for Modern Manufacturing. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5445-5.ch007.

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This chapter examines the influence of the various ferromagnetic materials on the performance of a single-phase tubular permanent-magnet linear generator (TPMLG) for wave energy conversion. Four ferromagnetic materials were considered in this study. They are non-oriented electrical steel, Permalloy (Ni-Fe-Mn), Accucore, and Somaloy 700. The generator equipped with a tubular stator carries a single coil and employs a quasi-Halbach magnetized moving-magnet translator. Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate performance analysis, the nonlinear time-stepping finite-element analysis (FEA) technique has been used. The electromagnetic characteristics, including the magnetic field distributions, flux-linkage, winding inductance, electromagnetic force, and electromotive force (EMF) have been investigated. It is shown that a generator whose stator is fabricated from soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials has potential advantages in terms of ease of manufacture, highest force capability, lower cost, and minimum eddy-current loss.
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Conference papers on the topic "ELF electromagnetic waves"

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Hobara, Yasuhide, and Masashi Hayakawa. "Latest Results on Continuous Monitoring of ELF Electromagnetic Waves in Japan." In EMC_2002_Wroclaw. IEEE, 2002. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.2002.10842496.

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Hobara, Yasuhide, and Masashi Hayakawa. "Latest Results on Continuous Monitoring of ELF Electromagnetic Waves in Japan." In EMC_2002_Wroclaw. IEEE, 2002. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.2002.10842371.

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Raju, G. S. N., G. Roy, V. P. Rao, K. Padma Raju, and K. Chandra Bhushana Rao. "Propagation characteristics of ELF E-waves in sea water." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemic.2002.1006538.

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Wang, Zhi, Deli Jia, Qinghai Yang, Zhongxian Hao, and Qiang Chen. "Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Communication Model and Simulation in Wellbore Communication." In APOGCE 2024. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221270-ms.

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Abstract In recent years, the scale of oil and gas production has been continuously expanded, and processes such as layered water injection, gas injection, and oil recovery have led to stricter requirements for the precision of layered wellbore control and the distance of bidirectional data transmission. Extremely low frequency (ELF: below 30 Hz) electromagnetic wave wireless wellbore communication technology can achieve high-precision and long-distance bidirectional data transmission and overcome the problems of traditional wired communication technologies' poor pass-ability and load capacity
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Sotnikov, V., E. Mishin, N. Gershenzon, and A. Sharma. "Parametric Interaction of VLF and ELF Waves in the Ionosphere." In 2021 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa52647.2021.9539823.

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Ayurov, Dashinima, and Yurii Bashkuev. "Measurement Results of Natural and Man-made ELF-VLF Electromagnetic Fields." In 2019 Russian Open Conference on Radio Wave Propagation (RWP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rwp.2019.8810397.

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"Solid state circuits. Solid state SHF and EHF microelectronics." In 2017 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsemw.2017.8103673.

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Johnson, Anthony J., Terence Haran, Francis C. Moon, and William Robinson. "Stress Wave Measurements in an Electromagnetic Launcher." In 2008 14th Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elt.2008.77.

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Itai, Akitoshi, Hiroshi Yasukawa, Ichi Takumi, and Masayasu Hata. "Background noise estimation using outer product expansion for ELF electromagnetic wave signal." In 2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems (ISPACS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispacs.2009.5383883.

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Ito, Yoshinao, Akitoshi Itai, Hiroshi Yasukawa, Ichi Takumi, and Masayasu Hata. "A study on anomalous signal detection using HMM for ELF electromagnetic wave." In IGARSS 2010 - 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2010.5652622.

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Reports on the topic "ELF electromagnetic waves"

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Barnes, B. L41025A PRCI Research Results on In-Line Inspection Technology Field Tests - Expanded. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011372.

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This report will briefly describe the performance of eddy current and magnetic flux leakage systems and the difficulties that have been recognized as impediments for stress corrosion crack detection on ILI vehicles. In addition, two promising systems, based on electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT's) and piezoelectrics (elastic waves), have emerged from the PRCI research efforts. Results of field testing in Casa Grande, Arizona on an El Paso Natural Gas abandoned pipeline using these systems will be summarized and will show the state of development of both EMAT's and piezoelectrics (elast
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