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Journal articles on the topic 'ELF-VLF waves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Barr, R., D. Llanwyn Jones, and C. J. Rodger. "ELF and VLF radio waves." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 62, no. 17-18 (2000): 1689–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(00)00121-8.

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2

Chang, S. S., B. B. Ni, J. Bortnik, et al. "Resonant scattering of energetic electrons in the plasmasphere by monotonic whistler-mode waves artificially generated by ionospheric modification." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 5 (2014): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-507-2014.

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Abstract. Modulated high-frequency (HF) heating of the ionosphere provides a feasible means of artificially generating extremely low-frequency (ELF)/very low-frequency (VLF) whistler waves, which can leak into the inner magnetosphere and contribute to resonant interactions with high-energy electrons in the plasmasphere. By ray tracing the magnetospheric propagation of ELF/VLF emissions artificially generated at low-invariant latitudes, we evaluate the relativistic electron resonant energies along the ray paths and show that propagating artificial ELF/VLF waves can resonate with electrons from

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3

Zhima, Zeren, Yunpeng Hu, Xuhui Shen, et al. "Storm-Time Features of the Ionospheric ELF/VLF Waves and Energetic Electron Fluxes Revealed by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062617.

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This study reports the temporal and spatial distributions of the extremely/very low frequency (ELF/VLF) wave activities and the energetic electron fluxes in the ionosphere during an intense storm (geomagnetic activity index Dst of approximately −174 nT) that occurred on 26 August 2018, based on the observations by a set of detectors onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). A good correlation of the ionospheric ELF/VLF wave activities with energetic electron precipitations during the various storm evolution phases was revealed. The strongest ELF/VLF emissions at a broad freque

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4

Platino, M., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, et al. "Cluster observations of ELF/VLF signals generated by modulated heating of the lower ionosphere with the HAARP HF transmitter." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 7 (2004): 2643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2643-2004.

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Abstract. It is now well known that amplitude modulated HF transmissions into the ionosphere can be used to generate ELF/VLF signals using the so-called "electrojet antenna". Although most observations of the generated ELF/VLF signals have been made on the ground, several low and high-altitude satellite observations have also been reported (James et al., 1990). One of the important unknowns in the physics of ELF/VLF wave generation by ionospheric heating is the volume of the magnetosphere illuminated by the ELF/VLF waves. In an attempt to investigate this question further, ground-satellite con

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5

Guo, Zhe, Hanxian Fang, and Farideh Honary. "The Generation of ULF/ELF/VLF Waves in the Ionosphere by Modulated Heating." Universe 7, no. 2 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7020029.

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One of the most important effects of ionospheric modification by high power, high frequency (HF) waves is the generation of ultra low frequency/extremely low frequency/very low frequency (ULF/ELF/VLF) waves by modulated heating. This paper reviews the scientific achievements of the past five decades regarding the main mechanisms of excitation of ULF/ELF/VLF waves and discusses their characteristics, such as their electrojet dependency, the location of the source region, continuous and discontinuous waves, the number of HF arrays, and the suitable range of the modulation frequency for different

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Błęcki, Jan, Roman Wronowski, Jan Słomiński, Sergey Savin, Rafał Iwański, and Roger Haagmans. "Comparative Study of the Energetic Electrons Registered Together with the Broad Band Emissions in Different Regions of the Ionosphere." Artificial Satellites 55, no. 4 (2020): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2020-0010.

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Abstract ELF/VLF waves have been registered in the outer polar cusps simultaneously with high energy electrons fluxes by the satellites Magion 4 (subsatellite to Interball 1), Polar and CLUSTER. Further, we discuss similar observations in the different regions of the ionosphere, where DEMETER registered energetic electrons. The DEMETER satellite operating on the nearly polar orbit at the altitude 650 km crossed different regions in the ionosphere. Registrations of ELF/VLF/HF waves together with the energetic electrons in the polar cusp, in the ionospheric trough and over thunderstorm areas are

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7

Hayakawa, M., A. Schekotov, J. Izutsu, and A. P. Nickolaenko. "Seismogenic effects in ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic waves." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH 06, no. 02 (2019): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i02.001.

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8

Koshevaya, S., N. Makarets, V. Grimalsky, A. Kotsarenko, and R. Perez Enríquez. "Spectrum of the seismic-electromagnetic and acoustic waves caused by seismic and volcano activity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 2 (2005): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-203-2005.

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Abstract. Modeling of the spectrum of the seismo-electromagnetic and acoustic waves, caused by seismic and volcanic activity, has been done. This spectrum includes the Electromagnetic Emission (EME, due to fracturing piezoelectrics in rocks) and the Acoustic Emission (AE, caused by the excitation and the nonlinear passage of acoustic waves through the Earth's crust, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere). The investigated mechanism of the EME uses the model of fracturing and the crack motion. For its analysis, we consider a piezoelectric crystal under mechanical stresses, which cause the uniform

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9

DOWDEN, Richard L. "Generation of VLF and ELF waves for active probing." Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity 40, no. 10 (1988): 1131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5636/jgg.40.1131.

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10

Chen, Jing, Jutao Yang, Qingliang Li, et al. "ELF/VLF Wave Radiation Experiment by Modulated Ionospheric Heating Based on Multi-Source Observations at EISCAT." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020228.

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Ground-based high-frequency modulated waves can periodically heat the ionosphere and create “virtual antennas”, which can radiate extremely low frequency (ELF, 0.3–3 kHz) or very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) waves for long-distance communication. Ionospheric X-mode and O-mode heating experiments using amplitude and beat-wave (BW) modulations were conducted on 21 November 2019. Experimental results were analyzed from multiple perspectives based on data from Dynasonde, a magnetometer, stimulated electromagnetic emissions, an ELF/VLF signal receiver, and ultra-high-frequency radar. The strongest

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11

Trakhtengerts, V. Y. "A generation mechanism for chorus emission." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 1 (1999): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0095-4.

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Abstract. A chorus generation mechanism is discussed, which is based on interrelation of ELF/VLF noise-like and discrete emissions under the cyclotron wave-particle interactions. A natural ELF/VLF noise radiation is excited by the cyclotron instability mechanism in ducts with enhanced cold plasma density or at the plasmapause. This process is accompanied by a step-like deformation of the energetic electron distribution function in the velocity space, which is situated at the boundary between resonant and nonresonant particles. The step leads to the strong phase correlation of interacting parti

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12

CHANG, Shan-Shan, Zheng-Yu ZHAO, and Feng WANG. "Downward ELF/VLF Waves Radiation Excited by Ionospheric Artificial Modulation." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 54, no. 5 (2011): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.1648.

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13

Guo, Zhe, Hanxian Fang, and Farideh Honary. "A Novel Method to Identify the Physical Mechanism and Source Region of ELF/VLF Waves Generated by Beat-Wave Modulation Using Preheating Technique." Universe 7, no. 2 (2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7020043.

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One of the most important effects of ionospheric heating by HF (high-frequency) waves is the generation of ELF/VLF (extremely low-frequency/very low-frequency) waves by modulated heating. An important limitation of amplitude modulation (AM) is its dependence on ionospheric electrojet, which means to achieve better modulation effect, some strict spatio-temporal conditions must be met. To solve this problem, some possible methods have been proposed including beat-wave (BW) modulation. However, due to the controversy of its mechanism and the source region of the stimulated ELF/VLF waves, it is no

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14

Błęcki, J., M. Parrot, and R. Wronowski. "ELF and VLF signatures of sprites registered onboard the low altitude satellite DEMETER." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 6 (2009): 2599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2599-2009.

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Abstract. We report the observation of ELF and VLF signature of sprites recorded on the low altitude satellite DEMETER during thunderstorm activity. At an altitude of ~700 km, waves observed on the E-field spectrograms at mid-to-low latitudes during night time are mainly dominated by up-going 0+ whistlers. During the night of 20 July 2007 two sprites have been observed around 20:10:08 UT from the observatory located on the top of the mountain Śnieżka in Poland (50°44'09" N, 15°44'21" E, 1603 m) and, ELF and VLF data have been recorded by the satellite at about 1200 km from the region of thunde

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15

Martinez-Calderon, Claudia, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Mitsunori Ozaki, Ian Schofield, and Martin Connors. "Polarization analysis of VLF/ELF waves observed at subauroral latitudes during the VLF-CHAIN campaign." Earth, Planets and Space 67, no. 1 (2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40623-014-0178-7.

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16

Gorishnya, Yulia, and Alisa Shvets. "Correlational Analysis of the ELF – VLF Nighttime Atmospherics Parameters." Ukrainian journal of remote sensing 9, no. 4 (2022): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36023/ujrs.2022.9.4.218.

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Tweek-atmospherics (tweeks), along with radio transmission by VLF radio stations, are used to study the lower ionosphere. Electromagnetic pulse radiation, which has been excited by the lightning discharges, has a maximum spectral density at extra low frequencies range (ELF, 300...3000 Hz) and very low frequencies (VLF, 3...30 kHz). The Earth-ionosphere cavity serves as a waveguide for electromagnetic waves in these frequency ranges. On the spectrogram of the tweek, the initial part is a linearly polarized broadband signal, and then a number of individual harmonics are observed. Their instantan

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17

Tsurutani, Bruce T., Armando L. Brinca, Edward J. Smith, Roy T. Okida, Roger R. Anderson, and Timothy E. Eastman. "A statistical study of ELF-VLF plasma waves at the magnetopause." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, A2 (1989): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia02p01270.

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18

Nagai, Ken, Kenji Ohta, Yasuhide Hobara, and Masashi Hayakawa. "Transmission characteristics of VLF/ELF radio waves through the Jovian ionosphere." Geophysical Research Letters 20, no. 22 (1993): 2435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl02845.

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19

Main, D., and V. Sotnikov. "Parametric interaction between ELF and VLF waves: 3D LSP simulation results." Physics of Plasmas 27, no. 2 (2020): 022304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5126675.

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20

Zhima, Zeren, JinBin Cao, WenLong Liu, et al. "Storm time evolution of ELF/VLF waves observed by DEMETER satellite." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 119, no. 4 (2014): 2612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019237.

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21

Agapitov, O., V. Krasnoselskikh, Yu Zaliznyak, V. Angelopoulos, O. Le Contel, and G. Rolland. "Observations and modeling of forward and reflected chorus waves captured by THEMIS." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 3 (2011): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-541-2011.

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Abstract. Discrete ELF/VLF chorus emissions are the most intense electromagnetic plasma waves observed in the radiation belts of the Earth's magnetosphere. Chorus emissions, whistler-mode wave packets propagating roughly along magnetic field lines from a well-localized source in the vicinity of the magnetic equator to polar regions, can be reflected at low altitudes. After reflection, wave packets can return to the equatorial plane region. Understanding of whistler wave propagation and reflection is critical to a correct description of wave-particle interaction in the radiation belts. We focus

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22

Lin, N., E. S. Lee, J. McFadden, et al. "VLF/ELF wave activity in the vicinity of the polar cusp: Cluster observations." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 7 (2006): 1993–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1993-2006.

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Abstract. Observations by the Cluster spacecraft of VLF/ELF wave activity show distinct signatures for different regions in the vicinity of high altitude polar cusps, which are identified by using magnetic field and plasma data along spacecraft trajectories. These waves include: (1) Broad band magnetic noise observed in the polar cusp at frequencies from several Hz to ~100 Hz, below the local electron cyclotron frequency, fce. Similar magnetic noise is also observed in the high latitude magnetosheath and the magnetopause boundary layer. (2) Strong broad band electrostatic emissions observed in

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23

Morrison, K., M. J. Engebretson, J. R. Beck, et al. "A study of quasi-periodic ELF-VLF emissions at three Antarctic stations: evidence for off-equatorial generation?" Annales Geophysicae 12, no. 2/3 (1994): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0139-8.

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Abstract. The spatial extent and temporal behaviour of quasi-periodic (QP) intensity modulations of 0.5-2 kHz ELF-VLF signals were investigated in a comparative study of data collected at the Antarctic stations of South Pole (L=14), Halley (L=4), and Siple (L=4). Frequently, the waveforms of ELF-VLF signals simultaneously received at each site were identical. Although of similar frequency structure, the waveforms of the accompanying Pc3 magnetic pulsations did not show a one-to-one association. Whereas both are dayside phenomena, QP emissions occur over a smaller range of local times, and have

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24

Rietveld, M. T., H. P. Mauelshagen, P. Stubbe, H. Kopka, and E. Nielsen. "The characteristics of ionospheric heating-produced ELF/VLF waves over 32 hours." Journal of Geophysical Research 92, A8 (1987): 8707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja092ia08p08707.

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25

Chmyrev, V. M., A. Berthelier, N. V. Jorjio, et al. "Non-linear Alfven wave generator of auroral particles and ELF/VLF waves." Planetary and Space Science 37, no. 6 (1989): 749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(89)90044-5.

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26

KUO, S. P. "Generation of extra and very low-frequency (ELF/VLF) radiation by ionospheric electrojet modulation using high-frequency (HF) heating waves." Journal of Plasma Physics 68, no. 4 (2002): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377802001964.

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Extra and very low-frequency (ELF/VLF) wave generation by modulated polar electrojet currents is studied numerically. Through Ohmic heating by the amplitude-modulated high-frequency heating wave, the conductivity and thus the current of the electrojet are modulated accordingly to set up the ionospheric antenna current. Stimulated thermal instability, which can further enhance the electrojet current modulation, is studied. It is first analysed analytically to determine the threshold heating power for its excitation. The nonlinear evolutions of the generated ELF/VLF waves enhanced by the instabi

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27

Yu, Hui Min. "Characteristics Analysis for the Spherical Antenna of a Seismometer." Advanced Materials Research 171-172 (December 2010): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.171-172.458.

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A seismometer for vertical electric field component of natural ELF and ULF electromagnetic waves measurement by using spherical antenna is introduced. The goal of the proposed seismometer is to provide continuous observation of the natural electromagnetic emissions related to the coupling of seismic activity with the outer spaces and ionosphere, which utilize a spherical aluminum electrode 78mm in diameter with embedded enhanced preamplifier circuits that built to mount flush with the ground so as to preserve the configuration in which the antenna operates. The presented seismometer has a wide

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28

Pokhotelov, D., F. Lefeuvre, R. B. Horne, and N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin. "Survey of ELF-VLF plasma waves in outer radiation belt observed by Cluster STAFF-SA experiment." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 11 (2008): 3269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3269-2008.

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Abstract. Various types of plasma waves have profound effects on acceleration and scattering of radiation belt particles. For the purposes of radiation belt modeling it is necessary to know statistical distributions of plasma wave parameters. This paper analyzes four years of plasma wave observations in the Earth's outer radiation belt obtained by the STAFF-SA experiment on board Cluster spacecraft. Statistical distributions of spectral density of different plasma waves observed in ELF-VLF range (chorus, plasmaspheric hiss, magnetosonic waves) are presented as a function of magnetospheric coor

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29

Hegai, Valery, Zhima Zeren, and Sergey Pulinets. "Seismogenic Field in the Ionosphere before Two Powerful Earthquakes: Possible Magnitude and Observed Ionospheric Effects (Case Study)." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (2023): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050819.

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A retrospective analysis of complex geophysical data around the time of the two most powerful earthquakes that occurred in Alaska and had magnitudes M = 8.2 (29 July 2021) and M = 9.2 (28 March 1964), respectively, is carried out. The aim of the research is to assess the maximum possible magnitude of the electric field of a seismogenic nature that penetrated the ionosphere/plasmasphere, which could cause the ionospheric effects observed experimentally. Theoretical calculations have shown that under the geophysical conditions that existed before these earthquakes (favorable for the penetration

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30

Rietveld, M. T., P. Stubbe, and H. Kopka. "On the frequency dependence of ELF/VLF waves produced by modulated ionospheric heating." Radio Science 24, no. 3 (1989): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rs024i003p00270.

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31

Mizonova, Vera G., and Peter A. Bespalov. "Whistler waves produced by monochromatic currents in the low nighttime ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 39, no. 3 (2021): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-479-2021.

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Abstract. We use a full-wave approach to find the field of monochromatic whistler waves, which are excited and propagating in the low nighttime ionosphere. The source current is located in the horizontal plane and can have arbitrary finite distribution over horizontal coordinates. The ground-based horizontal magnetic field and electric field at 125 km are calculated. The character of wave polarization on the ground surface is investigated. The proportion in which source energy supplies the Earth–ionosphere waveguide or flows upward can be adjusted by distribution of the source current. Receive

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32

Xu, Tong, Michael Rietveld, Jian Wu, et al. "Polarization analysis of ELF/VLF waves generated by beating of two HF waves in the polar ionosphere." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 196 (December 2019): 105133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105133.

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33

Ostapenko, A. A., E. E. Titova, A. P. Nickolaenko, T. Turunen, J. Manninen, and T. Raita. "Characteristics of VLF atmospherics near the resonance frequency of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide 1.6–2.3 kHz by observations in the auroral region." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 1 (2010): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-193-2010.

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Abstract. Recordings of ELF-VLF waves with the right-hand (RH) and the left-hand (LH) circular polarization were made in Northern Finland. Analysis showed a difference between the RH and LH polarized waves. A pronounced maximum of the wave amplitude was observed at the first critical frequency of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (the first transverse resonance) around 1.6–2.3 kHz. The wave had the circular LH polarization at this maximum. To interpret observations, we computed the characteristics of the waveguide modes by using the full wave solution in the night model of the ionosphere. Computa

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34

Markov, G. A., A. S. Belov, G. P. Komrakov, and M. Parrot. "Excitation of guided ELF-VLF waves through modification of the F2 ionospheric layer by high-power radio waves." Plasma Physics Reports 38, no. 3 (2012): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x12020079.

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35

Yahnin, A. G., E. E. Titova, A. G. Demekhov, et al. "Simultaneous Observations of EMIC Waves, ELF/VLF Waves, and Energetic Particle Precipitation during Multiple Compressions of the Magnetosphere." Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 59, no. 6 (2019): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016793219060148.

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36

Wakabayashi, M., T. Ono, H. Mori, and P. A. Bernhardt. "Electron density and plasma waves in mid-latitude sporadic-<i>E</i> layer observed during the SEEK-2 campaign." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 7 (2005): 2335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2335-2005.

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Abstract. The SEEK-2 campaign was carried out over Kyushu Island in Japan on 3 August 2002, by using the two sounding rockets of S310-31 and S310-32. This campaign was planned to elucidate generation mechanisms of Quasi-Periodic Echoes (QPEs) associated with mid-latitude sporadic-E (Es) layers. Electron number densities were successfully measured in the Es layers by using the impedance probe on board two rockets. The plasma waves in the VLF and ELF ranges were also observed on board the S310-32 rocket. Results of electron density measurement showed that there were one or two major peaks in the

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37

James, H. G., U. S. Inan, and M. T. Rietveld. "Observations on the DE 1 spacecraft of ELF/VLF waves generated by an ionospheric heater." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, A8 (1990): 12187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja095ia08p12187.

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38

Yang, Jutao, Jianguo Wang, Qingliang Li, et al. "Experimental comparisons between AM and BW modulation heating excitation of ELF/VLF waves at EISCAT." Physics of Plasmas 26, no. 8 (2019): 082901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5095537.

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39

Barr, R. "The generation of ELF and VLF radio waves in the ionosphere using powerful HF transmitters." Advances in Space Research 21, no. 5 (1998): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(97)01003-x.

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40

Morrison, K., and M. P. Freeman. "The role of upstream ULF waves in the generation of quasi-periodic ELF-VLF emissions." Annales Geophysicae 13, no. 11 (1995): 1127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-1127-3.

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Abstract. Recent work suggests that the quasi-periodic (QP) modulation ~10–50 s of naturally occurring ELF-VLF radio emissions (~0.5–5 kHz) is produced by the compressional action of Pc3 magnetic pulsations on the source of the emissions. Whilst it is generally accepted that these magnetic pulsations have an exogenic source, it is not clear what the mechanism of their generation is. A study of QP emissions observed during 1988 at Halley, Antarctica, in conjunction with IMP-8 satellite solar wind data, shows that the occurrence and modulation frequency of the emissions are strongly dependent up

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41

Kasahara, Yoshiya, Tomohisa Hosoda, Toshifumi Mukai, et al. "ELF/VLF waves correlated with transversely accelerated ions in the auroral region observed by Akebono." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 106, A10 (2001): 21123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000ja000318.

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42

Xiao, FuLiang, QiuGang Zong, ZhenPeng Su, Tian Tian, and HuiNan Zheng. "Latest progress on interactions between VLF/ELF waves and energetic electrons in the inner magnetosphere." Science China Earth Sciences 53, no. 3 (2010): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-0007-1.

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43

Takeshita, Yuhei, Kazuo Shiokawa, Mitsunori Ozaki, et al. "Longitudinal Extent of Magnetospheric ELF/VLF Waves using Multipoint PWING Ground Stations at Subauroral Latitudes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, no. 12 (2019): 9881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ja026810.

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44

Kuo, S. P., S. H. Lee, D. Bivolaru, et al. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on ELF/VLF Wave Generation by Amplitude-Modulated HF Heating Waves." Physica Scripta 67, no. 5 (2003): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.regular.067a00448.

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45

Lefeuvre, F., M. Parrot, J. L. Rauch, B. Poirier, A. Masson, and M. Mogilevsky. "Preliminary results from the MEMO multicomponent measurements of waves on-board INTERBALL 2." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 9 (1998): 1117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1117-3.

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Abstract. The MEMO (MEsure Multicomposante des Ondes) experiment is a part of the INTERBALL 2 wave consortium. It is connected to a total of six electric and nine magnetic independent sensors. It provides waveforms associated with the measurement of two to five components in three frequency bands: ELF (5–1000 Hz), VLF (1–20 kHz), LF (20–250 kHz). Preliminary analyses of low and high resolution data are presented. The emphasis is put on the estimation of the propagation characteristics of the observed waves.VLF hiss emissions are shown to be mainly whistler mode emissions, but other modes are p

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Luo, Yiyang, Nguyen Xuan An, Vladislav Lutsenko, and Vladimir Uvarov. "Transient electromagnetic radiation of the lithosphere in a seismically active region." E3S Web of Conferences 127 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912703006.

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Abstract:

To study the electromagnetic radiation of the lithosphere associated with seismic waves, we used the recordings of the natural electromagnetic radiation obtained under conditions of weak industrial noise and a high level of microseismicity in the ELF-VLF wave bands. It is shown that these data contain information about the surface waves of the Earth’s crust and are accompanied by a frequency close to the first harmonic of the Schumann resonance. The distribution of spikes over thresholds is obtained, which can be indicators of the activity in the processes of the Earth’s crust. The averaged fo

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Ozaki, Mitsunori, Isamu Nagano, Satoshi Yagitani, and Kazutoshi Miyamura. "The Ionospheric Penetration Characteristics of ELF/VLF Waves Radiated from a Dipole Source on the Ground." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 124, no. 12 (2004): 1239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.124.1239.

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Cohen, M. B., U. S. Inan, D. Piddyachiy, N. G. Lehtinen, and M. Gołkowski. "Magnetospheric injection of ELF/VLF waves with modulated or steered HF heating of the lower ionosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A6 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010ja016194.

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Chang, Shanshan, Zhengping Zhu, Binbin Ni, Xing Cao, and Weihua Luo. "Resonant scattering of energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt by HAARP-induced ELF/VLF waves." Advances in Space Research 58, no. 7 (2016): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.06.018.

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Verkhoglyadova, O. P., B. T. Tsurutani, and G. S. Lakhina. "Theoretical analysis of Poynting flux and polarization for ELF-VLF electromagnetic waves in the Earth's magnetosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118, no. 12 (2013): 7695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013ja019371.

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