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Journal articles on the topic 'Elizabethan period'
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1
Adha, Ruly. "Elizabethan Period (The Golden Age of English Literature)." JADEs : Journal of Academia in English Education 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jades.v1i1.2707.
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English literature has been developed in some period. Each period has its own characteristics which portrayed the condition of the age. The period of English literature is started from Old English until Modern English. English literature becomes glorious when Queen Elizabeth I ruled England. This age is known as Elizabethan period. In this period, there are many literary works such as poetry, drama which are produced by famous artists. The literary works produced in Elizabethan period is famous and the existence of the literary works can be seen nowadays. Furthermore, some literary works, such as drama, are reproduced into movie. Therefore, this period is also known as the golden age of English Literature.
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Javed, Muhammad. "A Study of Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 6, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v6i2.174.
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In this study, the researcher has mentioned the writers and their major works in Elizabethan age (1558-1603). The researcher has mentioned almost nineteen writers and their famous works. By reading this research paper, any general reader can easily understand that who are the major writers of the age and what are their famous works. The language and method of presenting the data are very easy. The researcher also has mentioned the major contributions of this era’s writers. As we know that University Wits also fall in this era, thus the researcher has mentioned them and their works too. S. Dutta (2014) declared that The University Wits is a phrase used to title a group of late 16th-century English pamphleteers and playwrights who were studied at the universities Cambridge and Oxford. They appeared famous worldly writers. This era has reminisced for its richness of drama and poetry. This era ended in 1603. Elizabeth turns out to be one of the greatest prominent royals in English history, mainly after 1588, when the English beat the Spanish Armada which had been sent by Spain to reestablish Catholicism and defeat England. All the way through the Elizabethan age, English literature has changed from a shell into a delightful being with imagination, creativeness, and boundless stories. It was not about mystery or miracle plays and the poetry was not nearby religion and the principles addressed in the Church.
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WIEBE, HEATHER. "‘Now and England’: Britten's Gloriana and the ‘New Elizabethans’." Cambridge Opera Journal 17, no. 2 (July 2005): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586705001977.
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During the Coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, Elizabethan culture was insistently invoked as a source of solidarity and renewal. Through the trope of ‘New Elizabethanism’ members of the press and public reimagined Britain's future on the foundations of a most productive period in its past. This article traces forms of ‘New Elizabethanism’ and other complex negotiations between modernity and the past in the music presented for the Coronation. Its central focus is the debate surrounding Britten's Gloriana, an opera based on the life of Elizabeth I, commissioned for the Coronation Gala by the Arts Council. The opera and the debate it inspired reveal both the stakes placed in the Elizabethan period and a marked anxiety about the status of the past in the remaking of the present – an anxiety that arguably plagued the Coronation as a whole.
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Closel, Régis Augustus Bar. "Fictional Remembrances of Sir Thomas More: Part I - The Sixteenth Century." Moreana 53 (Number 203-, no. 1-2 (June 2016): 171–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2016.53.1-2.8.
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This article focuses on how literary works such as plays in 16th–17th century England dealt with the fictional presence of Sir Thomas More. Among Tudor statesmen, Thomas More had a special appeal as a topic of thought during the Elizabethan–Jacobean period, quite apart from his opposition to the marriage which led to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The Marian, Elizabethan and Jacobean periods cover the range of the selected works. They compose a heterogeneous and intriguing group in which every piece has its own particular way of remembering Thomas More. Six works are presented here: the dialogue Il Moro (1556), by Ellis Heywood; a late morality play, The Longer Thou Livest the More Fool Thou Art (1569), by William Wager; a novel, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), by Thomas Nashe; and three plays, Cromwell (1602), by an unknown dramatist, Sir Thomas More (1600–1603/4), by five different dramatists, and Henry VIII (1613), by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Due to the scope of this research, the article is written in two parts. This part explores the first three sixteenth century fictional works by Wager, Heywood and Nashe.
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Parkinson, Anne C. "The Rising of the Northern Earls." Recusant History 27, no. 3 (May 2005): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200031472.
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In considering the period from 1559–1603, and the attitudes within the recusant community to the acceptance or rejection of the Elizabethan Settlement, the first major event giving extensive evidence of political attitudes in the northern region is the Rising of the Northern Earls, a crisis which, as elsewhere in Elizabethan England marked the watershed for the fortunes of Catholicism during the reign. An analysis, conducted at some length, of its causes, events and consequences is, indeed, indispensable to understanding Catholic survival in Elizabethan northern England.
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Bars Closel, Régis Augustus. "Fictional Remembrances of Sir Thomas More: Part II/II– Early Seventeenth Century." Moreana 53 (Number 205-, no. 3-4 (December 2016): 143–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2016.53.3-4.10.
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This article focuses on how artistic works such as plays and literature in 16th and 17th-century England dealt with the fictional presence of Sir Thomas More. Among Tudor statesmen, Thomas More had a special appeal as a topic of thought during the Elizabethan–Jacobean period, quite apart from his opposition to the marriage which led to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The range of works considered covers the Marian, Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. These works compose a heterogeneous and intriguing group in which every piece has its own particular way of remembering Thomas More. Six works are presented here: the dialogue Il Moro (1556) by Ellis Heywood; a late morality play, The Longer Thou Livest the More Fool Thou Art (1569), by William Wager; a novel, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), by Thomas Nashe; and three plays, Cromwell (1602), by an unknown dramatist, Sir Thomas More (1600–1603/4), by five different dramatists, and Henry VIII (1613), by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Due to the scope of this research, the article is written in two parts. This part explores the last three seventeenth-century fictional works by John Fletcher and Shakespeare, an anonymous play and the collaborative play by Anthony Munday, Henry Chettle, with additions by Thomas Heywood, Thomas Dekker and William Shakespeare.
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McLuskie, Kathleen. "The Act, the Role, and the Actor: Boy Actresses On the Elizabethan Stage." New Theatre Quarterly 3, no. 10 (May 1987): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00008617.
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Recent feminist criticism has led to a reassessment of women's roles in the Elizabethan drama, especially in such ‘difficult’ plays asThe Taming of the Shrewor Shakespeare's problem comedies. Yet this has often been with an implicit belief in the appropriateness of ‘psychological’ or ‘interpretive’ approaches to character and gender quite alien to the period in which the plays were first performed. In the following article. Kathleen McLuskie. who teaches in the Department of Theatre at the University of Kent, looks at the different, often conflicting approaches to the sexuality of performance in the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods, at how these were reflected both in theatrical conventions and in contemporary attitudes to the plays and the ‘boy actresses’ – and at some possible implications for modern productions.
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Sands, Kathleen R. "Word and Sign in Elizabethan Conflicts with the Devil." Albion 31, no. 2 (1999): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000062724.
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Gloriana, Britomart, Astraea, Belphoebe, the Sun in Splendor, England’s Moses, the new Deborah, the Phoenix—Elizabeth I possessed a generous wardrobe of public personas. Monarchy, chastity, divinity, and other intangibles played in the early modern mind as images, personifications, embodiments—the invisible rendered visible. As Clifford Geertz has observed, the Elizabethan imagination was “allegorical, Protestant, didactic, and pictorial; it lived on moral abstractions cast into emblems.” These emblems were culturally ubiquitous, appearing in books and broadsides, painted and carved portraits, architecture, tapestry, jewelry and clothing, armor and weapons, monumental funerary sculpture, wall and ceiling decoration. University students neglected Aristotle in favor of fashionable continental emblem books, and the taste for embellishing houses with emblems extended from the monarchy and aristocracy to the landed gentry and the rising middle class. Peter Daly stresses the psychological impact of emblems on the early modern mind when he observes that emblems were “as immediately and graphically present in this period as illustrated advertising is today.”
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MARSHALL, PETER, and JOHN MORGAN. "CLERICAL CONFORMITY AND THE ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT REVISITED." Historical Journal 59, no. 1 (December 9, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000199.
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ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the nature and extent of conformity to the Religious Settlement amongst the parish clergy in the first decades of Elizabeth I's reign. The estimate of Henry Gee, made over a century ago, that only around 300 clergymen were deprived for non-conformity to the Settlement has been remarkably influential and durable, and it continues to shape broader assessments of the ways in which religio-political change was implemented and received in this period. Using digital resources such as the Clergy of the Church of England Database, in conjunction with hitherto neglected biographical compilations, the article argues for a significant revision of Gee's figures. More broadly, it reflects on the complex meanings of ‘conformity’ in a period of perplexing change and dramatic institutional disruption, disputing any suggestion that apparent acquiescence signalled pervasive ‘acceptance’ of the alteration in religion among the clergy. In the process, it draws attention to the pitfalls of uncritical deployment of numbers and statistics, and of using them as explanatory short-cuts in understanding the dynamics of Reformation change.
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Gajda, Alexandra. "Henry Savile and the Elizabethan Court." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 6, no. 1-2 (March 17, 2021): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-06010001.
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Abstract This essay examines Henry Savile’s relationship with the Elizabethan and Jacobean court and the political culture of the period in which he lived. Particular attention is paid to the controversies surrounding Savile’s alleged connection to Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex and the court politics of the 1590s, and variant interpretations scholars have made of the political significance of his historical scholarship. Savile’s Elizabethan literary remains demonstrate his persistent interest in the association between militarism and the arts of civil government, and the frequently problematic relationship of virtuous soldiers and statesmen to princely rulers. These concerns were shared by leading Elizabethan soldiers and statesmen, from the earl of Leicester, William Cecil, Lord Burghley, to the earl of Essex, and may have influenced the latter’s growing alienation from queen and court in the late 1590s. A broader comparison of Savile’s career with those of contemporary Merton scholars, however, confirms that he rejected the public careers pursued by other friends and colleagues. Savile’s political connections seem to have served his scholarly ambitions rather than the other way around, and after the rebellion of the earl of Essex he seems to have retreated from life at court.
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Heffernan, David. "Political discourse and the Nine Years’ War in late Elizabethan Ireland, c.1593–1603." Historical Research 94, no. 264 (April 13, 2021): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htab011.
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Abstract In the late Elizabethan period Ireland became a critical focus of the Tudor regime as the Nine Years War (c.1593-1603) threatened English rule in the second Tudor kingdom and the country became a theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604). As a result of this military emergency officials in Ireland began composing a deluge of policy papers from the mid-1590s onwards. Over two hundred of these treatises are extant. This paper provides the first systematic overview of this war-time discourse on Ireland. In doing so it sheds light on these writings and their significance for the history of late Elizabethan Ireland.
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Datta, Vijay Kumar, and Beerendra Pandey. "A New Historicist Vein in British Romanticism." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v4i2.19529.
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The Romanticism the was the very important period after the Shakespearian time/ Elizabethan period was full of trauma and guilt as well as commodification. The poems and other genres of literature attempted about that time and critics explain about the literary atmosphere. After 1960s, a new trend in literature got entrance that has made the miracle in this field that is quite scientific.
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Cerqueira, Marcone Costa. "Machiavelli and republicanism in Elizabethan England." Griot : Revista de Filosofia 21, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31977/grirfi.v21i2.2386.
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The purpose of this succinct work is to present N. Machiavelli's classic republican view from his proposition of an inevitable paradox, the founding of an expansionist republic, difficult to govern, or the founding of a stable, but small and weak republic. Such a paradox, according to Machiavelli, should direct and condition all the constitutive devices of the republic when choosing what will be its destiny as a political body. The model of republic preferred by the Florentine will be the expansionist model of Rome, leading him to assume all the devices that gave this republic its power. From this presentation of the Machiavellian proposition, we will analyse the assimilation of republican thought in England from the Elizabethan period, as well as the political-social scenario that exists there. This itinerary will allow us to understand, in general, why classical republicanism was received on English soil from the perspective of establishing a mixed, stable government, thus favouring the spread of the Venice myth as a serene republic and delaying the use, even that mitigated, of the republican presuppositions expressed in the Machiavellian work that directed towards a Roman model.
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Lidster, Amy. "Challenging Monarchical Legacies in Edward III and Henry V." English: Journal of the English Association 68, no. 261 (2019): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/efz021.
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Abstract Tudor chronicles regularly presented Edward III and Henry V as exemplary English monarchs, celebrated for their famous military victories against the French. During the last two decades of the Elizabethan period, these monarchs featured in a variety of new texts: as part of a flurry of war manuals that explore the conduct and experience of war and in plays for the professional stages. Together, the war manuals and stage plays make up an important body of texts that reveal the intertwined popular appeal of Edward III and Henry V and their application to contemporary politics, including the state of ongoing military preparation and engagement that marked the end of the Elizabethan period. This article offers a contrastive analysis of the monarchs' representations in selected war manuals and in Shakespeare's Henry V and the apocryphal Edward III. It argues that, while the war manuals examine the legacies of Edward and Henry, they are less detailed and critical than the plays, which offer potential for radical deconstruction of monarchical authority. Mediating between celebration and criticism, the plays question two aspects that had been closely associated with the popular reputations of these monarchs: a model of kingship that relies significantly on the person of the monarch and the legitimacy and expediency of foreign conquests. As the most sustained, individual accounts of Edward III and Henry V from the last decade of the Elizabethan period, the stage plays form an important part of the historiographical tradition and evaluation of these monarchs.
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Hammond, Gerald, and William Zunder. "The Poetry of John Donne: Literature and Culture in the Elizabethan and Jacobean Period." Modern Language Review 82, no. 1 (January 1987): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3729925.
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Frontain, Raymond-Jean. "Review: The Poetry of John Donne: Literature and Culture in the Elizabethan and Jacobean Period." Christianity & Literature 34, no. 4 (September 1985): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833318503400417.
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Zhu, Liwei. "Supernatural Elements in Shakespeare’s Plays." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.22.
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This paper analyzes the supernatural elements of Shakespeare’s plays from several aspects. It first introduces the historical background of Shakespeare’s writing career. Then, it analyzes supernatural elements in three of his great plays and introduces how the supernatural elements are represented on stage in old Elizabethan period and in modern times. Last, it provides the modern implications to the 21 st century viewers of Shakespeare’s plays.
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Eckstein, RA, and BL Hart. "Treatment of canine acral lick dermatitis by behavior modification using electronic stimulation." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-3-225.
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Canine acral lick dermatitis is characterized by excessive licking on areas of one or more limbs, usually near the carpus or tarsus. In this prospective study, five dogs with acral lick dermatitis were treated with remote punishment utilizing precisely controlled, momentary shock from an electronic training collar. The problem resolved in four dogs. Resolution was defined as one month in which no shocks (i.e., no electronic shock collar worn) or Elizabethan collars were utilized and no licking had occurred sufficiently to recreate a gross skin lesion. Relapse during the follow-up period of six-to-12 months occurred in two dogs, but licking stopped after brief retraining periods.
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Trim, David J. B. "The Context of War and Violence in Sixteenth-Century English Society." Journal of Early Modern History 3, no. 3 (1999): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006599x00251.
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AbstractThe Elizabethan epoch has long been regarded as a period in which England, isolated from the rest of Europe, fell behind the Continental powers during an era of "military revolution." More recently, England's sixteenth-century military history has attracted a growing number of scholars, but their conclusions vary widely and seem impossible to integrate. Yet recent analyses have generally been too narrowly focussed on events in Elizabethan England. This article (based on a synthesis of secondary studies, including social and cultural as well as military histories, but supported by evidence from the most important printed primary sources), attempts to put the military history of Tudor England in the setting, firstly of both earlier and later developments in England itself; and secondly, of the wider, contemporaneous experience of warfare in Europe as a whole. An understanding of the context of warfare can provide a better basis for future research into an issue with significant wider implications for early modern historiography.
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Watson, Emma. "Disciplined Disobedience? Women and the Survival of Catholicism in the North York Moors in the Reign of Elizabeth I." Studies in Church History 43 (2007): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003284.
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The history of post-Reformation Catholicism in Yorkshire can be divided into two distinct periods: pre- and post-1570. Only in the aftermath of the 1569 Northern Rebellion did the Elizabethan government begin to implement fully the 1559 religious settlement in the north, and to take firm action against those who persistently flouted religious laws by continuing to practise the traditional religion of their forefathers. In the Northern Province, serious efforts to enforce conformity and to evangelize did not begin until the arrival of Edmund Grindal as Archbishop of York in 1571. He was joined a year later by the Puritan sympathizer Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, as President of the Council of the North and together they spear-headed the region’s first real evangelical challenge to traditional religion. 1571 also saw the enactment of the first real penal law against Catholics, although only in 15 81 was the term ‘recusant’ coined. Grindal and Huntingdon formed a powerful team committed to Protestant evangelization and the eradication of Catholicism in the North, however, in Yorkshire, their mission was not entirely successful. The North Riding consistently returned high numbers of recusants in the Elizabethan period, and was home to some well-established Catholic communities. In the West and East Ridings recusancy was not so widespread, although religious conservatism persisted, and Catholicism remained a much more significant force across Yorkshire than elsewhere.
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Morris, Richard K. "‘I was never more in love with an olde howse nor never newe worke coulde be better bestowed’: The Earl of Leicester’s remodelling of Kenilworth Castle for Queen Elizabeth I." Antiquaries Journal 89 (August 14, 2009): 241–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581509990060.
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AbstractKenilworth, though a castle in name, was converted by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, into the first great Elizabethan progress house. This article aims to provide the first thorough account and assessment of his architectural works at Kenilworth. It is based primarily on the author’s long acquaintance with the castle’s building fabric, supplemented by the opportunities afforded by the recent programme of works undertaken by English Heritage and by new documentary information. Among the discoveries are several works (previously attributed to Leicester) which can be assigned to his father, the duke of Northumberland (c 1553) and also evidence for an early phase of work for Leicester himself (c 1568–9).His most important architectural achievement, Leicester’s Building, is shown to have been built specifically to accommodate Queen Elizabeth, and the functions of its rooms are reconstructed. Evidence is assembled to show that Leicester’s Building was erected between 1570 and 1572, in anticipation of her 1572 visit. Archaeological analysis of its standing fabric shows that it underwent considerable modification subsequently, presumably in readiness for the 1575 progress. The physical evidence for Leicester’s other architectural works at the castle is assessed, including the remodelling of the great tower and the south and east ranges of the inner court.The reasons for Leicester’s grand scheme are considered, as well as the importance of his architecture in the period and the roles of his architects and craftsmen, particularly William Spicer. It is argued that Leicester’s Building was the prototype for the midlands ‘high house’ (of which Hardwick New Hall is the best-known exemplar) and was probably the most significant model for the eclectic, linear style which came to dominate great houses in the second half of Elizabeth’s reign.
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Murphy, Emilie K. M. "Music and Catholic culture in post-Reformation Lancashire: piety, protest, and conversion." British Catholic History 32, no. 4 (September 11, 2015): 492–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2015.18.
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AbstractThis essay adds to our existing understanding of what it meant to be a member of the English Catholic community during the late Elizabeth and early Stuart period by exploring Catholic musical culture in Lancashire. This was a uniquely Catholic village, which, like the majority of villages, towns and cities in early modern England, was filled with the singing of ballads. Ballads have almost exclusively been treated in scholarship as a ‘Protestant’ phenomenon and the ‘godly ballad’ associated with the very fabric of a distinctively Protestant Elizabethan and Stuart entertainment culture. By investigating the songs and ballads in two manuscript collections from the Catholic network surrounding the Blundell family this essay will show how Catholics both composed and ‘converted’ existing ballads to voice social, devotional, and political concerns. The ballads performed in Little Crosby highlight a vibrant Catholic community, where musical expression was fundamental. Performance widened the parochial religious divide, whilst enhancing Catholic integration. This essay uncovers the way Catholics used music to voice religious and exhort protest as much as prayer. Finally, by investigating the tunes and melodies preserved in the manuscripts, I demonstrate how priests serving this network used ballads as part of their missionary strategy.
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Al-Olaqi, Fahd Mohammed Taleb. "Image of the Noble Abdelmelec in Peele’s The Battle of Alcazar." English Language and Literature Studies 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n2p79.
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<p>There is no ambiguity about the attractiveness of the Moors and Barbary in Elizabethan Drama. Peele’s <em>The Battle of Alcazar</em> is a historical show in Barbary. Hence, the study traces several chronological texts under which depictions of Moors of Barbary were produced about the early modern stage in England. The entire image of Muslim Moors is being transmitted in the Early Modern media as sexually immodest, tyrannical towards womanhood and brutal that is as generated from the initial encounters between Europeans and Arabs from North Africa in the sixteenth century and turn out to be progressively associated in both fictitious and realistic literatures during the Renaissance period. Some Moors are depicted in such a noble manner especially through this drama that has made them as if it was being lately introduced to the English public like Muly (Note 1) Abdelmelec. Thus, the image of Abdelmelec is a striking reversal of the traditional portrayal of the Moors. This protagonist character is depicted as noble, likeable and confident. He is considerately a product of the Elizabethan playwrights’ cross-cultural understanding of the climatic differences between races of Moorish men.</p>
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Meron, Theodor. "Shakespeare’s Henry the Fifth and the Law of War." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203137.
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William Shakespeare wrote during the Elizabethan Renaissance, a period of revived and intense interest in history. The Life of Henry the Fifth, written in 1599, one of Shakespeare’s histories, is a patriotic, epic portrayal of a phase in the bloody Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between England and France. It describes a medieval campaign led by a chivalrous and virtuous king, who could perhaps do wrong but not a great deal of wrong, and in which the few acting in a just cause defeat the many. In this play, Shakespeare relives past glories.
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Hutson, Lorna. "On the Knees of the Body Politic." Representations 152, no. 1 (2020): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2020.152.2.25.
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This paper analyzes the fullest theoretical elaboration of the doctrine of the King’s Two Bodies in the Elizabethan period, Edmund Plowden’s Treatise on the Succession (1567). It argues that Plowden here deploys the King’s Two Bodies not, as has been thought, as a legal proof against the foreign birth of Mary Queen of Scots, but as a way of embodying and sacralizing the disputed historical relations of England and Scotland. Plowden’s sacralizing metaphors of embodiment transform the highly contentious English claim of Scotland’s historic vassalage into the indisputable and timeless truth of political theology.
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Elizabeth and Mark Forrest. "Impressed in Metal: the Seals of a Devon Tax Collector." Antiquaries Journal 85 (September 2005): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500074436.
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With the exception of papal bullae and royal golden seals, metal seals were very rare in northern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern period. This paper explores a rare example of the use of lead as a medium into which to impress a seal, something that is not only of considerable interest in the context of medieval sigillography, but which provides an insight into the concerns and motives of an individual who in other circumstances would have remained an anonymous member of the Elizabethan gentry and county bureaucracy.
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Cole, Emily. "Theobalds, Hertfordshire: The Plan and Interiors of an Elizabethan Country House." Architectural History 60 (2017): 71–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2017.3.
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AbstractThis article aims to reconstruct the plan of Theobalds, Hertfordshire, built between 1564 and 1585 by Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley. Theobalds was perhaps the most significant English country house of the Elizabethan period and in 1607 was taken on as a royal palace. It was visited by all the major court and political figures of the age, while its fame also extended overseas. Theobalds was innovative in various respects, as the article makes clear, and it had a profound impact on the architecture of its generation. Its importance is all the more extraordinary given that Theobalds was so short-lived: the house was taken down shortly after 1650 and few traces of it survive today. The assumption has been that, because the house was demolished so long ago, it could not be well understood. This article contradicts that view by reconstructing in detail the plan of Theobalds, using evidence provided by primary documents.
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Askarzadeh Torghabeh, Rajabali. "The Study of Revenge Tragedies and Their Roots." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.4p.234.
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Tragedy has its roots in man’s life. Tragedies appeared all around the world in the stories of all nations. In western drama, it is written that tragedy first appeared in the literature of ancient Greek drama and later in Roman drama. This literary genre later moved into the sixteenth century and Elizabethan period that was called the golden age of drama. In this period, we can clearly see that this literary genre is divided into different kinds. This genre is later moved into seventeenth century. The writer of the article has benefited from a historical approach to study tragedy, tragedy writers and its different kinds in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries. The author has also presented the chief features and characteristics of tragedies. The novelty of the article is the study of Spanish tragedy and its influences on revenge tragedies written by Shakespeare and other tragedy writers. Throughout the article, the author has also included some of the most important dramatists and tragedy writers of these periods including Thomas Kyd, William Shakespeare, John Marston, George Chapman, Tourneur and John Webster.
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Questier, Michael C. "English Clerical Converts to Protestantism, 1580–1596." Recusant History 20, no. 4 (October 1991): 455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200005550.
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It is proposed in this article to discuss the English Catholic seminarists who apostatised between 1582 and 1596—that is, after the date when Catholics in England were required unequivocally to separate themselves totally from the Established Church but before the beginning of the Appellant Controversy. P. McGrath in a recent article has set out the basic biographical details of a number of the Elizabethan apostates. T. H. Clancy has dealt with Jesuit defectors from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries and gives interesting and useful statistics on apostates in general. Neither of them, however, makes any extensive attempt to assess the development or significance of these apostates’ changes of religion. McGrath expressed the hope that his ‘survey… of an important section of the Elizabethan clergy’ would ‘draw attention to the variety of motives influencing these men’ and ‘the need for further examination of their strange careers’. It is the intention of this article to explore further the importance of apostasy among the Elizabethan seminarists (seminary priests and students for the priesthood who never got as far as being ordained). Instead of concentrating, as McGrath and Clancy do, upon establishing who the apostates were, a comparative approach over a shorter period will be employed, using a wider range of source material, including the books of ‘motives’. The aim is to challenge the view that all clerical apostates were basically of similar significance, distinguished mainly by whether they remained with the Established Church or not. It will be argued here that the phenomenon grew more serious between 1580 and 1596. It is not enough to say of these apostates merely that there were bound to be ‘deviationists’ from the Allen-Persons line, or that they had the example of the Marian priests before them.
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FOX, ADAM. "RUMOUR, NEWS AND POPULAR POLITICAL OPINION IN ELIZABETHAN AND EARLY STUART ENGLAND." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 597–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007346.
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This essay explores the circulation of rumour and news among those at the lower levels of society in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England. It does so through an analysis of the court records in which people were indicted for spreading false reports or speaking seditious words and which are now preserved in assize files or amid the state papers. These sources reveal the networks of communication by which information was disseminated nationwide and shed light upon the relationship between oral, manuscript and printed media. They show how wild stories could be whipped up in the act of transmission and were fuelled by the political insecurities of this period. At the same time a more sophisticated awareness of current affairs is evident in some illicit conversations which suggest that even humble people were participating in the arguments which anticipated the Civil War.
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SCHUETTE, GERHARDT. "Edmund Spenser's Anti-Catholicism: Duessa's Part in it All." Michigan Academician 42, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.108.
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ABSTRACT This research looks at Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, one of the earliest and most celebrated pieces of epic poetry in the English language. While it has long been recognized that Spenser's work participates in the agenda of the Protestant Reformation, this research illustrates that Spenser's work is much more than a reflection of the norms of the Elizabethan period. Using the character of Duessa as a focal point, this research illuminates the ways in which Spenser used The Faerie Queene to not just echo but present his idiosyncratic stance on the threat of Catholicism to the English people.
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Morozov, A. A. "Dynamics of Economic, Social and Legal Development of the English Society in the Elizabethan Era." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-1-223-228.
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By the time Elizabeth Tudor came to power, proclaimed in 1558, Queen of England and Ireland, the state was going through a difficult period, which was characterized by a whole complex of internal and external socio-economic problems. Partly forced by these circumstances, Elizabeth engaged in reforming the economic system and the economy of the country, creating a powerful administrative and financial apparatus that met the urgent needs of the government, which ultimately led to irreversible social changes in the country. Parliament, in turn, sought to strengthen its role in public Affairs against the will of Elizabeth. In the face of this confrontation, the absolute monarchy in England began to develop in its own way, different from the continental experience, which contributed to the formation of the socio-economic and political foundations of the future British Empire.
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Vozniak, Ekaterina, Tatyana Slavina, and Anna Kopytova. "Transformation of the column order in the Baroque architecture in St. Petersburg of the XVIII century." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819304020.
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The forms and proportions of the Baroque column order of the buildings in St. Petersburg of the XVIII century differ substantially from the Western European canonical designs. The independent order system was created in each historical period under the influence of European architectural concepts, local style preferences, and creative choice of architects, and is of undoubted interest to both historians of architecture and restorers of historic buildings. The authors made a comparative analysis of the construction and drawing of architectural orders of buildings in St. Petersburg with architectural orders of classical works of the Renaissance, architectural works of the XVII - XVIII century. The process of gradual formation and modification of the column order in the architecture of St. Petersburg in the first half of the XVIII century is expounded. The main features of the construction of architectural orders during the Peter’s, Ann’s, and Elizabethan Baroque periods are revealed.
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Martín Iglesia, Juan Jesús. "Andrés Borrego: precursor liberal de la participación ciudadana = Andrés Borrego: Liberal Precursor of the Citizen Engagement." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, no. 31 (July 29, 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfv.31.2019.23955.
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Andrés Borrego fue un liberal de talante independiente, postulaba que el éxito de las reformas requiere el respaldo ciudadano. El artículo expone, en el contexto político del periodo isabelino, su pretensión de armonizar el poder y la opinión representativa del país real. Sus innovadoras propuestas se agrupan en tres fases: educación para obtener la capacidad requerida para votar, ampliación de las libertades políticas y modernización de las prácticas electorales. La proyección de futuro de sus planteamientos hace de él un precursor de la participación ciudadana.AbstractAndrés Borrego was a liberal politician with his own criterion, he considered necessary the citizens support to reform society successfully. This article presents his aim to reconcile power and people in the political context of the Elizabethan period. His innovative proposals are set at three stages: training to be able to vote, expansion of political liberties and updating of electoral practices. The repercussion towards de future of his approach makes the article title advisable.
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Bernstein, Jane A. "An Index of Polyphonic Chansons in English Manuscript Sources, c. 1530–1640." Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 21 (1988): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14723808.1988.10540924.
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Much has been written about the Italian madrigal and its effect upon the musical life of sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England. That the Italian vogue was indeed strong can be observed most dramatically in English printed and manuscript sources of the period; yet the obvious and dazzling effect this foreign idiom had upon many aspects of Elizabethan and Jacobean music is balanced by the equally important and more deeply-rooted connection that England enjoyed with her nearer Continental neighbours, France and the Low Countries. The following index documents this musical connection by presenting a list of the Franco-Netherlandish chansons that appeared in English manuscript sources dating from c. 1530 to c. 1640.
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Lowe, Ben. "Religious Wars and the “Common Peace”: Anglican Anti-War Sentiment in Elizabethan England." Albion 28, no. 3 (1996): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052170.
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The “age of religious wars” usually serves as the main interpretive framework for students of late sixteenth-century European history. This period is often conceptualized as just preceding the establishment of a secularized, politique-based state system that provided domestic tranquility as welcome relief from extended, highly partisan warfare. It is true that religious sentiments ran high among certain Protestants and Catholics who believed millions of souls were at stake, and that passionate defenses of doctrinal purity, to the point of taking up arms, characterize a good deal of the polemic of the age. Consequently, since prominent clerics were most vocal and influential in stirring up pious fervor for holy causes, many historians have focused on clerical martial rhetoric and found in it the ideological basis for the “religious wars” that ensued. Unfortunately, a hint of teleology informs much of the historical narrative that then follows, as if confessional devotion were synonymous with volatile, even bellicose calls for godly reform. A broader, more nuanced look at some of the pertinent sources, however, suggests that in many, perhaps even the majority, of cases, newly energized evangelicals found holy causes abhorrent and contrary to the gospel message.
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Olsen, Palle J. "Was John Foxe a Millenarian?" Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45, no. 4 (October 1994): 600–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900010782.
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That many divines during the middle decades of the seventeenth century were filled with high hopes for the Church's future, and that many of these high hopes were expressed in millenarian terms is by now a commonplace. That, furthermore, this phenomenon did not appear out of the blue and must have had a prehistory would be evident to most. But how far back should one go to find its roots? More than twenty years ago William Lamont argued in his controversial study Godly rule that Elizabethan reformers shared with their more radical brethren of the revolutionary years the hope of ‘godly rule’, a term he never clearly defined but which he nevertheless called millenarian. He singled out John Foxe as the chief spokesman of the ‘godly rule’ idea, and moreover claimed that Foxe was the one who above all ‘made the pursuit of the millennium respectable and orthodox’ in England. The idea that Foxe was a millenarian, even the chief spokesman of millenarianism in Elizabethan England, has not found general approval. In well-documented studies on Foxe, the British apocalyptic tradition, or the English Reformation, scholars such as Bernard Capp, Viggo Norskov Olsen, Richard Bauckham, Katharine R. Firth and Patrick Collinson have all denied that Foxe believed in a this-worldly and future period of peace and ecclesiastical felicity; they have instead drawn attention to his view of end-time persecution, and to his belief in the imminent end of the world.
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Valdeón, Roberto A. "Translation, a Tudor political instrument." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 31, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.19031.val.
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Abstract Starting with an overview of F. O. Matthiessen’s work on the role of translation during the Elizabethan period, this article delves into the paratexts of the translations of Spanish colonial texts by Richard Hakluyt, Edward Grimeston, Michael Lok and John Frampton to discuss the underlying reasons why Spanish accounts of the conquest were rendered into English. The analysis of the dedications and addresses shows that, although these translations may have served to express admiration for the Spanish conquerors or to criticize their actions, the ultimate goals of these texts were to encourage England to replicate the Spanish empire in the Americas, on the one hand, and to obtain social, political and economic benefits for the translators, on the other.
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Woolf, Judith. "Milkmaid Bears and Savage Mates: The Cultural Exploitation of Real and Fictive White Bears from the Elizabethan Period to the Present." Anthrozoös 32, no. 3 (May 4, 2019): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2019.1598650.
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Ruzene, Felipe Daniel. "A Lisístrata e a Megera: panoramas da figura feminina na dramaturgia de Aristófanes e Shakespeare." Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 5, no. 9 (January 8, 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/clio.v5i9.18514.
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O seguinte texto trata sobre a visão do feminino dentro da dramaturgia de dois períodos históricos diversos, de modo a ilustrar quais os papéis sociais e perfis idealizados para a figura da mulher, dentro do recorte temporal estabelecido e por meio de duas comédias que tem sua trama desenvolvida por uma personagem feminina. Tais apontamentos serão analisados na antiguidade grega, bem como no período Elisabetano da Inglaterra por meio das obras “Lisístrata”, de Aristófanes, e “A megera domada”, de Shakespeare.Palavras-chave: A megera domada; Lisístrata; Feminino; Teatro. AbstractThe following text deals with the view of the feminine within the dramaturgy of two different historical periods, in order to illustrate the social roles and profiles idealized for the figure of the woman, within the established temporal cut and through two comedies that have their plot developed by a female character. Such notes will be analyzed in Greek antiquity, as well as in the Elizabethan period of England through the works of “Lysistrata” by Aristophanes and Shakespeare's “The Taming of the Shrew”.Keywords: The Taming of the Shrew; Lysistrata; Feminin; Theater.
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Mayne, Emily. "Presenting Seneca in Print: Elizabethan Translations and Thomas Newton’s Seneca His Tenne Tragedies." Review of English Studies 70, no. 297 (April 19, 2019): 823–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz022.
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Abstract Seneca His Tenne Tragedies (1581) was the first printed collection of Seneca’s tragedies in English. This article re-examines this publication in the context of early modern production of collected unannotated editions of Seneca’s tragedies on the European mainland, and of the editorial and intellectual interests of its compiler, Thomas Newton. It identifies Newton as something of an early modern ‘print professional’, who was involved in the production of a wide variety of texts, translations, and commendatory poetry, and who used a variety of sophisticated strategies in print to draw attention to and to promote his own capacities and achievements; and it shows how the Tenne Tragedies participates in these practices. Attending to Newton’s activities alongside Jasper Heywood’s translation of Hercules furens reveals significant discontinuities in approach between the Tenne Tragedies and one of its constituent texts. Heywood’s translation first appeared in 1561 in a parallel-text format that was not designed for inclusion in a single-language collection such as the Tenne Tragedies, as one early modern reader’s response to the translation in this later printed context may show. Newton’s presentation of the Tenne Tragedies volume, and his particular attitude towards ‘Seneca’, complicates current critical understanding of the reception and uses of Senecan tragedy in Elizabethan England, and of any ‘project’ of Senecan translation in the period, which may be more an effect of Newton’s editorial proclivities, combined with modern understanding of Seneca as a single author, than reflective of attitudes towards Senecan tragedy in early modern England more generally.
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Orr, D. Alan. "“Communis Hostis Omnium”: The Smerwick Massacre (1580) and the Law of Nations." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 3 (July 2019): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.6.
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AbstractThis article examines the brutal massacre of up to six hundred Spanish and Italian papal troops on the order of the English Lord Deputy Arthur Grey, 14th Baron de Wilton (1536–1593), at Dún An Óir (Forto del Oro), Smerwick, County Kerry, on 10 November 1580. The article investigates the relationship between the religious and juridical rationales for the massacre, shedding new light on the broader relationship between the early modern law of nations, Protestantism, and what Brendan Bradshaw has characterized as “catastrophic violence” in the Elizabethan military conquest of Ireland. While Vincent Carey has emphasized the virulently anti-Catholic character of Grey's rationales for the massacre, my argument instead emphasizes the role of the received laws of nations and of war in justifying Grey's actions both to Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) and to the English public, from the period immediately following the massacre until the writing of Edmund Spenser's pro-Grey apologetic, A View of the Present State of Ireland (ca. 1596). On this view, the papal troops at Smerwick were considered brigands, pirates, or, in Marcus Tullius Cicero's words, “communis hostis omnium”—a common enemy to all—and enjoyed no standing as lawful enemies under the law of nations. In the sixteenth century, the established law of nations was hardly a seamless web but manifested significant cleavages and fissures allowing for the construction of localized spheres of legal exception in which the ordinary rules of warfare did not apply, thus providing a convenient juridical rationale for atrocity.
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Shuger, Debora. "Irishmen, Aristocrats, and Other White Barbarians." Renaissance Quarterly 50, no. 2 (1997): 494–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039188.
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Et virum bonum quom laudabant, ita laudabant, bonum agricolam bonumque colonum.—Cato, De agri culturaIn 1578 Hubert Languet wrote to his young protegee Philip Sidney concerning the latter's plan to assist the Low Countries in their fight against Spain. Surprisingly, the old republican Calvinist monarchomach vetoed the idea, bluntly informing the impulsive teenager that “you and your fellows, I mean men of noble birth, consider that nothing brings you more honour than wholesale slaughter, and you are generally guilty of the greatest injustice.” This hostile assessment of the aristocratic warrior ethos — what Languet derides as “mere love of fame and honour and … displaying your courage” — bears witness to a major ideological upheaval of the early modern period: the attack on the aristocratic politics of violence and, to quote another Elizabethan, “glory got by courage of manhood.”
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Leng, Thomas. "Interlopers and disorderly brethren at the Stade Mart: commercial regulations and practices amongst the Merchant Adventurers of England in the late Elizabethan period." Economic History Review 69, no. 3 (October 12, 2015): 823–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12132.
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Young, Francis. "The Bishop's Palace at Ely as a Prison for Recusants, 1577–1597." British Catholic History 32, no. 2 (October 2014): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200032167.
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The Bishop's Palace at Ely was used as a prison for Catholics between 1577 and 1597, and between 1588 and 1597 was exclusively a prison for lay recusants. Its inmates included Abbot John Feckenham between 1577 and 1580 and Thomas Tresham, who was imprisoned in Ely four times. Unlike Wisbech Castle, however, the Palace at Ely's period as a prison for recusants has received little attention. This article draws on the documentary evidence for the Catholic prisoners in official records, as well as Tresham's extensive writings during his Ely imprisonment. It also draws on a newly discovered inventory of the Palace's contents in 1581, arguing that the prisoners, and Tresham in particular, were affected by their stay in Ely. It makes the case for the prisoners’ rich cultural life, as evidenced by the prison writings of Tresham and a fellow inmate, George Cotton, who used his time to translate Jesuit letters from Japan. The prisoners in the Bishop's Palace at Ely may have made less public noise than their fellow prisoners at Wisbech Castle, but like Wisbech, Ely was a focus of Catholic culture and resistance during the late Elizabethan period that deserves to be better understood.
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Vyshenskaya, Yuliya P. "Italian treaties on literature as the style model for English secular early Renaissance literature." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-1-99-105.
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The article deals with the matter of the English belles-lettres style of the 16th century. The style phenomenon is interpreted as some representative of the whole in particular. The fact in turn makes condition of interpreting the work of literature as belonging to some type of culture. Within the scope of the interpretation of the kind the style phenomenon is considered within the scope of the global context of changes which took place in European Renaissance. The notions of culture and literature are identified, the latter is believed to be one of the principle sphere of intellectual activity of the representatives of the humanistic thought devoted their time. The kind is marked by an outstanding rise during the analysed period of time. Perceiving the analysed time period culture as one of the cultures’ communication gives an opportunity to trace the ways of artistic transforming of the ideas about particular features of stylistic construction of a piece of literature. The study is based on the material of the creative heritage of Philip Sidney, the salient representative of the Elizabethan culture, whose individuality and style were under the influence of Italian humanistic thought.
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WITHINGTON, PHILIP. "TWO RENAISSANCES: URBAN POLITICAL CULTURE IN POST-REFORMATION ENGLAND RECONSIDERED." Historical Journal 44, no. 1 (March 2001): 239–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001546.
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This review reconsiders the place and importance of urban political culture in England between c. 1550 and c. 1750. Relating recent work on urban political culture to trends in political, social, and cultural historiography, it argues that England's towns and boroughs underwent two ‘renaissances’ over the course of the period: a ‘civic renaissance’ and the better-known ‘urban renaissance’. The former was fashioned in the sixteenth century; however, its legacy continued to inform political thought and practice over 150 years later. Similarly, although the latter is generally associated with ‘the long eighteenth century’, its attributes can be traced to at least the Elizabethan era. While central to broader transitions in post-Reformation political culture, these ‘renaissances’ were crucial in restructuring the social relations and social identity of townsmen and women. They also constituted an important but generally neglected dynamic of England's seventeenth-century ‘troubles’.
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Nead, L. "Mapping the Self: Gender, Space, and Modernity in Mid-Victorian London." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 4 (April 1997): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290659.
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In 1857 the first Obscene Publications Act was passed in Britain. In the months leading up to the passing of this legislation, a debate emerged which focused on the spaces of the modern metropolis, the production of modern forms of visual culture, and the possibility of transgressive forms of cultural consumption. One street in London became the symbol for this definition of obscenity—Holywell Street in Westminster, which ran parallel to the Strand from St Clement Danes to St Mary-le-Strand. The narrow contours and crumbling buildings of this Elizabethan alley signified physical, moral, and cultural impurity, in contrast to the modernising ambitions of the city in this period. The display of obscene images in the shop windows enabled a new form of cultural consumption based on looking while moving through the street. As such, it represented a dangerous promiscuity which could address women and men of all classes as they moved through the spaces of the metropolis.
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Entezareghaem, Shahab. "Religious Reformation and the Crisis of Providentialism in Cyril Tourneur’s The Atheist’s Tragedy (1611): A Cultural Materialist Reading." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.2p.65.
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The early modern period in England is characterised by philosophical and moral debates over the meaning and pertinence of Christian beliefs and teachings. One of the most controversial topics in this epoch is God’s providence and its supposed impacts on man’s daily life. In the wake of the Reformation and emerging philosophical schools, particularly in the second half of the sixteenth century, Providentialism was seriously put into question and the meaning and influences of God’s providence were, therefore, investigated. Epicureans and Calvinists were two prominent groups of religious reformists who cast doubt upon the validity and pertinence of Christian Providentialism as it was taught during the medieval period. These intellectual and philosophical debates were reflected in the literary productions of the age in general, and in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama in particular. Cyril Tourneur is one of the early modern English playwrights who inquired into the meaning and relevance of Providentialism in his last play, The Atheist’s Tragedy (1611). Adhering to a cultural materialist mode of criticism, I will show in this paper that Tourneur is a dissident dramatist who separates the realm of God’s divinity from man’s rational capacity in his tragedy and anticipates, hence, the emergence and development of new religious and philosophical visions in the Renaissance.
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Apryshchenko, V. Yu, and N. А. Lagoshina. "Resettlement of British and Irish Catholics to Continental Europe in 16th—18th Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-6-281-301.
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The problem of large-scale migration of British and Irish Catholics to continental Europe in the 16th—18th centuries is investigated. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the religious schools of Catholics in Europe were seen as examples of pious communities, the foundations on which the emerging traditions of religious tolerance, stability and commercial prosperity were built in England. It is noted that this fueled the arguments of the supporters of liberal religious reforms in the UK in the 19th century. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the study of the movement of Catholics to Europe makes it possible to reveal the degree of influence of religious schools on British politics and public opinion, to understand how the expatriate community in exile functioned, adapted and communicated. Migration has been proven to be most intense during the Elizabethan period and early Stuart reign, but its impact on religious life in Britain and Ireland was felt over a longer period, until the end of the 18th century. The authors conclude that for Catholics who remained in England, religious institutions in Europe were not only a source of supply of missionary priests and religious literature, but also a link with the continental Counter-Reformation.