To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Elita klas.

Journal articles on the topic 'Elita klas'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 34 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Elita klas.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Xujamov, Jurabek Nayimovich, Mohinur Alisherovna Toshboeva, and Durdona Yusuf qizi Jiyanova. "GOLSHTIN ZOTLI BUQALARNI MAHSULDORLIK KO'RSATKICHLARI BO'YICHA TAQQOSLAB O'RGANISH." PEDAGOGS international research journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 102–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6386746.

Full text
Abstract:
 Annotatsiya:  Ushbu  maqolada  golshtin  zotli  buqalarni  qizlari  bilan tengdoshlari  taqqoslanib.  Natijada  buqalarning  ushbu  podalar  uchun  qanchalik  "yaxshilovchi" yoki "yomonlovchi" ekanligi keltirilgan.  
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

FELDMAN, GLENN. "SOFT OPPOSITION: ELITE ACQUIESCENCE AND KLAN-SPONSORED TERRORISM IN ALABAMA, 1946–1950." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (1997): 753–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007231.

Full text
Abstract:
The traditional division of the Klan phenomenon into three or four separate outbreaks (Reconstruction, 1920s, post-1954, and post-1979) is a useful organizing construct for scholars, but is deceptively simple and not necessarily reflective of reality. Alabama's KKK is examined immediately following World War II. During this alleged period of dormancy there is, instead, a thriving Klan presence in perhaps the most racist of the deep South states. Postwar Alabama was especially tense as black voting registration aspirations and the growing appeal of biracial economic liberalism challenged the status quo. Klan resurgence was part of a determined white supremacist reaction. The concept of soft opposition is also coined and introduced to describe the efforts of elites to combat the Klan. While waging a vigorous opposition, elites were not so concerned with Klan depredations as abominations in and of themselves; rather, they were worried about the threat of federal intervention into southern race relations in response to violence. They opposed Klan excesses to perpetuate traditional elite, white control over southern blacks. Such opposition, while genuine, was less than effective, altruistic, or hard opposition; the kind needed to eliminate the Klan as an accepted part of southern society, which evolved only after 1979.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Kostecki, Maciej. "Ludowe historie Polski. Próba krytycznej analizy dyskursu publicznego na temat historii klasy zdominowanej." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica 29, no. 371 (2024): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20813333.29.7.

Full text
Abstract:
Celem artykułu jest wykorzystanie krytycznej analizy dyskursu do badań nad polskim dyskursem o historii. Autor dokonał analizy aktualnych książek poświęconych tej tematyce, które ukazują nowy obraz tej części historii Polski. Opracowanie potwierdza, że nowa narracja zawiera krytyczny punkt widzenia na polskie elity, redefiniując obrazy klas wykluczonych. Ponadto w artykule przedstawiono, jak na podstawie analizowanego materiału nierówność i wyzysk wpłynęły na obecne stosunki społeczne.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Giordano, Christian. "Politinis korektiškumas: antropologinė „geradarystės“ forma." Lietuvos etnologija / Lithuanian ethnology 19 (28) 2019 (December 20, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/25386522-1928001.

Full text
Abstract:
Jonathanas Friedmanas naująja savo knyga Politicamente corretto. Il conformismo morale come regime (Friedman 2018), pasitelkęs kritinį mąstymą su dažnu poleminiu intarpu, ir vėl pataikė tiesiai į dešimtuką. Tiesą sakant, jis įtikinamai apibūdina ideologinei ir politinei praktikai būdingą veidmainystę, kurią aš vadinu „geradaryste“ ir kuri, kaip netrukus pamatysime, yra ypač išvešėjusi šių dienų antropologijoje. J. Friedmanas taikliai ir aiškiai sako, kad „politinis korektiškumas“ tapo šiandieninio elito ideologiniu instrumentu. Mano nuomone, terminas „elitas“ yra dviprasmiškas, nes semantiškai jis per platus, taigi neapibrėžtas. Šį terminą dėl jo semantinio neaiškumo kiek anksčiau kritikavo Vilfredo Pareto (Pareto 2006). Kas yra elitas? Ar tai „politinė klasė“, kurią apibrėžė Gaetano Mosca (Mosca 1958), ar, cituojant Robertą Michelsą (Michels 1989), tai – politinių partijų aukštesnioji pakopa ar valdžios elitas, kurį mini Charlesas Wrightas Millsas (Wright Mills 2000), t. y. tie žmonės, kurie valdo ir monopolizuoja parlamento gyvenimą? O gal tai asmenys, kurie užima dominuojančias pareigas kultūros ir meno srityse, tie, kurie sėkmingai kuria ar vadovauja kultūrinei veiklai? Norint išvengti tokio neišsamaus sąrašo tęsimo, šioje vietoje reikėtų nurodyti ir tuos, kurie pagrįstai ar ne visai pagrįstai yra įvardyti kaip akademinės srities atstovai, t. y. tie, kurie universitete užima tam tikras pareigas ar dirba panašiose mokslo ar humanitarinių mokslų tyrimų institucijose.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Tucker, Aviezer. "DLACZEGO DZIEDZICTWA MAJĄ ZNACZENIE: ODPOWIEDŹ NA ODCZYTANIA LEGACIES." Porównania 24 (June 15, 2019): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/por.2019.1.25.

Full text
Abstract:
Jeżeli dziedzictwa totalitaryzmu mają znaczenie dla zrozumienia współczesności, pojawienie się populizmu w skali globalnej w posttotalitarnych, postautorytarnych i postliberalnych społeczeństwach po 2010 roku jest zastanawiające. Aby wyjaśnić to zjawisko trzeba odwołać się do pewnej wersji ekonomicznego determinizmu niż do historycznej ścieżki zależności. Argumentuję, że pewnym wspólnym mianownikiem populizmu jest zablokowanie społecznej mobilności. Elity bronią się przed utratą swojej pozycji poprzez zablokowanie ścieżek awansu klas niższych. Sposób zablokowania społecznej mobilności zależny jest od lokalnego kontekstu społecznego i politycznego. Rok 1989 przyniósł polityczną, lecz nie społeczną rewolucję. Elity społeczne późnego komunizmu przekształciły polityczny kapitał w gospodarczy, co uniemożliwiło wprowadzenie rządów prawa. W warunkach rozwoju gospodarczego efekty posttotalitaryzmu pozostawały w uśpieniu, recesja ożywiła je na nowo.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Nowicka-Franczak, Magdalena. "Elity i lud, czyli długa pamięć dyskursu. Perspektywa historyczna w badaniach komunikacji publicznej." Stan Rzeczy, no. 2(21) (November 1, 2021): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.51196/srz.21.4.

Full text
Abstract:
Celem artykułu jest nakreślenie miejsc wspólnych socjologii historycznej i analizy dyskursu. Polem, gdzie synergia obu podejść może być szczególnie cenna poznawczo, są komunikacyjne relacje polskich elit i ludu. Mimo historycznie zmiennych desygnatów pojęć ludu i elit dyskursywne sposoby odnoszenia się do siebie przedstawicieli tych kategorii wykazują dynamiczną ciągłość. Empiryczna część artykułu dotyczy praktyki komunikacyjnej obecnej w dyskursie elit liberalno-lewicowych, tj. mówienia w imieniu i na rzecz tzw. klas ludowych, wprowadzania i zapośredniczania ich głosu w debacie publicznej, i jej historycznych prefiguracji. Współczesna realizacja tej praktyki została przedstawiona na przykładzie analizy audycji Świat się chwieje Grzegorza Sroczyńskiego w radio TOK FM, pt. Profesorka, nauczycielka i elektromonter – wszyscy pracujemy na taśmie, wszyscy przykręcamy śrubki z 1 listopada 2020 r.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Beneke, Jasmin Theres, Marian Döhler, Falk Ebinger, and Sylvia Veit. "50 Jahre Forschungsprojekt ‚Politisch-Administrative Elite‘ / 50 Years of the ’politico-administrative elite’ research project." dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 16, no. 1 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.vxix.278524.

Full text
Abstract:
Berichtet wird über einen Survey, der das Verhältnis von politischen und administrativen Eliten in westlichen Demokratien analysiert. Das in den frühen 1970er Jahren von US-amerikanischen Politikwissenschaftlern initiierte Forschungsprojekt wird seit 1987 für den deutschen Fall fortgeführt. Der hohe Rücklauf des Online-Surveys erlaubt belastbare Aussagen über leitende Beschäftigte in der Ministerialverwaltung und nachgeordneten Behörden sowie den Wandel ihrer Einstellungen und Wahrnehmungen. Gefragt wird u. a. nach der Ausbildung, der Tätigkeit, den politischen Einstellungen sowie den Interaktionen mit anderen Akteuren innerhalb und außerhalb des Regierungssystems. Auch wenn die Nähe zum politischen Prozess zunimmt, lässt sich immer noch ein klar abgrenzbares, verwaltungsbezogenes Rollenverständnis der administrativen Eliten feststellen. In den beiden letzten Erhebungen wurde erstmalig nach dem Umgang mit wissenschaftlicher Expertise sowie den Einstellungen zur Digitalisierung und Social Media-Nutzung gefragt. Es ist geplant, den Survey vor der nächsten Bundestagswahl fortzusetzen.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Karkowska, Marta. "Rok 1989 z perspektywy przedstawicieli klasy politycznej." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 65, no. 2 (2021): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2021.65.2.4.

Full text
Abstract:
This article is an attempt to reconstruct the perceptions of 1989 of members of parliament who had a key influence on the systemic changes. The author traces the similarities, differences, and transformations of their narratives on this subject. The article is based on interviews conducted as part of two studies (the first was conducted in 1994–1995, the second in 2018–2020) with the same seven leading Polish politicians from the ruling and opposition political groups. The author describes both studies, with an explanation of the methodology and an analysis of the collected material. Both are presented from the perspective of a researcher belonging to this generation of sociologists, for whom the materials from the first study have become mainly a historical source and were the basis for the work involved in the second research project. The analysis focuses on the similarities and differences in interpreting themes at two points in time, for instance, perceptions of 1989, descriptions of the political elite and its relationship with society, and ways of presenting the phenomena generally referred to as “the transformation.”
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Beneke, Jasmin Theres, Marian Döhler, Falk Ebinger, and Sylvia Veit. "50 Jahre Forschungsprojekt ‚Politisch-Administrative Elite‘." dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 16, no. 1-2023 (2023): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v16i1.14.

Full text
Abstract:
Berichtet wird über einen Survey, der das Verhältnis von politischen und administrativen Eliten in westlichen Demokratien analysiert. Das in den frühen 1970er Jahren von US-amerikanischen Politikwissenschaftlern initiierte Forschungsprojekt wird seit 1987 für den deutschen Fall fortgeführt. Der hohe Rücklauf des Online-Surveys erlaubt belastbare Aussagen über leitende Beschäftigte in der Ministerialverwaltung und nachgeordneten Behörden sowie den Wandel ihrer Einstellungen und Wahrnehmungen. Gefragt wird u. a. nach der Ausbildung, der Tätigkeit, den politischen Einstellungen sowie den Interaktionen mit anderen Akteuren innerhalb und außerhalb des Regierungssystems. Auch wenn die Nähe zum politischen Prozess zunimmt, lässt sich immer noch ein klar abgrenzbares, verwaltungsbezogenes Rollenverständnis der administrativen Eliten feststellen. In den beiden letzten Erhebungen wurde erstmalig nach dem Umgang mit wissenschaftlicher Expertise sowie den Einstellungen zur Digitalisierung und Social Media-Nutzung gefragt. Es ist geplant, den Survey vor der nächsten Bundestagswahl fortzusetzen.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Fehr, Russell MacKenzie. "Political Protestantism: The Detroit Citizens League and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 6 (2018): 1153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218793646.

Full text
Abstract:
This article considers the rise of the Ku Klux Klan as a political force in Detroit in the 1924 and 1925 elections. In the 1910s, the Detroit Citizens League had risen in Detroit politics through its practice of the rhetoric of political Protestantism, designed to mobilize Protestant laymen through religious appeals. In the 1920s, this style of politics backfired on the Citizens League: after spending years focusing on Detroit’s business elite, Protestants abandoned the Citizens League in droves when that organization backed a Catholic for mayor. By turning to the Ku Klux Klan, many Protestant voters found an organization making the appeals that they had backed a decade before and which was better at incorporating them than the Citizens League. Ultimately, the Citizens League’s response to the Klan was complicated both by reluctance to further alienate past supporters and by an inability to unite politically with past foes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Bianucci, Giovanni, Olivier Lambert, Mario Urbina, et al. "A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology." Nature 620 (June 28, 2023): 824–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06381-1.

Full text
Abstract:
Bianucci, Giovanni, Lambert, Olivier, Urbina, Mario, Merella, Marco, Collareta, Alberto, Bennion, Rebecca, Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo, Benites-Palomino, Aldo, Post, Klaas, Muizon, Christian de, Bosio, Giulia, Celma, Claudio Di, Malinverno, Elisa, Pierantoni, Pietro Paolo, Villa1, Igor Maria, Amson1, Eli (2023): A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology. Nature 620: 824-829, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06381-1
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Velickovic, Dunja. "ZNAČAJ ELITISTIČKO-MERITOKRATSKE TEORIJE NEJEDNAKOSTI ZA RAZUMEVANJE STRUKTURE I DINAMIKE DRUŠTVA." Nacionalni interes 40, no. 3/2021 (2022): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/ni.4032021.12.

Full text
Abstract:
U eri globalizacije i nastupajućeg „društva znanja“ obnavlja se značaj elitističkih i meritokratskih teorija, kako u ekonomiji, tako i u kulturi i u politici. Na fonu uspona neoliberalizma u poslednjih trideset godina u savremenoj literaturi obnovljeno je interesovanje za elitističke teorije. One izražavaju „duh vremena“ ali i interes meritokratske klase i intelektualne buržoazije u savremenosti. U akademskom svetu obrazvoanja indeks ovih procesa demonstriraju nauke o menadžmentu i ekspanzija misije menadžera u savremenoj podeli rada i korpokratske moći. U radu se daje pregled elitističko-meritokratskih gledišta (u rasponu od Pareta, Mihelsa do Šumpetera, Milsa i Atalija) i čini pokušaj da se objasne socijalni i kulturni koreni ovih teorija i uloga elita kao aktera u istorijskim promenama i savremenosti.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Rydlewski, Michał. "Disco polo jako zasób kontrhegemoniczny wobec metamorficznych praktyk wizerunkowo-estetycznych na przykładzie wybranych narracji medialnych." Zeszyty Wiejskie 26 (December 30, 2020): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1506-6541.26.13.

Full text
Abstract:
W artykule poddaję refleksji niechęć do gatunku muzyki disco polo. Ta niechęć jest widoczna w poglądach wielu członków elity intelektualnej polskiego społeczeństwa, którzy uważają tę muzykę za kicz. Stosunek do tej muzyki, słuchanej głównie przez mieszkańców wsi i małych miasteczek, jest wskaźnikiem gustu kulturowego, a zatem znakiem przynależności klasowej. Jeśli chcesz być lepszy, poniżaj słuchaczy disco polo. W artykule pokazuję, że słuchacze disco polo okazali się silnym zasobem antyhegemonicznym, który nie został dostosowany do gustów wyższej klasy. Dlatego należy nim gardzić, gdyż oparł się nowej władzy – estetyce.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

Warmuz, Katarzyna. "Wyjące, pijane potwory – o wizerunku osób uzależnionych po transformacji." Praktyka Teoretyczna, no. 3(45) (November 8, 2022): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/prt.2022.3.11.

Full text
Abstract:
Wizerunek osoby uzależnionej jest dosyć trywialny: postrzega się ją jako osobę niewykształconą i o słabej woli, przegraną, najprawdopodobniej pochodzącą z rodziny robotniczej, często patologicznej. Klasa rządząca z rozmysłem posługuje się tym wyobrażeniem, co doskonale widać w aktualnych opiniach na temat programu „500+” lub innych programów socjalnych. Jednakże demistyfikacja wizerunku osoby uzależnionej od alkoholu to tylko wierzchołek góry lodowej – w artykule staram się przedstawić, w jaki sposób liberalne elity oraz usłużne im środki przekazu kształtują wyobrażenia na temat alkoholików, jak wpływają na ich życie oraz społeczny odbiór choroby alkoholowej.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

AIERDI URRAZA, XABIER. "Euskararen erresaka etenezina eta Sisifo." BAT SOZIOLINGUISTIKA ALDIZKARIA 125, no. 125 (2022): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55714/bat-125.6.

Full text
Abstract:
Euskararen biziberritze-prozesuan hizkuntzaren ezagutza eta erabilera ari dira garatzen aldi berean. Ezagutzari dagokionean, espero zena baino gehiago hazi dela esan daiteke, eta erabileraren alorrean ezin ukatuzkoa da irabazi kualitatiboa, espazio sozialetan, gai espezializatuetan, eta estandarizazio kulturalean asko hazi baita. Euskal Herriko kaleetan egiten den euskararen erabileraren bilakaerak, ordea, frustrazioa sortzen du. Baina, arretaz begiratu behar zaie, nahia eta errealitatea baldintzatzen duten ezaugarriei. Kontuan izan behar dira gizartea eraldatu eta erabilera mugatzen duten gizartearen ezaugarri soziologikoak; demografikoak (biztanleriaren zahartzea, egiturazko migrazio-mugimenduak, lurralde desberdinetako euskaldunen dentsitateak), teknologikoak (komunikazio-modu eta produktu berriak), ekonomikoak eta kulturalak. Aurrerantzean ere, hizkuntza-politikak diseinatzeko orduan, arretaz aztertu beharko dira honako elementu hauek: etorkinen integrazioa ziurra ala ahula den, enplegu-munduko berriak zein diren, hezkuntzaren segregazio potentziala, goranzko mugikortasunaren ahultzea, klase sozialen araberako praktika linguistikoak eta, euskara tarteko, euskal elite mugatu berri baten arriskua. Horiek guztiak kontuan izanda, eta sor daitekeen gatazka politikoaren arriskua alboratuz, hartu beharko dira erabakiak, ahalik eta gizarte kohesionatu zabalenean oinarritutako euskararen biziberritze-plangintza diseinatzeko. • Hitz gakoak: euskara, immigrazioa, hizkuntza-plangintza, klase soziala.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Schüpbach. "SHCS und die Labordiagnostik der HIV-Infektion – von der Entwicklung des HIV Western Blot über die Virusquantifizierung zur klinisch relevanten individuellen Viruscharakterisierung." Therapeutische Umschau 61, no. 10 (2004): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.61.10.603.

Full text
Abstract:
Die diagnostischen Instrumente für die Beantwortung der primären Frage der HIV-Labordiagnostik – ist jemand mit HIV infiziert? – wurden vor 20 Jahren mit Hilfe von Seren der ersten PatientInnen mit AIDS in der Schweiz geschaffen: Western Blot und ELISA. Der heutigen HIV-Diagnostik in der Schweiz stehen für das Screening in den klinischen Labors die vierte ELISA-Generation (Combo-Tests für Antikörper und Antigen) und in den Arztpraxen ein Schnelltest zur Verfügung. Für die Bestätigungslaboratorien steht eine Auswahl von Minimalkombinationen positiver Testresultate aus der ersten und zweiten Blutprobe zur Verfügung, welche die Diagnose einer HIV-Infektion klar bestätigen. Bei PatientInnen mit bestätigter HIV-Infektion stellen sich sofort zwei weitere zentrale Fragen, nämlich nach der Viruslast und nach klinisch relevanten spezifischen Viruseigenschaften (HIV-1 oder HIV-2, HIV-1 Subtyp, Resistenz gegen antiretrovirale Medikamente). Der Beitrag enthält einen kurzen persönlichen Rückblick auf die ersten Tage der HIV-Diagnostik und nennt die Testsysteme, die heute für die Beantwortung der drei Kardinalfragen standardmäßig eingesetzt werden. Erwähnt sind auch Alternativmethoden, die bei Versagen der Standardmethoden benützt werden können.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Tomaić, Tatjana. "NACIONALNI IDENTITET KROZ KOLEKTIVNO SJEĆANJE I JEZIK." IDENTITETI – KULTURE – JEZICI, no. 2 (2016): 113–29. https://doi.org/10.47960/3029-3013.2016.2.113.

Full text
Abstract:
Još je u antici, pa sve do razvoja ideje o narodnom suverenitetu, bila poznata vrijednost pamćenja i kolektivnoga identiteta u procesu spoznaje i oblikovanja političke zajednice. Francuski povjesničar Jules Michelet istaknuo je potrebu oblikovanja povijesti za narod. Sjećanje i historiografi ja nadopunjuju se i kao takva povijest ima smisla kada njezina interpretacija komunicira sa sadašnjošću. Sjećanja ostvaruju svoju funkciju u formiranju i oblikovanju kolektivnog i zajedničkog identiteta. Povijesno sjećanje koristi se u politici diferencijacije kroz konstrukciju političke borbe za legitimaciju vlastite i delegitimaciju protivničke pozicije. Prijepori oko načina pamćenja postaju uzrok društvenih podjela kojima se oblikuju identiteti. Jezik je sastavnica identiteta i omogućuje pripadnicima da ostanu u doticaju s vlastitom poviješću i kulturnom baštinom. Jezična homogenizacija prirodan je atribut nacije i preduvjet za nju. Uporaba nacionalnoga jezika dio je i definicije pripadnosti naciji. Unificiran jezik ovisi o razvoju standardnoga jezika posredstvom obrazovanja, opće pismenosti i dostupnosti tiskanih medija. Nacionalni jezik je konstrukt, stoga politička klasa nadgledava standardizaciju i njezino planiranje kroz institucije, obrazovni sustav i djelovanje političkih elita. Istraživačka pitanja bavit će se definicijom i konstrukcijom nacionalnog identiteta. Kakva je funkcija sjećanja u oblikovanju nacionalnog identiteta? Kakva je uloga jezika u izgradnji identiteta i oblikovanju solidarnosti koja izvire iz osjećaja zajedničke nacionalne pripadnosti? Ključne riječi: nacionalni identitet, jezik, kultura sjećanja, povijest
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Wierzchosławski, Rafał Paweł. "Ontologia społeczeństwa, dobro wspólne i kontestacja. Wokół pewnych kategorii państwa republikańskiego w ujęciu Philipa Pettita." Roczniki Filozoficzne 71, no. 1 (2023): 183–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf23711.9.

Full text
Abstract:
Philip Pettit jest jednym z czołowych filozoficznych kodyfikatorów (neo-)republikańskiej koncepcji wolności i rządu, który kieruje się ideałem nie-dominacji (imperium i dominium). Jednocześnie jest autorem wielu ważnych prac z obszaru filozofii nauk społecznych (kwestia wyjaśniania i interpretacji), etyki (konsekwencjalizm), ontologii społecznej (jak istnieją grupy społeczne) oraz filozofii umysłu (jak funkcjonuje podmiot intencjonalny).
 W świetle krytyk i polemik, jakie pojawiły się ze strony nowej „fali republikańskiej”, by określić tym mianem zwolenników populistycznego republikanizmu (John P. McCormick i inni), którzy oskarżają przedstawicieli wcześniejszej generacji tradycji republikańskiej, takich jak Johh G.A. Pocock, Quentin Skinner, a zwłaszcza właśnie Philip Pettit, o arystokratyczne „odchylenie” (jedynie klasy wyższe i elity korzystają na projekcie depolityzacji republiki) istotne jest wskazanie na znaczenie dla odczytania projektu republikańskiego wypracowanych przez Pettita rozwiązań w ontologii społecznej. Autor stawia tezę, że dopiero uwzględnienie jego stanowiska w ontologii społecznej pozwala na pełne zrozumienie (co nie znaczy, że akceptację) jego propozycji w filozofii politycznej.
 Struktura artykułu jest następująca:
 (1) autor przedstawia trzy wymiary ontologii społecznej w ujęciu Pettita;
 (2) następnie pokazuje ich znaczenie w definiowaniu kategorii dobra wspólnego w kontekście republikańskiej wspólnoty politycznej (model condominium),
 (3) wskazuje na pewne paradoksy związane z realizacją republikańskiego ideału obywatelskiej kontestacji.
 Jednocześnie autor zwraca uwagę na ewolucję projektu republikańskiego (pewnych jego aspektów) w zależności od analogicznych ewolucji propozycji (rozwiązań) w ontologii społecznej.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Klar, Antonio Evaldo, and Sidnei Osmar Jadoski. "EFEITOS DA IRRIGAÇÃO E DA COBERTURA DO SOLO POR POLIETILENO PRETO SOBRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS DO PIMENTÃO." IRRIGA 7, no. 3 (2002): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2002v7n3p154-167.

Full text
Abstract:
Efeitos da irrigação e da cobertura do solo por polietileno preto sobre as características morfológicas do pimentão. Antonio Evaldo KlarDepartamento de Engenharia Rural,Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas,Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP. CP 237, CEP 18603-970. E-mail: klar@fca.unesp.br Pesquisador Científico do CNPq.Sidnei Osmar JadoskiCentro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP. CEP 19001-970. E-mail: jadoski@agro.unoeste.br 1 RESUMO Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no ano agrícola 1999-2000, em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, campus de Botucatu, SP. O objetivo foi estudar o efeito de diferentes manejos da água de irrigação e de cobertura de polietileno na superfície do solo sobre o comportamento de características morfológicas das plantas de pimentão. O pimentão híbrido Elisa foi cultivado por um período de 230 dias após o transplante das mudas (DAT). O trabalho foi composto por dois experimentos: I) manejos da irrigação nas tensões de água no solo de 50 kPa e 1500 kPa, com e sem a presença de cobertura de polietileno preto sobre a superfície do solo, para o período de 29 a 168 DAT. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições, e II) aplicação de deficiência hídrica severa no solo, através da suspensão das irrigações e retirada da cobertura de polietileno do solo, no período de 169 a 230 DAT. Verificou-se que a ocorrência de deficiência hídrica severa ocasiona elevada senescência e abscisão de folhas nas plantas; o manejo da irrigação afeta as características morfológicas das plantas, entretanto, quando submetidas a ciclos consecutivos de secamento do solo, estas plantas desenvolvem características de ‘endurecimento’ aos efeitos da deficiência hídrica. A presença de cobertura polietileno na superfície do solo está associada com alterações nas relações hídricas e na morfologia das plantas. UNITERMOS: Morfologia de plantas, manejo da irrigação, cobertura do solo. klar, A. E.; jadoski, s. o. Effects of irrigation and black polyethylene mulch on morphologic characteristics of sweet pepper plants 2 ABSTRACT This study was developed over the 1999-2000 agricultural year at the Rural Engineering Department of Agronomic Science College – UNESP, Botucatu, SP. The objective was to evaluate the influence of different irrigation water management and black polyethylene mulch on morphologic characteristics of sweet pepper plants. The Elisa hybrid was developed over a 230 day-period following seedling transplant (DAT). The work was divided into two experiments: i) application of the irrigation water management at 50 kPa and 1500 kPa with and without black polyethylene mulch on the soil, from 29 to 168 DAT. The randomized experimental design was used with six replications, and ii) severe water deficit on the soil through irrigation suspension and mulch removal (169 to 230 DAT). It was verified that severe drought stress caused significant leaf senescence and abscission. Irrigation management affected plant morphologic traits, however, when submitted to repeated soil water deficiency cycles, the plants developed ‘hardening’ to water stress. Presence of mulch on soil surface was associated to water relationship and pepper morphology characteristics. KEYWORDS: Plant morphology, water management, mulch, sweet pepper.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Souza, Cláudio Marcio Pereira de, Antonio Evaldo Klar, and Luiza Helena Duenhas. "EVALUATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa, L.) YIELD RELATED TO GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION OF POLYETHYLENE GREENHOUSES." IRRIGA 7, no. 3 (2002): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2002v7n3p176-184.

Full text
Abstract:
EVALUATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa, L.) YIELD RELATED TO GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION OF POLYETHYLENE GREENHOUSES Cláudio Márcio Pereira de SouzaAntonio Evaldo Klar*Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural Sciences, State University of São Paulo, P.O. 237, CEP 18603-970, Botucatu – SP. E-mail: cmpsouza@fca.unesp.br* Scientific Researcher of CNPqLuiza Helena DuenhasEMBRAPA Semi Árido, P.O. 23, CEP 56300–970, Petrolina – PE. 1 ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Engineering Department, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu–SP aiming to study the geographic orientation influence of two plastic tunnels (East/West and North/South based on the magnetic North) on lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa L, cv. Elisa) behavior and on the evaporation distribution uniformity inside the tunnels. The plants were sowed on 05/05/1999, transplanted on 05/29/1999 and harvested on 06/31/1999. Tensiometers were used to monitore soil water potentials. A drip irrigation system was used. Both tunnels received A Class pan and thermohygrographes in the center and 3 m apart small evaporimeters set at 3 heights (0.50 m, 1.00 m and 1.50 m). Through geostatistical analysis, there was not neither spatial dependency nor spatial variability of evaporation in both tunnels. However, the height of evaporimeters showed statistical differences: the 1.50 m height evaporimeter had slower evaporation than those from other heights. The air temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit averages were not statistically significant in both greenhouses when they were compared to those from the outside. A Class pan evaporation values were higher outside the tunnels than inside them, but there were no differences between both tunnels for this variable. The lettuce plant yield was not influenced by tunnel orientation, but there were significant differences on plant yield among beds inside each tunnel. Keywords: evaporation, irrigation, greenhouse. SOUZA, C. M. P., KLAR, A. E., DUENHAS, L. H. AVALIAÇÃO DE ELEMENTOS METEOROLÓGICOS E PRODUÇÃO DE ALFACE (Lactuca sativa L.) AFETADOS PELA ORIENTAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA DE ESTUFAS DE POLIETILENO. 2 RESUMO O experimento foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – Unesp/Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, em duas estufas dispostas em diferentes orientações geográficas, Leste/Oeste e Norte/Sul. A alface (Lactuva sativa L.) cv. Elisa foi cultivada em ambas estufas, sendo semeada em 05/05/99, transplantada em 29/05/99 e colhida em 31/06/99. Utilizou-se tensiômetros para monitorar o potencial de água no solo para realizar o manejo do sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. Microevaporímetros eqüidistantes de 3 m e colocados em 3 alturas, 0.50, 1.00 e 1.50 m, termohigrógrafos e tanques Classe “A” foram instalados nas duas estufas. Através de análise geoestatística, não se observou dependência espacial nem variabilidade espacial da evaporação nas duas estufas. Entretanto, a altura dos evaporímetros apresentou diferenças significativas: a evaporação à altura de 1.50 foi menor que nas outras duas.As médias de temperatura, umidade relativa e déficit de pressão de vapor do arnão diferiram estatisticamente entre as estufas e o ambiente externo. Os valores médios de evaporação de água no tanque Classe “A” instalado fora das estufas diferiram estatisticamente quando comparados com os instalados no interior das estufas, porém, entre as orientações não se constatou diferença significativa. Pôde-se verificar que não houve diferença significativa das características agronômicas da alface em ambas orientações estudadas. No entanto, houve diferença significativa para essas características entre os canteiros no interior das mesmas, havendo variância espacial para os dados de matéria fresca apenas na estufa N/S. UNITERMOS: evaporação, irrigação, estufa.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

Klar, Antonio Evaldo, Sidnei Osmar Jadoski, and Sidnei Osmar Jadoski. "IRRIGATION AND MULCHING MANAGEMENT FOR SWEET PEPPER CROP IN PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT." IRRIGA 9, no. 3 (2004): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2004v9n3p217-224.

Full text
Abstract:
IRRIGATION AND MULCHING MANAGEMENT FOR SWEET PEPPER CROP IN PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT Antonio Evaldo Klar1; Sidnei Osmar Jadoski21Rural Engineering Department, Agronomic Science College,Paulista State University , Botucatu-SP (Brazil), klar@fca.unesp.br2Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Center, Guarapuava – PR. 1 ABSTRACT This study was developed over the 1999-2000 agricultural years at the Rural Engineering Department of School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, under protected environment. The objective was to evaluate the influence of irrigation and black polyethylene mulch management on the water use and fruit production of sweet pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L., Elisa Hybrid) 230 days after seedling transplant (DAST). The study was divided into two experiments: 1) application of the irrigation at -50 and -1500 kPa minimum soil water potentials with and without mulching on the soil, from 29 to 168 DAST. A randomized experimental design was used with six replications; and 2) severe water deficit in the soil through irrigation suspension and mulching removal (169 to 230 DAST). Drip fertigation was used and soil water was monitored by tensiometers and neutron probe. It was verified that: - the severe drought stress caused leaf senescence and abscission and significantly affected the production and quality of sweet pepper fruits and the Water Use Efficiency (WUE); - the fruit yield and number were higher in the treatments with mulching, therefore polyethylene mulching showed to be an efficient technique to reduce irrigation number and water volume applied. This efficiency was reduced with soil water content decreases based on fruit yield. Pepper plants showed good osmotic adjustment and, consequently, tolerance to water stress. KEYWORDS: drought stress, polyethylene mulching, soil water potential KLAR, A. E.; JADOSKI, S. O. IRRIGAÇÃO E COBERTURA MORTA EM PLANTAS DE PIMENTÃO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO 2 RESUMO O trabalho foi desenvolvido no ano agrícola 1999-2000, em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, campus de Botucatu, SP. O objetivo foi estudar o efeito de diferentes manejos da água de irrigação e de cobertura de polietileno preto na superfície do solo sobre o consumo de água e produção de frutos da cultura do pimentão (Capsicum annuum L, híbrido Elisa), por um período de 230 dias após o transplante das mudas (DAT). O trabalho foi composto por dois experimentos: I) aplicação dos manejos da irrigação a 50 kPa e 1500 kPa, com e sem a presença de cobertura de polietileno preto sobre a superfície do solo, para o período de 29 a 168 DAT. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições, e II) aplicação de deficiência hídrica severa no solo, através da suspensão das irrigações e retirada da cobertura de polietileno do solo, no período de 169 a 230 DAT. Concluiu-se que a deficiência hídrica afeta a qualidade e a produção dos frutos do pimentão. A utilização de cobertura de polietileno sobre o solo é técnica eficiente para reduzir a necessidade de irrigações e o volume de água a ser aplicado aos cultivos e sua eficiência é reduzida na medida em que diminui o conteúdo de água do solo. Houve significativa influencia no ajuste osmótico pela aplicação dos estresses hídricos nos tratamentos em que o potencial mínimo de água no solo atingiu 1500 kPa. UNITERMOS: deficiência hídrica, potencial de água do solo, polietileno preto
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Hemphill, Brian E., John R. Lukacs, and Subhash R. Walimbe. "Ethnic identity, biological history and dental morphology: evaluating the indigenous status of Maharashtra's Mahars." Antiquity 74, no. 285 (2000): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00060051.

Full text
Abstract:
The idea of indigenous people in South Asia is more complex than elsewhere, in part because it involves longstanding and intimate contact between ‘tribal’ and non-tribal peoples (Béteille 1998; Gardner 1985; Lukacs in press). Additional complications arise from the hierarchal and endogamous structure of Hindu social and ritual organization, including the plight of people who occupy the lowest stratum of the hierarchy — ‘untouchables’ (Charsley 1996; Delikge 1992; 1993). Because the system of socioreligious stratification known as caste does not encourage social mobility, new ethnic identity is often sought by groups whose position in the hierarchy is low (Dumont 1980; Klass 1980; Kolinda 1978). Biological anthropologists are interested in the caste system for the opportunities it offers to understand the interaction of cultural behaviour with the biological patterning of human genetic and phenotypic diversity (Majumder 1998; Majumder et al. 1990; Malhotra 1974). Although most Westerners perceive caste as an immutable category, in which membership is ascribed, and hierarchal rank is forever fixed, many accounts of castes changing their occupational and ritual status have been documented (Silverberg 1968). Some castes seek to elevate their ritual or economic position by claiming higher status and adopting an appropriate new caste name, while others lay claim to indigenous origins seeking to benefit from rights and privileges that accompany autochthonous status. Such claims often involve adopting new or different patterns of behaviour commonly associated with the new social, religious, indigenous or occupational position claimed. This process is sufficiently common in India to be labelled ‘Sanskritization’ when a Hindu caste emulates higher castes (Srinivas 1968), ‘Hinduization’ when tribal or non-caste groups emulate Hindu castes, or more generally, ‘elite-emulation’ (Lynch 1969).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Stankovic Pejnovic, Vesna, and Mario Kalik. "KRIZA MODERNE CIVILIZACIJE – PERSPEKTIVE NIČEA I ŠELERA." Srpska politička misao 73, no. 3/2021 (2021): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spm.7332021.7.

Full text
Abstract:
Fridrih Niče, a kasnije i Maks Šeler, u određenoj meri sledeći Ničeovu perspektivu, promišljaju duboku društvenu i duhovnu krizu zapadne buržoaske civilizacije. Oni nastoje da otkriju uzroke ove krize i ponude rešenja za njeno prevazilaženje. Cilj rada je da se osvetle sličnosti i razlike između odgovora koji dva mislilaca pružaju na ovo pitanje. U radu se metodom komparativne analize predstavljaju i suočavaju Ničeova i Šelerova perspektiva u tumačenju krize moderne civilizacije, i načina njenog prevladavanja. Oba autora vide temelj krize u gubitku smisla, usponu nihilizma i preokrenutim i pogrešnim vrednostima koje društvo promoviše, a koje za koren imaju osećaj resantimana. Resantiman se tumači kao potisnuta, ali delatna mržnja nižih klasa (robova), u njihovom istorijskom i socijalnom usponu, prema starim, tradicionalnim višim klasama (gospodarima) i njihovim vrednostima, koje u moderno doba bivaju izložene rušenju i padu. Niče smatra da resantiman izvire iz hrišćanske religije i njene etike, i nastoji da ga prevlada kroz „afirmaciju životaˮ, voljom za moći kao voljom za život. Šeler odlučno odbija Ničeovo povezivanje hrišćanstva sa resantimanom. On smatra da dekadencija moderne civilizacije ima još dublji koren u odbacivanju vrednosti viših od života – duhovnih i religioznih vrednosti. U odgovoru na krizu moderne civilizacije on se zalaže za rehabilitaciju i reafirmaciju apsolutnog i večnog poretka vrednosti na čijem vrhu stoje vrednosti duha i svetosti. U radu se zaključuje da se uzroci krize nalaze u vladajućem ropskom moralu prožetom resantimanskim vrednostima kojima nedostaje volja za (životnu) moć (Niče), odnosno viši rangovi vrednosti (života, duha i svetog) (Šeler). Zajednički Ničeov i Šelerov filozofsko-politički stav je elitizam i prezir prema masama. Oba autora daju primat duhovnim elitama, oštro kritikujući mase zbog „nevrednosti” koje one oblikuju, i promovisanja socioekonomske (socijalistička) i političke jednakosti (liberalna demokratija). Šelerova pozicija se vremenom pomerila od konzervativno-hrišćanskog ka liberalno-sekularnom elitizmu, ali je zadržala ideju društvene hijerarhije, primenjujući je na poopštenu podelu između elite i mase.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Vandeweyer, Luc. "“Doch schuld bekennen, om den duivel niet!” Celindrukken van Albert Moortgat, burgemeester van Breendonk." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 69, no. 1 (2010): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v69i1.12355.

Full text
Abstract:
Brouwer Albert Moortgat begon als een uitgesproken katholiek flamingant maar nam geen leidende rol op zich in de Vlaamse beweging. Hij werd wel burgemeester van de gemeente Breendonk vanaf 1921 en een succesvol bedrijfsleider. Naargelang de jaren vorderden, verliet hij de christendemocratie en werd lid van het VNV, een partij met een anti-Belgisch en extreemrechts programma. Deze partij leunde aan bij Duitsland en zij collaboreerde met de bezetter na de invasie in mei 1940. Moortgat behield zijn positie als burgemeester. Na de bevrijding in september 1944 kwam Moortgat in de gevangenis terecht. Hij was daarbij het slachtoffer van het feit dat de Duitsers een belangrijke gevangenis vestigden op het grondgebied van zijn gemeente. Deze gevangenis verwierf een gruwelijke reputatie. Anderzijds toonden verscheidene van zijn kinderen zich ostentatief Duitsgezind. Hij werd daardoor beschouwd als een steunpilaar van de bezetter. Zijn proces en veroordeling in 1946 brachten hem een zware morele klap toe. Dit motiveerde Moortgat tot het schrijven van notities over zijn gevangenisleven in drie schriftjes. Deze teksten zijn een interessante getuigenis en een zelfrechtvaardiging. Egodocumenten van dit type zijn van groot belang voor het begrijpen van de toestand waarin de maatschappelijke elite van de bezettingsjaren werd gebracht door de Duitse nederlaag en de machtsovername door het progeallieerde kamp in België.________"But admitting guilt, hell no!" Impressions from a prison cell by Albert Moortgat, mayor of BreendonkThe brewer Albert Moortgat started off as a convinced Catholic Flemish radical, but did not take on a leading role in the Flemish movement. He did become mayor of the municipality of Breendonk from 1921 onwards as well as a successful manager. Over the course of time he left the Christian Democrats and became a member of the VNV (Flemish National Association), a party with an anti-Belgian and extreme-right programme. This party supported Germany and collaborated with the occupiers after the invasion in May 1940. Moortgat retained his position as mayor. After the liberation in September 1944 Moortgat was incarcerated. It was his bad luck that the Germans established an important prison on the territory of his municipality. This prison acquired a gruesome reputation. On the other hand several of his children showed themselves to be ostentatiously pro-German. Because of this he was considered to be a mainstay of the occupiers. His trial and conviction in 1946 inflicted a heavy moral blow upon him. This was Moortgat’s motivation to write notes about his life in prison in three notebooks. These texts are an interesting testimony and a self justification. These kinds of ego-documents are of great importance to help us understand the change in the state of mind of the people who had been the social elite during the years of the occupation, brought about by the German defeat and the assumption of power by the pro-Allied camp in Belgium.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Falcon, Daniel, Alyson Yeckes, Ania Klas, et al. "Abstract 6163: PARP inhibition induces the expression of interferon-response genes in both BRCAm and BRCAwt high grade serous ovarian cancer cells." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 6163. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-6163.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Background: Therapeutic synergy of PARP inhibition (PARPi) and CTLA4 immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in BRCA1 mutated (BRCAm) ovarian cancer (OC) models was dependent on increased interferon gamma (IFNg) production in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Expression of interferon-response genes in tumor samples is also linked with CTLA4 ICI efficacy in melanoma. In an assessment of interferon-response gene expression in tumor samples from women with BRCAm ovarian cancer enrolled in a phase I/II clinical trial of PARPi and CTLA4 ICI, IFIT1B was significantly associated with both treatment benefit (AUC=0.842), and progression-free survival (PFS) (n=30, p=0.029). In this cohort, IFIT1B expression was also strongly correlated with other IFIT gene family members, and positively correlated with CXCL10 expression among subjects with clinical benefit from treatment. In an analysis of TCGA data, IFIT1B expression was also significantly associated with PFS among BRCAm patients (n=16, p=0.0306), but not in the larger ovarian cancer cohort (n=299, p=0.1953). IFIT gene family expression is induced by type I and type II interferons, as well as cytosolic nucleic acid sensing. CXCL10 expression is associated with anti-tumor immunity and is prognostic in ovarian cancer. Objective: To examine the association between these candidate biomarkers and treatment outcomes, we exposed murine OC cells to PARPi, IFNg, or the combination in vitro, and compared gene expression by qPCR and production of CXCL10 and IFN beta by ELISA. Results: Treatment with PARPi significantly increased expression of IFIT family members (Ifit1, Ifit2, Ifit3) compared with untreated cells, and additionally increased expression in combination with IFNg compared with IFNg exposure alone. PARPi-induced IFIT gene expression was independent of BRCA status and was observed in both PARPi-sensitive and -resistant BRCA1m models. PARPi also significantly increased expression of CXCL10 by qPCR, and PARPi in combination with IFNg increased levels of secreted CXCL10 by BRCA1m cells compared with IFNg alone. Although expression of IFNb was similar across all treatment conditions, high IFN beta secretion was observed in BRCA1m cells treated with PAPRi in combination with IFNg. Conclusions: These results indicate that PARPi can modulate tumor cell-intrinsic responses to IFNg independent of BRCAm status, including changes in secreted chemokines and cytokines associated with T cell recruitment and immune activation in the tumor microenvironment. With evidence that both IFN signaling and CXCL10 in the TME can impact treatment efficacy and disease outcomes, these data may inform the design of novel combinatorial regimens for ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Daniel Falcon, Alyson Yeckes, Ania Klas, Andrea Corbet, Chelsea Goff, Sandra Orsulic, Rita Serda, Phyllis Gimotty, Sarah Adams. PARP inhibition induces the expression of interferon-response genes in both BRCAm and BRCAwt high grade serous ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 6163.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Hole, Ingvild Guro Hjelmeland, Hanne Stokkebekk, and Anne Marie Sandvoll. "Intensivsykepleieres erfaring med deliriumskartlegging i intensivavdelinger – en scoping review." Inspira 19, no. 1 (2024): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/inspira.v19.6068.

Full text
Abstract:
Bakgrunn: Intensivpasienter er utsatt for delirium. Det er derfor anbefalt med rutinemessig kartlegging av delirium med bruk av kartleggingsverktøy. CAM-ICU er et validert kartleggingsverktøy for å identifisere delirium hos intensivpasienter. Forskning viser at deliriumskartlegging skjer sjeldnere enn anbefalt. Hensikt: Hensikten med studien var å samle eksisterende litteratur om sykepleieres erfaring med bruk av CAM-ICU. Metode: Det ble gjennomført en scoping review basert på Arksey og O’Malleys femtrinnsmodell. Det ble samlet kvalitativ og kvantitativ litteratur på forskningsområdet. Dette ble utført systematiske søk i databasene Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL og Academic Search Elite. Etter utvalgsprosessen ble totalt 13 artikler inkludert i studien. Funnene ble bearbeidet i en numerisk og en tematisk analyse. Resultat: Flere studier viste at CAM-ICU ble nedprioritert, mens noen av sykepleierne opplevde at verktøyet bidro til bedre pasientvurdering. CAM-ICU kan bedre kommunikasjon og samarbeid når både sykepleiere og leger bruker det. Det er ingen klar enighet om at CAM-ICU er enkelt å administrere, og tilliten til verktøyet er også varierende. Sykepleierne opplevde at CAM-ICU var utfordrende i møte med mekanisk ventilerte og sederte pasienter. Mangel på tid blir også trukket frem, i tillegg til behov for økt kunnskap. Konklusjon: Studien viser varierte erfaringer med nytteverdien og tilliten til CAM-ICU. Tverrfaglig samarbeid ser ut til å være viktig for bruken av CAM-ICU. Det etterlyses mer kunnskap og opplæring i bruk av verktøyet. Studien kan være nyttig ved utarbeiding av implementeringsstrategier for nye kartleggingsverktøy. ENGLISH ABSTRACT Intensive care nurses' experience with delirium assessment in intensive care units – a scoping review Background: Intensive care patients are at risk of delirium. Therefore, regular use of a delirium assessment tool is recommended. CAM-ICU is a validated assessment tool, developed for intensive care patients. Research shows that delirium assessment occurs less often than recommended. Objectives: The aim of this study was to collect existing literature on nurses’ experience using CAM-ICU. Method: A scoping review based on Arksey and O’Malley’s five-step model was utilized. Qualitative and quantitative research were collected. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Academic Search Elite. The searches resulted in 13 articles that were included in the study. The findings were processed in a numerical and a thematic analysis. Results: Several studies showed that CAM-ICU was de-prioritized, while some of the nurses felt that CAM-ICU contributed to a better patient assessment. CAM-ICU can improve communication and collaboration when both nurses and doctors use it. There is no clear consensus that CAM-ICU is easy to administer, confidence in the tool is also variable. The nurses experienced that CAM-ICU was challenging when dealing with mechanically ventilated and sedated patients. Lack of time is also highlighted, in addition to the need for increased knowledge. Conclusion: This study shows varied experience with the utility of, and trust in, CAM-ICU. In particular, the implementation of CAM-ICU in sedated and mechanically ventilated patients is experienced as challenging. The findings point to the fact that interdisciplinary collaboration appears to be important for the use of CAM-ICU. More knowledge and training are requested. This study can be useful when drawing up implementation strategies for new mapping tools.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Effendi, Winda Roselina. "DINASTI POLITIK DALAM PEMERINTAHAN LOKAL STUDI KASUS DINASTI KOTA BANTEN." JURNAL TRIAS POLITIKA 2, no. 2 (2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.33373/jtp.v2i2.1471.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Political dynasties can be understood as a political strategy to maintain power by passing down the power that has been held by others who are still among relatives. First, the stagnation of the cadre of political parties in capturing qualified regional head candidates, thus creating political pragmatism by encouraging relatives the regional head's family to become a public official. Second, the context of the community that maintains the status quo conditions in the region that want the regional head to rule by encouraging the family or people close to the regional head to replace detention. Political dynasty is a negative excess of regional autonomy that makes hijacked democracy by the circulation of genealogical core relations, based on kinship relations and outside of genealogical lines that have an interest in perpetuating family power. In practice, the actualization of political dynasties is carried out with several perspectives, namely neopatrimonialism, political clan, and political predators. The development of political dynasty at the local level can also be interpreted as a form of local 'Cendanaisasi'. The term cendanaisasi refers to the Cendana Family during the 32 years of President Soeharto's leadership which was very powerful in Indonesia's political economy. All key government posts are controlled by children, sons-in-law, nephews, and other relatives, so that this power becomes lasting for three decades of government. This pattern is actually being developed and exemplified by local elite families that the local democratic process can be traced by placing relatives in regional strategic positions. Keywords: Local Politics, Dynasty, Regional Government Abstrak Dinasti politik dapat dipahami sebagai strategi politik untuk tetap menjaga kekuasaan dengan cara mewariskan kekuasaan yang telah digenggam kepada orang lain yang masih merupakan kalangan sanak keluarga, Pertama, macetnya kaderisasi partai politik dalam menjaring calon kepala daerah yang berkualitas, sehingga menciptakan pragmatisme politik dengan mendorong kalangan sanak keluarga kepala daerah untuk menjadi pejabat publik. Kedua, konteks masyarakat yang menjaga adanya kondisi status quo di daerahnya yang menginginkan kepala daerah untuk berkuasa dengan cara mendorong kalangan keluarga atau orang dekat kepala daerah menggantikan petahanan. Dinasti Politik merupakan ekses negatif dari otonomi daerah yang menjadikan demokrasi terbajak (hijacked democracy) oleh sirkulasi hubungan inti genealogis, berdasarkan relasi kekeluargaan maupun di luar garis genealogis yang memiliki kepentingan terhadap pelanggengan kekuasaan family. Dalam prakteknya sendiri aktualisasi dinasti politik dilakukan dengan beberapa sudut pandang yaitu neopatrimonialisme, klan politik, dan predator politik. Berkembangnya dinasti politik di tingkat lokal juga bisa ditafsirkan sebagai bentuk ‘Cendanaisasi’ lokal. Istilah cendanaisasi merujuk pada Keluarga Cendana semasa 32 tahun kepemimpinan Presiden Soeharto yang sangat berkuasa dalam ekonomi-politik Indonesia. Semua pos-pos kunci pemerintahan dikuasai anak, menantu, kemenakan, maupun kerabat lainnya, sehingga kekuasaan tersebut menjadi langgeng selama tiga dekade pemerintahan. Pola itulah yang sebenarnya sedang berkembang dan dicontoh oleh para keluarga elit lokal bahwa proses demokrasi lokal bisa ditelikung dengan menempatkan kerabat dalam posisi strategis daerah. Kata Kunci: Politik local, Dinasti, Pemerintahan daerah
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

Skubii, Iryna. "Багатство по-радянськи: матеріальний світ української економічної еліти 1920-1930-х років". Res Historica, № 48 (23 грудня 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2019.48.193-213.

Full text
Abstract:
<p>Artykuł ma na celu zbadanie materialnego wymiaru życia ukraińskich elit ekonomicznych w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX wieku. Implementacja ideologii komunistycznej spowodowała zmianę w nastawieniu państwa i społeczeństwa do życia codziennego oraz świata dóbr materialnych. W zaistniałych okolicznościach bogactwo i luksus, stanowiące wartość definiującą świat materialny każdej grupy z wyższych sfer, powinny były stracić swoją ważność. Tenże aspekt świata ukraińskich elit gospodarczych pod rządami NEP i wczesnego stalinizmu zachował wszystkie oznaki przynależności do wyższych warstw społecznych. Głównym obiektem niniejszej analizy są dwie grupy społeczne: prywatni przedsiębiorcy (<em>nepmen</em>) oraz zarządcy państwowych przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych, sowieccy <em>czerwoni dyrektorzy</em>.</p><p>Istotnym punktem pracy jest zdefiniowanie cech bogactwa w czasach radzieckich. Ponadto, w tekście wyłaniają się również inne ważne do poruszenia kwestie, to jest: nakreślenie obrazu materialnego świata ukraińskiej elity gospodarczej w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w., wyznaczenie różnic w pozycji społecznej różnych jej przedstawicieli, określenie jakie dobra kontrybuowały w tworzeniu ekskluzywnego życia codziennego przedsiębiorców oraz dyrektorów przemysłu radzieckiego. Autorka zadaje pytanie o to, czy możliwe jest stworzenie pewnego rodzaju przepisu na zdobycie bogactwa w czasach radzieckich okresu międzywojennego.</p><p>W rzeczywistości, osobista i społeczna tożsamość elit ekonomicznych w latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. definiowana była przez dostęp do określonego zestawu dóbr i usług, które podkreślały status ich właścicieli. Przeciwne zdanie wyrażają niektórzy z badaczy, którzy sugerują konieczność zwrócenia uwagi na niematerialne aspekty jako kluczową cechę projektu sowieckiego jako całości. Ze względu na tą dwojakość poglądów dobrze usytuowane grupy konsumenckie społeczeństwa radzieckiego mogą być interesującym, kontrowersyjnym obszarem badawczym, którego badanie doprowadzić może do zrozumienia w jaki sposób ideały równościowe realizowane były w praktyce.</p><p>W latach dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX w. pojawiła się nowa klasa społeczna, a wraz z nią charakterystyczna dla niej kultura konsumpcyjna. Zarówno <em>nepmeni</em>, jak i <em>czerwoni dyrektorowie</em> przypisywali rzeczom tą samą wartość materialną. Niemniej obie z tych grup dochodziły do bogactwa w inny sposób. Prywatni przedsiębiorcy zdobywali pewne dobra materialne drogą zakupu, podczas gdy radzieccy kierownicy otrzymywali je za pośrednictwem systemu państwowej dystrybucji lub pomocy socjalnej. Okoliczności te sprawiły, że w ich koszyku konsumenckim znalazły się nie tylko przedmioty codziennego użytku, ale również obiekty bardziej trwałe – nieruchomości, pojazdy oraz inny dobytek.</p>Podsumowując, obiekty materialne – symbole luksusu i bogactwa, były niesamowicie cenne dla elit ekonomicznych tamtych lat. Odróżniały one te grupy od innych warstw społeczeństwa radzieckiego. Ich konsumpcja sygnalizowała przynależność do grupy i stanowiła jej gwarant. Lata dwudzieste i trzydzieste XX w. były okresem, w którym deficyt towarów oraz ich zamknięta dystrybucja uczyniły przedmioty codziennego użytku przedmiotami luksusowymi, dostępnymi jedynie dla wyższych warstw. Priorytet gromadzenia bogactwa, jako cechy charakterystycznej dla elit, doprowadził do powstania uprzywilejowanej grupy społeczeństwa radzieckiego, wywodzącej swoje korzenie z posiadania dóbr i własności.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

DeGraff, Michel, William Scott Frager, and Haynes Miller. "Language Policy in Haitian Education: A History of Conflict over the Use of Kreyòl as Language of Instruction." Journal of Haitian Studies 28, no. 2 (2022): 33–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2022.a901944.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract: Language-in-education policy in Haiti has historically favored French as the language of instruction from the earliest levels of primary school. This has contributed to preventing most children from the monolingual Kreyòl-speaking majority from receiving a quality education, succeeding in school, and accessing the means for socioeconomic progress. Though this has been recognized as a problem since the nation’s independence from France in 1804, this language-based exclusion has yet to be properly addressed. Through an analysis of publicly available documents produced by the Ministry of Education and relevant stakeholders, this article provides a historical overview of Haitian language-in-education policy followed by a critical evaluation of the documents’ contents. The historical overview is split into two parts. First, we summarize policy from independence through 1979, when Kreyòl was first legalized as both language of instruction (LOI) and as object of instruction (OOI). Second, we consider major education-policy documents starting from the pro-Kreyòl reform of Minister of Education Joseph C. Bernard (1979–1982) through November 3, 2022, when we submitted this article for review toward publication. Our evaluation of these documents reveals that, while Kreyòl has made gains from a longitudinal perspective, Bernard’s famous reform has been repeatedly mischaracterized to justify policies that promote French as LOI. Moreover, the Ministry has tended to adopt early-exit transitional language policies (early transition from Kreyòl to French as LOI) that are known to fail (as opposed to more successful additive approaches, such as mother-tongue-based multilingual education ), and student success is often predicated on quickly achieving the unrealistic second-language-attainment goal of balanced bilingualism . This goal favors children from elite francophone households, whereas the goal of functional bilingualism is more well-adapted and realistic in the context of a student population that is essentially monolingual in Kreyòl. This article aims to inform stakeholders of the history and challenges surrounding Kreyòl as LOI—a task given new importance in view of the efforts currently being put forth by the present minister of education, Nesmy Manigat, to implement key aspects of the Bernard Reform and valorize Haiti’s national language in the school system. Our primary objective here is to help break, at long last, Haiti’s pernicious cycle of exclusion based on language and education. Rezime: Politik lang nan sistèm lekòl ann Ayiti te toujou valorize franse kòm lang ansèyman depi nan ti klas primè yo. Preferans sa a kontribye nan mete baboukèt sou pifò ti moun ki soti nan majorite sa a ki pale kreyòl sèlman : baboukèt sa a anpeche yo resevwa yon bon edikasyon, sa anpeche yo reyisi lekòl epi sa anpeche yo jwenn mwayen pou avansman sosyal ak ekonomik. An 1804, Ayiti te bat Lafrans pou n te rive jwenn endepandans nou. Se depi lè sa a lidèchip peyi a te rekonèt baryè lengwistik la. Malgre sa, nou pa ko janm rive kaba esklizyon sa a. Nan atik sa a, nou analize yon seri dokiman ofisyèl ki soti nan Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal ak lòt enstitisyon k ap feraye nan sektè edikasyon ann Ayiti. Dokiman sa yo disponib devan piblik la epi yo pèmèt nou trase yon itinerè istorik nan dosye politik lang nan sistèm edikasyon ann Ayiti. Epi, tou, nou evalye kontni dokiman yo pou n byen konprann lojik ki ladan. Nou divize itinerè istorik la an de (2) pati. An lagan, nou rezime politik lengwistik peyi a soti 1804 jiska 1979 lè leta te premye legalize kreyòl kòm lang ansèyman (LA) e kòm objè ansèyman (OA). Ann apre, nou konsidere dokiman sa yo ki pi enpòtan nan politik edikasyon ann Ayiti soti nan refòm Minis Joseph C. Bernard nan peryòd 1979–1982 rive nan dat 3 novanm 2022 lè nou te soumèt atik sa a pou evalyasyon nan kad pwojè piblikasyon. Evalyasyon nou sou dokiman sa yo montre ki jan, malgre mouvman kreyòl te rive fè pwogrè nan istwa peyi a, gen otorite k ap plede defigire reprezantasyon refòm Bernard 1982 a pou yo kore yon politik ki ankouraje lang franse kòm LA ; epi, tou, Ministè a te vin gen tandans adopte yon politik tranzisyon rapid—soti nan kreyòl kòm LA rive nan franse kòm LA—ki souvan kreye echèk, olye pou yo adopte yon apwòch aditif ki gen plis chans pou reyisi, tankou edikasyon miltileng ki baze sou lang matènèl ; epi se kon sa siksè elèv yo souvan vin bloke an ba yon objektif bilengwis ekilibre . Objektif sa a se pou avantaj ti moun ki soti nan elit ki pale franse a. E poutan, objektif bilengwis fonksyonèl la pi byen adapte e li pi reyalis nan kontèks yon popilasyon kote se kreyòl la ki rele pifò aprenan chè mèt chè mètrès. Ki fè n ekri atik sa a gen pou n enfòme moun ki konsène yo sou istwa ak defi ki antoure lang kreyòl la kòm LA. Jounen jodi a, analiz sa a vin pi enpòtan toujou lè n konsidere jefò Minis Edikasyon Nasyonal la, Nesmy Manigat, k ap feraye pou l enplemante kèk aspè fondal natal nan Refòm Bernard 1982 a, pou valorizasyon lang nasyonal la nan sistèm lekòl peyi a. Objektif prensipal pa nou se ede kraze kokenn chenn baryè sa yo ki, depi digdantan, ap sèvi ak lang ansanm ak edikasyon pou konsolide apatèd nan peyi a. (N ap prepare yon vèsyon kreyòl atik sa a k ava parèt nan yon pwochenn nimewo Jounal Etid Ayisyen — Journal of Haitian Studies .)
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 67, no. 1-2 (1993): 109–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002678.

Full text
Abstract:
-Louis Allaire, Samuel M. Wilson, Hispaniola: Caribbean chiefdoms in the age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xi + 170 pp.-Douglas Melvin Haynes, Philip D. Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xviii + 251 pp.-Dale Tomich, J.H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xii + 266 pp.-Myriam Cottias, Dale Tomich, Slavery in the circuit of sugar: Martinique and the world economy, 1830 -1848. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1990. xiv + 352 pp.-Robert Forster, Pierre Dessalles, La vie d'un colon à la Martinique au XIXe siècle. Pré-senté par Henri de Frémont. Courbevoie: s.n., 1984-1988, four volumes, 1310 pp.-Hilary Beckles, Douglas V. Armstrong, The old village and the great house: An archaeological and historical examination of Drax Hall Plantation, St Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990. xiii + 393 pp.-John Stewart, John A. Lent, Caribbean popular culture. Bowling Green OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1990. 157 pp.-W. Marvin Will, Susanne Jonas ,Democracy in Latin America: Visions and realities. New York: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1990. viii + 224 pp., Nancy Stein (eds)-Forrest D. Colburn, Kathy McAfee, Storm signals: Structural adjustment and development alternatives in the Caribbean. London: Zed books, 1991. xii + 259 pp.-Derwin S. Munroe, Peggy Antrobus ,In the shadows of the sun: Caribbean development alternatives and U.S. policy. Carmen Diana Deere (coordinator), Peter Phillips, Marcia Rivera & Helen Safa. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xvii + 246 pp., Lynne Bolles, Edwin Melendez (eds)-William Roseberry, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Lords of the mountain: Social banditry and peasant protest in Cuba, 1878-1918. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989. xvii + 267 pp.-William Roseberry, Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless liberators, political banditry and Cuban independence. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1989. x + 297 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Robert M. Levine, Cuba in the 1850's: Through the lens of Charles DeForest Fredricks. Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990. xv + 86 pp.-José Sánchez-Boudy, Gustavo Pérez Firmat, The Cuban condition: Translation and identity in modern Cuban literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. viii + 185 pp.-Dick Parker, Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the origins of the Cuban revolution: An empire of liberty in an age of national liberation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xi + 235 pp.-George Irvin, Andrew Zimbalist ,The Cuban economy: Measurement and analysis of socialist performance. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1989. xiv + 220 pp., Claes Brundenius (eds)-Menno Vellinga, Frank T. Fitzgerald, Managing socialism: From old Cadres to new professionals in revolutionary Cuba. New York: Praeger, 1990. xiv + 161 pp.-Patricia R. Pessar, Eugenia Georges, The making of a transnational community: Migration, development, and cultural change in the Dominican republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. xi + 270 pp.-Lucía Désir, Maria Dolores Hajosy Benedetti, Earth and spirit: Healing lore and more from Puerto Rico. Maplewood NJ: Waterfront Press, 1989. xvii + 245 pp.-Thomas J. Spinner, Jr., Percy C. Hintzen, The costs of regime survival: Racial mobilization, elite domination and control of the state in Guyana and Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. x + 240 pp.-Judith Johnson, Morton Klass, Singing with the Sai Baba: The politics of revitalization in Trinidad. Boulder CO: Westview, 1991. xvi + 187 pp.-Aisha Khan, Selwyn Ryan, The Muslimeen grab for power: Race, religion and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: Inprint Caribbean, 1991. vii + 345 pp.-Drexel G. Woodson, Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xxi + 217 pp.-O. Nigel Bolland, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas in slavery and freedom. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1991. viii + 184 pp.-Keith F. Otterbein, Charles C. Foster, Conchtown USA: Bahamian fisherfolk in Riviera beach, Florida. (with folk songs and tales collected by Veronica Huss). Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1991. x + 176 pp.-Peter van Baarle, John P. Bennett ,Kabethechino: A correspondence on Arawak. Edited by Janette Forte. Georgetown: Demerara Publishers, 1991. vi + 271 pp., Richard Hart (eds)-Fabiola Jara, Joop Vernooij, Indianen en kerken in Suriname: identiteit en autonomie in het binnenland. Paramaribo: Stichting Wetenschappelijke Informatie (SWI), 1989. 178 pp.-Jay Edwards, C.L. Temminck Groll ,Curacao: Willemstad, city of monuments. R.G. Gill. The Hague: Gary Schwartz/SDU Publishers, 1990. 123 pp., W. van Alphen, R. Apell (eds)-Mineke Schipper, Maritza Coomans-Eustatia ,Drie Curacaose schrijvers in veelvoud. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1991. 544 pp., H.E. Coomans, Wim Rutgers (eds)-Arie Boomert, P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, De rotstekeningen van Aruba/The prehistoric rock drawings of Aruba. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Presse-Papier, 1991. 228 pp.-J.K. Brandsma, Ruben S. Gowricharn, Economische transformatie en de staat: over agrarische modernisering en economische ontwikkeling in Suriname, 1930-1960. Den Haag: Uitgeverij Ruward, 1990. 208 pp.-Henk N. Hoogendonk, M. van Schaaijk, Een macro-model van een micro-economie. Den Haag: STUSECO, 1991. 359 pp.-Bim G. Mungra, Corstiaan van der Burg ,Hindostanen in Nederland. Leuven (Belgium)/ Apeldoorn (the Netherlands): Garant Publishers, 1990. 223 pp., Theo Damsteegt, Krishna Autar (eds)-Adrienne Bruyn, J. van Donselaar, Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands. Muiderberg: Dick Coutinho, 1989. 482 pp.-Wim S. Hoogbergen, Michiel Baud ,'Cultuur in beweging': creolisering en Afro-Caraïbische cultuur. Rotterdam: Bureau Studium Generale, 1989. 93 pp., Marianne C. Ketting (eds)
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

Ring, Sebastian. "Die Gamescom 2012." merz | medien + erziehung 55, no. 5 (2011): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21240/merz/2011.5.24.

Full text
Abstract:
275 000 Menschen kamen, um sich das Spektakel anzusehen, das heuer zum dritten Mal in Köln stattfand. Genug, um den Zugang zur Messe am Samstag vorsichtshalber sperren zu lassen – sehr zum Missfallen derjenigen, die sich vor dem Messegelände drängten und nun mit kühlen Drinks abgespeist wurden, während sie ihrem Ärger bei Facebook Luft machten. Allemal zu viele waren es auch in den Messehallen, und das führte dazu, dass die Wartezeiten zum Ausprobieren der Neuigkeiten ins Endlose gedehnt wurden. Aber das sollte niemanden wirklich abschrecken. Die Gamescom lebt davon, Treffpunkt für die Gamesbranche und Gamesbegeisterte zu sein und sie bietet schlicht die Möglichkeit, wenigstens einen kurzen Blick auf Battlefield 3, FIFA12, Diablo 3, Assassin’s Creed Relevations, Deus Ex: Human Revolution oder viele andere der Neuerscheinungen zu erheischen und kennerhaft im Freundeskreis und der Welt mitteilen zu können, dass in diesem Jahr eigentlich nichts wirklich Neues dabei war: Weit und breit keine wirklich neuen genreprägenden Titel in Sicht – bevor sich an dieser Stelle Widerspruch regt: Doch, The Witcher 2 des polnischen Entwicklerstudios CD Projekt RED und From Dust des Designers Eric Chahi sind tatsächlich einen zweiten Blick wert. Neben der Software waren aber auch keine Hardwareinnovationen greifbar – nicht einmal die noch im Juni auf der weltgrößten Videospielmesse E3 präsentierte Wii U. Lediglich die Playstation Vita und überhaupt das Spielen auf mobilen Endgeräten, sowie Cloud Gaming- Dienste wie onlive, die antreten, um Konsolen und Gaming-PCs überflüssig zu machen, zeigen offensichtlichere Entwicklungslinien auf. Alte Spiele in neuen (Verkaufs-) Schläuchen Stattdessen setzt die Industrie auf die Ausbeutung etablierter Marken. Das sind zum einen bewährte AAA-Titel, wie eben beispielsweise die Reihen Call of Duty, Diablo, FIFA, Silent Hill, Anno et cetera und zum anderen aus anderen Medienbereichen bekannte Bestseller, zum Beispiel das Tanzspiel Black Eyed Peas Experience oder das MMORPG Star Wars – The Old Republic. Irgendwie bemerkenswert waren auch die runden Geburtstage von Spieleserien (z. B. 25 Jahre Zelda) oder Entwicklerstudios und Publishern (z. B. 25 Jahre ubisoft), die auf der Gamescom gefeiert wurden. Die Branche hat sich etabliert, keine Frage, aber Neuentwicklungen lassen sich eher im Bereich von Geschäftsmodellen ausmachen. Free-to-play-Modelle greifen um sich, vorwiegend im Bereich der Browser- und Social Games, aber zum Beispiel auch die Vertriebsplattform Steam bietet diese Möglichkeit mittlerweile. Für Spieleproduzenten ist diese Form des Bezahlens durchaus einträglich. Bigpoint zählt laut eigenen Angaben zum Weltmarktführer für Browsergames und setzt stark auf dieses Bezahlmodell. Für viele Spielende bietet das die Möglichkeit, Spiele kostenfrei zu spielen oder eben zu entscheiden, wie viel Geld einem ein Spiel wirklich wert ist – sofern die Kostenmodelle ausreichend transparent sind und Kaufentscheidungen autonom getroffen werden. Flexibilisierung von Kosten findet auch an anderer Stelle statt: Neben den vollen Kosten für eine als boxed product oder Download vertriebene Vollversion stehen kostenpflichtige Zusatzdownloads (DLC) oder Onlinedienste (z. B. Call of Duty Elite) bereit. Solche Modelle sind wichtig und interessant für die Gamesindustrie, die auf Wachstum abzielt und die sich auch der Konkurrenz durch Spielangebote im Niedrigpreisbereich, zum Beispiel auf Smartphones, erwehren will. Die Gamescom bietet der Branche zum Beispiel durch die Business Area und die Games Developer Conference Europe Anlässe und Räume für Kontakt und Austausch über solche Entwicklungen. Gamescom – Jahrmarkt der Gameswelt Für die normalen Besucherinnen und Besucher standen die Spiele und das Spektakel im Vordergrund. Auch in dieser Hinsicht wurde hier einiges geboten. Brandneue Autos wie der BMW M5 wurden präsentiert, Kamele trugen die dritte Version von Uncharted durch die Stadt zum Messestand und die ESL und die World Cyber Games fanden ihr Publikum. Einfallsreichtum war gefragt, um aufzufallen. Das galt auch für die Cosplayer, die sich zahlreich und wie jedes Jahr geschminkt und in aufwändig gestaltete Roben und Kostüme gehüllt, auf der Gamescom tummelten. Was eine so große Zahl von spielbegeisterten Menschen lockt, zieht natürlich auch die Werbetreibenden an, die an dieser Zielgruppe interessiert sind. Klar im Fokus standen natürlich die Spiele, aber auch Hardwarehersteller (z. B. für Konsolen, Mäuse etc.) präsentierten sich. Zeitschriftenverlage stellten ihre Magazine, Romane oder Comics zu Games aus. Die Bundeswehr war mit von der Partie, die Junge Union und etliche Gamer stürmten neugierig die PC-Stationen der Deutschen Post, um dort das vermeintliche Game namens E-Postbrief zu testen. Wie in den vergangenen Jahren stand aber nicht nur die Unterhaltung im Fokus. Einige Serious Games wurden der Öffentlichkeit präsentiert, beispielsweise Zappelix, das laut Herstellerangabe einzige Computerspiel, das man in der Apotheke erwerben kann und das ADHS-Kindern und ihren Eltern als wirkungsvolle Alternative zu dem nicht unumstrittenden Medikament Ritalin angeboten wird. Oder SQUIN – Smoke Quit Win!, eine Smartphoneapp, die frischgebackenen Ex-Raucherinnen und Ex-Rauchern in schwachen Momenten unter anderem mit einem Notfallbutton den rettenden Strohhalm reicht. Interessanter unter den ernsthafteren Angeboten der Gamescom erscheint da doch der gamescom campus, auf dem sich neben anderen das Jugendforum NRW, die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) und die Personalabteilungen deutscher Spieleentwickler präsentieren. Auch wenn an diesen Ständen keiner stundenlang anstehen musste, war die Nachfrage doch gut und vor allem die Einblicke in den Arbeitsmarkt und Wege dorthin von vielen jungen Spielern und Spielerinnen auch stark nachgefragt. Die deutsche Gamesbranche entwickelt sich stetig weiter. Öffentliche Förderung durch einige Bundesländer soll diesen Zukunftsmarkt und die Rolle Deutschlands im globalen Wettbewerb stärken. Deutschland ist weltweit in Sachen Games nicht gerade als Hotspot für Innovation bekannt. Die Spiele(r) und ihr Platz in der Gesellschaft Um das zu ändern, gilt es auch, das Bild von Computerspielen und ihren Spielerinnen und Spielern in der Öffentlichkeit differenzierter darzustellen. Zu negativ erscheint es im Allgemeinen und die klischierten Vorstellungen von Gamern als meist jungen, männlichen, pickligen, pummligen und Pizza essenden Nerds ist immer noch weit verbreitet. Eindrucksvoll belegte das ein Bericht von RTL Explosiv, der – jenseits journalistischer Professionalität und Ethik – einzelne Gamescombesucher maßlos bloßstellte und ihre Offenheit und Auskunftsfreude ausnutzte, um eben jene Klischees zu bedienen. Die Aufregung der Gamer darüber war groß und zurecht braute sich ein Sturm der Entrüstung über RTL zusammen. Dieser führte schließlich immerhin dazu, dass sich der verantwortliche Redakteur und mit ihm der Sender entschuldigen mussten. Aufrufe zur Beschwerde über die Sendung, die über das Netz verbreitet wurden, erreichten, dass das Online-Bürgerportal der Landesmedienanstalten www.programmbeschwerde.de seine größte Beschwerdewelle erfuhr und zeitweise von den über 100.000 Anfragen überfordert war. Ein medienrechtlicher Verstoß konnte durch die zuständige Niedersächsische Landesanstalt für Rundfunk (NLM) jedoch nicht festgestellt werden. Diese Geschichte dokumentiert aber deutlich, dass sich die vielen Gamer mit ihrem schlechten Image in der Öffentlichkeit nicht abfinden möchten und sich dagegen zur Wehr setzen. Interessanter erscheint in diesem Kontext der Schritt, den das öffentlich-rechtliche Fernsehen mit seinem Spartensender zdf.kultur erstmals wagte: For the win übertrug E-Sport. Was in anderen Ländern längst selbstverständlich erscheint, nämlich die Berichterstattung über E-Sport im Massenfernsehen, ist in Deutschland nach wie vor randständig entwickelt. Aus Gründen des Jugendschutzes – eine der Disziplinen, in der die E-Sportler gegeneinander antraten, war der erst ab 16 Jahren freigegebene Shooter Counter-Strike – wurde die Sendung erst spät in der Nacht ausgestrahlt. Eine breitere öffentliche Berichterstattung über Spielerkulturen, zu der unter anderen auch der E-Sport zählt, täte auch der Differenzierung der öffentlichen Debatte über Computerspiele im Allgemeinen gut. Mehr Aufmerksamkeit für Spielkultur Im Umfeld der Gamescom wurden noch weitere Facetten dieser kulturellen Seite des Gaming sichtbar. Zum zweiten Mal veranstaltete die Agentur 37 Grad das Platine Festival für elektronische Kunst und alternative Spielformen (www.platine-cologne.de). Besonders charmant erschien hier das Spiel Pong Invaders Reality von Tobias Othmar Herrmann (www.tmmbach.net), bei dem man auf einer Tischtennisplatte und mit Schläger und Ball bestückt gegen Space Invaders antritt. Eine weitere seiner Kreationen befand sich am Stand der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Milky Boat, bei dem man ein ferngesteuertes Boot über einen kleinen Milchsee zu steuern hatte und dieses vor dem – tatsächlich ebenso physischen Untergehen nach Crash mit projizierten Seeminen – bewahren musste. Man darf sich wünschen, dass solche Formen von Spielkultur mehr öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren und der Facettenreichtum der Gameskultur stärkere Anerkennung erfährt. Die bundesdeutsche Gesellschaft – oder zumindest Teile von ihr – haben hier noch einiges zu lernen und ein erster Schritt hierzu könnte sein, sich ein eigenes Bild zu machen und die Gamescom zu besuchen. Als größte Gamesmesse Europas hat sich die Gamescom in den drei Jahren in Köln etabliert und ist gewachsen. Aber bei weitem nicht alle Aussteller und Gäste sind zufrieden mit den Rahmenbedingungen und den Organisationsverläufen der koelnmesse. So steht in den Sternen, ob der Tross nicht in den nächsten Jahren weiterzieht. Wie leicht das vonstatten gehen kann, zeigte der Umzug von Leipzig nach Köln. Vielleicht belebt aber auch Konkurrenz das Geschäft. Die zweitgrößte US-amerikanische Gamesmesse PAX denkt über einen möglichen Ableger in Europa nach. Für das kommende Jahr scheint aber alles auf die Stadt am Rhein hinauszulaufen. Der Termin wurde angekündigt und kann getrost in den Terminkalender eingetragen werden: Die Gamescom findet vom 15. bis 19. August 2012 statt – am ersten Tag ist der Zugang dem Fachpublikum vorbehalten. Die Game Developer Conference Europe findet ebenso wieder in Köln statt, und zwar vom 13. bis 15. August 2012.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

Zysiak, Agata. "Stalinizm i rewolucja na uczelniach – odgórna demokratyzacja dostępu do edukacji wyższej 1947-1956 [Stalinism and Revolution in Universities: Democratization of Higher Education from Above, 1947–1956]." Studia Litteraria et Historica, no. 8 (December 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/slh.2044.

Full text
Abstract:
Stalinism and Revolution in Universities: Democratization of Higher Education from Above, 1947–1956The first postwar decade in Poland saw a rebuilding of the whole country, including the school system and higher education. Higher education institutions were to mold a new intelligentsia, coming from a wider social background. Initial grassroots efforts to change the elite character of universities were eclipsed from 1947 by a reform introduced from above. On the one hand, the reform curtailed the autonomy of universities and increased censorship and political control; on the other hand, however, its aim was to make university education available on an unprecedented scale to people from the working and peasant classes. This article offers a survey of tools through which this “democratization” of access to higher education was implemented, such as a new admissions process, the induction year and preparatory courses. It also shows how these tools changed the students’ social backgrounds, albeit without permanently altering the general picture of higher education in Poland. Stalinizm i rewolucja na uczelniach – odgórna demokratyzacja dostępu do edukacji wyższej 1947–1956Pierwsza powojenna dekada to czas odbudowy całego kraju, w tym systemu edukacji, i reformy szkolnictwa wyższego. Uczelnie miały stać się miejscami budowy nowej inteligencji o egalitarnym pochodzeniu. Początkowo oddolne starania, by zmienić elitarny charakter uniwersytetów, od 1947 roku zostały zdominowane przez odgórną reformę edukacji. Z jednej strony oznaczała ona ograniczenie autonomii uczelni, zwiększenie cenzury i politycznej kontroli, z drugiej jednak miała na celu umożliwienie studiowania osobom z klasy robotniczej i chłopskiej na niespotykaną wcześniej skalę. Artykuł stanowi przegląd narzędzi „demokratyzacji” dostępu do szkolnictwa wyższego, takich jak nowy proces rekrutacji, rok wstępny i kursy przygotowawcze. Pokazuje także, jak zmieniły one społeczne pochodzenie studentów, a jednak nie zmieniły trwale oblicza szkolnictwa wyższego.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

Kimberley, Maree. "Neuroscience and Young Adult Fiction: A Recipe for Trouble?" M/C Journal 14, no. 3 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.371.

Full text
Abstract:
Historically, science and medicine have been a great source of inspiration for fiction writers. Mary Shelley, in the 1831 introduction to her novel Frankenstein said she was been inspired, in part, by discussions about scientific experiments, including those of Darwin and Galvani. Shelley states “perhaps a corpse would be re-animated; galvanism had given token of such things: perhaps the component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together, and endued with vital warmth” (10). Countless other authors have followed her lead, from H.G. Wells, whose mad scientist Dr Moreau takes a lead from Shelley’s Dr Frankenstein, through to popular contemporary writers of adult fiction, such as Michael Crichton and Kathy Reichs, who have drawn on their scientific and medical backgrounds for their fictional works. Science and medicine themed fiction has also proven popular for younger readers, particularly in dystopian settings. Reichs has extended her writing to include the young adult market with Virals, which combines forensic science with the supernatural. Alison Allen-Grey’s 2009 novel, Lifegame, deals with cloning and organ replacement. Nathan Hobby’s The Fur is based around an environmental disaster where an invasive fungal-fur grows everywhere, including in people’s internal organs. Catherine Jinks’ Piggy in the Middle incorporates genetics and biomedical research into its horror-science fiction plot. Brian Caswell’s young adult novel, Cage of Butterflies uses elements of neuroscience as a plot device. However, although Caswell’s novel found commercial and critical success—it was shortlisted in the 1993 Children’s Book Council of Australia (CBCA) Book of the Year Awards Older Readers and was reprinted several times—neuroscience is a field that writers of young adult fiction tend to either ignore or only refer to on the periphery. This paper will explore how neuroscientific and dystopian elements interact in young adult fiction, focusing on the current trend for neuroscientific elements to be something that adolescent characters are subjected to rather than something they can use as a tool of positive change. It will argue that the time is right for a shift in young adult fiction away from a dystopian world view to one where the teenaged characters can become powerful agents of change. The term “neuroscience” was first coined in the 1960s as a way to hybridise a range of disciplines and sub-disciplines including biophsyics, biology and chemistry (Abi-Rached and Rose). Since then, neuroscience as a field has made huge leaps, particularly in the past two decades with discoveries about the development and growth of the adolescent brain; the dismissal of the nature versus nurture dichotomy; and the acceptance of brain plasticity. Although individual scientists had made discoveries relating to brain plasticity in adult humans as far back as the 1960s, for example, it is less than 10 years since neuroplasticity—the notion that nerve cells in human brains and nervous systems are malleable, and so can be changed or modified by input from the environment—was accepted into mainstream scientific thinking (Doidge). This was a significant change in brain science from the once dominant principle of localisation, which posited that specific brain functions were fixed in a specific area of the brain, and that once damaged, the function associated with a brain area could not improve or recover (Burrell; Kolb and Whishaw; Doidge). Furthermore, up until the late 1990s when neuroscientist Jay Giedd’s studies of adolescent brains showed that the brain’s grey matter, which thickens during childhood, thins during adolescence while the white matter thickens, it was widely accepted the human brain stopped maturing at around the age of twelve (Wallis and Dell). The research of Giedd and others showed that massive changes, including those affecting decision-making abilities, impulse control and skill development, take place in the developing adolescent brain (Carr-Gregg). Thus, within the last fifteen years, two significant discoveries within neuroscience—brain plasticity and the maturation of the adolescent brain­—have had a major impact on the way the brain is viewed and studied. Brian Caswell’s Cage of Butterflies, was published too early to take advantage of these neuroscientific discoveries. Nevertheless the novel includes some specific details about how the brains of a group of children within the story, the Babies, have been altered by febrile convulsions to create an abnormality in their brain anatomy. The abnormality is discovered by a CAT scan (the novel predates the use of fMRI brain scans). Due to their abnormal brain anatomy, the Babies are unable to communicate verbally but can communicate telepathically as a “shared mind” with others outside their small group. It is unlikely Caswell would have been aware of brain plasticity in the early 1990s, nevertheless, in the narrative, older teens are able to slowly understand the Babies by focusing on their telepathic messages until, over time, they can understand them without too much difficulty. Thus Caswell has incorporated neuroscientific elements throughout the plot of his novel and provided some neuroscientific explanation for how the Babies communicate. In recent years, several young adult novels, both speculative and contemporary, have used elements of neuroscience in their narratives; however, these novels tend to put neuroscience on the periphery. Rather than embracing neuroscience as a tool adolescent characters can use for their benefit, as Caswell did, neuroscience is typically something that exists around or is done to the characters; it is an element over which they have no control. These novels are found across several sub-genres of young adult fiction, including science fiction, speculative fiction and contemporary fiction. Most place their narratives in a dystopian world view. The dystopian settings reinforce the idea that the world is a dangerous place to live, and the teenaged characters living in the world of the novels are at the mercy of powerful oppressors. This creates tension within the narrative as the adolescents battle authorities for power. Without the ability to use neuroscientific advantages for their own gain, however, the characters’ power to change their worlds remains in the hands of adult authorities and the teenaged characters ultimately lose the fight to change their world. This lack of agency is evident in several dystopian young adult novels published in recent years, including the Uglies series and to a lesser extent Brain Jack and Dark Angel. Scott Westerfeld’s Uglies series is set in a dystopian future world and uses neuroscientific concepts to both reinforce the power of the ruling regime and give limited agency to the protagonists. In the first book in the series, Uglies, the science supports the narrative where necessary but is always subservient to the action. Westerfeld’s intended the Uglies series to focus on action. Westerfield states “I love a good action sequence, and this series is of full of hoverboard chases, escapes through ancient ruins, and leaps off tall buildings in bungee jackets” (Books). Nevertheless, the brain’s ability to rewire itself—the neuroscientific concept of brain plasticity—is a central idea within the Uglies series. In book one, the protagonist Tally Youngblood is desperate to turn 16 so she can join her friends and become a Pretty. However, she discovers the operation to become a Pretty involves not just plastic surgery to alter her looks: a lesion is inflicted on the brain, giving each Pretty the equivalent of a frontal lobotomy. In the next book, Pretties, Tally has undergone the procedure and then becomes one of the elite Specials, and in the third instalment she eventually rejects her Special status and returns to her true nature. This latter process, one of the characters explains, is possible because Tally has learnt to rewire her brain, and so undo the Pretty operation and the procedure that made her a Special. Thus neuroscientific concepts of brain injury and recovery through brain plasticity are prime plot devices. But the narrative offers no explanations for how Tally and some others have the ability to rewire their brains to undo the Pretty operation while most do not. The apparent complexity of the neuroscience is used as a surface plot device rather than as an element that could be explored to add narrative depth. In contrast, the philosophical implications of recent neuroscientific discoveries, rather than the physical, are explored in another recent young adult novel, Dark Angel. David Klass’ novel, Dark Angel, places recent developments in neuroscience in a contemporary setting to explore the nature of good and evil. It tells the story of 17-year-old Jeff, whose ordinary, small-town life implodes when his older brother, Troy, comes home on parole after serving five years for manslaughter. A school assignment forces Jeff to confront Troy’s complex nature. The science teacher asks his class “where does our growing knowledge of the chemical nature of the brain leave us in terms of... the human soul? When we think, are we really making choices or just following chemical pathways?” (Klass 74). This passage introduces a neuroscientific angle into the plot, and may refer to a case brought before the US Supreme Court in 2005 where the court admitted a brief based on brain scans showing that adolescent brains work differently than adult brains (Madrigal). The protagonist, Jeff, explores the nature of good and evil through this neuroscientific framework as the story's action unfolds, and examines his relationship with Troy, who is described in all his creepiness and vulnerability. Again through the teacher, Klass incorporates trauma and its impact on the brain from a neuroscientific perspective: There are psychiatrists and neurologists doing studies on violent lawbreakers...who are finding that these felons share amazingly similar patterns of abusive childhoods, brain injuries, and psychotic symptoms. (Klass 115)Jeff's story is infused with the fallout of his brother’s violent past and present, yet there is no hint of any trauma in Jeff’s or Troy’s childhoods that could be seen as a cause for Troy’s aberrant behaviour. Thus, although Klass’ novel explores more philosophical aspects of neuroscience, like Westerfeld’s novel, it uses developments in neuroscience as a point of interest. The neuroscience in Dark Angel is not embedded in the story but is a lens through which to view the theme of whether people are born evil or made evil. Brain Jack and Being are another two recent young adult novels that explore physical and philosophical aspects of modern neuroscience to some extent. Technology and its possible neurological effects on the brain, particularly the adolescent brain, is a field of research popularised by English neuroscientist Baroness Susan Greenfield. Brian Falkner’s 2010 release, Brain Jack, explores this branch of neuroscience with its cautionary tale of a hands-free device—a cap with small wires that attach to your head called the neuro-headset­—that allows you to control your computer with your thoughts. As more and more people use the neuro-headset, the avatar designed to help people learn to use the software develops consciousness and its own moral code, destroying anyone who it considers a threat by frying their brains. Like Dark Angel and Uglies, Brain Jack keeps the neuroscience on the periphery as an element over which the characters have little or no control, and details about how the neuro-headset affects the brain of its wearers, and how the avatar develops consciousness, are not explored. Conversely, Kevin Brooks’ novel Being explores the nature of consciousness outside the field of neuroscience. The protagonist, Robert, goes into hospital for a routine procedure and discovers that instead of internal organs, he has some kind of hardware. On the run from authorities who are after him for reasons he does not understand, Robert tries frantically to reconstruct his earliest memories to give him some clue as to who, or what, he really is: if he does not have normal human body parts, is he human? However, whether or not he has a human brain, and the implications of either answer for his consciousness, is never addressed. Thus, although the novels discussed above each incorporate neuroscience to some degree, they do so at a cursory level. In the case of Being this is understandable as neuroscience is never explicitly mentioned; rather it is a possible sub-text implied through the theme of consciousness. In Dark Angel, through the teacher as mouthpiece, neuroscience is offered up as a possible explanation for criminal behaviour, which causes the protagonist to question his beliefs and judgements about his brother. However, in Uglies, and to a lesser extent in Brain Jack, neuroscience is glossed over when more detail may have added extra depth and complexity to the novels. Fast-paced action is a common element in much contemporary young adult fiction, and thus it is possible that Westerfeld and Falkner both chose to sacrifice complexity for the sake of action. In Uglies, it is likely this is the case, given Westerfeld’s love of action sequences and his attention to detail about objects created exclusively for his futuristic world. However, Brain Jack goes into explicit detail about computer hacking. Falkner’s dismissal of the neuroscientific aspects of his plot, which could have added extra interest, most likely stems from his passion for computer science (he studied computer science at university) rather than a distaste for or ignorance of neuroscience. Nevertheless Falkner, Westerfeld, Brooks, and to a lesser extent Klass, have each glossed over a source of potential power that could turn the dystopian worlds of their novels into one where the teenaged protagonists hold the power to make lasting change. In each of these novels, neuroscientific concepts are generally used to support a bleak or dystopian world view. In Uglies, the characters have two choices: a life as a lobotomised Pretty or a life on the run from the authorities, where discovery and capture is a constant threat. The USA represented in Brain Jack descends into civil war, where those unknowingly enslaved by the avatar’s consciousness fight against those who refuse to wear the neuro-headsets. The protagonist in Being lives in hiding from the secret authorities who seek to capture and destroy him. Even in Dark Angel, the neuroscience is not a source of comfort or support for the protagonist, whose life, and that of his family, falls apart as a consequence of his older brother’s criminal actions. It is only in the 1990s novel, Cage of Butterflies, that characters use a neuroscientific advantage to improve their situation. The Babies in Caswell’s Cage of Butterflies are initially victims of their brain abnormality; however, with the help of the teenaged characters, along with two adult characters, they are able to use their “condition” to help create a new life for themselves. Telepathically communicating through their “shared mind,” the Babies coordinate their efforts with the others to escape from the research scientists who threaten their survival. In this way, what starts as a neurological disability is turned into an advantage. Cage of Butterflies illustrates how a young adult novel can incorporate neuroscience into its narrative in a way that offers the young adults agency to make positive changes in their lives. Furthermore, with recent neuroscientific discoveries showing that adolescence is a vital time for brain development and growth, there is potential for neuroscience to be explored as an agent of positive change in a new wave of young adult fiction, one that adopts a non-dystopian (if not optimistic) world view. Dystopian young adult fiction has been enjoying enormous popularity in western publishing in the past few years with series such as Chaos Walking, Hunger Games and Maze Runner trilogies topping bestseller lists. Dystopian fiction’s appeal to young adult audiences, states Westerfeld, is because: Teenagers’ lives are constantly defined by rules, and in response they construct their identities through necessary confrontations with authority, large and small. Imagining a world in which those authorities must be destroyed by any means necessary is one way of expanding that game. ("Teenage Wastelands")Teenagers often find themselves in trouble, and are almost as often like to cause trouble. Placing them in a fictional dystopian world gives them room to fight authority; too often, however, the young adult protagonists are never able to completely escape the world the adults impose upon them. For example, the epilogue of James Dashner’s The Maze Runner tells the reader the surviving group have not escaped the makers of the maze, and their apparent rescuers are part of the same group of adult authorities. Caswell’s neurologically evolved Babies, along with their high IQ teenage counterparts, however, provide a model for how young protagonists can take advantage of neuroscientific discoveries to cause trouble for hostile authorities in their fictional worlds. The power of the brain harnessed by adolescents, alongside their hormonal changes, is by its nature a recipe for trouble: it has the potential to give young people an agency and power adults may fear. In the everyday, lived world, neuroscientific tools are always in the hands of adults; however, there needs to be no such constraint in a fictional world. The superior ability of adolescents to grow the white matter of their brains, for example, could give rise to a range of fictional scenarios where the adolescents could use their brain power to brainwash adults in authority. A teenage neurosurgeon might not work well in a contemporary setting but could be credible in a speculative fiction setting. The number of possible scenarios is endless. More importantly, however, it offers a relatively unexplored avenue for teenaged characters to have agency and power in their fictional worlds. Westerfeld may be right in his assertion that the current popularity of dystopian fiction for young adults is a reaction to the highly monitored and controlled world in which they live ("Teenage Wastelands"). However, an alternative world view, one where the adolescents take control and defeat the adults, is just as valid. Such a scenario has been explored in Cory Doctorow’s For the Win, where marginalised and exploited gamers from Singapore and China band together with an American to form a global union and defeat their oppressors. Doctorow uses online gaming skills, a field of expertise where youth are considered superior to adults, to give his characters power over adults in their world. Similarly, the amazing changes that take place in the adolescent brain are a natural advantage that teenaged characters could utilise, particularly in speculative fiction, to gain power over adults. To imbue adolescent characters with such power has the potential to move young adult fiction beyond the confines of the dystopian novel and open new narrative pathways. The 2011 Bologna Children’s Book Fair supports the view that western-based publishing companies will be looking for more dystopian young adult fiction for the next year or two (Roback). However, within a few years, it is possible that the popularity of zombies, werewolves and vampires—and their dominance of fictional dystopian worlds—will pass or, at least change in their representations. The “next big thing” in young adult fiction could be neuroscience. Moreover, neuroscientific concepts could be incorporated into the standard zombie/vampire/werewolf trope to create yet another hybrid to explore: a zombie virus that mutates to give a new breed of undead creature superior intelligence, for example; or a new cross-breed of werewolf that gives humans the advantages of the canine brain with none of the disadvantages. The capacity and complexity of the human brain is enormous, and thus it offers enormous potential to create exciting young adult fiction that explores new territory, giving the teenaged reader a sense of their own power and natural advantages. In turn, this is bound to give them infinite potential to create fictional trouble. References Abi-Rachedm, Rose. “The Birth of the Neuromolecular Gaze.” History of the Human Sciences 23 (2010): 11-36. Allen-Gray, Alison. Lifegame. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Brooks, Kevin. Being. London: Puffin Books, 2007. Burrell, Brian. Postcards from the Brain Museum. New York: Broadway, 2004. Carr-Gregg, Michael. The Princess Bitchface Syndrome. Melbourne: Penguin Books. 2006. Caswell, Brian. A Cage of Butterflies. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1992. Dashner, James. The Maze Runner. Somerset, United Kingdom: Chicken House, 2010. Doctorow, Cory. For the Win. New York: Tor, 2010. Doidge, Norman. The Brain That Changes Itself. Melbourne: Scribe, 2007. Falkner, Brian. Brain Jack. New York: Random House, 2009. Hobby, Nathan. The Fur. Fremantle: Fremantle Press, 2004. Jinks, Catherine. Piggy in the Middle. Melbourne: Penguin, 1998. Klass, David. Dark Angel. New York: HarperTeen, 2007. Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. Fundamentals of Human Neuropscychology, New York, Worth, 2009. Lehrer, Jonah. “The Human Brain Gets a New Map.” The Frontal Cortex. 2011. 10 April 2011 ‹http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/04/the-human-brain-atlas/›. Madrigal, Alexis. “Courtroom First: Brain Scan Used in Murder Sentencing.” Wired. 2009. 16 April 2011 ‹http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/11/brain-scan-murder-sentencing/›. Reichs, Kathy. Virals. London: Young Corgi, 2010. Roback, Diane. “Bologna 2011: Back to Business at a Buoyant Fair.” Publishers Weekly. 2011. 17 April 2011 ‹http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/46698-bologna-2011-back-to-business-at-a-buoyant-fair.html›. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. London: Arrow Books, 1973. Wallis, Claudia, and Krystina Dell. “What Makes Teens Tick?” Death Penalty Information Centre. 2004. 10 April 2011 ‹http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/what-makes-teens-tick-flood-hormones-sure-also-host-structural-changes-brain-can-those-explain-behav›. Wells, H.G. The Island of Dr Moreau. Melbourne: Penguin, 1896. Westerfeld, Scott. Uglies. New York: Simon Pulse, 2005. ———. Pretties. New York: Simon Pulse, 2005. ———. Specials. New York: Simon Pulse, 2006. ———. Books. 2008. 1 Sep. 2010 ‹http://www.scottwesterfeld.com/author/books.htm›. ———. “Teenage Wastelands: How Dystopian YA Became Publishing’s Next Big Thing.” Tor.com 2011. 17 April 2011 ‹http://www.tor.com/blogs/2011/04/teenage-wastelands-how-dystopian-ya-became-publishings-next-big-thing›.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

DeCook, Julia Rose. "Trust Me, I’m Trolling: Irony and the Alt-Right’s Political Aesthetic." M/C Journal 23, no. 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1655.

Full text
Abstract:
In August 2017, a white supremacist rally marketed as “Unite the Right” was held in Charlottesville, Virginia. In participation were members of the alt-right, including neo-nazis, white nationalists, neo-confederates, and other hate groups (Atkinson). The rally swiftly erupted in violence between white supremacists and counter protestors, culminating in the death of a counter-protester named Heather Heyer, who was struck by a car driven by white supremacist James Alex Fields, and leaving dozens injured. Terry McQuliffe, the Governor of Virginia, declared a state of emergency on August 12, and the world watched while white supremacists boldly marched in clothing emblazoned with symbols ranging from swastikas to a cartoon frog (Pepe), with flags featuring the nation of “Kekistan”, and carrying tiki torches chanting, “You Will Not Replace Us... Jews Will Not Replace Us”.The purpose of this essay is not, however, to examine the Internet symbols that circulated during the Unite the Right rally but rather to hone in on a specific moment that illustrates a key part of Internet culture that was often overlooked during analysis of the events that occurred during the riots: a documentary filmmaker, C. J. Hunt, was at the rally to record footage for a project on the removal of Confederate monuments. While there, he saw a rally-goer dressed in the white polo t-shirt and khaki pants uniform of the white nationalist group Vanguard America. The rally-goer, a young white man, was being chased by a counter-protester. He began to scream and beg for mercy, and even went as far as stripping off his clothing and denying that he really believed in any of the group’s ideology. In the recording by Hunt, who asks why he was there and why he was undressing, the young white man responded that shouting white power is “fun”, and that he was participating in the event because he, quote, “likes to be offensive” (Hunt).As Hunt notes in a piece for GQ reflecting on his experience at the rally, as soon as the man was cut off from his group and confronted, the runaway racist’s demeanor immediately changed when he had to face the consequences of his actions. Trolls often rely on the safety and anonymity of online forums and digital spaces where they are often free from having to face the consequences of their actions, and for the runaway racist, things became real very quickly when he was forced to own up to his hateful actions. In a way, many members of these movements seem to want politics without consequence for themselves, but with significant repercussions for others. Milo Yiannopoulos, a self-professed “master troll”, built an entire empire worth millions of dollars off of what the far-right defends as ironic hate speech and a form of politics without consequences reserved only for the privileged white men that gleefully engage in it. The runaway racist and Yiannopoulos are borne out of an Internet culture that is built on being offensive, on trolling, and “troll” itself being an aspirational label and identity, but also more importantly, a political aesthetic.In this essay, I argue that trolling itself has become a kind of political aesthetic and identity, and provide evidence via examples like hoaxes, harassment campaigns, and the use of memes to signal to certain online populations and extremist groups in violent attacks. First coined by Walter Benjamin in order to explain a fundamental component of using art to foster consent and compliance in fascist regimes, the term since then has evolved to encompass far more than just works of art. Benjamin’s original conception of the term is in regard to a creation of a spectacle that prevents the masses from recognizing their rights – in short, the aestheticization of politics is not just about the strategies of the fascist regimes themselves but says more about the subjects within them. In the time of Benjamin’s writing, the specific medium was mass propaganda through the newly emerging film industry and other forms of art (W. Benjamin). To Benjamin, these aesthetics served as tools of distracting to make fascism more palatable to the masses. Aesthetic tools of distraction serve an affective purpose, revealing the unhappy consciousness of neoreactionaries (Hui), and provide an outlet for their resentment.Since political aesthetics are concerned with how cultural products like art, film, and even clothing reflect political ideologies and beliefs (Sartwell; McManus; Miller-Idriss), the objects of analysis in this essay are part of the larger visual culture of the alt-right (Bogerts and Fielitz; Stanovsky). Indeed, aesthetic aspects of political systems shift their meaning over time, or are changed and redeployed with transformed effect (Sartwell). In this essay, I am applying the concept of the aestheticization of politics by analyzing how alt-right visual cultures deploy distraction and dissimulation to advance their political agenda through things like trolling campaigns and hoaxes. By analyzing these events, their use of memes, trolling techniques, and their influence on mainstream culture, what is revealed is the influence of trolling on political culture for the alt-right and how the alt-right then distracts the rest of the public (McManus).Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Troll?Large scale analyses of disinformation and extremist content online tends to examine how certain actors are connected, what topics emerge and how these are connected across platforms, and the ways that disinformation campaigns operate in digital environments (Marwick and Lewis; Starbird; Benkler et al.). Masculine and white-coded technology gave rise to male-dominated digital spaces (R. Benjamin), with trolling often being an issue faced by non-normative users of the Internet and their communities (Benjamin; Lumsden and Morgan; Nakamura; Phillips, Oxygen). Creating a kind of unreality where it is difficult to parse out truth from lies, fiction from non-fiction, the troll creates cultural products, and by hiding behind irony and humor confuses onlookers and is removed from any kind of reasonable blame for their actions. Irony has long been a rhetorical strategy used in politics, and the alt right has been no exception (Weatherby), but for our current sociopolitical landscape, trolling is a political strategy that infuses irony into politics and identity.In the digital era, political memes and internet culture are pervasive components of the spread of hate speech and extremist ideology on digital platforms. Trolling is not an issue that exists in a vacuum – rather, trolls are a product of greater mainstream culture that encourages and allows their behaviors (Phillips, This Is Why; Fichman and Sanfilippo; Marwick and Lewis). Trolls, and meme culture in general, have often been pointed to as being part of the reason for the rise of Trump and fascist politics across the world in recent years (Greene; Lamerichs et al.; Hodge and Hallgrimsdottir; Glitsos and Hall). Although criticism has been expressed about how impactful memes were in the election of Donald Trump, political memes have had an impact on the ways that trolling went from anonymous jerks on forums to figures like Yiannapoulos who built entire careers off of trolling, creating empires of hate (Lang). These memes that are often absurd and incomprehensible to those who are not a part of the community that they come from aim to cheapen, trivialize, and mock social justice movements like Black Lives Matter, feminism, LGBTQ+ rights, and others.But the history of trolling online goes as far back as the Internet itself. “Trolling” is just a catch all term to describe online behaviors meant to antagonize, to disrupt online conversations, and to silence other users (Cole; Fichman and Sanfilippo). As more and more people started moving online and engaging in participatory culture, trolling continued to evolve from seemingly harmless jokes like the “Rick Roll” to targeted campaigns meant to harass women off of social media platforms (Lumsden and Morgan; Graham). Trolling behaviors are more than just an ugly part of the online experience, but are also a way for users to maintain the borders of their online community - it’s meant to drive away those who are perceived to be outsiders not just from the specific forum, but the Internet itself (Graham). With the rise of modern social media platforms, trolling itself is also a part of the political landscape, creating a “toxic counterpublic” that combines irony with a kind of earnestness to spread and inject their beliefs into mainstream political discourse (Greene). As a mode of information warfare, these subversive rhetorical strategies meant to contradict or reverse existing political and value systems have been used throughout history as a political tactic (Blackstock).The goal of trolling is not just to disrupt conversations, but to lead to chaos via confusion about the sincerity and meaning of messages and visuals, and rather than functioning as a politics of outrage (on the part of the adherents), it is a politics of being as outrageous as possible. As a part of larger meme culture, the aesthetics of trolls and their outrageous content manage to operate under the radar by being able to excuse their behaviors and rhetoric as just “trolling” or “joking”. This ambiguity points to trolling on the far right as a political strategy and identity to absolve them of blame or accusations of what their real intentions are. Calling them “trolls” hides the level of sophistication and vast levels of influence that they had on public opinion and discourse in the United States (Geltzer; Starks et al.; Marwick and Lewis). We no longer live in a world apart from the troll’s influence and immune from their toxic discourse – rather, we have long been under the bridge with them.Co-Opted SymbolsOne of the most well-known examples of trolling as a political aesthetic and tactic may be the OK hand sign used by the Christchurch shooter. The idea that the OK hand sign was a secretly white supremacist symbol started as a hoax on 4chan. The initial 2017 hoax purported that the hand sign was meant to stand for “White Power”, with the three fingers representing the W and the circle made with the index finger and thumb as the P (Anti-Defamation League, “Okay Hand Gesture”). The purpose of perpetuating the hoax was to demonstrate that (a) they were being watched and (b) that the mainstream media is stupid and gullible enough to believe this hoax. Meant to incite confusion and to act as a subversive strategy, the OK hand sign was then actually adopted by the alt-right as a sort of meme to not just perpetuate the hoax, but to signal belonging to the larger group (Allyn). Even though the Anti-Defamation League initially listed it as not being a hate symbol and pointed out the origins of the hoax (Anti-Defamation League, “No, the ‘OK’ Gesture Is Not a Hate Symbol”), they then switched their opinion when the OK hand sign was being flashed by white supremacists, showing up in photographs at political events, and other social media content. In fact, the OK hand sign is also a common element in pictures of Pepe the Frog, who is a sort of “alt right mascot” (Tait; Glitsos and Hall), but like the OK hand sign, Pepe the Frog did not start as an alt-right mascot and was co-opted by the alt-right as a mode of representation.The confusion around the actual meaning behind the hand symbol points to how the alt-right uses these modes of representation in ways that are simultaneously an inside joke and a real expression of their beliefs. For instance, the Christchurch shooter referenced a number of memes and other rhetoric typical of 4chan and 8chan communities in his video and manifesto (Quek). In the shooter’s manifesto and video, the vast amounts of content that point to the trolling and visual culture of the alt-right are striking – demonstrating how alt-right memes not only make this violent ideology accessible, but are cultural products meant to be disseminated and ultimately, result in some kind of action (DeCook).The creation and co-optation of symbols by the alt-right like the OK hand sign are not just memes, but a form of language created by extremists for extremists (Greene; Hodge and Hallgrimsdottir). The shooter’s choice of including this type of content in his manifesto as well as certain phrases in his live-streamed video indicate his level of knowledge of what needed to be done for his attack to get as much attention as possible – the 4chan troll is the modern-day bogeyman, and parts of the manifesto have been identified as intentional traps for the mainstream media (Lorenz).Thus, the Christchurch shooter and trolling culture are linked, but referring to the symbols in the manifesto as being a part of “trolling” culture misses the deeper purpose – chaos, through the outrage spectacle, is the intended goal, particularly by creating arguments about the nature and utility of online trolling behavior. The shooter encouraged other 8chan users to disseminate his posted manifesto as well as to share the video of the attack – and users responded by immortalizing the event in meme format. The memes created celebrated the shooter as a hero, and although Facebook did remove the initial livestream video, it was reuploaded to the platform 1.2 million times in the first 24 hours, attempting to saturate the online platform with so many uploads that it would cause confusion and be difficult to remove (Gramenz). Some users even created gifs or set the video to music from the Doom video game soundtrack – a video game where the player is a demon slayer in an apocalyptic world, further adding another layer of symbolism to the attack.These political aesthetics – spread through memes, gifs, and “fan videos” – are the perfect vehicles for disseminating extremist ideology because of what they allow the alt-right to do with them: hide behind them, covering up their intentions, all the while adopting them as signifiers for their movement. With the number of memes, symbols, and phrases posted in his manifesto and spoken aloud in his mainstream, perhaps the Christchurch shooter wanted the onus of the blame to fall on these message board communities and the video games and celebrities referenced – in effect, it was “designed to troll” (Lorenz). But, there is a kernel of truth in every meme, post, image, and comment – their memes are a part of their political aesthetic, thus implicit and explicit allusions to the inner workings of their ideology are present. Hiding behind hoaxes, irony, edginess, and trolling, members of the alt-right and other extremist Internet cultures then engage in a kind of subversion that allows them to avoid taking any responsibility for real and violent attacks that occur as a result of their discourse. Antagonizing the left, being offensive, and participating in this outrage spectacle to garner a response from news outlets, activists, and outsiders are all a part of the same package.Trolls and the Outrage SpectacleThe confusion and the chaos left behind by these kinds of trolling campaigns and hoaxes leave many to ask: How disingenuous is it? Is it meant for mere shock value or is it really reflective of the person’s beliefs? In terms of the theme of dissimulation for this special issue, what is the real intent, and under what pretenses should these kinds of trolling behaviors be understood? Returning to the protestor who claimed “I just like to be offensive”, the skepticism from onlookers still exists: why go so far as to join an alt-right rally, wearing the uniform of Identity Evropa (now the American Identity Movement), as a “joke”?Extremists hide behind humor and irony to cloud judgments from others, begging the question of can we have practice without belief? But, ultimately, practice and belief are intertwined – the regret of the Runaway Racist is not because he suddenly realized he did not “believe”, but rather was forced to face the consequences of his belief, something that he as a white man perhaps never really had to confront. The cultural reach of dissimulation, in particular hiding true intent behind the claim of “irony”, is vast - YouTuber Pewdiepie claimed his use of racial and anti-Semitic slurs and putting on an entire Ku Klux Klan uniform in the middle of a video were “accidental” only after considerable backlash (Picheta). It has to be noted, however, that Pewdiepie is referenced in the manifesto of the Christchurch shooter – specifically, the shooter yelled during his livestream “subscribe to Pewdiepie”, (Lorenz). Pewdiepie and many other trolls, once called out for their behavior, and regardless of their actual intent, double down on their claims of irony to distract from the reality of their behaviors and actions.The normalization of this kind of content in mainstream platforms like Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, and even Instagram show how 4chan and alt-right Internet culture has seeped out of its borders and exists everywhere online. This “coded irony” is not only enabled rhetorically due to irony’s slippery definition, but also digitally via these online media (Weatherby). The aesthetics of the troll are present in every single platform and are disseminated everywhere – memes are small cultural units meant to be passed on (Shifman), and although one can argue it was not memes alone that resulted in the rise of the alt-right and the election of Donald Trump, memes are a part of the larger puzzle of the political radicalization process. The role of the Internet in radicalization is so powerful and insidious because of the presentation of content – it is funny, edgy, ironic, offensive, and outrageous. But these behaviors and attitudes are not just appealing to some kind of adolescent-like desire to push boundaries of what is and is not socially acceptable and/or politically incorrect (Marwick and Lewis), and calling it such clouds people’s perceptions of their level of sophistication in shaping political discourse.Memes and the alt-right are a noted phenomenon, and these visual cultures created by trolls on message boards have aided in the rise of the current political situation worldwide (Hodge and Hallgrimsdottir). We are well in the midst of a type of warfare based on not weapons and bodies, but information and data - in which memes and other elements of the far right’s political aesthetic play an important role (Molander et al.; Prier; Bogerts and Fielitz). The rise of the online troll as a political player and the alt-right are merely the logical outcomes of these systems.ConclusionThe alt-right’s spread was possible because of the trolling cultures and aesthetics of dissimulation created in message boards that predate 4chan (Kitada). The memes and inflammatory statements made by them serve multiple purposes, ranging from an intention to incite outrage among non-members of the group to signal group belonging and identity. In some odd way, if people do not understand the content, the content actually speaks louder and, in more volumes, that it would if its intent was more straightforward – in their confusion, people give these trolling techniques more attention and amplification in their attempt to make sense of them. Through creating confusion, distraction, and uncertainty around the legitimacy of messages, hand signs, and even memes, the alt-right has elevated the aestheticization of politics to a degree that Walter Benjamin could perhaps not have predicted in his initial lament about the distracted masses of fascist regimes (McManus). The political dimensions of trolling and the cognitive uncertainty that it creates is a part of its goal. Dismissing trolls is no longer an option, but also regarding them as sinister political operatives may be overblowing their significance. In the end, “ironic hate speech” is still hate speech, and by couching their extremist ideology in meme format they make their extremist beliefs more palatable -- and nobody is completely immune to their strategies.ReferencesAllyn, Bobby. “The ‘OK’ Hand Gesture Is Now Listed as a Symbol of Hate.” NPR 2019. <https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/764728163/the-ok-hand-gesture-is-now-listed-as-a-symbol-of-hate>.Anti-Defamation League. “No, the ‘OK’ Gesture Is Not a Hate Symbol.” Anti-Defamation League. 10 Dec. 2017 <https://www.adl.org/blog/no-the-ok-gesture-is-not-a-hate-symbol>.———. “Okay Hand Gesture.” Anti-Defamation League. 28 Feb. 2020 <https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/okay-hand-gesture>.Atkinson, David C. “Charlottesville and the Alt-Right: A Turning Point?” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6.2 (2018): 309-15.Benjamin, Ruha. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Polity, 2019.Benjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 1936.Benkler, Yochai, et al. Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2018.Blackstock, Paul W. The Strategy of Subversion: Manipulating the Politics of Other Nations. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964.Bogerts, Lisa, and Maik Fielitz. “Do You Want Meme War?”: Understanding the Visual Memes of the German Far Right. 2019.Cole, Kirsti K. “‘It’s Like She’s Eager to Be Verbally Abused’: Twitter, Trolls, and (En)Gendering Disciplinary Rhetoric.” Feminist Media Studies 15.2 (2015): 356-58.DeCook, Julia R. “Memes and Symbolic Violence: #Proudboys and the Use of Memes for Propaganda and the Construction of Collective Identity.” Learning, Media and Technology 43.4 (2018): 485-504.Douglas, Nick. “It’s Supposed to Look Like Shit: The Internet Ugly Aesthetic.” Journal of Visual Culture 13.3 (2014): 314-39.Fichman, Pnina, and Madelyn R. Sanfilippo. Online Trolling and Its Perpetrators: Under the Cyberbridge. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.Funke, Daniel. “When and How to Use 4chan to Cover Conspiracy Theories.” Poynter, 24 Sep. 2018. <https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/when-and-how-to-use-4chan-to-cover-conspiracy-theories/>.Geltzer, Joshua A. “Stop Calling Them ‘Russian Troll Farms’ - CNN.” CNN, 2018. <https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/17/opinions/stop-calling-russian-operatives-troll-farms-geltzer/index.html>.Glitsos, Laura, and James Hall. “The Pepe the Frog Meme: An Examination of Social, Political, and Cultural Implications through the Tradition of the Darwinian Absurd.” Journal for Cultural Research 23.4 (2019): 381-95.Graham, Elyse. “Boundary Maintenance and the Origins of Trolling.” New Media & Society (2019). doi:10.1177/1461444819837561.Gramenz, Jack. “Christchurch Mosque Attack Livestream: Why Facebook Continues to Fail.” New Zealand Herald 17 Feb. 2020. <https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12309116>.Greene, Viveca S. “‘Deplorable’ Satire: Alt-Right Memes, White Genocide Tweets, and Redpilling Normies.” Studies in American Humor 5.1 (2019): 31–69.Hodge, Edwin, and Helga Hallgrimsdottir. “Networks of Hate: The Alt-Right, ‘Troll Culture’, and the Cultural Geography of Social Movement Spaces Online.” Journal of Borderlands Studies (2019): 1–18.Hui, Yuk. “On the Unhappy Consciousness of Neoreactionaries.” E-Flux 81 (2017). <https://www.e-flux.com/journal/81/125815/on-the-unhappy-consciousness-of-neoreactionaries/>.Hunt, C. J. “A Charlottesville White Supremacist Stripped Down to Escape Protesters and We Got It on Video.” GQ 2017. <https://www.gq.com/story/charlottesville-white-supremacist-strips-to-escape-protestors>.Kitada, Akihiro. “Japan’s Cynical Nationalism.” Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World. Eds. Mizuko Ito et al. Yale UP, 2012: 68–84.Lamerichs, Nicolle, et al. “Elite Male Bodies: The Circulation of Alt-Right Memes and the Framing of Politicians on Social Media.” Participations 15.1 (2018): 180–206.Lang, Nico. “Trolling in the Name of ‘Free Speech’: How Milo Yiannopoulos Built an Empire off Violent Harassment.” Salon, 2016. <http://www.salon.com/2016/12/19/trolling-in-the-name-of-free-speech-how-milo-yiannopoulos-built-an-empire-off-violent-harassment/>.Lorenz, Taylor. “The Shooter’s Manifesto Was Designed to Troll.” The Atlantic, 15 Mar. 2019. <https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/03/the-shooters-manifesto-was-designed-to-troll/585058/>.Lumsden, Karen, and Heather Morgan. “Media Framing of Trolling and Online Abuse: Silencing Strategies, Symbolic Violence, and Victim Blaming.” Feminist Media Studies 17.6 (2017): 926–40.Marwick, Alice E., and Rebecca Lewis. “Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online.” Data & Society, 2017. <http://centerformediajustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf>.McManus, Matt. “Walter Benjamin and the Political Practices of the Alt-Right.” New Politics, 27 Dec. 2017. <https://newpol.org/walter-benjamin-and-political-practices-altright/>.Miller-Idriss, Cynthia. The Extreme Gone Mainstream: Commercialization and Far Right Youth Culture in Germany. Princeton UP, 2018.Molander, Roger C., et al. Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War. RAND Corporation, 1996. <https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR661.html>.Nakamura, Lisa. Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet. Routledge, 2002.Nissenbaum, Asaf, and Limor Shifman. “Internet Memes as Contested Cultural Capital: The Case of 4chan’s /b/ Board.” New Media & Society 19.4 (2017): 483–501.Phillips, Whitney. The Oxygen of Amplification. Data & Society, 2018. <https://datasociety.net/output/oxygen-of-amplification>.———. This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2015.Picheta, Rob. “PewDiePie Will Take a Break from YouTube, Saying He’s ‘Very Tired.’” CNN, 2019. <https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/16/tech/pewdiepie-taking-break-youtube-scli-intl/index.html>.Prier, Jarred. “Commanding the Trend: Social Media as Information Warfare.” Strategic Studies Quarterly 11.4 (2017): 50–85.Quek, Natasha. Bloodbath in Christchurch: The Rise of Far-Right Terrorism. 2019.Sartwell, Crispin. Political Aesthetics. Cornell UP, 2010.Shifman, Limor. Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2014.Stanovsky, Derek. “Remix Racism: The Visual Politics of the ‘Alt-Right’.” Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric 7 (2017).Starbird, Kate. “Examining the Alternative Media Ecosystem through the Production of Alternative Narratives of Mass Shooting Events on Twitter.” International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (2017): 230–239. <https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM17/paper/view/15603>.Starks, Tim, Laurens Cerulus, and Mark Scott. “Russia’s Manipulation of Twitter Was Far Vaster than Believed.” Politico, 5 Jun. 2019. <https://politi.co/2HXDVQ2>.Tait, Amelia. “First They Came for Pepe: How ‘Ironic’ Nazism Is Taking Over the Internet.” New Statesman 16 Feb. 2017. <http://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/internet/2017/02/first-they-came-pepe-how-ironic-nazism-taking-over-internet>.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography