Journal articles on the topic 'Eliane (1950?-....)'

O presente artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar um conjunto de imagens fotográficas da atriz de cinema Eliane Lage (1928-) que atuou em Caiçara, Ângela, Sinhá Moça e Ravina produções da Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz (1950-1954), e, no caso de Ravina, da Cinematográfica Brasil Filmes. A Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz pretendeu ser um dos maiores empreendimentos cinematográficos do Brasil e, inserido nessa proposta, seu Departamento de Publicidade buscou estabelecer a atriz Eliane Lage como uma grande estrela, nos moldes de cinematografias hegemônicas. Acompanham-se, aqui, alguns retratos que, somados às informações publicadas na imprensa, tinham como intuito situar ao grande público quem era Eliane Lage, abordando aspectos da sua "biografia" com temas amplamente explorados, dentre eles sua origem abastada, a negação do estrelato, o despojamento, a paixão pelo marido e o gosto pela natureza. Dentre os retratos selecionados há um ensaio fotográfico do arquiteto Gregori Warcharchik; fotografias de divulgação dos estúdios; "instantâneos" feitos por fotógrafos da época; e fotografias que integram o acervo pessoal da atriz.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the anti-democratic manifestations that have been occurring in Brazil at this historical moment, when the dominant capitalist system is the neoliberalism and its political representative is Jair Bolsonaro, the President of the country. Initially, two essays by Theodor Adorno will be analyzed - “Anti-Semitism and Fascist Propaganda”, from 1946 and Studies on Authoritarian Personality, from 1950, with emphasis on Scale F - Fascism Scale -, in order to extract the theoretical-methodological categories, that shed light on the dramatic social and political reality in which the country is immersed. Subsequently, with the intention of seeking outgoing perspectives, the text dialogues with three contemporary thinkers - Stuenkel, Lago and Brum - who present subsidies to analyze the authoritarian evidences that have been progressively established in the country and the possibilities to overcome them.ResumoA proposta deste artigo é analisar as manifestações antidemocráticas que estão ocorrendo no Brasil neste momento histórico em que o sistema capitalista dominante é o neoliberalismo e seu representante político é Jair Bolsonaro, Presidente da República. Inicialmente serão abordados dois textos de Theodor Adorno – Antissemitismo e propaganda fascista, de 1946 e Estudos sobre a personalidade autoritária, de 1950, com destaque para a Escala F – escala do Fascismo –, para deles se extraírem eixos teórico-metodológicos que lancem luzes sobre a dramática realidade social e política em que o país se encontra mergulhado. Em um segundo momento, com a intencionalidade de se buscar perspectivas de saída, o texto dialogará com três pensadores contemporâneos – Stuenkel, Lago e Brum – que apresentam subsídios para se analisar as evidências autoritárias que se estabeleceram progressivamente no país e possibilidades de superá-las.ResumenEl propósito de este artículo es analizar las manifestaciones antidemocráticas que están ocurriendo en Brasil en este momento histórico cuando el sistema capitalista dominante es el neoliberalismo y su representante político es Jair Bolsonaro, presidente de la República. Inicialmente, se abordarán dos textos de Theodor Adorno: "Antisemitismo y propaganda fascista", de 1946, y “Estudios sobre la personalidad autoritaria”, de 1950, con énfasis en la Escala F -- la escala del fascismo --, para extraer de ellos algunos ejes teóricos y metodológicos que arrojen luces sobre la dramática realidad social y política en la que Brasil está inmerso. En un segundo momento, con la intención de buscar perspectivas de salida, el texto dialoga con tres pensadores contemporáneos, Stuenkel, Lago y Brum, quienes presentan subsidios para analizar las evidencias autoritarias que se han establecido gradualmente en el país y las posibilidades de superarlas.Palavras-chave: Personalidade autoritária, Bolsonarismo, Manifestações antidemocráticas, Teoria Crítica.Keywords: Authoritarian personality, Bolsonarism, Anti-democratic manifestations, Critical Theory.Palabras claves: Personalidad autoritaria, Manifestaciones antidemocráticas, Teoría crítica.ReferencesADORNO, Theodor W. & alii. The Authoritarian Personality – Studies on Prejudice. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950.ADORNO, Theodor W. The Psychological Techniques of Martin Luther Thomas. Soziologische Schriften II. Frankfurt: Surkhamp Verlag, 1975.ADORNO, Theodor W. Antisemitismo y Propaganda Fascista. In ADORNO, Theodor W. Escritos Sociológicos I. Trad. Augustín González Ruiz. Madrid – España: Ediciones Akal, 2004, p. 369-379.ADORNO, Theodor W. Estudos sobre a Personalidade Autoritária. Trad. Virgínia Helena Ferreira da Costa, Francisco Lopez Toledo Corrêa, Carlos Henrique Pissardo. São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2019.ALMEIDA, Ronaldo. Bolsonaro presidente: conservadorismo, evangélicos e a crise brasileira. Novos Estudos. CEBRAP, v. 38, p. 185-213, 2019.BARROS E SILVA, Fernando de. Dentro do Pesadelo: O governo Bolsonaro e a calamidade Brasileira. In: Revista Piauí, Edição 164. Maio de 2020. Acesso: 17/05/2020. https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/materia/dentro-do-pesadelo-2/BRUM, Eliane. O golpe de Bolsonaro está em curso. In: El Pais. 20/02/2020. Acesso: 14/05/2020. https://brasil.elpais.com/opiniao/2020-02-26/o-golpe-de-bolsonaro-esta-em-curso.htmlCARONE, Iray. Fascismo on the air: Estudos frankfurtianos sobre a agitador fascista. In: Lua Nova, nº 55-56, 2002, p. 194-217.CARONE, Iray, A Personalidade Autoritária Estudos Frankfurtianos sobre o Fascismo. In: Revista Sociologia em Rede, vol. 2, nº 2, 2012, p. 14-21.CERASOLI, Josianne Francia. Quatro Faces do Poder na Gestão Bolsonaro. Slide – debatido no Ciclo de Palestras Constituição/88, UFSCar: São Carlos, 2019.LAGO, Ivann. O Jair que há em nós. In Blog do autor. 28/02/2020. Acesso: 14/05/2020. In: https://ivannlago.blogspot.com/2020/02/o-jair-que-ha-em-nos.html?fbclid=IwAR3lMwyoWpPQ0fP5rheMk2QkDpMvcHd0J65RPcyGhUXDJhakMBNNgQhGSJ4LOWENTHAL, L. & GUTERMAN, N. “Prophets of Deceit: a Study of the Techniques of the American Agitator”. False Prophets – studies on authoritarianism. New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1987.PUCCI, Bruno. A elaboração do passado no Brasil em tempos de neoliberalismo selvagem. Inédito, 2019.STUENKEL, Oliver. Por que votamos em Hitler. In: El Pais. 08/10/2018. Acesso: 14/05/2020. https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/10/06/opinion/1538852257_174248.html?rel=lomVECCHIATTI, I. Lema de Bolsonaro, também usado no Nazismo, vai contra nossa “Era dos Direitos”. Podcast – Justificando. 22/10/2018. In: https://www.justificando.com/2018/10/22/lema-de-bolsonaro-tambem-usado-no-nazismo-vai-contra-nossa-era-dos-direitos/. Acesso: 17/05/2020.e4538132

Resumo Apresenta pesquisa acerca da atuação de Szachna Eliasz Cynamon no Programa Vale do Rio Doce (1952-1960). Privilegiamos como fonte de consulta os acervos dos departamentos de Arquivo e Documentação e de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, na Fiocruz, e o ainda pertencente à família. Na época, a região contava com altos índices de malária. Cynamon, nascido na Polônia e imigrado ainda criança nos anos 1930 para o Brasil, onde se graduaria em engenharia sanitária, foi contratado para atuar em Colatina (ES) e em Governador Valadares (MG), entre 1952 e 1960. Nessas localidades, dedicou-se ao tratamento e abastecimento de água e esgoto sanitário, além de realizar cursos de educação sanitária para a população local, como parte de acordo de cooperação Brasil-EUA.

This article discusses the work of Mircea Eliade, especially Patterns in Comparative Religion, as an “Undead text.” Beginning with an analysis of Eliade’s work as it was understood in the 1980s, the author moves on to discuss the role of Patterns in the context of Eliade’s life throughout the twentieth century, including his wish to move away from his Romanian roots and far-right political associations. Patterns became an Undead text when Eliade’s critics argued that the work was part of a larger pattern of ahistorical, acontextual analysis. This critique was particularly trenchant in the context of more public discussion of his far-right past. The article ends by noting the ways in which Patterns is an Undead Text: it endures through conversations with colleagues who wish to rehabilitate Eliade’s work, if not his life; through syllabi in the “intellectual history” of the field; and through the lens of religion and literature.

RésuméIl est presque impossible d’écrire sur l’œuvre de Mircea Eliade sans aborder l’épineuse question de son engagement politique et de son influence sur sa conception de l’histoire des religions. Comme nous le démontrerons dans cet article, le concept de « l’homme nouveau » élaboré par le savant roumain possède les mêmes caractéristiques que celui théorisé par Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, le fondateur de la Légion de l’Archange Michel. Eliade adhère, durant sa jeunesse, à l’idéal politique mis de l’avant par le fondateur du mouvement fasciste roumain et sert de porte-voix idéologique à certains éléments doctrinaires de la pensée politique de Codreanu. Dans un premier temps, nous discuterons de la quête paneuropéenne du « nouvel homme » durant les années 1930. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une reconstitution des grandes lignes de l’histoire de l’engagement d’Eliade auprès de la Garde de Fer. Dans un troisième temps, nous analyserons la conception de « « l’homme nouveau » de Codreanu, puis les correspondances avec le modèle éliadien. Enfin, nous examinerons l’idée du « nouvel humanisme » élaboré par le savant roumain durant les années 1960 afin de retrouver d’éventuelles traces idéologiques de « l’homme nouveau ».

AbstractMircea Eliade, the writer and historian of religions, and Ernst Jünger, the hero of the Great War, novelist, and essayist, met in the 1950s and co-edited twelve issues of the periodical Antaios. Before they met and cooperated, however, and while the German writer knew about Eliade from their common friend, Carl Schmitt, they both dealt with the subject of human sacrifice. Eliade began to do so in the thirties, and his interest in that theme was at least in part an aspect of his political activism on behalf of the Legion of the Archangel Michael, or the Iron Guard, the nationalistic and anti-Semitic movement lead by Corneliu Codreanu. Sacrificial ideology was a central aspect of the Legion's political theories, as well as of the practice of its members. After the Iron Guard was outlawed by its allies, and many of its members had been killed, and while the Romanian regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu was still fighting alongside the National Socialist regime in the Second World War, Eliade turned to other aspects of sacrificial ideology. In 1939 he wrote the play Iphigenia, celebrating Agamemnon's daughter as a willing victim whose death made the Greek conquest of Troy possible; and as a member of the regime's diplomatic service in Lisbon he published a book in Portuguese on Romanian virtues (1943), in which he presented what he called Two Myths of Romanian Spirituality, extolling his nation's readiness to die through the description of the sacrificial traditions of Master Manole and of the Ewe Lamb (Mioritza). Jünger's attitude to sacrifice ran along lines that were less traditional: possibly already while serving as a Wehrmacht officer, in his pamphlet Der Friede, the German writer attributed sacrificial status to all the victims of the Second World War, soldiers, workmen, and unknowing innocents, and saw their death as the ransom of a peace "without victory or defeat." In this article, the sacrificial ideologies of the two intellectuals are compared in order to reflect upon the complex interplay between traditional religious themes, more or less freely re-interpreted and transformed, political power, and violent conflict, in an age of warfare marked by fascisms and by the terrible massacre some refer to by the name of an ancient Greek sacrificial practice.

In traditional societies, a sense of the “sacred” is often inherent in the form of the urban built-environment, which, in turn, cannot be understood apart from the “mythical-magical concern with place”. According to Mircea Eliade, the act of settlement itself is perceived as a re-enactment of the mythical creation of the world. Ancient Indian cities were designed according to a mandala replicating a cosmic image of the laws governing the universe and, similarly, Chinese cities were conceived as “cosmo-magical symbols” of the universe. These cities were laid out as terrestrial images of the macrocosmos, distinct spaces sacralized for habitation within a continuum of profane space.

In early August 1910 readers of Reynolds’s Newspaper, a radical weekly journal noted as much for its detailed coverage of divorce court proceedings as for its political radicalism (and in 1911 one of the ‘immoral’ English Sunday papers targeted by Irish ‘vigilance committees’), may have perused the weekly political column written by T.P. O’Connor. ‘T.P.’, the M.P. for Liverpool Scotland, was anything but a disinterested columnist, and with John Redmond, John Dillon and Joseph Devlin formed the inner leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party and Ireland’s nationalist movement.Throughout the political crisis of early 1910 O’Connor had been the main London-based conduit for communications between the Irish Party and Asquith’s cabinet, and in particular Lloyd George and the Liberal chief whip, the Master of Elibank. The outcome of the January 1910 general election, which had given the balance of power in the House of Commons to the Irish nationalists, and John Redmond’s use of that power to force Asquith to act to end the veto powers of the House of Lords over parliamentary legislation, had enhanced both Redmond’s status in Ireland and the importance of home rule as an issue that had to be resolved.

Bariona (1940) é a primeira peça de Jean-Paul Sartre, aquele em lançou as premissas básicas de seu teatro de situações. Foi escrita em um período crucial de sua vida, durante os meses que passou prisioneiro dos nazistas no campo de Trier. Sartre vive então uma verdadeira “conversão” a ideia de engajamento político. Outro dado importante é o recurso ao mito, mais exatamente à narrativa bíblica do nascimento de Cristo, como instrumento útil, antes de mais nada, para disfarçar a defesa filosófica e política da liberdade, pilar do existencialismo sartriano. O presente artigo examina essas diversas dimensões de peça, e explora dimensões mais profundas do diálogo de Sartre com a religião cristã, à luz da hermenêutica simbólica de Mircea Eliade e de argumentos nietzschianos sobre a “tradução-reinvenção” da História e o amor fati. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: SARTRE. BARIONA. TEATRO .MITO .RELIGIÃO .NIETZSCHE

Advertising appealing to senses is satiated with the dream of immortality. The society striving for an eternal state of mythical youth lives in the reality of theatre and manipulations. On the one hand, advertising offers certain society life models through myth, archetypical symbols. On the other hand, culture of global observation, watching changes life into an illusion and life simulation. The more a person succumbs to abstractedness of life in advertisements, the greater demand for mythical time, eternal moment and harmony arises. Advertising which has categorically prohibited for a society to get older, gives an individual an illusion of eternal contemporaneity through archetypes. Modern man sees himself as a creator of history, hence, he feels great temptation to take part in an imaginary act of creation. The article provides the analysis of archetypac imagery in interwar advertisements on the basis of insights of R. Barthes, G. Debord and M. McLuhan on mythological structures of thinking, advertisements and modern society of a performance as well as thoughts of M. Eliade on repetition of time. For the analysis publication Naujoji Romuva (1931-1940) has been chosen. The expression of archetypes has been discussed after they have been categorized into three groups under character and general context of archetypal structures: archetypes of world creation, prototypes of man and woman, and mythical, folklore. Prototypes of man as a hero and woman as having a mystic role to continue the cycle of life, as well as mythical, folklore symbols (mirror, horseshoe, spruce, flower) also play the said role. Archetypal imagery is often found in advertisements of cosmetics, chemicals and sealants.

Scholarship on Christian mysticism underwent a renaissance in Romania between 1920 and 1947, having a lasting impact on the way that Romanian theologians and scholars think about Romanian Orthodoxy Christianity in general, and mysticism in particular. Fascist and ultra-nationalist political and intellectual currents also exploded into the Romanian public sphere at this time. Many of the same people who were writing mystical theology were also involved with ultra-nationalist politics, either as distant sympathizers or as active participants. This paper situates the early work of the renowned theologian Dumitru Stăniloae within the context of mystical fascism, nationalist apologetics, and theological pedagogy in which it was originally produced. It shows how a new academic discipline formed within an increasingly extremist political climate by analyzing the writings of six key men whose work significantly shaped Romanian attitudes towards mysticism: Nae Ionescu, Mircea Eliade, Lucian Blaga, Nichifor Crainic, Ioan Gh. Savin, and Dumitru Stăniloae. The contributions of these thinkers to Romanian theology are not dismissed once their nationalism is noted, but they are contextualized in a way that allows twenty-first century thinkers to move beyond the limitations of these men and into fresh ways of thinking about the divine-human encounter.

Abstract Felix D’Herelle coined the term bacteriophage in 1917 to characterize a hypothetical viral agent responsible for the mysterious phenomenon of rapid bacterial death. While the viral nature of the “phage” was only widely accepted in the 1940s, attempts to use the phenomenon in treating infections started early. After raising hopes in the interwar years, by 1945 phage therapy had been abandoned almost entirely in the West, until the recent revival of interest in response to the crisis of antibiotic resistance. The use of phage therapy, however, persisted within Soviet medicine, especially in Georgia. This article explains the adoption and survival of phage therapy in the USSR. By focusing on the Tbilisi Institute of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Bacteriophage (now the Eliava Institute), I argue that bacteriophage research appealed to Soviet scientists because it offered an ecological model for understanding bacterial infection. In the 1930s, phage therapy grew firmly imbedded within the infrastructure of Soviet microbiological institutes. During the Second World War, bacteriophage preparations gained practical recognition from physicians and military authorities. At the dawn of the Cold War, the growing scientific isolation of Soviet science protected phage therapy from the contemporary western critiques, and the ecological program of research into bacteriophages continued in Georgia.

Abstract This essay focuses on two laboratory performances. First was my staging of Ohio Impromptu, a bi-lingual, imagistic, multi-media performance that I directed in Sopot, Poland in May of 2016 with Polish filmmaker Elvin Flamingo as a laboratory performance. Part of the attraction to such a research exercise was the opportunity to work again with English actor Jon McKenna, and with legendary Polish actor Ryszard Ronchewski, who played Lucky in a Polish production of Waiting for Godot in the 1950s. The following year I returned to what I saw as an incomplete research project, as I was afforded a similar opportunity to explore another work for a laboratory performance, “… but the clouds …,” a treatment of love lost, through abandonment or death, perhaps, as a set of haunting images or images of hauntings. These were attempts to excavate possibilities of the work in intense, two-day laboratory rehearsals and performances. In the case of “… but the clouds …,” I worked with Polish filmmakers Szymon and Martyna Eliasz and their team, with whom we decided to film and record all of the teleplay except the comings and goings, and the patterns of repetitive movement.

Mitau, the former capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, became the Courland Governorate centre with the Governor’s residence in a palace on an island formed by the Driksa, the branch of the Lielupe River, and great changes have taken place in this city. Artist Alexander Aleksandrovich Strekavin, who born in Mitau on 17 September 1889, studied art history, read books, investigated documents in the museum, listened to people’s stories and completed materials about events and the development of his native city. His drawings introduce with the new iron bridge for traffic and technical innovations – bicycles, the first car in the Baltics and the first phonograph in Mitau, clothes of citizens during the 19th century and at the beginning 20th century. Since the 1950s, six notebooks in Latvian with memoirs recalling by Aleksander Strekavin and an illustrative appendix – a collection of his drawings “The Atlas of Notes on Ancient Mitau” are in the funds of Jelgava History and Art Museum of Ģederts Eliass. Research object: drawings of artist Alexander Strekavin. Research goal: analysis of changes in Mitau during the 19th century and at the beginning 20th century. Research problem: Strekavin’s drawings stored in the funds of Jelgava History and Art Museum have not been studied. Research novelty: analysis of information on technical innovations included in “The Atlas of Notes on Ancient Mitau”. Research methods: studies of published literature, cartographic materials and archive documents.

Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (pot marigold or English marigold) is an ornamental species grown in gardens and as potted plants for the production of cut flower. It was also used in ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb as well as a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. During the summer of 2007, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on plants in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Both surfaces of leaves of infected plants were covered with dense, white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Mycelia and conidia also were observed on stems and flower calyxes. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, born in short chains (four to six conidia per chain), and measured 27.0 to 32.1 (31.4) × 12.9 to 18.4 (18.2) μm. Conidiophores measured 49 to 77.3 (67.2) × 8 to 13.3 (10.8) μm and showed a foot cell measuring 44 to 59 (51.9) × 9.3 to 12.6 (11.3) μm followed by one shorter cell measuring 15.6 to 18.9 (17.6) × 10.4 to 13.6 (12.2) μm. Fibrosin bodies were present. Chasmothecia were spherical, amber colored, with a diameter of 89 to 100 (94.5) μm. Each chasmothecium contained one ascus with eight ascospores. On the basis of its morphology, the causal agent was determined to be a Podosphaera sp. (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 588 bp showed a 100% homology with the sequence of Podosphaera xanthii (2). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EU100973. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy C. officinalis plants. Five plants were inoculated. Five noninoculated plants served as control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 20 to 26°C. Eleven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on C. officinalis in Italy. C. officinalis was previously described as a host to Sphaerotheca fuliginea (synonym S. fusca) in Great Britain (4) as well as in Romania (3). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (3) E. Eliade. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 39:710, 1960. (4) F. J. Moore. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 32:380, 1953.

В статье рассматривается значение слова «рыба», не только в современном турецком языке, но и в древних исторических текстах. Кроме того, раскрывается роль рыболовного хозяйства в жизни тюркских племен, а также образ рыбы в искусстве. В данном отношении слово «рыба», которая соответствует значениям города и животного объясняется в свете письменных источников. У каких тюркских племен рыболовная деятельность, основная экономика которых − животноводство, мало упоминается в письменных источниках. За этим, вероятно, стоит тот факт, что животноводство было выдвинуто на первый план с точки зрения экономики. Тем не менее, в некоторых письменных источниках упоминается несколько турецких племен, занимающихся рыболовством. В этом отношении, у каких тюркских племен существовало рыболовное хозяйство, устанавливается на основании арабских и персидских географических источников. Помимо конкретных значений слова рыба, не связанных с рыболовной деятельностью, смысловая нагрузка, приписываемая этому изображению в тюркской устной письменной традиции и искусстве, кратко истолковывается с помощью фольклора и археологических материалов. Изучение изменений, которые претерпела рыба в историческом процессе, важно с точки зрения выявления меняющихся филологических, религиозных и социальных факторов в турецком обществе, как внутренних, так и внешних. Библиографические ссылки Aitkali A. Arkeolojik ve Tarihi Açıdan Doğu Kazakistan’daki Türk Dönemi Anıtları (VI−XII yy). Akdeniz Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Tarih ABD. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2021. 292 s. Akdeniz D., Sırtlı A. Erken Dönem Mitolojisinde Afrodizyak Yiyeceklere Ait İnanışlar // Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2020. 8 (4). S. 2745–2768. Artamanov M. İ. Hazar Tarihi. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2008. 670 s. Badakoğlu U. Antik Kaynaklar ve Güncel Çalışmalar Işığında Sarmatlar-İskitler. 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The complex of cruciferous bugs includes such species as painted or harlequin (cabbage) bug (Eurydema ventralis Kol), pentatomid rape bug (E. oleraracea L.), and mustard bug (E. ornata L.). They belong to a line Hemiptera, the family Shield bugs (Pentatomidae), and the genus Cruciferous bugs (Eurydema). The dominant species is the cabbage bug. The mustard bug dominated only in 2007, and since 2012 it has not been detected in the records. They are widespread throughout the whole territory of Ukraine. Both adult bugs and larvae damage the crops; they pierce the leaf skin or floriferous shoots with the proboscis and suck out the juice. The light spots appear at the puncture points, the tissue dies, falls out, and the irregular form holes are formed. When the seeds are damaged, the flowers and ovary fall off, and the seeds' quality deteriorates. The harmfulness of the bugs increases dramatically in dry and hot weather. We found out that the largest number of wintering bugs was concentrated in the forest belts, near which there were the crops of spring oilseeds and cabbage plants and the seeds of white cabbage. The density of wintering imagines of the cabbage bug was 1.7–4.4 specimens/m², and the density of the rape bug was 0.9–2.3 specimens/m² of the forest floor. In the first turn, the wintered bugs' imagines populated the cabbage seeds as a trap crop, and then they populated the sprouts of spring rape and mustard. The density of the cruciferous bugs on the seeds of white cabbage of Kharkivska 105 variety was 19.0-30.7 specimens per plant at the beginning of the populating of spring oilseed cabbage crops at the Educational, Research and Production Centre "Research Field" of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaiev (Ukraine). The maximum density of the cruciferous bugs in the phenophase of the yellow bud on the crops of spring oilseed cabbage plants was the following: 4.5±1.45 specimens/m² of the cabbage bug was found on spring rape of Ataman variety, 4.0±1.83 specimens/m² on white mustard of Carolina variety and 3.5±2.65 specimens/m² on Chinese mustard of Tavrychanka variety; and the density of the rape bug was 0.7±0.23, 0.5±0.23 and 0.5±0.3 specimens/m² respectively. The maximum density of the cruciferous bugs in the phenophase of the yellow bud on spring rape of Ataman variety was 6.0±0.9 specimens/m², on white mustard of Carolina variety it was 5.7±0.85, on Chinese mustard of Tavrychanka variety, the average density was 5.3±0.9 specimens/m² at the state enterprise "Research Farm "Elitne" (Ukraine). The highest number of cabbage and rape bugs at a density of 22.3–30.7 specimens/plant is concentrated on the seeds of white cabbage plants at noon, and the lowest number of them was found at 8.00 AM, and the density was 17.9–28.5 specimens/plant. The maximum density of 51-60 specimens/plant was at noon. We found out that the beginning of populating spring rape of Ataman variety by the bugs that occurred in the phenophases of 3−4 pairs of true leaves, namely during the rosette formation. The larval reappearance's beginning took place when the sum of the active temperatures was 520–688 °C (from the end of the third decade of April to the beginning of May's third decade when the sum of the active temperatures was 106-412 °C). We observed the peak of the cruciferous bugs' number from the second and third decades of June to the third decade of July, depending on the year's climatic conditions. The highest density of the bugs was observed before harvesting.

The theoretical framework elaborated by Auguste Comte presents a fundamentally pedagogical nature, since it presupposes the “regeneration” of humanity. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present an analysis of the Comte an understanding of modern society, as well as the postulates that substantiated positivism in the face of a scenario marked by profound transformations and social convulsions. To reach the proposed objectives, an initial approach is contextualized based on the political, social and economic scenario of Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century. Subsequently, the author's conservative proposals are presented, which sought a rational and scientific solution to the problems of society. The pedagogical project of Comte was approached, which assigns to women and the family a prominent role in the new order that it advocates, and finally, the Comtean model of education. The methodology adopted is based on a historical research based on historical and dialectical materialism, which comprehend society from the real conditions of human existence, starting from the concrete to the abstract or, in other words, from the reality to the field of ideas. The historical analysis leads us to conclude that, as a whole, the comtean production sought to point out the social need of a systematic positive education, with the purpose to educate the individual as a citizen aware of his role in the society, in order to reach the progress, within the limits of the established social order.ResumoO arcabouço teórico elaborado por Auguste Comte apresenta uma natureza fundamentalmente pedagógica, visto que pressupõe a “regeneração” da humanidade. Assim, este artigo tem como propósito apresentar uma análise acerca da compreensão comteana sobre a sociedade moderna, bem como dos postulados que fundamentaram o positivismo diante de um cenário marcado por profundas transformações e convulsões sociais. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, faz-se uma abordagem inicial contextualizando sua produção no cenário político, social e econômico da Europa da primeira metade do século XIX. Em seguida, são apresentadas as propostas conservadoras do autor, que buscava uma solução racional e científica para os problemas da sociedade. Foi abordado o projeto pedagógico de Comte, que atribui à mulher e à família um papel de destaque na nova ordem por ele preconizada e, por fim, o modelo de educação comteano. A metodologia adotada está alicerçada numa pesquisa histórica fundamentada no materialismo histórico e dialético, que compreende a sociedade a partir das condições reais da existência humana, partindo do concreto para o abstrato, ou seja, da realidade para o campo das ideias. A análise histórica nos leva a concluir que, a produção comteana, em seu conjunto, buscou apontar para a necessidade social de uma educação positiva sistemática, com o objetivo de formar o indivíduo como cidadão consciente de seu papel na sociedade e, dessa forma, alcançar o progresso, dentro dos limites da ordem social estabelecida.ResumenEl marco teórico elaborado por Auguste Comte presenta una naturaleza fundamentalmente pedagógica. Por lo tanto, presupone la "regeneración" de la humanidad. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar un análisis sobre la comprensión comteana de la sociedad moderna y postulados que fundamentaron el positivismo frente a un escenario marcado por profundas transformaciones y convulsiones sociales. Para lograr los objetivos propuestos, hacemos un acercamiento inicial contextualizando su producción en el escenario político, social y económico en la Europa de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Por consiguiente, presentamos las propuestas conservadoras del autor, pues buscó una solución racional y científica a los problemas de la sociedad. Discutimos el proyecto pedagógico de Comte que asigna a la mujer y a la familia un papel prominente en el nuevo orden defendido por él y el modelo de educación comteano. La metodología es una investigación histórica basada en el materialismo histórico y dialéctico. Esta metodología comprende la sociedad basada en las condiciones reales de la existencia humana, desde el concreto hasta el abstracto. En otras palabras, de la realidad para el campo de las ideas. El análisis histórico nos lleva a concluir que la producción comteana en su conjunto, trató de apuntar a la necesidad social de una educación positiva sistemática. Esto resultó en la formación del individuo como ciudadano consciente de su papel en la sociedad y en el logro del progreso, dentro de los límites del orden social establecido.Palavras-chave: Auguste Comte, Positivismo, Educação.Keywords: Positivism, Education.Palabras-clave: Educación.ReferencesANDERY, Maria Amália Pie Abib; SÉRIO, Tereza Maria de Azevedo Pires. Há uma ordem imutável na natureza e o conhecimento a reflete: Auguste Comte. In: ANDERY, Maria Amália “et al.”. Para compreender a ciência: uma perspectiva histórica. Rio de Janeiro: Espaço e Tempo: São Paulo: Educ, 1996.BENOIT, Lelita Oliveira. Augusto Comte: fundador da física social. 2 ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 2006. (Coleção Logos)BERGO, Antonio Carlos. O positivismo: caracteres e influência no Brasil. Reflexão, Campinas, ano VIII, n. 25, p. 47-97, jan./abr. 1983.COMTE, Auguste. Curso de filosofia positiva; Discurso sobre o espírito positivo; Discurso preliminar sobre o conjunto do positivismo; Catecismo positivista. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1978. (Os Pensadores).LOPES, Eliane Marta Teixeira. As relações entre os contextos históricos e os discursos pedagógicos. In:____ Origens da educação pública: a instrução na revolução burguesa do século XVIII. Coleção EDUCAÇÃO. São Paulo: Loyola, 1981.LÖWY, Michael. As aventuras de Karl Marx contra o Barão de Münchhausen: marxismo e positivismo na sociologia do conhecimento. São Paulo: Cortez Editora, 1998.MANACORDA, Mario Alighiero. História da Educação: da Antiguidade aos nossos dias. São Paulo: Cortez, 1996.MARTINS, Carlos Benedito. O que é sociologia. São Paulo: Brasilense, 1984.MARX, Karl. O capital. Crítica da Economia Política. Livro Primeiro. VOLUME I. O Processo de Produção do Capital. TOMO 1 (Prefácios e Capítulos I a XII). São Paulo: Editora Nova Cultural, 1996. (Os Economistas).PONCE, Aníbal. Educação e luta de classes. São Paulo: Cortez Editora, 2001.RIBEIRO JR., João. O que é positivismo. São Paulo: Brasilense, 1988.SILVA, João Carlos da. “O amor por princípio, a ordem por base, o progresso por fim”: as propostas do apostolado positivista para a educação brasileira (1870-1930). Cascavel: Unioeste, 2016.SINGER, Paul. Aprender economia. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1983.e3382097

Abstract Background Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an analytical method that has been used to investigate the in vivo kinetics of chimeric receptor antigen (CAR) transgene following the infusion of tisagenlecleucel. B cell aplasia, likely an "on-target toxicity" of tisagenlecleucel, has been considered a measure of functional persistence. (Maude SL et al. Blood 2015;125(26):4017-4023) Although the CAR transgene can be detected in peripheral blood of tisagenlecleucel treated patients, it is unclear whether CAR transgene detection by qPCR could be reliably used to inform treatment decision in an individual patient. Methods Transgene levels in blood measured by qPCR from pivotal phase II studies in relapsed/refractory (r/r) pediatric and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients (pts) (ELIANA [NCT02435849, N=75]; ENSIGN [NCT02228096, N=29]) and adult diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pts (JULIET [NCT02445248, N=93]) were used to investigate the relationship between transgene persistence and clinical response. Results To determine whether CAR qPCR measurements are associated with or predictive of response, CAR transgene levels and timing of peak levels were examined. In both ALL and DLBCL pts, there were detectable CAR transgene levels by qPCR in both responders and non-responders. The geometric mean maximal expansion (geo mean Cmax) was similar between responding and non-responding adult DLBCL pts, while 1.7 fold differences were observed in pediatric ALL pts (geo mean Cmax in copies/µg: responders, 32700, n=79; non-responders, 19500, n=10; Table 1). For both DLBCL and ALL pts, high inter-individual variability in transgene levels was noted. Similarly, higher CAR-T cell expansion from flow cytometry data pooled from responding pediatric ALL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pts were observed relative to non-responding pts (Mueller KT et al. Blood 2017;130(21):2317-2325), while the levels in DLBCL pts were comparatively lower in blood, likely due to partitioning of functional CAR-T cells to the target sites including lymph nodes. The median time to maximal transgene level ranged from 9-10 days in DLBCL responders and non-responders and pediatric ALL responders, while non-responding pediatric ALL pts showed delayed expansion with median Tmax of 20 days. The median time corresponding to last quantifiable transgene level (Tlast), an indicator of persistence, was higher in responding pts compared to non-responding pts, indicating a trend for longer persistence in both DLBCL and ALL pts with continued response (Table 1). Similarly, the half-life estimated from the terminal slope of the cellular kinetic profile, an additional indicator of persistence, was higher in responding pts relative to non-responding pts for both DLBCL and ALL (Table 1). Despite this general trend, in some cases, transgene levels were not detectable at later time points in pts with continued response. The swimmer plot for representative responder ALL (Figure 1a) and DLBCL pts (Figure 1b) with responses and transgene levels demonstrate that although the majority of responding pts show persistent transgene levels, some pts maintained a favorable clinical response despite a decline in transgene levels to below the level of quantification of 50 copies/µg. Conclusion In both ALL and DLBCL, CAR transgene is initially detected at high levels with high variability in both responders and non-responders. While the majority of responding pts tend to have persistent transgene levels, some pts maintain favorable clinical responses despite a lack of quantifiable transgene. These results indicate that qPCR testing for CAR transgene in blood of tisagenlecleucel treated pts should not be used for making treatment decisions for individual pts. In addition, the qPCR measurements in peripheral blood do not reflect on the trafficking of CAR positive cells to sites outside peripheral blood. The assessment by flow cytometry remains an important assay to distinguish high expression in responding vs non-responding pts in ALL and CLL, and further evaluation of target tissue is needed in DLBCL to understand the utility of CAR expression as a means to distinguish responder and non-responders. Also, further data are needed to improve our understanding of how CAR transgene levels relate to disease burden and duration of response and whether this information is clinically useful. Disclosures Awasthi: Exelixis: Equity Ownership; Celgene: Equity Ownership; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Mueller:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Equity Ownership, Other: Patent pending. Tam:Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BeiGene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Rives:Amgen: Consultancy, Other: advisory board ; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Other: Symposia, advisory boards ; Jazz Pharma: Consultancy, Other: Symposia, advisory boards ; Shire: Consultancy, Other: Symposia, advisory boards . McGuirk:Bellicum Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Fresenius Biotech: Research Funding; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Honoraria, Other: speaker, Research Funding; Astellas Pharma: Research Funding; Gamida Cell: Research Funding; Kite Pharma: Honoraria, Other: travel accommodations, expenses, speaker ; Pluristem Ltd: Research Funding. Pulsipher:Adaptive Biotech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Jaeger:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda-Millenium: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda-Millenium: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AOP Orphan: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bioverativ: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Infinity: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GSK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MSD: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Baruchel:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shire: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodations or expenses; Amgen: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Servier: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy. Myers:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Balke-Want:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Honoraria. Schuster:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Dava Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria; Nordic Nanovector: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding. Stefanski:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Bishop:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Speakers Bureau; Juneau Therapeutics: Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; United Healthcare: Employment. Waldron:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Anak:Novartis Pharma AG: Employment. Chakraborty:Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research: Employment. Bleickardt:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employment. Wong:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bubuteishvili Pacaud:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Waller:Kalytera: Consultancy; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celldex: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Other: Travel Expenses, EHA, Research Funding; Cambium Medical Technologies: Consultancy, Equity Ownership. Maude:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

While the rare occurrence of child loss is accompanied by reduced life expectancy of parents in contemporary affluent populations, its impact in developing societies with high child mortality rates is unclear. We identified all parents in Iceland born 1800–1996 and compared the mortality rates of 47,711 parents who lost a child to those of their siblings (N = 126,342) who did not. The proportion of parents who experienced child loss decreased from 61.1% of those born 1800–1880 to 5.2% of those born after 1930. Child loss was consistently associated with increased rate of maternal, but not paternal, death before the age of 50 across all parent birth cohorts; the relative increase in maternal mortality rate ranged from 35% among mothers born 1800–1930 to 64% among mothers born after 1930. The loss of a child poses a threat to the survival of young mothers, even during periods of high infant mortality rates.

A preocupação em formar indivíduos competentes e autônomos, capazes de atuar nos diferentes campos e ocupar diversas posições frente aos discursos correntes na sociedade, tem colaborado para o surgimento de pesquisas voltadas ao ensino que privilegie práticas de letramento. A partir dessas considerações, esse artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre o conceito de letramento junto às práticas sociais, refletindo acerca das possibilidades do letramento literomusical na escola. Para este fim, propomos a análise do corpus constituído a partir das atividades sobre o gênero discursivo canção apresentadas por uma coleção didática de língua portuguesa para os anos finais do ensino fundamental, a saber, Português: Linguagens, aprovada pelo PNLD/2017 e adotada pelas escolas da rede pública municipal de Pinheiros/ES. De modo geral, a reflexão fundamenta-se nos conceitos de letramento (SOARES, 2000 [1998]), letramentos múltiplos (ROJO, 2009), letramento literomusical (COELHO DE SOUZA, 2014; 2015). Por sua vez, a análise do livro didático e das canções didatizadas apoia-se na perspectiva dialógica da linguagem (VOLOCHINOV, 2017 [1929]) e na concepção de gêneros do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2016 [1952-1953]). Os resultados alcançados indicam que a canção como objeto de ensino no livro didático não favorece o letramento literomusical, pois negligencia a linguagem musical e as práticas sociais que envolvem o gênero canção, limitando a canção a uma tarefa escolar tradicional. BAKHTIN, Mikhail. Os gêneros do discurso. Organização, tradução, posfácio e notas de Paulo Bezerra; notas de edição russa de Serguei Botcharov. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2016 [1952-1953]._______. Estética da criação verbal. Introdução e tradução do russo Paulo Bezerra; prefácio à edição francesa Tzvetan Todorov. 4. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2003 [1920-1923]. BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Secretaria de Educação Fundamental. Guia de livros didáticos: PNLD 2017: língua portuguesa – Ensino fundamental anos finais. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Educação; Secretaria de Educação Básica, 2016.CALISSI, Luciana. A música popular brasileira nos livros didáticos de história. In: Anais do XXIII simpósio nacional de história – ANPUH, Londrina, 2005. p. 1-8.CEREJA, W.R.; MAGALHÃES T. C. Português: linguagens. 6º ao 9º anos. Manual do professor, São Paulo: Saraiva, 2015. COELHO DE SOUZA, José Peixoto. Letra e música no ensino de português como língua adicional: uma proposta de letramento literomusical. 2014.Tese (Doutorado em Linguística Aplicada), Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2014.COSTA, Nélson Barros da. Canção popular e ensino de língua materna: o gênero canção nos Parâmetros Curriculares de Língua Portuguesa. Linguagem em (Dis)curso, Tubarão, v. 4, n. 1, jul./dez., p. 9-36, 2003._______. As letras e a letra: o gênero canção na mídia literária. In: DIONÍSIO, Ângela Paiva; MACHADO, Anna Rachel; BEZERRA, Maria Auxiliadora (Org.). Gêneros textuais e ensino. Rio de Janeiro: Lucerna, p. 107-121, 2007.KLEIMAN, Angela. Os significados do letramento: uma nova perspectiva sobre a prática social da escrita. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 1995.KLEIMAN, A.; GRANDE, Paula B. Intersecções entre a linguística aplicada e os estudos de letramento: desenhos transdisciplinares, éticos e críticos de pesquisa? Revista Matraga, v. 22, p. 11-30, 2015. Disponível em: http://www.publicações.uerj.br/index.php/matraga/article/view/17045MTS. Método de teoria e solfejo com aplicação ao hinário. Distribuído pela Congregação Cristã no Brasil. Rua Visconde de Parnaíba, no1616 – Anexo: Bloco G, CEP 03164-300. São Paulo, 2014.MUNAKATA, Kazumi. Livro didático e formação do professor são incompatíveis? In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE QUALIDADE NA EDUCAÇÃO: FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES, 1, 2001, Brasília. Simpósios [do] Congresso Brasileiro de Qualidade na Educação: formação de professores. Marilda Almeida Marfan (Organizadora). Brasília: MEC; SEF, p. 89-94, 2002.ROJO, Roxane. Letramentos múltiplos, escola e inclusão social. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2009._______. Pedagogia dos multiletramentos: diversidade cultural e de linguagens na escola. In: ROJO, Roxane; MOURA, Eduardo (Org.). Multiletramentos na escola. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, p. 11-31, 2012.ROJO, R.; BARBOSA, Jacqueline. Hipermodernidade, multiletramentos e gêneros discursivos. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2015.SOARES, Magda B. Letramento: um tema em três gêneros. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2000 [1998].STREET, Brian. Letramentos sociais: abordagens críticas do letramento no desenvolvimento, na etnografia e na educação. Tradução de Marcos Bagno. 1. ed. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2014.VIEIRA, Eliane A. P. ; SILVA, Flávia Danielle S.; ALENCAR, Maria Aparecida M. A canção: roda-viva. In: ROJO, Roxane; MOURA, Eduardo (Org.). Multiletramentos na escola. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2012, p. 181-198.VOLOCHINOV, Valentin. Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem: problemas fundamentais do método sociológico na ciência da linguagem. Tradução, notas e glossário de Sheila Grillo e Ekaterina Vólkova Américo; ensaio introdutório de Sheila Grillo. 1. ed. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2017 [1929].

For group-living animals traveling through heterogeneous landscapes, collective movement can be influenced by both habitat structure and social interactions. Yet research in collective behavior has largely neglected habitat influences on movement. Here we integrate simultaneous, high-resolution, tracking of wild baboons within a troop with a 3-dimensional reconstruction of their habitat to identify key drivers of baboon movement. A previously unexplored social influence – baboons’ preference for locations that other troop members have recently traversed – is the most important predictor of individual movement decisions. Habitat is shown to influence movement over multiple spatial scales, from long-range attraction and repulsion from the troop’s sleeping site, to relatively local influences including road-following and a short-range avoidance of dense vegetation. Scaling to the collective level reveals a clear association between habitat features and the emergent structure of the group, highlighting the importance of habitat heterogeneity in shaping group coordination.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the striatum has an important role in spatial working memory. The neural dynamics in the striatum have been described in tasks with short delay periods (1–4 s), but remain largely uncharacterized for tasks with longer delay periods. We collected and analyzed single unit recordings from the dorsomedial striatum of rats performing a spatial working memory task with delays up to 10 s. We found that neurons were activated sequentially, with the sequences spanning the entire delay period. Surprisingly, this sequential activity was dissociated from stimulus encoding activity, which was present in the same neurons, but preferentially appeared towards the onset of the delay period. These observations contrast with descriptions of sequential dynamics during similar tasks in other brains areas, and clarify the contribution of the striatum to spatial working memory.

Axon specification is a critical step in neuronal development, and the function of glial cells in this process is not fully understood. Here, we show that C. elegans GLR glial cells regulate axon specification of their nearby GABAergic RME neurons through GLR-RME gap junctions. Disruption of GLR-RME gap junctions causes misaccumulation of axonal markers in non-axonal neurites of RME neurons and converts microtubules in those neurites to form an axon-like assembly. We further uncover that GLR-RME gap junctions regulate RME axon specification through activation of the CDK-5 pathway in a calcium-dependent manner, involving a calpain clp-4. Therefore, our study reveals the function of glia-neuron gap junctions in neuronal axon specification and shows that calcium originated from glial cells can regulate neuronal intracellular pathways through gap junctions.

Some acronyms are useful and are widely understood, but many of the acronyms used in scientific papers hinder understanding and contribute to the increasing fragmentation of science. Here we report the results of an analysis of more than 24 million article titles and 18 million article abstracts published between 1950 and 2019. There was at least one acronym in 19% of the titles and 73% of the abstracts. Acronym use has also increased over time, but the re-use of acronyms has declined. We found that from more than one million unique acronyms in our data, just over 2,000 (0.2%) were used regularly, and most acronyms (79%) appeared fewer than 10 times. Acronyms are not the biggest current problem in science communication, but reducing their use is a simple change that would help readers and potentially increase the value of science.

The Multi-Stage Model of Carcinogenesis (MMC), developed in the 1950 s-70s, postulated carcinogenesis as a Darwinian somatic selection process. The cellular organization of tissues was then poorly understood, with almost nothing known about cancer drivers and stem cells. The MMC paradigm was later confirmed, and cancer incidence was explained as a function of mutation occurrence. However, the MMC has never been tested for its ability to account for the discrepancies in the number of driver mutations and the organization of the stem cell compartments underlying different cancers that still demonstrate nearly universal age-dependent incidence patterns. Here we demonstrate by Monte Carlo modeling the impact of key somatic evolutionary parameters on the MMC performance, revealing that two additional major mechanisms, aging-dependent somatic selection and life history-dependent evolution of species-specific tumor suppressor mechanisms, need to be incorporated into the MMC to make it capable of generalizing cancer incidence across tissues and species.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).

Long distance transport in plants occurs in sieve tubes of the phloem. The pressure flow hypothesis introduced by Ernst Münch in 1930 describes a mechanism of osmotically generated pressure differentials that are supposed to drive the movement of sugars and other solutes in the phloem, but this hypothesis has long faced major challenges. The key issue is whether the conductance of sieve tubes, including sieve plate pores, is sufficient to allow pressure flow. We show that with increasing distance between source and sink, sieve tube conductivity and turgor increases dramatically in Ipomoea nil. Our results provide strong support for the Münch hypothesis, while providing new tools for the investigation of one of the least understood plant tissues.

A fundamental question in biology is how morphogenesis integrates the multitude of processes that act at different scales, ranging from the molecular control of gene expression to cellular coordination in a tissue. Using machine-learning-based digital image analysis, we generated a three-dimensional atlas of ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana, enabling the quantitative spatio-temporal analysis of cellular and gene expression patterns with cell and tissue resolution. We discovered novel morphological manifestations of ovule polarity, a new mode of cell layer formation, and previously unrecognized subepidermal cell populations that initiate ovule curvature. The data suggest an irregular cellular build-up of WUSCHEL expression in the primordium and new functions for INNER NO OUTER in restricting nucellar cell proliferation and the organization of the interior chalaza. Our work demonstrates the analytical power of a three-dimensional digital representation when studying the morphogenesis of an organ of complex architecture that eventually consists of 1900 cells.

In the US, the normal, oral temperature of adults is, on average, lower than the canonical 37°C established in the 19th century. We postulated that body temperature has decreased over time. Using measurements from three cohorts—the Union Army Veterans of the Civil War (N = 23,710; measurement years 1860–1940), the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (N = 15,301; 1971–1975), and the Stanford Translational Research Integrated Database Environment (N = 150,280; 2007–2017)—we determined that mean body temperature in men and women, after adjusting for age, height, weight and, in some models date and time of day, has decreased monotonically by 0.03°C per birth decade. A similar decline within the Union Army cohort as between cohorts, makes measurement error an unlikely explanation. This substantive and continuing shift in body temperature—a marker for metabolic rate—provides a framework for understanding changes in human health and longevity over 157 years.

Concerns have been expressed about the robustness of experimental findings in several areas of science, but these matters have not been evaluated at scale. Here we identify a large sample of published drug-gene interaction claims curated in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (for example, benzo(a)pyrene decreases expression of SLC22A3) and evaluate these claims by connecting them with high-throughput experiments from the LINCS L1000 program. Our sample included 60,159 supporting findings and 4253 opposing findings about 51,292 drug-gene interaction claims in 3363 scientific articles. We show that claims reported in a single paper replicate 19.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.9–21.2%) more frequently than expected, while claims reported in multiple papers replicate 45.5% (95% CI, 21.8–74.2%) more frequently than expected. We also analyze the subsample of interactions with two or more published findings (2493 claims; 6272 supporting findings; 339 opposing findings; 1282 research articles), and show that centralized scientific communities, which use similar methods and involve shared authors who contribute to many articles, propagate less replicable claims than decentralized communities, which use more diverse methods and contain more independent teams. Our findings suggest how policies that foster decentralized collaboration will increase the robustness of scientific findings in biomedical research.

Nous devons le terme « chamaniser » à l’anthropologue Roberte Hamayon. Elle a utilisé cette notion dans son célèbre ouvrage paru en 1990, La chasse à l'âme: esquisse d'une théorie du chamanisme sibérien, puis dans un certain nombre d’écrits postérieurs, afin d’interroger et analyser la diversité des manifestations du chamanisme ainsi que son rôle et fonctionnement social, auprès des peuples bouriates situés en Sibérie (République autonome bouriate de l’U.R.S.S.), en République Populaire de Mongolie et dans la Région Autonome de Mongolie en Chine. Le verbe « chamaniser » est utilisé par l’auteure en contraste avec la notion « d’agir en chamane ». «Chamaniser, c’est se livrer à une forme de pratique individuelle sans valeur rituelle pour la communauté, qui est, dans la plupart des sociétés chamanistes, plus ou moins accessible à tout un chacun. En revanche, agir en chamane est réservé à ceux que la communauté reconnaît comme tels» (Hamayon 1995: 160). Cette distinction insiste sur l’incontournable reconnaissance de la collectivité comme base de l’émergence d’une figure désignée comme chamane et donc sur l’impossibilité d’isoler le chamane de la communauté qui le dit tel. De plus, elle permet d’envisager l’existence d’une pratique libre de profane. Pratique partielle, moins performante, de personnes qui ne portent pas la responsabilité de leur communauté, mais pratique qui permet de réinscrire le chamanisme parmi les manières de faire et d’être au monde de toute une société. Surtout, Hamayon propose une approche sociale, relationnelle et pragmatique du chamanisme allant à l’encontre de l’émergence d’une lecture comparatiste fortement axée sur les notions de transe et d’extase et sur une figure de chamane isolée de son contexte et notamment de la communauté qui le requiert, l’instaure, le légitime et le surveille (pour cette même approche du rituel voir aussi Houseman et Severi 2009). Les formes contemporaines du « chamaniser » montrent, tour à tour, la porosité ou l’affirmation de cette distinction entre les deux pratiques au profit d’une multiplication de démarches qui s’inscrivent dans plusieurs perspectives: locale, globale, monétarisée et professionnalisée. La mobilité, les mouvements de population et les transformations des sociétés contemporaines, aussi « reculées » soient elles dans les imaginaires occidentaux, induisent un processus de changement profond au sein des formes du chamaniser sans en effacer la pragmatique. Parallèlement, un certain engouement universitaire et para-universitaire fait du chamanisme une technique parmi d’autres permettant un accès et une maîtrise d’états altérés de conscience. Le chamane « maître de l’extase » proposé par Mircea Eliade (Eliade 1951[1951]) devient un objet de fascination et d’identification, une figure a-contextuelle et prisée pour ses compétences psycho-spirituelles. Dans l’univers chamanique dépeint par Eliade, seul le chamane semble chamaniser. Cette lecture en même temps technicisée, subjectivisée et phénoménologique du chamanisme se double d’un intérêt très culturaliste pour ces chamanes et les peuples à chamanes qui deviennent des personnages et lieux privilégiés d’initiation pour des occidentaux en quête de ce savoir de l’ailleurs (Chaumeil 2009). Pour le chamane jouissant d’une réputation locale, précédant ou concomitant à son succès international, se pose la question de l’articulation entre les deux. C’est à l’intérieur de cette articulation que nous voyons apparaître l’impact des alliances à long-terme et le prix que le chamane doit payer pour les maintenir. Les réseaux du chamanisme international permettant une émancipation financière pour les guérisseurs qui parviennent à s’y intégrer, ces derniers ne pourront garder une réputation et un réseau d’alliés locaux qu’à travers une redistribution de leurs nouvelles richesses. Toute accumulation sans redistribution auprès de ceux qui ont « fait » de lui un chamane au niveau local, parents et alliés chamaniques, entraîne une mort sociale parfois formulée en termes d’accusation de sorcellerie (Mesturini et Cappo 2013). Face à une demande grandissante - locale et internationale - de patients/clients, le nombre de personnes qui se déclarent chamane tend à augmenter. En principe, le chamane se charge de régler les multiples problèmes (désordres) du groupe social qui l’a reconnu, aux yeux duquel il a le devoir de trouver des solutions de réparation. Il faut entendre ici la charge en tant que rôle social imposé et devoir en tant qu’obligation de l’agir (au sens habermassien de communicationnel) et de résultats. La professionnalisation du chamaniser introduit une ambivalence du rôle, de la position sociale et même de l’agir du chamane dont la pratique devient la source principale de revenus monétaires, ce qui était de l’ordre du troc restant marginalisé. Cependant, le statut de chamane reste un statut précaire, toujours soumis à la qualité de sa performance rituelle et au jugement de ceux qui y participent. Cet aspect éminemment social de la pratique chamanique et sa composante relationnelle perdurent malgré la relative décontextualisation territoriale ( Dorais et Laugrand 2007; Vuillemenot 2013). Les développements internationaux des pratiques chamaniques invoquent également la différence entre « agir en chamane » et « chamaniser » à un autre niveau. En effet une tendance, qui accompagne ces développements et que l’on pourrait qualifier de typiquement New Age, suggère à tout-un-chacun de « réveiller son chamane intérieur », notamment à travers les techniques reconnues comme vecteurs de transe: la quête de visions, l’utilisation du tambour, l’ingestion de plantes psychoactives, les huttes de sudation ou les pratiques de jeûne. Si, d’une part, ce type d’approche implique que tout le monde est chamane ne fut-ce que potentiellement, ce qui porte atteinte à toute reconnaissance ou légitimation sociale du statut de chamane, il comporte, d’autre part, une invitation élargie à chamaniser. En ce sens, ce type de discours révèle une intention de « faire groupe» ou de « faire société » autour du partage d’un rapport dit chamanique aux mondes et aux êtres, humains et non-humains.

Genes can encode multiple isoforms, broadening their functions and providing a molecular substrate to evolve phenotypic diversity. Evolution of isoform function is a potential route to adapt to new environments. Here we show that de novo, beneficial alleles in the nurf-1 gene became fixed in two laboratory lineages of C. elegans after isolation from the wild in 1951, before methods of cryopreservation were developed. nurf-1 encodes an ortholog of BPTF, a large (>300 kD) multidomain subunit of the NURF chromatin remodeling complex. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and transgenic rescue, we demonstrate that in C. elegans, nurf-1 has split into two, largely non-overlapping isoforms (NURF-1.D and NURF-1.B, which we call Yin and Yang, respectively) that share only two of 26 exons. Both isoforms are essential for normal gametogenesis but have opposite effects on male/female gamete differentiation. Reproduction in hermaphrodites, which involves production of both sperm and oocytes, requires a balance of these opposing Yin and Yang isoforms. Transgenic rescue and genetic position of the fixed mutations suggest that different isoforms are modified in each laboratory strain. In a related clade of Caenorhabditis nematodes, the shared exons have duplicated, resulting in the split of the Yin and Yang isoforms into separate genes, each containing approximately 200 amino acids of duplicated sequence that has undergone accelerated protein evolution following the duplication. Associated with this duplication event is the loss of two additional nurf-1 transcripts, including the long-form transcript and a newly identified, highly expressed transcript encoded by the duplicated exons. We propose these lost transcripts are non-functional side products necessary to transcribe the Yin and Yang transcripts in the same cells. Our work demonstrates how gene sharing, through the production of multiple isoforms, can precede the creation of new, independent genes.