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Roy, Amitabha. "Software lock elision for x86 machine code." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/239410.
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More than a decade after becoming a topic of intense research there is no transactional memory hardware nor any examples of software transactional memory use outside the research community. Using software transactional memory in large pieces of software needs copious source code annotations and often means that standard compilers and debuggers can no longer be used. At the same time, overheads associated with software transactional memory fail to motivate programmers to expend the needed effort to use software transactional memory. The only way around the overheads in the case of general unmanaged code is the anticipated availability of hardware support. On the other hand, architects are unwilling to devote power and area budgets in mainstream microprocessors to hardware transactional memory, pointing to transactional memory being a 'niche' programming construct. A deadlock has thus ensued that is blocking transactional memory use and experimentation in the mainstream. This dissertation covers the design and construction of a software transactional memory runtime system called SLE_x86 that can potentially break this deadlock by decoupling transactional memory from programs using it. Unlike most other STM designs, the core design principle is transparency rather than performance. SLE_x86 operates at the level of x86 machine code, thereby becoming immediately applicable to binaries for the popular x86 architecture. The only requirement is that the binary synchronise using known locking constructs or calls such as those in Pthreads or OpenMPlibraries. SLE_x86 provides speculative lock elision (SLE) entirely in software, executing critical sections in the binary using transactional memory. Optionally, the critical sections can also be executed without using transactions by acquiring the protecting lock. The dissertation makes a careful analysis of the impact on performance due to the demands of the x86 memory consistency model and the need to transparently instrument x86 machine code. It shows that both of these problems can be overcome to reach a reasonable level of performance, where transparent software transactional memory can perform better than a lock. SLE_x86 can ensure that programs are ready for transactional memory in any form, without being explicitly written for it.
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McCann, Clayton. "A cellar tropic : elision and the marijuana worker." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/47532.
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The marijuana worker is absent from public discourse. The following thesis will illustrate this fact. While it is indeed difficult to collect data on illicit industries like (non-medical) marijuana production, it is curious that the default representation of marijuana workers and their employers or, for the purposes of this context, growers, is either that of a gang member or an invisible, non-subject.
Ongoing, radical changes in marijuana production social labour and the surrounding socio-legal environment in Canada, the United States and beyond have wide-ranging effects in store for British Columbian industry workers and growers. Tracking relevant discourse and assessing typical representations of marijuana growers and workers in media and popular culture products reveal the ongoing construction of abject identities: malingering medical clients employing natural remedies of questionable efficacy, violent gangsters, community-destroying hooligans, and exoticized products of alterity, the hyper-racialized ethnic other. Extended periods of participant observation in multiple marijuana production sectors familiarize the ethnographer with an altogether different cast of characters: peaceful men and women working full or part time as entrepreneurial owner/operators or workers struggling to favorably balance the risk/reward ratio.
The project of comparing the resulting divergent representations and discourse⎯the armed Hell’s Angels grower you meet in the newspaper versus the single mom grower you find in her garden⎯is important as nascent structural changes threaten this occupational category in both the illicit and legal sectors. Creative re-representations found throughout are a result of participant observation-based autobiography and autoethnography methods, intended to contribute to new understandings of these hidden peoples, their life-ways and communities.Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Лоян, К. А. "Елізія в англомовному пісенному дискурсі." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67301.
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Мова — це система звукових і графічних знаків, що постійно
розвивається та зазнає змін. Особливості звукової системи мови
формуються за рахунок фонетичних зсувів. Одним з таких зрушень є
елізія. Цей термін використовується в фонетиці та фонології для
позначення опущення звуків у зв’язному мовленні [1, с. 166].
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Nogueira, Milca Veloso. "Aspectos segmentais dos processos de sândi vocálico externo no falar de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-12112007-150159/.
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Esta dissertação trata dos processos fonológicos de elisão, ditongação e degeminação no falar de São Paulo. Além dos trabalhos clássicos sobre esses processos de sândi vocálico externo, em Português Brasileiro, serão apresentados dados de um experimento feito para este trabalho. De acordo com os dados do corpus desta dissertação, houve preferência pela aplicação da elisão e não da ditongação, nos casos em que ambos os processos eram possíveis. Os números referentes à elisão confirmaram a afirmação de Bisol com relação à aplicação categórica desse processo quando a vogal a ser elidida é [a]. No entanto, houve alta aplicação de elisão de [u], indicando um favorecimento pela elisão e não pela ditongação. Houve ainda algumas ocorrências de elisão de vogal [coronal], quando esta vogal era precedida por uma consoante que partilhava os mesmos traços com ela. Considerando-se os contextos para ditongos crescentes vs ditongos decrescentes, observou-se uma forte preferência pelo ditongo crescente nos dados coletados do dialeto de São Paulo. Finalmente, com relação à posição do contexto de aplicação dos processos, na seqüência de três vogais adjacentes (V1V2V3), observou-se que o contexto V1+V2 favorece a ocorrência de elisão, e não da ditongação. O processo de elisão, no corpus desta dissertação, foi mais aplicado quando a vogal a ser elidida estava na fronteira de grupos clíticos, podendo estar ou na fronteira de sintagmas fonológicos ou dentro de um mesmo sintagma.This dissertation deals with the phonological processes of vowel elision, diphthongation and vowel degemination used by speakers from São Paulo. Besides presenting some classic studies about the so called processes of external sandhi in Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation will also present new data recorded in order to carry on the analysis. Data showed that vowel elision is more productive than diphthongation in contexts within which both processes were possible to be applied. Besides, they confirmed Bisol\'s hypothesis that there is categorical use of vowel elision when the vowel (to be elided) is [a]. Nevertheless, elision of vowel [u] was also productive, indicating the preference for vowel elision over diphthongation. There were also some occurrences of coronal vowel elision, when this vowel and its preceding consonant shared phonological features. Also, it could be noted a strong preference for rising diphthongs, not for the falling ones, in the data collected in São Paulo. Finally, it was observed that the sequence \"first vowel + second vowel\" - V1+V2 - (in a sequence formed by three adjacent vowels - V1+V2+V3) favors the use of elision over diphthongation. Vowel elision, according to the data collected in order to carry on the analysis presented in this dissertation, was more productive in clitic group boundaries, within the phonological phrase as well as in phonological phrase boundaries.
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Kuznecova, Svetlana. "Garsų susilpnėjimas tarnybiniuose žodeliuose vokiečių kalboje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050601_143709-83236.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den vokalischen und konsonantischen Lautschwächungen in den Dienstwörtern des Deutschen. Die Aktualität solcher Arbeit besteht darin, dass diese Gruppe von Wörtern lautlich besonders stark abgeschwächt wird und zugleich das Typische eines Gesprächstextes darstellt, obwohl die Dienstwörter sehr wenig zur eigentlichen Sachverhaltsdarstellung beitragen, denn sie enthalten einen nur sehr geringen Informationsgehalt. Der theretische Teil erläutert das Wesen und Merkmale der Dienstwörter, ihre phonetischen Besonderheiten und Erscheinung der Lautschwächungen in der Wissenschaft, ihr Auftreten in den Dienstwörtern in der modernen deutschen Sprache. Im praktischen Teil wird es mit Hilfe von zwei Texten aus verschiedenen Stilen erforscht, wie sich die Vokal- und Konsonantenschwächungen in den Dienstwörtern in verschiedenen phonetischen Stilen äußern.
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Machado, Rafaela Veloso. "Análise sociolingüística do processo de elisão da vogal A no dialeto pessoense." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2008. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6493.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-31Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This current work investigates the elision‟s sociolinguistic behavior upon the João Pessoa native dialect. Elision is one of sandhi‟s extern vocalic phenomenon observed through all languages and it means fading the low vowel /a/ when it is followed by a different vowel. (ex.: menina humilde> meninumilde). This process analyses is through the theorical-methodological scope that the Quantitative Sociolinguistics comprehends. On the construction of this work it has been used a corpus of spoken language that integrates the Projeto de Variação Lingüística do Estado da Paraíba VALPB (Linguistic Variation Project of Paraíba State), composed by eighteen informers, divided by sex (masculine and feminine), age range (teenagers, adults, elders) and academic time spent (none, five to eight years and more than eleven years). The results found show that the linguistic constraints sise of the first word from a sentence, stress, prosodic constituents, vowel‟s quality present themselves as the most relevant on the elision appliance, therefore, reveling themselves as a process without great social determinants.
Este trabalho analisa o comportamento sociolingüístico da elisão no dialeto pessoense. A elisão é um dos fenômenos de sândi vocálico externo observado nas línguas e consiste no apagamento da vogal baixa /a/ quando esta for seguida de uma vogal diferente (ex.: menina humilde> meninumilde). A análise deste processo está fundamentada no modelo teórico-metodológico que compreende a Sociolingüística Quantitativa. Para a realização da pesquisa, foi utilizado um corpus de língua falada, que integra o Projeto de Variação Lingüística do Estado da Paraíba (VALPB), composto por dezoito informantes, estratificados de acordo com o sexo (masculino e feminino), a faixa etária (jovens, adultos e idosos) e anos de escolarização (nenhum ano, cinco a oito anos e mais de onze anos). Os resultados obtidos mostram que as restrições lingüísticas extensão da primeira palavra da seqüência, acento, tipo de palavra, constituintes prosódicos e qualidade da vogal apresentam-se como as mais relevantes à aplicação da elisão, revelando-se, portanto, como um processo sem grandes determinantes sociais.
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Sousa, Gustavo José [UNESP]. "FGSCM: uma abordagem de omissão de lock transacional com granularidade fina na resolução de conflitos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152117.
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Omissão de lock é uma técnica onde operações de aquisição e liberação de lock são omitidas (especulação) de forma a permitir que regiões críticas compartilhando um mesmo lock possam executar concorrentemente, permitindo assim se explorar um nível maior de concorrência em programas que utilizam esse método popular de sincronização. Para se manter o princípio de atomicidade, as modificações no estado do programa realizadas pela região crítica são mantidas em um buffer interno e são efetivadas apenas ao fim da mesma. Em caso de inconsistências, diferentes políticas em como proceder são possíveis, o que diferencia as diversas abordagens de omissão de lock encontradas na literatura. Por exemplo, a abordagem original, Speculative Lock Elision (SLE), que é implementada no nível microarquitetural, recorre a adquirir o lock de forma tradicional quando uma especulação falha. Em algumas situações, esta política conservadora acaba por restringir o ganho em desempenho originalmente pretendido por impor um volume de sincronização desnecessário (lemming effect). Uma forma de superar tal limitação é o emprego de omissão de lock transacional (Transactional Lock Elision, em inglês), onde a especulação de regiões críticas se dá por meio de transações e o controle de execução é devolvido ao software em eventos de transações abortadas, o que permite que diferentes estratégias sejam empregadas com o objetivo de permitir execução concorrente mesmo em presença de falha de especulação. Neste contexto, uma das abordagens possíveis é o esquema chamado Software-assisted Conflict Management (SCM), onde um lock auxiliar é utilizado para sincronizar transações abortadas e, assim, manter o lock original livre, permitindo que outras transações prossigam sua execução. No presente trabalho, uma extensão ao SCM é proposta, o esquema Fine-grained Software-assisted Conflict Management (FGSCM), onde múltiplos locks são utilizados para permitir que transações abortadas por conflitos em diferentes regiões de memória possam ser executadas de forma concorrente. O algoritmo proposto foi implementado utilizando a interface RTM da extensão Intel® TSX e experimentos foram realizados em um máquina quadcore, para os quais, em casos com predominância de operações de leitura em memória, observou-se um ganho em desempenho médio de 11% e 36% com relação à abordagem SCM original e ao uso de um spin lock comum, respectivamente.
Lock elision is a technique that omits acquire/release lock operations (speculation) so as to allow critical regions sharing the same lock to run concurrently, which yields a higher level of concurrency explored by programs that use such popular synchronization mechanism. In order to honor atomicity, modifications on the program's state made by the critical regions are kept in an internal buffer and only applied at the end of the speculation. If inconsistency is found, different policies on how to proceed are possible, which make up the several existing approaches found in the literature. As an example, the original one, namely Speculative Lock Elision (SLE), which is implemented at the level of microarchitecture, falls back to acquire the lock in a standard manner when there is speculation error. In some situations, such conservative policy ends up restricting the intended performance gains due to the unnecessary synchronization imposed (lemming effect). A way to address this issue is through Transactional Lock Elision (TLE) techniques, in which speculation of critical regions is done by means of transactions and execution control is passed back to software on abort events, which makes possible the use of different strategies to allow concurrent execution even in presence of speculation error. In this context, one possible approach is called Software-assisted Conflict Management (SCM), where an auxiliary lock is used to serialize aborted transactions and, as such, keep the original one free, so that others may proceed on their execution. The work presented in this document proposes an extension of SCM, called Fine-grained Software-assisted Conflict Management (FGSCM), where multiple auxiliary locks are applied in order to allow transactions aborted due to conflict on different regions of memory to be executed concurrently. The proposed algorithm was implemented by using the RTM interface from Intel®'s TSX extension and experiments were performed on a quadcore machine. On read-dominated workloads, an average performance gain of 11% and 36% was observed against the original SCM and a typical spin lock, respectively.
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Tarracciano, Michelle Josephine. "Treatment of Syllable-Final /s/ as a Function of Sociolinguistic Variables in the Spanish of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, Chile." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1303405740.
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Lopes, Sandra Cabral. "Apagamento do rótico em posição de coda silábica na escrita de alunos do 7º e 8º anos do ensino fundamental." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3094.
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CAPES
In the process of teaching the Portuguese language as a mother tongue in Brazil, it is common to find, in different educational levels, the influence of speech in writing, whether on textual-discursive aspects, or on morphosyntactic and orthographic aspects. Thus, in this study we investigate the interference of speech in 7th and 8th grade students‟ writing, enrolled in a public school in Guarabira-PB, with a focus on the elision of the rhotic in syllable codas. The aim is to show the linguistic and social factors favorable to the realization/elision of the consonantal segment -R at the end of syllables. The corpus consists of 88 texts, 44 written before and 44 written after an educational intervention. As the factor groups which may interfere on the elision of –R, we consider educational level, sex, word class, position of –R in the word, length of the word and precedent context. As conditioners to rhotic elision, the results point out the variables school level (7th grade), word class (verb), position in the word (ending), length of the word (non-monosyllables), and precedent context (high and low vowels). It was still possible to see, from an educational intervention considering these results, that a systematic work paying attention to the phonological consciousness turns to be productive in the context where orthographic specificities of the Portuguese language are taught. The work is based on three main areas of theoretical studies: phonetics/phonology (BISOL, 2005; SILVA, 2014, 2011; HORA & PEDROSA, 2012; CÂMARA Jr., 2008), variational and applied sociolinguistics (BAGNO, 2007; LABOV, 1992; BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005) and notions related to the processes involved in the acquisition and development of the writing system, including the implications of speech in writing over the course of schooling (SCLIAR-CABRAL, 2013; MARCUSCHI & DIONISIO, 2007; STAMPA, 2009; FERREIRA & TEBEROSKY, 1999).
No ensino de Língua Portuguesa como língua materna, é comum encontrarmos, em diferentes graus de escolaridade, a influência da fala na escrita, seja nos aspectos textuais-discursivos, seja nos aspectos morfossintáticos e ortográficos. Dessa forma, neste trabalho buscamos investigar a interferência da fala na escrita de alunos do 7º e 8º anos do EF, matriculados em uma escola da rede pública do município de Guarabira-PB, por meio do apagamento do rótico em posição de coda silábica. Nosso propósito é evidenciar os contextos linguísticos e extralinguísticos favoráveis à realização ou não do segmento consonantal –R no final das sílabas. O corpus é constituído de 88 produções textuais, sendo 44 elaboradas antes e 44 após uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica. São considerados, como grupos de fatores que interferem ou não no apagamento do –R, o grau de escolarização, o sexo, a classe de palavras, a posição na palavra, a extensão da palavra e o contexto precedente. Como condicionadores ao apagamento do rótico, os resultados apontam as variáveis ano escolar (7º ano), classe de palavras (verbo), posição na palavra (final), extensão do vocábulo (palavra não monossilábicas) e contexto precedente (vogais altas e vogal baixa). Ainda foi possível perceber, a partir de uma proposta de intervenção considerando esses resultados, que um trabalho sistemático que atente, dentre outros fatores, para o trabalho com a consciência fonológica torna-se produtivo no contexto de ensino das especificidades ortográficas da língua portuguesa. Como base teórica, consideramos os estudos fonético-fonológicos (BISOL, 2005; SILVA, 2014, 2011; HORA e PEDROSA, 2012; CÂMARA Jr., 2008), os estudos da sociolinguística variacionista e educacional (BAGNO, 2007; LABOV, 1992; BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005) e noções relacionadas aos processos envolvidos na aquisição e desenvolvimento da escrita, incluindo as implicações da fala na escrita ao longo da escolarização (SCLIAR-CABRAL, 2013; MARCUSCHI e DIONISIO, 2007; STAMPA, 2009; FERREIRA e TEBEROSKY, 1999).
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Collins, Zelda Terrilla Frew. "The technique of elision tonal procedures in the Préludes of Claude Debussy : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Music) at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand /." Online version, 1996. http://dds.crl.edu/CRLdelivery.asp?tid=11968.
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Liegeois, Loic. "Usage des variables phonologiques dans un corpus d’interactions naturelles parents-enfant : impact du bain linguistique et dispositifs cognitifs d’apprentissage." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF20016/document.
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Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’usage de deux variables du français traditionnellement décrites comme phonologiques : la liaison et l’élision du schwa. Ces variables sont étudiées au cours d’interactions naturelles entre trois enfants et leurs parents respectifs. Plus précisément, l’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les particularités du discours adressé à l’enfant (DAE) au niveau de l’usage des variables phonologiques et de mesurer leur impact sur l’émergence de la production de ces mêmes variables chez l’enfant. Après la présentation du cadre théorique d’analyse et de la méthodologie de recueil, de structuration et d’analyse des données, le travail de recherche s’organise en trois parties. La première étude basée sur corpus, descriptive, a deux principaux objectifs. Dans un premier temps, il s’agit de mesurer à quelle variation les jeunes enfants sont exposés au domicile familial. Ensuite, le but est de confronter les résultats des études précédentes sur l’acquisition de la liaison, principalement obtenus à partir de tâches expérimentales, à des données issues de corpus denses d’interactions parent-enfant. Cette étude a notamment permis de relever l’influence de facteurs liés à l’usage, comme la fréquence, sur l’emploi des variables phonologiques. La seconde étude se focalise sur les caractéristiques du DAE. Les résultats présentés démontrent notamment que l’usage des variables phonologiques est modulé en DAE, et ce essentiellement à un stade précoce. Cette modulation s’atténue ensuite au cours du développement linguistique des jeunes sujets. La dernière étude de ce travail de recherche permet de mettre en relation les productions enfantines et parentales. Il apparaît que le développement de la variation phonologique va dans le sens des hypothèses émises par les modèles basés sur l’usage : la variation phonologique est à un stade précoce mémorisée à l’intérieur de constructions spécifiques, particulièrement fréquentes et saillantes dans le DAE. Celles-ci vont ensuite s’abstraire et entrer en concurrence au cours du développement, ces deux phénomènes étant particulièrement sensibles aux facteurs d’usage, notamment la fréquence d’emploi des types et des formes linguistiquesThis study deals with the usage of two French linguistic variables liaison and elision, which are traditionally described as phonological variables. They are studied during natural interactions between three children and their parents. More precisely, the aim of this thesis is to describe the specificities of the child directed speech (CDS) concerning the usage of liaison and elision to measure their impact on the emergence of these phonological variables in the speech of the children. After the presentation of the theoretical context of the study (Usage-Based Models and Construction Grammar) and the methodology used to collect, structure, and analyse the data, the research is divided into three analysis sections. The aim of the first corpus based study, a descriptive one, is twofold. The first objective is to describe the variation to which children are exposed at home. A second objective is to compare the results of previous studies on liaison acquisition, obtained mainly from experimental tasks, with data extracted from dense corpora collected during natural interactions between the children and their parents. In particular, this study shows that usage factors, including the frequency of items, influence the production of phonological variables. The second study focuses on the specificities of CDS. The results show that the usage of phonological variables is modulated in CDS, essentially at an early stage of language acquisition. Then, this modulation attenuates during the child’s development. The aim of the third study is to connect parent’s productions and children’s productions. It appears that the results concerning the development of phonological variation are in step with the assumptions provided by the usage-based models: at an early stage, the variation is memorized into specific constructions, particularly salient and frequent in CDS. Then, these constructions are abstracted and enter into competition with each other during the course of language development. The children’s productions show that these two phenomena are especially sensitive to usage factors, including type and token frequency
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Rockburn, Barbara. "Bonne entente, elliptical elisions and Canadian narrative structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0008/MQ26941.pdf.
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Rockburn, Barbara Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "Bonne entente: elliptical elisions and Canadian narrative structure." Ottawa, 1997.
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Modahl, Ylva, and Caroline Skoglund. "Lokalisering av brunnar i ELISpot." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254257.
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Health is a fundamental human right. To increase global health, research in the medical sector is of great importance. Decreasing time consumption of biomedical testing could accelerate the research and development of new drugs and vaccines. This could be achieved by automation of biomedical analysis, using computerized methods. In order to perform analysis on pictures of biomedical tests, it is important to identify the area of interest (AOI) of the test. For example, cells and bacteria are commonly grown in petri dishes, in this case the AOI is the bottom area of the dish, since this is where the object of analysis is located.This study was performed with the aim to compare a few computerized methods for identifying the AOI in pictures of biomedical tests. In the study, biomedical images from a testing method called ELISpot have been used. ELISpot uses plates with up to 96 circular wells, where pictures of the separate wells were used in order to find the AOI corresponding to the bottom area of each well. The focus has been on comparing the performance of three edge detection methods. More specifically, their ability to accurately detect the edges of the well. Furthermore, a method for identifying a circle based on the detected edges was used to specify the AOI.The study shows that methods using second order derivatives for edge detection, gives the best results regarding to robustness.
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Flach, Katherine E. ""Eliot Elisofon: Bringing African Art to LIFE"." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1427999641.
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Monteiro, Eduardo Cabral Moraes. "A Elisão tributária como direito fundamental do contribuinte." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10718.
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A presente monografia tem por objeto a análise da compatibilidade sistêmica e da constitucionalidade do parágrafo único do artigo (art.) 116 do Código Tributário Nacional (CTN), introduzido pela Lei Complementar nº 104 de 2001, como uma norma geral antielisão dentro do sistema constitucional tributário brasileiro. A partir de uma análise bibliográfica, aborda-se a construção desse sistema constitucional tributário, bem como de seus elementos que informam o conceito de elisão tributária, e a partir daí reconhece-se a mesma como direito fundamental do contribuinte. Também demonstra-se a impossibilidade da criação válida de uma norma geral antielisiva dentro desse sistema, por transgredir as limitações ao poder de tributar postas na Constituição Federal (CF). Igualmente analisa-se se o dispositivo referido constitui uma norma antielisiva ou se deve ser caracterizado para o combate á evasão fiscal, concluindo-se sobre a sua constitucionalidade, ou não. Tudo isso no objetivo de reforçar esse sistema como uma limitação geral ao poder de tributar e como direito do contribuinte que consiste na tributação conforme a forma constitucional.
Salvador
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Byl, Baudouin. "Application de la technique ELISPOT à l'évaluation de réponses vaccinales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211189.
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Wu, Yaru. "Étude de la réduction segmentale en français parlé à travers différents styles : apports des grands corpus et du traitement automatique de la parole à l’étude du schwa, du /ʁ/ et des réductions à segments multiples." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA078.
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Ce travail sur la réduction segmentale (i.e. délétion ou réduction temporelle) en français spontané nous a permis non seulement de proposer deux méthodes de recherche pour les études en linguistique, mais également de nous interroger sur l'influence de différents facteurs de variation sur divers phénomènes de réduction et d'apporter des connaissances sur la propension à la réduction des segments. Nous avons appliqué la méthode descendante qui utilise l'alignement forcé avec variantes lorsqu’il s’agissait de phénomènes de réduction spécifiques. Lorsque ce n'était pas le cas, nous avons utilisé la méthode ascendante qui examine des segments absents et courts. Trois phénomènes de réduction ont été choisis : l'élision du schwa, la chute du /ʁ/ et la propension à la réduction des segments. La méthode descendante a été utilisée pour les deux premiers. Les facteurs en commun étudiés sont le contexte post-lexical, le style, le sexe et la profession. L’élision du schwa en syllabe initiale de mots polysyllabiques et la chute du /ʁ/ post-consonantique en finale de mots ne sont pas toujours influencées par les mêmes facteurs. De même, l’élision du schwa lexical et celle du schwa épenthétique ne sont pas conditionnées par les mêmes facteurs. L’étude sur la propension à la réduction des segments nous a permis d'appliquer la méthode ascendante et d’étudier la réduction des segments de manière générale. Les résultats suggèrent que les liquides et les glides résistent moins à la réduction que les autres consonnes et que les voyelles nasales résistent mieux à la réduction que les voyelles orales. Parmi les voyelles orales, les voyelles hautes arrondies ont tendance à être plus souvent réduites que les autres voyelles oralesThis study on segmental reduction (i.e. deletion or temporal reduction) in spontaneous French allows us to propose two research methods for linguistic studies on large corpora, to investigate different factors of variation and to bring new insights on the propensity of segmental reduction. We applied the descendant method using forced alignment with variants when it concerns a specific reduction phenomena. Otherwise, we used the ascendant method using absent and short segments as indicators. Three reduction phenomena are studied: schwa elision, /ʁ/ deletion and the propensity of segmental reduction. The descendant method was used for analyzing schwa elision and /ʁ/ deletion. Common factors used for the two studies are post-lexical context, speech style, sex and profession. Schwas elision at initial syllable position in polysyllabic words and post-consonantal /ʁ/ deletion at word final position are not always conditioned by the same variation factors. Similarly, lexical schwa and epenthetic schwa are not under the influence of the same variation factors. The study on the propensity of segmental reduction allows us to apply the ascendant method and to investigate segmental reduction in general. Results suggest that liquids and glides resist less the reduction procedure than other consonants and nasal vowels resist better reduction procedure than oral vowels. Among oral vowels, high rounded vowels tend to be reduced more often than other oral vowels
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Hundley, James. "Sobre el condicionamiento funcional de la la elisión del indicador de pluralidad en el castellano del Perú." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100694.
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Vogtmann, Alexandra. "Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur automatisierten Auswertung von Elispot-Platten mit verschiedenen Bildanalysesystemen." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980447097.
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Straub, Alexander Johannes [Verfasser]. "Neuartige Methode des ELISpot Assays unter Verwendung von / Alexander Johannes Straub." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238423124/34.
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Grehn, Conrad. "Verlauf der zellulären Immunantwort bei Lebendnierenempfängern - Messung von IFN-γ und IL-17 im Elispot-Assay." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-182689.
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Die Nierentransplantation ermöglicht Patienten die Wiederherstellung der Nierenfunktion. Aufgrund der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit an Organen nimmt dabei die Zahl der Transplantationen von einem lebenden Spender stetig zu. Zudem ermöglichen die präzisen und genauen Vorbereitungen und Abläufe bei Lebendnierenspenden eine bessere 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate als bei Kadaverspenden. Die genetische Verschiedenheit zwischen Spender und Empfänger bedingt jedoch eine lebenslange immunsuppressive Therapie, um Abstoßungsreaktionen und damit das Scheitern einer Organtransplantation zu verhindern. An den Universitätskliniken Leipzig und Halle/Saale besteht diese Therapie aus einer Dreifachkombination von Tacrolimus, Mycophenolat-Mofetil und Prednisolon, wobei mögliche Nebenwirkungen wie opportunistische Infektionen, kardiovaskuläre und metabolische Erkrankungen sowie Tumore in Kauf genommen werden. Zudem besteht für den immunsupprimmierten Organismus die ständige Gefahr einer Abstoßungsreaktion. Diese Aspekte führen bei den Empfängern zu einer massiven Einschränkung der Gesundheit und Lebensqualität. Inwieweit die ausgeprägte Immunsuppression notwendig ist, bleibt unklar und muss individuell festgelegt werden. Bisher existiert kein geeignetes Verfahren für ein Immunmonitoring, weshalb in vielen Fällen eine umfangreiche und überdosierte Immunsuppression in Kauf genommen wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein geeignetes Testverfahren, der Elispot-Assay, für die Expression der beiden proinflammatorischen Zytokine IFN-γ und IL-17 erstellt. Dafür wurden die PBMC der Spender und Empfänger aus Vollblut separiert, um sie anschließend sowohl separat als auch in einer Lymphozytenmischreaktion zu untersuchen. Die Darstellung von IL-17 konnte nur aufgrund einer zusätzlichen Stimulation mit OKT3 gelingen, während der IFN-γ-Elispot sowohl im Leerwert als auch unter Stimulation mit IL-2 zu ausreichenden Spotanzahlen führte. Die Spotanzahlen der Spender-PBMC wurden mit Hilfe von γ-Strahlung signifikant reduziert (IFN-γ: p=0,047 | IFN-γ + IL-2: p=0,007 | IL-17: p = 0,001), um in den Lymphozytenmischreaktionen die alleinige Zytokinausschüttung der Empfänger-PBMC messen zu können. Die Spender- PBMC fungierten dabei nur als Antigene. Insgesamt konnten zwischen 2009 und 2012 zwölf von siebzehn Patientenpaaren in die Studie eingeschlossen werden. Die Spotanzahlen der Paare wurden dabei sowohl im IFN-γ- als auch im IL-17-Elispot-Assay zu vier unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten gemessen (vor Transplantation | 21±3 d postoperativ | 28±3 d postoperativ | 75±15 d postoperativ). In den meisten Fällen zeigte sich vor Transplantation eine erhöhte Spotanzahl im Vergleich zu den drei postoperativen Werten. Zudem stiegen die Spotanzahlen sowohl für IFN-γ als auch für IL-17 nach niedrigen Messergebnissen kurz nach der Transplantation im postoperativen Verlauf wieder an und erreichten in einigen Fällen die Spotanzahl der präoperativen Ausgangswerte. Ein signifikanter Unterschied konnte aufgrund der geringen Fallzahl nicht erreicht werden. Die kurzfristige Reduktion der Spotanzahlen postoperativ ist dabei aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach auf die hohen Dosen an immunsuppressiven Medikamenten zurückzuführen. Insgesamt zeigten die Verläufe der IFN-γ- und der IL-17- Elispot-Assays ähnliche Verläufe. Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass der IL-17-Elispot- Assay in Bezug auf mögliche Abstoßungsreaktionen eine ähnliche Aussagekraft besitzen könnte wie der bereits vielfach untersuchte IFN-γ-Elispot-Assay. Weiterhin wurden die Messergebnisse mit der Serumkreatininmolarität verglichen. Diese zeigte präoperativ höhere Molaritäten als postoperativ, wobei die postoperativen Molaritäten im Verlauf, im Gegensatz zu den Elispot-Messungen, abnahmen, was das Einsetzen der Nierenfunktion widerspiegelt. Unter den zwölf Patientenpaaren gab es keine einzige nachgewiesene akute Abstoßungsreaktion, der Verlauf der Serumkreatininmolaritäten war bei allen zwölf Empfängern vergleichbar. Demzufolge konnten die Werte der Elispot-Assays nicht herangezogen werden, um an ihnen eine Abstoßungsreaktion der transplantierten Nieren erkennen zu können. Das präoperative Abschätzen einer möglichen Abstoßungsreaktion anhand der Elispot-Assays konnte aufgrund fehlender Abstoßungsreaktionen ebenfalls nicht untersucht werden. Zusätzlich wurde bei den Patienten eine HLA-Typisierung vorgenommen, wobei der Bereich von optimalen bis maximal ungünstigen Konstellationen reichten (HLA-Mismatch: 0-0-0 bis 2-2-2). Auch hier konnten die Ergebnisse nicht mit möglichen Abstoßungsreaktionen verglichen werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zahlreiche Varianten untersucht, die das Abschätzen einer Immunreaktion nach Nierentransplantation (Immunmonitoring) ermöglichen könnten. Aufgrund fehlender Abstoßungsreaktionen bei den Empfängern konnte das Testverfahren nicht an den klinischen Verläufen validiert werden. Mit dem in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Messverfahren kann jedoch eine neue und größer angelegte Studie erfolgen, die in Zukunft ein Immunmonitoring bei Patienten nach Nierentransplantation ermöglichtIntroduction Since the first kidney transplantation in the 1950ies, kidney transplantation is still being challenged by graft dysfunction and complete graft failure. Permanent immunsuppressive treatment is mandatory to avoid an unfavourable outcome. The treatment with Prednisolone, Tacrolimus and Mycophenolat-Mofetil may cause toxic side effects resulting in Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, infections and cancer. In the present study we tried to demonstrate that the amount of spots in the Enzyme linked immunospot assay (Elispot-Assay) of IFN-γ and IL-17 correlates with the probability of graft dysfuction and complete graft failure. We also compared the results to clinical parameters. Methods Between the years 2009 and 2012, twelve pairs of related living kidney transplantations were included in this study. From each pair blood samples were taken at four time points (before transplantation, and at 21±3, 28±3 and 75±15 days after kidney transplantation, respectively). After establishing the technique of IFN-γ- and IL-17-Elispot-Assays, we separated the periphale blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and performed follow up examinations at the four time points mentioned above. The PBMC of each donor and each recipient were examined separatly, and in addition together in a lymphocyte mixed reaction. We stimulated the PBMC of the IFN-γ-Elispot with Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the PBMC of the IL-17-Elispot with OKT3 to get significant characteristics. PBMC of the donors were irradiated with 30 Gy before mixing them with the PBMC of the recipients. We also took the HLA-matches and serum creatinine molarity to compare important clinical parameters with the results of the Elispot-Assays. Results Sufficient spots were measured using the unstimulated and stimulated IFN-γ-Elispot and the stimulated IL-17-Elispot. Radiation was significant at all three tests (IFN-γ: p=0,047 | IFN-γ + IL-2: p=0,007 | IL-17: p = 0,001). All twelve recipients showed a high number of spots before transplantation in both types of Elispot-Assays and most of them an increasing number of spots after a minimal turning point three weeks after transplantation. Due to the small number of cases, no significant results could be obtained at follow up. Non recipient developed a graft rejection as proven by biopsy or graft failure. The molarity of serum creatinine was permanently reduced whereas it was high before transplantation. Because of the abscence of any rejection episodes, HLA matches could not be compared. Discussion Due to the absence of rejection episodes or graft failure, no prediction for rejection by the IFN-γ- and IL-17-Elispot was possible. The low number of cases of living related kidney transplantation demonstrated the challange of the investigation of living related kidney transplantation. Although we could prove a significant effect of the irradiation of PBMC, there was no significant result in the follow up investigations. A higher number of cases are needed in future investigations. The established method of the IFN-γ- and IL-17-Elispot can be used in a future study with an extended number of cases and a longer follow up of time
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Gayer, Juliana Escalier Ludwig. "Uma análise da elisão e da degeminação com base em restrições." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/106457.
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Neste trabalho, observamos os processos que ocorrem para evitar choque entre núcleos silábicos em fronteira de palavras, processos conhecidos como sândi externo. Dos três processos de sândi descritos na literatura, propusemos uma nova divisão em dois grupos, levando em conta resultados de pesquisas anteriores: elisão e degeminação ocorrem para reparar qualquer sequência de duas vogais (hiato ou ditongo), enquanto a ditongação ocorre apenas para reparar hiato. O foco desta tese então é fazer uma análise dos processos que compõem o primeiro grupo. Nesse sentido, retomamos os processos em três eixos: (a) a relação entre processos fonéticos (gradientes) e processos fonológicos (categóricos); (b) a relação entre estrutura prosódica e estrutura morfossintática; e (c) uma análise do sândi em termos de restrições. Quanto ao primeiro eixo, fazemos a distinção entre processos fonéticos e fonológicos de acordo com as ideias de Bermúdez-Otero (2007; 2012). Tomamos a posição de que o sândi seja um processo categórico (não gradiente), embora não excluindo processos co-articulatórios em fronteira de palavra. Quanto ao segundo eixo, argumentamos a favor de que os processos de sândi não têm acesso direto a informações de categoria morfológica ou sintática, assim como prevê a teoria da Fonologia Prosódica. Para explicarmos os casos de bloqueio dos processos na combinação V + palavra, defendemos que essa vogal não sofre modificação pois se encontra em início de palavra prosódica, nesse caso palavra prosódica recursiva - como em [a[esquina]w]w ou [a[américa]w]w -, porção que normalmente se mostra mais resistente. Quanto ao terceiro eixo, propusemos uma análise otimalista dos processos de sândi, considerando as questões relacionadas aos dois primeiros eixos. Em primeiro lugar, a consideração de que o sândi seja um processo fonológico sustenta a abordagem por restrições, e a consideração de que o sândi seja um processo variável pode ser explicada pelo modelo de restrições parcialmente ordenadas. Além disso, em relação à questão da preservação das vogais que portam acento primário, podemos encontrar as seguintes tendências: a elisão é bloqueada em caso de V1 e V2 acentuadas, principalmente se em V2 também recair o acento principal; já a degeminação apenas é bloqueada em casos de V2 receber acento primário e principal. Para os casos de V1 acentuada, consideramos uma restrição que proíbe apagamento de vogal acentuada - MAXVacent. Esta restrição é violada pelos candidatos que aplicam a elisão, mas não pelos candidatos que aplicam a degeminação, já que consideramos que nesse caso não há apagamento, mas fusão das vogais adjacentes. Para os casos de bloqueio da elisão e da degeminação quando V2 receber o acento frasal, relacionamos a questão à proposta da ambiprosodicidade da sílaba formada após a aplicação dos processos. Nesse caso, argumentamos que, sempre que os processos se aplicam, temos a formação de uma sílaba ambiprosódica, mas, no caso de esta sílaba portar o acento frasal, ela não pode manter essa configuração. A restrição relevante aqui é a que proíbe uma sílaba ambiprosódica que porte acento frasal - *σsambiprosódica[+ac.fr.]. A partir da discussão das questões relevantes para os fenômenos de sândi, conseguimos propor um único ranqueamento que desse conta da escolha dos candidatos ótimos em ambos os processos considerados: elisão e degeminação.In this study, we observed the processes that occur to avoid clash between syllabic nuclei across word boundaries, processes known as external sandhi. Among the three cases of sandhi described in literature, we proposed a new division into two groups, taking into account the results of previous research: elision and degemination occur to repair any sequence of two vowels (hiatus or diphthong), while diphthongization occurs only to repair hiatus. Therefore the focus of this work is to analyze the processes that compose the first group. In this sense, we observed the processes in three areas: (a) the relationship between phonetic processes (gradient) and phonological processes (categorical); (b) the relationship between prosodic structure and morphosyntactic structure; and (c) an analysis of sandhi with constraints. About the first area, the distintion between phonetic and phonological processes is based on ideas from Bermúdez-Otero (2007, 2012). We considered that sandhi is a categorical process (not gradient), but we did not exclude co-articulatory processes across word boundaries. About the second area, we argued that sandhi processes do not have direct access to morphological or syntactic information, as well as Prosodic Phonology Theory predicts. In order to explain why the processes do not occur in combinations like V + word, we argued that this vowel can not be modified because it is in prosodic word initial position, in this case recursive prosodic word - as in [a[esquina]w]w or [a[américa]w]w -, portion that usually is more resistant to modifications. About the third area, we proposed an optimalist analysis of sandhi processes, considering issues related to the previous two areas. In the first place, the ideia of sandhi as a phonological process supports the analysis with constraints, and the consideration that the sandhi is a variable process can be explained by the partially ordered constraints model. Furthermore, regarding the issue of preservation of vowels that carry primary stress, we can find the following: elision is blocked when V1 and V2 are stressed, especially when V2 carries also frasal stress; degemination is blocked only when V2 carries primary and frasal stress. For the cases that V1 is stressed, we considered a constraint that prohibits deletion of a stressed vowel - MAXVacent. This constraint is violated by candidates that apply elision, but not by candidates that apply degemination, since we considered that in this case there is not deletion, but fusion of adjacent vowels. For the cases that V2 carries frasal stress, we related the blocking of processes to the ambiprosodic question. We argued that, when sandhi processes occur, we have the formation of an ambiprosodic syllable. However, in cases that this syllable receives phrasal stress, it can not keep the ambiprosodic setting. The important constraint here is *σsambiprosódica[+ac.fr.], that prohibits an ambiprosodic syllable with phrasal stress. From this discussion, we proposed a single ranking that can explain the choice of optimal candidates in both processes considered: elision and degemination.
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Miranda, Lílian Elisabeth Cordeiro Tenório de. "A norma do artigo 116, parágrafo único, do código tributárionacional: uma análise acerca da sua adequação e aplicabilidade noSistema Tributário Brasileiro diante dos princípios da legalidade, daisonomia e da segurança jurídica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/4698.
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Previous issue date: 2007O artigo 116, parágrafo único, do Código Tributário Brasileiro, traz norma geral que confere ao agente encarregado da cobrança e arrecadação de tributos poderes para desconsiderar fatos ou negócios praticados para dissimular a ocorrência do fato gerador da obrigação tributária. Trata-se de norma de abrangência nacional, introduzida no direito brasileiro pela Lei Complementar n. 104, no ano de 2001. Ela expressa a preocupação do governo com a proliferação de atos e negócios, ainda que lícitos, utilizados com a única finalidade de evitar o pagamento de tributos normalmente devidos a chamada elisão fiscal. Nos países em que se encontra vigente o Estado Social e Democrático de Direito, ao mesmo tempo em que são vitais para viabilizar o Estado, os tributos devem ser cobrados com observância das garantias e liberdades individuais. Assim, é comum que existam tensões no relacionamento entre Estado e contribuintes. Nesse contexto sugiram grandes discussões sobre a norma antielisão, que, para muitos doutrinadores brasileiros, seria inconstitucional no ponto em que confere poderes ao administrador. O trabalho busca identificar as razões pelas quais se levanta a inconstitucionalidade da norma e procura averiguar a pertinência desses argumentos frente ao sistema tributário brasileiro na matéria pertinente aos princípios da legalidade, da isonomia e segurança jurídica, que formam o âmbito sensível do debate: a liberdade do particular e seu o dever de pagar tributos
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Bibi, Sagida. "The formulation of artificial reference standards for use within the ELISPOT assay." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/20912/.
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Whether to assess the functionality of equipment or as a determinate for the accuracy of assays, reference standards are essential for the purposes of standardisation and validation. The ELISPOT assay, developed over thirty years ago, has emerged as a leading immunological assay in the development of novel vaccines for the assessment of efficacy. However, with its widespread use, there is a growing demand for a greater level of standardisation across different laboratories. One of the major difficulties in achieving this goal has been the lack of definitive reference standards. This is partly due to the ex vivo nature of the assay, which relies on cells being placed directly into the wells. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to produce an artificial reference standard using liposomes, for use within the assay. Liposomes are spherical bilayer vesicles with an enclosed aqueous compartment and therefore are models for biological membranes. Initial work examined pre-design considerations in order to produce an optimal formulation that would closely mimic the action of the cells ordinarily placed on the assay. Recognition of the structural differences between liposomes and cells led to the formulation of liposomes with increased density. This was achieved by using a synthesised cholesterol analogue. By incorporating this cholesterol analogue in liposomes, increased sedimentation rates were observed within the first few hours. The optimal liposome formulation from these studies was composed of 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), cholesterol (Chol) and brominated cholesterol (Brchol) at a 16:4:12 µMol ratio, based on a significantly higher (p<0.01) sedimentation (as determined by a percentage transmission of 59 ± 5.9 % compared to the control formulation at 29 ± 12 % after four hours). By considering a range of liposome formulations ‘proof of principle’ for using liposomes as ELISPOT reference standards was shown; recombinant IFN? cytokine was successfully entrapped within vesicles of different lipid compositions, which were able to promote spot formation within the ELISPOT assay. Using optimised liposome formulations composed of phosphatidylcholine with or without cholesterol (16 µMol total lipid) further development was undertaken to produce an optimised, scalable protocol for the production of liposomes as reference standards. A linear increase in spot number by the manipulation of cytokine concentration and/or lipid concentrations was not possible, potentially due to the saturation that occurred within the base of wells. Investigations into storage of the formulations demonstrated the feasibility of freezing and lyophilisation with disaccharide cryoprotectants, but also highlighted the need for further protocol optimisation to achieve a robust reference standard upon storage. Finally, the transfer of small-scale production to a medium lab-scale batch (40 mL) demonstrated this was feasible within the laboratory using the optimised protocol.
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Presber, Franziska. "Bestimmung spenderreaktiver, IFNgamma-produzierender Zellen vor und nach Nierentransplantation im ELISpot-Assay." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15339.
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Hintergrund: Um akute Rejektionen nach Nierentransplantation früh erkennen und behandeln zu können, gleichzeitig die Nebenwirkungen einer immunsuppressiven Therapie zu minimieren, wäre die Etablierung eines “Immunmonitorings”, welches zu jedem Zeitpunkt Hinweise auf die Aktivierung des Immunsystems des Empfängers gegen das Transplantat gibt, wünschenswert. Methodik: In dieser Studie wurden die Anzahl der spenderreaktiven, IFNgamma-produzierenden T-Zellen von 52 nierentransplantierten Patienten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten vor (prä-TX) und nach Transplantation (post-TX) im ELISpot-Assay gemessen und in Zusammenhang mit der klinischen Entwicklung gebracht. Außerdem wurde das Assay auf Reproduzierbarkeit untersucht und versucht zu optimieren. Ergebnisse: Eine stark erhöhte Anzahl spenderreaktiver Zellen prä-TX (>200 IFNgamma-spots/3*100000 PBMZ, n = 5) war immer mit einer akuten Rejektion des Transplantats assoziiert. Post-TX korrelierte die Anzahl der spenderreaktiven, IFNgamma-produzierenden Zellen mit der Nierenfunktion ein Jahr nach Transplantation. Diese Korrelation wurde in den Wochen 2 und 3 post-TX und bei Patienten ohne akute Rejektion, besonders deutlich. Hinsichtlich der methodischen Optimierung hat sich die magnetische Depletion CD2pos-Zellen als effektiv gezeigt, die IFNgamma-Sekretion von Stimulatorzellen zu unterbinden. Um die Reproduzierbarkeit des Assays zu verbessern sollten Stimulatorzellen im Überschuss und Empfänger-T-Zellen in einer konstanten Anzahl eingesetzt werden. Dabei sollte die Gesamtzellzahl über 1000000 Zellen/ml betragen. Conclusion: Das ELISpot-Assay ist zur Erkennung klinisch relevanter T-Zellsensibilisierungen vor und nach Transplantation geeignet. Vor einem Einsatz in der klinischen Routine sollten jedoch einige methodische Verbesserungen vorgenommen werden.Background: In order to perform early diagnosis and treatment of acute rejections after renal transplantation while minimizing side effects of immunosuppression, an immune monitoring tool is needed, which gives information on the activation state of the immune system of the transplant recipient against the allograft at any given time. Methods: In this study, frequencies of donor-reactive, IFNgamma-producing T cells where measured in 52 renal transplant recipients at different time points before (pre-TX) and after transplantation (post-TX) using the ELISPOT-assay. The frequencies were correlated with clinical outcome. Also, the reproducibility of the assay and possibilities of optimization were tested. Results: Highly elevated frequencies of donor-reactive cells pre-TX (>200 IFNgamma-spots/3*100000 PBMC´s, n = 5) were always associated with acute rejection episodes after transplantation. Post-TX frequencies of donor-reactive, IFNgamma-producing cells correlated significantly with graft function one year post-TX. This correlation was strongest for frequencies in week 2 and 3 post-TX and in patients without acute rejection. Regarding the methodical optimization, magnetic CD2pos-cell depletion of donor leucocytes proved useful to inhibit IFNgamma secretion of stimulating cells. To improve reproducibility of the assay stimulating cells should be used as a surplus, a constant number of responding T cells should be chosen, and overall cell concentration should exceed 1000000 cells/ml. Conclusion: The ELISPOT-assay is a useful tool to detect clinically relevant T cell sensibilisation pre- and post-TX. Before it is routinely used some methodical alterations must be performed.
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Könemann, Judith [Verfasser], and Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] Lindemann. "Interleukin-17 ELISpot als Prädiktor für eine Nierentransplantatabstoßung? / Judith Könemann ; Betreuer: Monika Lindemann." Duisburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168590779/34.
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Rodrigues, Tereza Cristina Tarragô Souza. "Elisão Tributária: limites em face da Teoria do Abuso de Direito." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2003. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/4800.
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Previous issue date: 2003A elisão tributária é examinada no plano do seu exercício, para o fim de contextualizála em relação aos princípios informadores da tributação e em relação à figura do abuso de direito que se esboça afinada com sua época e fundamentada em um solidarismo que aparentemente rompe com a rigidez do individualismo.Observa-se que a interpretação dos princípios informadores da tributação sujeita-se a postulados que não podem conduzir ao absurdo de uma interpretação isolada e de forma absoluta, desconsiderando as intersecções que possui com os demais dispositivos constitucionais. Assim, percebe-se que o direito de o contribuinte se auto-organizar da maneira fiscalmente menos onerosa não é absoluto e que deve ser examinado, no plano do seu exercício, para o fim de detectar a eventual existência de um abuso de direito. Na esteira do pensamento pós-positivista, dominante nos dias atuais, e a partir de contribuições do direito comparado, o presente trabalho, superando dogmas formalistas, como o da tipicidade fechada, elege os valores da justiça e da segurança jurídica, e dos princípios da legalidade e da capacidade contributiva como paradigmas axiológicos, caros à interpretação da lei tributária. Constitui verdadeiro corolário desse sistema valorativo, a exigência de combate à evasão e à elisão de tributos no Brasil, por meio da atividade hermenêutica e da introdução de regras antielisivas, fundamentadas na aplicação, no Direito Tributário, da teoria do abuso de direito. Outrossim, analisa-se a cláusula geral antielisiva, introduzida pela Lei Complementar nº 104/2001, nos quadrantes da dogmática constitucional tributária. O estudo identifica, enfim, a abertura da interpretação a valores e princípios, e o combate à elisão abusiva, como necessidades indeclináveis para a realização da Justiça Fiscal
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Fernandes, Vitória Estanislau de Aguiar. "Relação entre elisão fiscal e práticas socialmente responsáveis em empresas brasileiras." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2015.06.D.18972.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multi-institucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2015.Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-11-06T17:53:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_VitóriaEstanislaudeAguiarFernandes.pdf: 1349020 bytes, checksum: 769634d74d5f600f75cb034778472191 (MD5)
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O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se existe associação entre a elisão fiscal e a Responsabilidade Social Corporativa. Considera-se que empresas certificadas como socialmente responsáveis possuem aversão ao risco. Como as práticas tributárias de elisão fiscal representam um risco para empresa, espera-se que empresas socialmente responsáveis apresentem menores índices de elisão tributária. Para cumprir esse objetivo foi tomado como base uma amostra de 72 empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA que participam e não participam do Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial (ISE). Para tanto, foi utilizado como forma de mensuração da elisão fiscal: Effective Tax Rate (ETR). A metodologia utilizada constitui-se em um estudo empírico-analítico, com base em uma amostra onde foram coletadas informações entre os anos de 2009 a 2013. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de consultas às Demonstrações Financeiras, notas explicativas das empresas em escopo e dados contidos na Economática®. Para tratamento dos dados, além da análise descritiva, foram realizadas análise de regressão com dados em painel. Os resultados evidenciam menores índices de ETR para as empresas do grupo de controle que é composto pelas empresas não certificadas pelo ISE. Com base na análise dos dados o apresentados é possível afirmar que as empresas socialmente responsáveis, denotadas pelo ISE, possuem uma maior tendência às práticas de elisão fiscal. Como resultado, a hipótese principal do estudo – há relação das empresas brasileiras que apresentam práticas socialmente responsáveis face à questão da elisão tributária– foi aceita comprovando haver diferença significante entre as práticas de empresas certificadas e não certificadas pelo ISE.
The objective of this study is to investigate the association between tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility. It is considered that companies certified as socially responsible have risk aversion. As the tax practices of tax avoidance pose a risk to the company, it is expected that socially responsible companies have lower rates of tax avoidance. To accomplish this goal was taken on a sample of 72 companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA participating and not participating in the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE). Thus, it was used as a means of measuring the tax avoidance: Effective Tax Rate (ETR). The methodology used is in an empirical-analytic study, based on a sample where information was collected between the years 2009 to 2013. Data collection was conducted through consultations to the financial statements, notes to the companies in scope and data contained in Economática®. To processing of data, in addition to descriptive analysis were conducted regression analysis with panel data. The results show lower rates of ETR for companies in the control group consists of the companies not certified by ISE. Based on the analysis of the data presented it is clear that socially responsible companies, denoted by the ISE, have a greater tendency to the practices of tax avoidance. As a result, the study's hypothesis - no relationship of Brazilian companies with socially responsible practices face the issue of tax avoidance - was accepted proving there significant differences between the practices of certified companies and not certified by ISE.
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Persson, Marie, Christina Ekerfelt, Jan Ernerudh, Leif Matthiesen, Maria Jenmalm, Yvonne Jonsson, Martina Sandberg, and Göran Berg. "Increased circulating paternal antigen-specific IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells during pregnancy in allergic and non-allergic women." Linköpings universitet, Klinisk immunologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16134.
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INTRODUCTION: Allergic women have been reported to give birth to more children than non-allergic women, speculatively explained by the former's predisposition for Th2 polarization, possibly favoring pregnancy. AIM: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that allergy is associated with more Th2-deviated responses to paternal antigens throughout pregnancy. METHODS: Blood samples were collected on six occasions during pregnancy and two occasions postpartum (pp). Of the 86 women initially included, 54 women had a normal pregnancy and completed the sampling procedures. Eleven women fulfilled the strict criteria for allergy (allergic symptoms and circulating IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens) and 23 were strictly non-allergic (non-sensitized without symptoms). The numbers of blood mononuclear cells secreting IFN-gamma and IL-4, spontaneously and in response to paternal alloantigens, were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The numbers of spontaneously as well as paternal antigen-induced IFN-gamma- and IL-4-secreting cells were similar in allergic and non-allergic pregnant women on all occasions. A similar increase in the numbers of both IFN-gamma- and IL-4-secreting cells were found in allergic and non-allergic women during pregnancy, both regarding spontaneous and paternal antigen-induced secretion. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the hypothesis of a more pronounced Th2-deviation to paternal antigens in allergic pregnant women compared with non-allergic pregnant women, as measured by number of cytokine-secreting cells. The observed increase of both IFN-gamma- and IL-4-secreting cells during normal pregnancy may be interpreted as a Th2-situation, since the effects of IL-4 predominate over the effects of IFN-gamma.
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Gazagne, Agnès. "Optimisation d'un test Elispot pour la détection de lymphocytes T CD8 anti-CMV et développement d'une technique Fluorospot pour la caractérisation de lymphocytes produisant plusieurs cytokines." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066129.
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Maenner, Denis [Verfasser]. "Etablierung eines ELISpot-Assays zur Detektion von Antikörpern gegen Beta-3-Integrine / Denis Maenner." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122497042X/34.
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Koch, Barbara [Verfasser], and André [Akademischer Betreuer] Gessner. "Entwicklung einer T-Zelldiagnostik für virale Erkrankungen im ELISpot-Format / Barbara Koch ; Betreuer: André Gessner." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1186967404/34.
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Meraba, Rebone Leboreng. "Evaluating the predictive performance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope prediction tools using Elispot assay data." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27972.
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Computational T-cell epitope prediction tools have been previously devised to predict potential human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding peptides from protein sequences. These tools are complements of Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays - a very commonly applied immunological technique that is used both to identify regions of pathogen genomes that trigger an immune response and to characterize the relationships between an individual's complement of HLA alleles and the degree of immunity that they display. If computational tools could accurately predict HLA-peptide binding, then these tools might be useable as a cheap and reliable alternative to ELISpot assays. A web-based IFN γ ELISpot assay dataset sharing resource, called IMMUNO-SHARE, was developed to enable the simple and straightforward storage and dissemination amongst researchers of large volumes of IFN γ ELISpot assay data. Such experimental data was next used to make HLA-peptide binding predictions with four frequently used T-cell epitope prediction tools - netMHC 3.2, IEDB_ANN, IEDB_ARB Matrix and IEDB_SMM. The predictive performances of all four tools individually and collectively was statistically assessed using non-parametric Spearman rank-order correlation tests. It was found that none of the four tested tools yielded binding affinity predictions that were detectably correlated with the observed ELISpot data. High false positive rates, where high predicted binding affinities between peptides and patient HLAs corresponded in these patients with no appreciable immune responses, were apparent for all four of the tested methods. The low degree of correlation between ELISpot data and HLA-peptide binding predictions and in particular, high false positive rates and relatively low true positive and true negative rates, indicate that the four tested tools would require substantial improvement before they could be seen as a viable alternative to ELISpot assays. Given that the accuracy of predictions of each of the four methods tested is largely dependent on both the quantity and quality of known true binder and true non-binder datasets that were used to train the HLA-peptide binding prediction methods implemented by the tools, it is plausible that the accuracy of these tools could be increased with larger training datasets. Retraining either the current methods or the next generation of prediction tools would therefore be greatly facilitated by the availability of large quantities of publically available HLA-peptide binding interaction information. It is hoped that IMMUNO-SHARE or some other ELISpot data sharing resource could eventually meet this need.
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Masjedi, Khosro. "In vitro analyses of immune responses to metal and organic haptens in humans with contact allergy." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Wenner-Gren Institute for Experimental Biology, Stockholm university, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7685.
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Leal, Eneida de Goes. "Elisão silábica e haplologia: aspectos fonológicos do falar da cidade paulista de Capivari." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-31072007-153548/.
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Esta dissertação trata da queda de sílaba em limite de palavra no falar da cidade paulista de Capivari, observando-se em quais contextos esse processo fonológico pode ocorrer e em quais nunca ocorre. Para realizar essa análise, são considerados três níveis fonológicos, quais sejam: segmental, prosódico e métrico. A queda de sílaba é tratada como dois tipos distintos de redução fonológica: na elisão silábica, há dessemelhança entre as consoantes das sílabas envolvidas; com relação à haplologia, as consoantes das sílabas são iguais ou semelhantes ? a diferença entre elas está apenas no traço [sonoridade]. Pôde-se constatar, pela análise de contextos segmentais, que tanto a elisão silábica quanto a haplologia são processos regidos pelas mesmas regras, uma vez que ambos os processos se dão no mesmo ponto de consoante para que possa haver efetiva queda de sílaba. E, da mesma forma, esses processos fonológicos podem ocorrer em qualquer nível da hierarquia prosódica. Isso evidencia que a elisão silábica e a haplologia são de fato o mesmo processo fonológico. Finalmente, a análise métrica aponta as mesmas propriedades para a elisão silábica e para a haplologia no que diz respeito ao uso desses processos para otimizações rítmicasThis work deals with syllable deletion in word boundary in Capivari speech, a city from the countryside of São Paulo state. It was checked in which contexts this phonological process can occur and in which it can never occur. To fulfill this analysis three phonological levels were considered: segmental, prosodic and metrical. Syllable deletion is dealt as two distinct types of phonological reduction: in syllable drop, the syllable\'s consonants are distinct from each other; in haplology, the consonants are equal or alike - the difference between them is only the feature [sonority]. By the analysis of segmental contexts, it has been proved that both syllable drop and haplology are types of processes which are governed by the same rules, for both of them must have the same consonant place node, so that there can be in fact syllable deletion. In the same way, both the phonological processes may occur in any prosodic level from which it is evident that syllable drop and haplology are actually the same phonological process. To verify if both the processes are rhythmically used in the same way it has been pointed out by metrical analysis that syllable drop and haplology present the same properties as regards to optmization
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Alencastro, Ana Paula Mello. "A elisão da vogal média /o/ em Porto Alegre-RS e Curitiba-PR." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4225.
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Previous issue date: 2008This work aims at studying the elision rule involving the vowel /o/ in V-V sequences, when the first vowel is at a final word stressless position and the second vowel, of a different quality, is at the beginning of the following word. The corpus of the study is consisted of interviews with speakers from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and Curitiba, Paraná, taken from VARSUL Bank Data. The data were submitted to VARBRUL 2S statistical analysis. Describing the process of the vowel /o/ elision under the perspective of Linguistic Variation Theory, Labovian model, while estalishing conditioning linguistic and social factors and concluding the description of the close-mid vowels in the South of Brazil are the aims of this research. The elision of /o/ vowel is the dependent variable and this embraces three variants: elision, diphthongization, and hiatuses. The variant elision was not the one of highest application, but diphtongization, in both regions analyzed. The linguistic variables selected as statistically relevant were Morphosyntactic Classification of Position 1, Type of lexical item in Position 1, Number of syllables in Position 1, Morphosyntactic Classification of Position 2, Type of lexical item in Position 2, Number of syllables in Position 2, and prosodic constituents. The only social variable selected as statiscally relevant was Region.
O presente estudo trata da elisão da vogal média /o/, fenômeno de sândi externo do qual resulta o apagamento variável de vogais átonas em seqüências V-V na fronteira de vocábulos, em que a primeira, candidata ao apagamento, encontra-se na posição átona final e a segunda, de qualidade distinta, é a vogal inicial da palavra seguinte. A amostra foi composta pelas entrevistas do banco de dados do projeto VARSUL, referentes às cidades de Porto Alegre, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Curitiba, no Estado do Paraná. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística dos programas do pacote VARBRUL 2S. Descrever o processo de elisão da vogal /o/ à luz dos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria da Variação, modelo laboviano, estabelecendo condicionadores lingüísticos e sociais à regra, e concluir a descrição do processo de elisão de vogais médias na região Sul são os objetivos desta pesquisa. A elisão da vogal /o/ é, portanto, a variável dependente, que considerou três variantes, a saber: elisão, ditongação e hiato. A variante elisão não foi a forma de maior aplicação, posição ocupada pela ditongação em ambas as regiões estudadas. Foram selecionadas como condicionadores lingüísticos do processo as variáveis Classificação Morfossintática da Posição, Tipo de Item Lexical na Posição 1, Número de Sílabas na Posição 1, Classificação Morfossintática da Posição 2, Tipo de Item Lexical na Posição 2, Número de Sílabas na Posição 2 e Constituintes Prosódicos. A variável social Região também foi selecionada como estatisticamente relevante.
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Alencastro, Ana Paula Mello. "A elisão em dois portos: evidências para a comparação entre PB e PE." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/6767.
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Previous issue date: 2013This study focuses on the process of elision of /a/, /e/ and /o/ at word boundaries in the speech of individuals from Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil and Porto, Portugal based on samples collected through personal experience interviews with 24 subjects from each of the places mentioned. The aim was not only to describe the process in both varieties but also to compare the results obtained with the same methodology. In order to do that, the analysis followed in light of Prosodic Phonology (NESPOR & VOGEL, 1986) and Variation Theory (LABOV, 1972) allowing the investigation of the action of prosodic aspects such as word boundaries, rhythm and speech rate, segmental aspects and social aspects like age and gender. Although the results of the statistical analysis run in Goldvarb have shown a higher frequency of elision in Porto compared to Porto Alegre- highlighting the epenthesis process that haven't been described as a systematic variable rule in Porto up to this moment - they indicated that the Phonetic Quality of the vowel in the Second Position, the Type of Sequence, Word Boundary and Word Stress Distance condition the elision process of vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ in both varieties. Regarding the Phonetic Quality of the Second Position, we concluded that there is a dependency relation concerning the role of the stress of the target vowel and that, when unstressed, all vowels are favoring contexts for the application of elision. However, considering the variable Type of Sequence, the first position happened to be relevant. In this case, stressed function words as well as content words showed favoring behavior while clitics blocked the process. The statistical analysis revealed that the process is blocked in the context of intonational phrases. The discussion about the role of Prosodic Boundary was resumed taking the result of the acoustic analysis, which evidenced that the incidence of pause is the main cause of elision, regardless of the boundary in the context. Still considering the boundary, we also discussed the application of Prosodic Phonology (NESPOR & VOGEL, 1986) for classifying structures in spontaneous speech, once it was possible to find ruptures in all the boundaries tested. The result for the Word Stress Distance variable - the only one in which discrepancies between Porto Alegre and Porto were verified - led to the discussion on the rhythmic pattern of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP). The evidences showed that the first one tends to a syllabic pattern, and the second one tends to a stress pattern. Speech rate, which was analyzed according to acoustic measures, also suggested a syllabic rhythm in the variety from Porto Alegre for pointing out the subjects’ lower average of syllables per second and a lower production of elision. However, a stress pattern was attributed to the variety from Porto due to the higher frequency of elision and higher average rate of speech. Testing Speech Rate also made it possible to establish the distinction between age groups concerning the application of elision in Porto. With regards to the linguistic unity of Brazilian and European varieties, it could be argued that there is one system only, as the phonological process in question demonstrated the same conditioning for both samples, highlighting rhythm, which has already been asserted in literature as responsible for the main differences between those varieties.
O presente estudo trata do fenômeno de elisão das vogais /a/, /e/ e /o/ em fronteira vocabular na fala de Porto Alegre – RS, no Brasil, e do Porto, em Portugal, a partir de amostras coletadas através de entrevistas de experiência pessoal, com 24 informantes de cada uma das regiões supracitadas. Objetivou-se, além de descrever os processos nas duas variedades da língua portuguesa, comparar os resultados, obtidos a partir da mesma metodologia. Para tanto, a análise foi conduzida com o apoio teórico da Fonologia Prosódica (NESPOR e VOGEL, 1986) e da Teoria da Variação (LABOV, 1972, 1994, 2001), possibilitando a investigação acerca da atuação de aspectos prosódicos, como a fronteira prosódica, o ritmo e a taxa de elocução, de aspectos segmentais e de aspectos sociais, como a faixa etária e o gênero. Os resultados oferecidos pelo exame estatístico, realizado através do programa Goldvarb, embora tenham revelado maior frequência de elisão no Porto com relação à frequência em Porto Alegre – destacando-se o processo de epêntese, que até o momento não havia sido descrito como regra de aplicação sistemática na variedade do Porto – apontaram as variáveis Qualidade Fonética da Vogal em Segunda Posição, Tipo de Sequência, Fronteira Prosódica e Distância entre os Acentos como condicionadoras aos processos de elisão das vogais /a/, /e/ e /o/ em ambas as variedades. No que diz respeito à Qualidade Fonética da Segunda Posição, concluiu-se que há uma relação de dependência com o papel do acento da vogal em questão e que, quando átonas, todas as vogais constituem contextos favorecedores à aplicação da elisão. Já no que tange à variável Tipo de Sequência, tem-se como relevante a primeira posição, em que palavras funcionais acentuadas e palavras lexicais apresentaram comportamento favorecedor, e clíticos mostraram-se bloqueadores ao processo.A discussão sobre o papel da Fronteira Prosódica, sobre a qual a análise estatística revelou bloqueio quando o contexto ocorre em fronteira de frase entonacional, foi retomada junto ao resultado da verificação acústica, na qual foi possível constatar que, independente da fronteira em que está o contexto, a incidência de pausa é a principal responsável pela não aplicação da elisão. Ainda com relação à fronteira, discutiu-se a aplicação da Fonologia Prosódica (NESPOR e VOGEL, 1986) para a classificação de estruturas provenientes de fala espontânea, visto que foi possível constatar rupturas em todas as fronteiras atestadas. O resultado referente à variável Distância entre os Acentos, a única em que se verificou resultado discordante entre as amostras de Porto Alegre e do Porto, encaminhou à discussão sobre o padrão rítmico do português brasileiro (PB) e do português europeu (PE), oferecendo indícios de que o primeiro apresenta um ritmo com tendência a silábico, enquanto o segundo apresenta um ritmo com tendência a acentual. A Taxa de Elocução, variável investigada a partir de verificação acústica, também ofereceu evidências para o ritmo silábico na variedade de Porto Alegre, por apresentar uma média mais baixa de sílabas por segundo entre seus falantes e a produção mais baixa de elisão, ao passo que à variedade do Porto foi atribuído o padrão acentual, associado à maior frequência de elisão e à taxa de elocução média mais elevada.A verificação da Taxa de Elocução permitiu, ainda, esclarecer a distinção entre os comportamentos das faixas etárias com relação à aplicação da elisão no Porto. Sobre a questão da unidade linguística entre as variedades brasileira e europeia da língua, conclui-se que o estudo oferece indícios para argumentar em favor de um único sistema, visto que o processo fonológico em estudo apresentou os mesmos condicionamentos para as amostras de Porto Alegre e do Porto, destacando-se o ritmo, assim como já sacramentado pela literatura em Linguística, como responsável pela principal distinção entre as duas variedades.
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Zeuner, Thomas. "Untersuchungen zur humoralen und zellulären Immunantwort auf HBs-Antigen unter Berücksichtigung des Impfstatus." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-175098.
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Die Virushepatitis gehört weltweit zu einer der häufigsten viralen Erkrankungen. Doch durch die Entwicklung von immer effizienteren Impfstoffen kann bei einer frühzeitigen Immunisierung eine Infektion verhindert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ein Patientenkollektiv zu untersuchen, welches eine Impfung mit einem Hepatitis B-Impfstoff erhalten hatte, und dieses mit Probanden zu vergleichen, die nicht immunisiert waren. Diese Proben wurden auf ihre serologische und zelluläre Reaktivität mittels ELISA und ELISpot untersucht. Im ELISA zeigte sich bei 95 % der geimpften Personen eine positive Serokonversion nach zurückliegender Hepatitis B-Impfung. Um den Impfstatus genauer zu analysieren und bei seronegativen geimpften Probanden den zellulären Arm des Immun-systems zu verifizieren, wurde mittels ELISpot die IFN-γ-Sekretion von HBs-reaktiven
T-Zellen untersucht und mit den Ergebnissen, welche in der Serologie gewonnen wurden, verglichen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die zelluläre Untersuchung bei 43 von 94 untersuchten Patientenproben (46 %) ein positives Ergebnis aufwies. Zweiundzwanzig der 48 geimpften Patienten (46 %) hatten eine antigenspezifische IFN-γ-Sekretion und 21 der 46 Proben der aktuell nicht geimpften Patienten fielen im ELISpot positiv aus. Bei zwei seronegativ geimpften Patienten konnte jeweils ein positives Ergebnis im ELISpot gezeigt werden. Ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des anti-HBs-Titers im ELISA und Anzahl der spot-bildenden Zellen im ELISpot konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die serologische Untersuchung mittels ELISA weiterhin als Goldstandard verwendet werden soll, um den aktuellen Schutz gegenüber einer Hepatitis B-Infektion zu verifizieren. Durch die zelluläre Untersuchung mit dem ELISpot-Verfahren kann bei weiterer Testoptimierung in Zukunft eine Nachweismethode für seronegative Geimpfte entwickelt werden. Vor allem sollten diese mit Hilfe des ELISpots genauer analysiert werden, um gegebenenfalls bei nicht vorhandener humoralen Immunität und einer ebenfalls fehlenden zellulären Immunität prophylaktische Maßnahmen einzuleiten.
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Heinrich, Daniela. "Untersuchungen über die antigenspezifische Immunität nach Diphtherie- und Tetanus-Schutzimpfung mit dem B-Zell-ELISPOT-Test." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969653603.
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Musil, Richard. "Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Substanz P und Serotonin auf die Zytokinproduktion peripherer Blutlymphozyten mittels ELISpot-Methode." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-124213.
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DANTAS, Rodrigo Numeriano Dubourcq. "O novo perfil da relação fiscal: os limites de revisão dos “autolançamentos” elisivos pela administração fazendária." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10820.
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Este trabalho se propõe a analisar a viabilidade dogmática, à luz do ordenamento jurídico vigente no Brasil, das práticas lícitas de economia fiscal, levadas, a conhecimento da Administração, por meio de “autolançamentos”. Procurou-se demonstrar que o Direito Tributário pátrio foi estruturado para fornecer segurança às relações jurídicas, nele, inspiradas. Sob uma perspectiva estática, assentou-se que as normas fiscais foram elaboradas a partir de conceitos jurídicos classificatórios. Isto para que, dinamicamente, a incidência destas se opere, unicamente, sobre os suportes fáticos identificados, previamente, pelo legislador, como aptos à produção de efeitos jurídicos. À luz da constitucionalização do Direito, com apoio nos princípios da legalidade, da segurança jurídica e da livre iniciativa, afirmou-se que ditos “autolançamentos”, quando elisivos, não estariam sujeitos à revisão ilimitada de seus conteúdos pelos agentes fazendários; especialmente quando considerado, contemporaneamente, o protagonismo dos contribuintes no que tange à constituição de seus próprios débitos para com o Erário – o que conferiu novos contornos à relação fiscal, cada vez mais voltada à cooperação entre a Fazenda Pública e os particulares. Defendeu-se, por fim, a necessidade de preservar a confiança daqueles, cujos atos, porque amparados no bloco de juridicidade vigente, deverão receber a guarida do Estado, daí porque questionável, na praxis fazendária nacional, a aplicação de teorias que justificam a revisão de “autolançamentos” com base em normas gerais e / ou critérios extrajurídicos
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Jiménez, Tauste Albert, and Niklas Rydberg. "Area of Interest Identification Using Circle Hough Transform and Outlier Removal for ELISpot and FluoroSpot Images." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254256.
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The aim of this project is to design an algorithm that identifies the Area of Interest (AOI) in ELISpot and FluoroSpot images. ELISpot and FluoroSpot are two varieties of a biochemical test used to analyze immune responses by quantifying the amount of cytokine secreted by cells. ELISpot and FluoroSpot images show a well that contains the cytokinesecreting cells which appear as scattered spots. Prior to counting the number of spots, it is required to detect the area in which to count the spots, i.e. the area delimited by the contour of the well. We propose to use the Circle Hough Transform together with filtering and the Laplacian of Gaussian edge detector in order to accurately detect such area. Furthermore we develop an outlier removal method that contributes to increase the robustness of the proposed detection method. Finally we compare our algorithm with another algorithm already in use. A Swedish biotech company called Mabtech has implemented an AOI identifier in the same field. Our proposed algorithm proves to be more robust and provides consistent results for all the images in the dataset.
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Gustafsson, Lidström Charlotte. "Local Immune regulation in human pregnancy : with focus on decidual macrophages." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Klinisk immunologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9985.
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During pregnancy, the woman carries a fetus partly foreign to her immune system, because of the expression of paternal antigens. Despite this, the fetus is normally tolerated and not rejected, as is often the case with organs in allogeneic transplantations. Systemic changes in maternal blood occur during pregnancy but, perhaps of greater importance, are changes in tissues locally in the uterus. The pregnant uterine endometrium, the decidua, is infiltrated by large numbers of leukocytes, mainly natural killer (NK) cells but also macrophages and T lymphocytes. Further, various cytokines are known to be secreted at the fetomaternal interface. However, the functions of these cells and the cytokine networks are not fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the local immune balance in normal human pregnancy decidua, both in the early phase of pregnancy and at parturition. First trimester decidual mononuclear cells, NK cells and macrophages were all shown to secrete IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10, as detected by ELISPOT. The secretion was not mirrored in blood from the same subjects. A significantly larger number of decidual macrophages secreted IL-10 than did their blood counterparts, indicating potential regulatory functions of this cell type. Further examination of early pregnancy decidual macrophages by microarray revealed 120 genes being differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in decidual compared to blood monocytes/macrophages. Several genes were associated with alternative activation/M2 polarization of macrophages, including CCL-18, CD209, IGF-1, MRC-1 and FN-1. Genes connected to immune regulation and tissue remodelling were common, in line with the potential functions for this cell type in utero. In addition, some molecules not previously connected to decidual macrophages, such as TREM-2, A2M and PGDS, were found to be upregulated, gaining new insights into the regulatory functions of decidual macrophages. Term decidual mononuclear cells spontaneously secrete IFN-γ, TNF, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. No differences were seen between tissues obtained before and after the onset of labour, indicating that decidual mononuclear cells are not the main cell population responsible for plausible cytokine regulation in the process of labour induction. Placental and fetal membranes as well as cells in the maternal systemic circulation may instead contribute to a possible shift in immune balance prior to pregnancy termination. In conclusion, decidual leukocytes, including NK cells and macrophages, are potential producers of both Th1-like/pro-inflammatory and Th2-like/anti-inflammatory cytokines in early pregnancy as well as at parturition. Decidual macrophages are of a specialized phenotype with effector functions contributing to a proper invasion of the placenta and to immunological protection of the semi-allogeneic fetus. This thesis adds new knowledge on local immune balance during normal human pregnancy, however, the clinical significance of the presented data needs to be clarified.
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Fondere, Jean-Michel. "Application de la méthode ELISPOT à la détection de lymphocytes TCD4+ proviraux dans l'infection par le VIH-1." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11094.
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Denizon, Nathalie. "Intérêt clinique et valeur pronostique du pourcentage de cellules circulantes sécrétrices de l'Immunoglobuline monoclonale déterminé par ELISPOT chez les patients atteints de gammapathie monoclonale." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11125.
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Garcia, Gabriella Teixeira. "Vírus da Hepatite C e Células Mononucleares do Sangue Periférico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-06032017-104537/.
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A hepatite C é uma doença que leva à inflamação do fígado, sendo causada pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC). Estima-se que existam 130 a 170 milhões de casos de infecção crônica pelo VHC por todo o mundo. Apesar do VHC ser principalmente hepatotrópico, foi evidenciada a detecção de RNA viral em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC). Evidências clínicas e experimentais têm demonstrado um importante tropismo do VHC por células do sistema imune, em especial por PBMCs. Apesar deste interessante achado, a importância da infecção do sistema imune na história natural da doença não é totalmente conhecida. É possível observar em alguns estudos que, em pacientes que desenvolvem infecção aguda, observa-se uma vigorosa resposta mediada por células T, específica ao VHC, mediada, por células T CD4+ e T CD8. Esta resposta é detectada na fase inicial da doença, e prolonga-se durante vários anos após a resolução do vírus. Pelo contrário, os pacientes que desenvolvem infecção crônica, apresentam, normalmente, respostas T fracas e / ou de curta duração, bem como defeitos nas funções efetoras de células T específicas. As respostas mediadas por células T com este perfil resultam, normalmente, em um baixo controlo da viremia e na sua persistência. Outra importante questão que permanece incerta até o presente momento é como a infecção das células imunes pelo VHC altera a sua função, principalmente no que concerne às PBMCs. Informações referentes às PBMCs e o VHC são pouco estudadas e referidas na literatura internacional, embora sejam de fundamental importância para a compreensão do seu peso na história natural da infecção. OBJETIVO: Baseado nessas incertezas o presente estudo tentará contribuir para a elucidação da influência do parasitismo por VHC na função de células TCD4+ e TCD8+ em pacientes naïve com indicação de tratamento com IFNpeg+RBV e comparar os dados obtidos antes, durante e pós-tratamento com os valores encontrados dos controles negativos, avaliando a influência do tratamento sobre a função dessas células. Verificar a presença do RNA-VHC nas PBMCs por RT-PCR em Tempo Real. Verificar a influência de fatores do vírus e do hospedeiro, tais como genótipo, carga viral, idade, gênero, raça, polimorfismo IL28B e biópsia hepática sobre as células parasitadas pelo VHC e sua produção de citocinas; Determinar a contagem e a função de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ no sangue periférico desses pacientes; Determinar a influência do parasitismo de linfócitos pelo VHC sobre a função dos linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+. METODOLOGIA: Foram estudados 52 pacientes com hepatite C crônica; destes, 17 pacientes foram tratados com IFNalfa+RBV; 10 controles sadios, atendidos no Ambulatório de Hepatites da Divisão de Clínica de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias do HC FMUSP. A contagem de células da subpopulação de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ periféricas foram realizadas por citometria de fluxo FACSCanto II (BD) por meio do software MultiSet(BD). Foi analisada a presença/ausência do RNA-VHC em PBMC por PCR em tempo real no sistema TaqMan, no termociclador Applied Biosystems StepOne(TM). A função dos linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ foram avaliadas através da técnica ELISPOT utilizanso o Kit Human IFN-gamma/IL-4 Dual-Color FluoroSpot. A contagem dos spots foi realizada em um leitor automatizado CTL-ImmunoSpot® S6 FluoroSpot Line. As PBMCs foram fracionadas e depletadas, utilizando-se o Kit Dynabeads FlowComp Human CD4 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) segundo as instruções do fabricante. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 52 pacientes com hepatite C crônica; destes, 17 pacientes foram tratados com IFNalfa+RBV; 10 controles sadios. O genótipo 1 foi o mais prevalente 61,5%. O RNA do VHC foi detectado nas PBMCS em 88,4% dos pacientes. XVII Nossos resultados mostraram um aumento de células CD4 e CD8 parasitadas pelo VHC antes do tratamento, com valores estatisticamente significantes quando comparadas aos controles normais apenas no caso das CD4. Ocorreu, porém, um nítido prejuízo na produção de interleucinas por estas células parasitadas, particularmente a produção de IFN- y, com valores altamente significantes (0,009). Na semana 12, podemos ver o aumento de células CD4 no pré-tratamento, porém com diminuição na semana 12 e no follow up; entretanto a produção de IL-4 pelas células CD4 aumenta na semana 12 e cai novamente no seguimento; com as células CD8 ocorre leve queda na semana 12 porém uma tentativa de recuperação no follow up; sua produção de IFN-y cai na semana 12 e no follow up para números estatisticamente significantes. É a chamada \"exaustão\" de função destas células já descrita in vitro por alguns autores. Estes dados poderão ser muito úteis nas futuras observações desses pacientes que serão tratados com esquemas de DAAs sem interferon alfa. CONCLUSÃO: Em conclusão, os resultados desta pesquisa confirmam a importante influência do parasitismo das células CD4 e CD8 em suas funçõesHepatitis C is a disease that causes inflammation of the liver, caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is estimated that there are 130 million to 170 million cases of chronic HCV infection worldwide. Although HCV is primarily hepatotropic was evidenced by detection of viral RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Clinical and experimental evidence have demonstrated an important tropism of HCV by immune system cells, in particular by PBMC. Despite this interesting finding, the importance of infection of the immune system in the natural history of the disease is not fully known. It can be observed in some studies in patients who develop acute infection a vigorous response is observed mediated by T cells specific to HCV mediated by CD4 + and CD8. This response is detected at the initial stage of the disease, and extends for years after the resolution of the virus. Conversely, patients who develop chronic infection, are typically in the low T responses and / or short-term as well as defects in the effector functions of specific T cells. The responses mediated by T cells with the profile usually result in a low control of viremia and its persistence. Another important issue that remains unclear to date is how the infection of immune cells by HCV alters its function, especially with regard to the PBMCs. Information relating to the PBMCs and HCV are little studied and reported in the international literature, although they are of fundamental importance for the understanding of its weight in the natural history of infection. OBJECTIVE: Based on these uncertainties the present study attempts to contribute to the elucidation of the influence of parasitism by HCV on CD4 T cell function + and CD8 + in naïve patients with treatment indication with IFNpeg + RBV and compare the data obtained before, during and after treatment with the values found negative controls, assessing the influence of treatment on the function of these cells. Verify the presence of HCV-RNA in PBMC by RT-PCR in real time. Check the influence of virus and host factors such as genotype, viral load, age, gender, race, IL28B polymorphism and liver biopsy on the parasitized cells with HCV and their cytokine production; Determine count and function of lymphocytes T CD4 + and CD8 + peripheral blood of patients; To determine the influence of parasitism lymphocytes HCV on the function of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes. METHODS: We studied 52 patients with chronic hepatitis C; of these, 17 patients were treated with IFNalpha + RBV; 10 healthy controls, treated at the Hepatitis Clinic of the Division of Clinical Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the FMUSP. The lymphocyte subpopulation of T-cell count CD4 + and CD8 + peripheral been made by FACSCanto II flow cytometer (BD) through the multiset software (BD). the presence / absence of HCV-RNA in PBMC by real-time PCR was analyzed in the TaqMan system, Applied Biosystems thermal cycler StepOne (TM). The role of CD4 + T lymphocytes and CD8 + were assessed by ELISPOT technique utilizanso the Human Kit IFN-gamma / IL-4 Dual-Color FluoroSpot. The counting of the spots was carried out in an automated reader CTL-ImmunoSpot® S6 FluoroSpot Line. And fractionated PBMCs were depleted using Dynabeads kit is the Human CD4 FlowComp (Invitrogen Life Technologies) according to manufacturer\'s instructions. RESULTS: We studied 52 patients with chronic hepatitis C; of these, 17 patients were treated with IFNalpha + RBV; 10 healthy controls. Genotype 1 was the most prevalent 61.5%. The HCV RNA was detected in PBMC in 88.4% of patients. Our results showed an increase of CD4 and CD8 cells parasitized with HCV prior to treatment, with statistically significant amounts compared to controls only if CD4. There was however, a marked impairment in production of interleukins for these parasitized cells, particularly the production of IFN- y, with highly significant values (0.009). At week 12, we can see the increase in CD4 cells before treatment, but with decreased at week 12 and at follow up; However IL-4 production by CD4 cells increased at week 12 and again falls in the following; with the CD8 cells is slightly lower at week 12 but a recovery attempt at follow up; their IFN-y production drops at week 12 and follow up to statistically significant numbers. It is called \"exhaust\" function of these cells in vitro been described by some authors. This data is very useful in future observations of these patients are treated with AADs regimens without interferon alfa. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results confirm the important influence of the parasitism of CD4 and CD8 cells in their functions
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Mariante, Neto Flávio Py. "Jabs, diretos, low kicks e duble lags no processo civilizador : uma leitura elisiana das artes marciais mistas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/153321.
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Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender aspectos simbólicos envolvidos no universo das artes marciais mistas. A partir de uma vivência no mundo das lutas, identifiquei alguns discursos sobre violência que permeavam os conceitos sobre o esporte. Em vista disso, construí um histórico sobre as artes marciais mistas e as suas relações com a sociedade em que se constituiu. Elenquei, assim, três elementos basilares dentro desse contexto, quais sejam: as academias, os eventos e a mídia. Para inserir um olhar teórico para esse fenômeno, me utilizei da teoria do processo civilizador, de Norbert Elias. Dessa base teórica e da identificação dos discursos sobre as artes marciais mistas, surgiu o problema de pesquisa, que tem objetivo de compreender como um esporte que tem um discurso de violência tão forte consegue se estabelecer socialmente. Para respondê-lo, os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos se basearam no olhar configuracional elisiano. A partir desse conceito, foi realizada uma etnografia em uma academia de MMA e a observação de eventos em Porto Alegre, no interior do Rio Grande do Sul e em outros estados do Brasil. Além disso, foram feitas observações do programa TUF Brasil para a análise de mídia. Os dados produzidos culminaram com a feitura de três capítulos de resultados. O primeiro deles mostra a rotina de treinamento de lutadores de MMA, as técnicas utilizadas, os tipos de modalidades treinadas e alguns elementos simbólicos como o “irmão de treino” a “família”. Nesse tópico, também são mostrados os sentidos da violência naquele contexto e quais os mecanismos de controle são utilizados para a construção do lutador. No segundo capítulo, é abordado o processo de espetacularização do MMA Iniciando pela perda de peso na academia, passando pelo dia da pesagem, a relação com os patrocinadores, com os promotores de evento e com os adversários. Ainda nesse capítulo são apresentadas as estruturas que compõe um evento de artes marciais mistas: o anouncer, o card preliminar, o card principal e a reação do público durante as lutas. Mais uma vez a violência é discutida como um dado de campo. Os mecanismos de controle como a diminuição do sangramento do atleta e a proibição das cotoveladas em alguns eventos são estratégias dos promotores de afastamento da ideia de violência e aproximação do conceito de esporte. Estratégias muito semelhantes são discutidas no último capítulo dos resultados. O programa escolhido foi o The Ultimate Fighter. A primeira parte do tópico se pauta em apresentar as rotinas de treinos, as equipes, a relação com as modalidades de luta e com os treinadores. A partir disso, apresento os ‘dramas’ transmitidos pelo programa em um processo que denominei de ‘humanização do lutador’. Aqui são apresentadas a sua relação com a família, os dramas das lesões, e sua relação com o meio profissional do MMA. Concluo, então, que o MMA é permeado por mecanismos de controle que se materializam nas academias, nos eventos e na mídia. Sendo assim, o esporte se mantém a partir de tensões e redirecionamentos no sentido de causar uma tensão/excitação agradável nos indivíduos.This work aims to understand symbolic aspects involved in the mixed martial arts fields. Out of a personal experience in the world of fighting, I have identify discourses about violence that pervade the concepts about the sport. Hence, I have constructed a log about the mixed martial arts and its relations within the society. Thereupon, I have chosen three basic elements from the context, for instance the gyms, the events and the media. In order to add a theoretical view to this phenomenon, I have used the Civilizing Process Theory from Norbert Elias. From this rationale, and the identification of the mixed martial arts discourses, has come up the research question which has the intention to better understand how a sport’s category, with such a strong discourse of violence, can established itself socially. To answer the question, the theoretical and methodological presuppositions were based on an Elisian configurational view. An ethnographic observation has been conducted in MMA practice studios in Porto Alegre, in the country side of Rio Grande do Sul and in other parts of Brazil. On top of that, observation was carried out based on the TUF Brasil programme in order to analyse the media. The data collected has resulted in three chapters of findings. The first chapter shows the training routine of the MMA fighters, the technics used, the different kinds of training modality and the symbolic elements such as “training brother” and “family”. In this topic, is also shown the meaning of violence in that context and which control mechanisms are in place to build up a fighter The second chapter discuss the process of big performances and shows related to MMA. Beginning with the process of losing weight in the gym, going forward on the day of stepping up on the scale, the relation with the sponsors, with the promoters of those big events and the relation with the opponent. In this chapter are presented the structures that form a mixed martial art’s event such as the announcer, the preliminary card, the main card and the reaction of the audience during the fights. Again, the violence is argue as an observational data. The control mechanisms such as the bleeding control of the athlete and the ban of elbow nudges in some events are examples of promoters’ strategies to refrain from the idea of pure violence but to enforce the concept of sport. In the last chapter, similar strategies are discuss when showing the results of the data. The chosen programme was ‘The Ultimate Fighter’. The first part of the topic attempt to present the training routine of each team, the relation of each fight modality and the relation with the coaches. Following the rationale, I then present all the ‘drama’ broadcasted by the TV programme in a process named by me as ‘humanise the fighter’. I then present the family relationship, the drama of the injuries and the relation with the professional environment of the MMA. Thus, to conclude, MMA is pervaded by control mechanisms that are materialised on the gyms, during the events and by the media. Hence, the sport maintain itself from the tensions and redirections in the sense of generating a pleasant tension and excitement in all individuals.
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Kellman, Maxine Franchestcê. "Development of an antigen-specific ELISPOT to detect intestinal antibody responses to the swine whipworm, Trichuris suis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39493.
Full textAbstract:
The swine whipworm, Trichuris suis, is a parasite present throughout the United States and is of concern to the swine industry worldwide because it is very pathogenic to growing pigs. The economic threat posed by T. suis and other intestinal parasite infections has created a strong interest in the development of parasite vaccines for the swine industry. Use of a vaccine either alone or with anthelmintics should reduce the economic losses. However, before effective parasite vaccines can be created, the swine gastrointestinal immune response to parasite antigens must be understood. In this study, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was developed to measure total and antigen-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells (ASC) from gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) [mesenteric lymph node explants from jejunal region of small intestine (SI-MLN) and cecum in large intestine (C-MLN); and ileocecal Peyer's patches (IC-PP)] and lamina propria from the proximal colon removed from T. suis infected pigs. Tbe local antibody responses were compared to peripheral antibody responses found in the spleen and submandibular lymph nodes. The hypotheses to be tested was that parasite antigen-specific antibody secreting cells would be greatest in lymphoid tissue draining the site of infection compared to peripheral lymphoid tissues and that 19A ASC would predominate over IgG ASC in the lamina propria of T. suis infected pigs. The total IgG and IgA ASC frequencies for the spleen, SI-MLN, and ICPP did not significantly change (P> 0.05) over time. For C-MLN, there was a significant increase (p< 0.05) of total IgG ASC during a primary infection with T. suis. Antigen-specific IgG ASC were greatest at the GALT site closest to the infection, CMLN, whereas, antigen-specific IgA ASC predominated in the proximal colonic: lamina propria. Host protection to T. suis develops after anthelmintic: treatment of a primary exposure to parasite. The ELISPOT assay provided valuable information on the localization and compartmentalization of the swine gastrointestinal immune response to T. suis which resides in the cecum and proximal colon. In the future, this technique may be useful for monitoring gastrointestinal immune parameters of pigs exposed to a T. sllis vaccine.Ph. D.
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Kellman, Maxine Franchestcê. "Development of an antigen-specific ELISPOT to detect intestinal antibody responses to the swine whipworm, Trichuris suis /." This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-144727/.
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