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Journal articles on the topic 'Embalming'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Onyejike, Darlington Nnamdi, Darlington Cyprain Akukwu, Odinakachi Ijike, Ifeoma Miracle Onyejike, Ugochukwu Samuel Aguwa, Emeka Ambrose Okubike, Emmanuel Nzube Ezenwatu, Gloria Chinenye Ojemeni, Somadina Nnamdi Okeke, and Ambrose Echefulachi Agulanna. "Efficacy of Embalming Mixture Containing Formalin, Methanol and Water on Early Stage of Decomposition: A Validation Study." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 8430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.178.

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Background: Stabbing with kitchen knife is a common method of homicide in Nigeria; and embalming of decomposing stabbed cadavers has been a challenge for morticians in Nigeria, because of the impairment of embalming fluid through the damaged arteries. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of an embalming mixture containing formalin, methanol and water on stabbed early decomposing carcasses using porcine analogues. Methods: Two infant pigs were used for this study. Animals were sacrificed and allowed to reach the early stage of decomposition before embalming. Cervical arterial and hypodermic embalming techniques were employed. Post-embalming changes were observed and scored. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the outcome of embalmment and the embalming mixture. Results: There was a statistically significant moderate positive correlation (r = .576, n = 42, p = .001) between outcome of embalming, and duration of embalming; a statistically significant strong negative correlation (r = -.623, n = 42, p = .001) with volume of embalming fluid; and a statistically significant moderate negative correlation (r = -.528, n = 42, p = .001) with room temperature. There was a statistically insignificant very weak positive correlation (r = .186, n = 42, p = .239) between outcome of embalming and humidity; and a statistically insignificant very weak negative correlation (r = -.141, n = 42, p = .375) with atmospheric temperature. Conclusions: This study validated the embalming methodology and fluid suitable for arresting early decomposition process of stabbed infant carcasses in Nigeria. More so, an embalming mixture containing formalin, methanol and water in equal proportion is suitable for arresting early decomposition of stabbed cadavers. KEYWORDS: Embalming of decomposing bodies, Embalming of stabbed bodies, Funeral services, Modern embalming science, Commercial embalming, Stab wounds, Specialist embalming.
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Akukwu, Darlington Cyprain, Darlington Nnamdi Onyejike, Chiamaka Mercy Iwuala, Ifeoma Miracle Onyejike, Somadina Nnamdi Okeke, Ambrose Echefulachi Agulanna, Emmanuel Nzube Ezenwatu, Emeka Ambrose Okubike, Gloria Chinenye Ojemeni, and Ugochukwu Samuel Aguwa. "Embalming of Early Decomposing Strangled Homicides in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Validation Study." Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 5, no. 5 (May 24, 2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijap.2022.v05i05.001.

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Formalin is one of the commonest embalming fluid used in modern embalming. Methanol can also be mixed with formalin in order to prevent the precipitation of formaldehyde to paraformaldehyde. Methanol is also a good preservative. Strangled bodies remain one of common homicides received at funeral homes in Anambra state, Nigeria. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to observe the early decomposition activities in Anambra state; use an embalming mixture containing formalin, methanol and water to arrest it; and document the techniques used to achieve it. Therefore, four infant pigs were used for this study. They were sacrificed and allowed to reach the early stage of decomposition before embalming. The results showed that outcome of embalming is influenced by the embalming mixture used, duration of the embalming, and the room temperature of the morgue were the embalmed bodies were stored after embalming. The results also showed that atmospheric temperature and humidity does not influence the outcome of embalming. In conclusion, the methodology for arresting early decomposition of strangled homicides is by arterially injecting an embalming mixture containing formalin, methanol, water and dye; and also supplementing this technique with hypodermic embalming technique.
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Shrestha, Sunil, Saru Bhattarai, Samyog Mahat, Manisha Jha, and Kapil Amgain. "Embalming – History to its Recent Advancements." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v1i1.15.

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Embalming as art and science of preserving dead bodies with postponing decomposition using embalming fluid. The method of preservation of cadavers is natural and non-natural. This study involves an extensive search of journal articles to access the trend of development of embalming technique that was developed after many trials and errors. In this paper, we have briefly discussed about the past, present and upcoming future technique of cadaver preservation with recent advances and modification. We also would like to recommend that new internationally recognized standard on embalming technique should be developed so that cadavers were excellently preserved and color remains natural. Keywords: Embalming, Embalming Fluid, Cadaver preservation, Plastination, Recent Advances in Embalming, Formalin
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4

Trompette, Pascale, and Mélanie Lemonnier. "Funeral embalming." Science & Technology Studies 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55237.

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This paper studies the trajectory of modern embalming, considered as a technical innovation in the treatment of dead bodies, across time and societies. Tracing the history of technical innovations, it examines the evolution of embalming from the fi eld of medical science to its re-appropriation by a secular sphere (funeral sector). The central role of material culture in the spread of innovative embalming techniques is underlined, and notably the leading role of commercial networks and industrial actors as they support the growth of embalmers while products, equipment and technical know-how are normalized. On the basis of the contemporary funeral organization, the analysis explores how embalming has become part of the cooperative chain surrounding death. It describes how embalming innovation entails a set of ‘alignments’ (Strauss, 1988) in the management of corpse care, supporting various standardization processes, which are both practical and symbolic. Finally, the establishment of a professional body of embalmers points to a new inter-professional interpretation of the corpse and of death care, radically changing the interface between the medical world and the funeral world.
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Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. "Embalming caches." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 94, no. 1 (January 2008): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330809400115.

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Syavira, Riri, Tiaminah Nasution, Raisa Nabila, and Rita Juliani. "DESIGN AND BUILD SALAK (Salacca Sumatrana) EMBALMING MACHINE WITH CONVEYOR." Jurnal Geliga Sains: Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 6, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jgs.6.1.60-64.

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It has been done the manufacture of Salak embalming machine for partners of Lopo Salak inPadangsidempuan. This machine can be used to assist partners in the process of embalming Salak to produce good quality and guaranteed freshness. The steps in the manufacture of this machine start from the design, the provision of tools and materials, manufacture and test the machine. The results show that the machine works optimally with the average production of salak 25 kg/hour due to embalming. In addition, the embalming machine has a propulsion engine that serves as the embalming and drying of Salak.
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Rajasekhar SSSN and Kalaivani K. "Colorimetric variations in cadaveric tissues embalmed with modified Thiel\\\'s and Formalin solutions: An objective comparative study using image J." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 10, no. 4 (January 15, 2024): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.049.

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The comparison of tissue colour between Thiel's embalmed cadavers (TEC) and formalin-embalmed cadavers (FEC) is crucial for assessing the efficacy of Thiel embalming technique as a suitable alternative to formalin embalming for surgical skill training and anatomical education. Most of the studies which declare the superiority of tissue colour in TEC over FEC have done subjective assessment and comparison of the tissue colour. This study aims to compare the colour difference between Thiel and formalin embalmed cadavers objectively. : The current study used six human cadavers to compare the effects of two embalming methods, Modified Thiel’s solution (MTS) and Modified Formalin Solution(MFS). The tissues of the cadavers were dissected and photographed to be analysed for Red, Blue, Green values using Image J software. The mean (SD) R-value (Red), G-value (Green), and B-value (Blue) for MTS embalmed cadavers were 149.78 (16.070), 124 (19.675), and 109.96 (9.852), respectively, from pictures of embalmed cadavers from research groups. The mean RGB value of MTS embalmed cadavers was substantially (P<0.05) higher than MFS embalmed cadavers. The current research found that MTS-embalmed cadavers have greater RGB values than MFS-embalmed ones. This information helps to fully understand tissue property changes, evaluate their impact on student perceptions and learning outcomes, and determine Thiel embalming's suitability for surgical training and workshops.
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Kanagasabapathy, Muthuvel Vijayan, and Ezhilarasan Sathurusangaravel. "A Novel Portable, Economical Pump to Inject Embalming Fluid to Preserve Cadavers." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 19 (May 10, 2021): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/291.

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BACKGROUND Embalming is the process of treating a dead human / animal body with a chemical to protect the body from microbial spoilage and to renovate the physical appearance. Usually, it involves using formalin-based solutions. Although there are many embalming devices, most of them are heavy to lift, expensive and electrically operated. These types of electrically operated cadaveric injectors are widely used for embalming as it provides complete fixation (up to the distal parts of the limbs), and helps to save time. This study focuses on comparing a cost-effective, portable, ecofriendly embalming equipment which can run without electrical power with conventional technique. METHODS The comparative study of trials in checking the efficiency of the device were carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Government Theni Medical College, Theni. About 60 cadavers were received. Thirty (30) of them had been embalmed using this pump, the remaining half (30) were preserved by conventional method of embalming (i.e., electrical cadaveric injector). Embalming kit includes scalpel blade, surgical gloves, toothed- and blunt-forceps, scissors and modified fertilizer spraying pump, cannula, and pressure gauge. Arterial embalming was performed through femoral artery (femoral triangle). RESULTS We developed a cost-effective, portable, eco-friendly embalming equipment which does not require power and tested its efficiency in preserving about 30 cadavers. We observed that the novel method was 96 % efficient. CONCLUSIONS The pump is highly effective in preserving the body and anyone with minimal training could use it. KEY WORDS Embalming, Pump, Formalin, Fixative, Cadaver Preservation, Single Point Injection Technique, Femoral Artery
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Deshpande Asha, S., K. Deshpande Subhash, and Suresh Managutti. "Embalming with modified embalming machine and modified embalming fluid composition – SDMCMS&H, Dharwad experience." Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66 (August 2017): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.066.

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Finney, Redmond, Lisa Shulman, and Raya Kheirbek. "Embalming, Viewing and the Social Construction of the Corpse: Time for Another Look." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2853.

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Abstract Embalming of the dead is more common in the United States than anywhere else in the world. Battles far from home during the Civil War with concern for contagion from dead bodies being shipped home, compelled President Lincoln to direct the troops to use embalming to allow the return of the Union dead to their homes. Viewings were common with war heroes and culminated with the viewing of Lincoln himself. In the 20th century embalming became a tradition despite substantial evidence indicating environmental and occupational hazards related to embalming fluids and carbon dioxide generated from manufacturing steel coffins before placing in concrete burial vaults. Embalming is promoted and considered helpful to the grieving process when families are comforted by a the appearance of a peaceful death. Embalmers are expected to produce an illusion of rest, an image that in some ways disguises death for the benefit of mourners. The dead are carefully displayed in a condition of liminal repose where the 'true' condition is hidden, and death is removed from the actual event. In this paper we highlight the spiritual and cultural complexities of embalming related- issues. We also provide data on the lack of grieving families’ preparedness for the financial burden associated with the death of a loved one and the lack of knowledge of alternative options. We propose an innovative process to empower people facing serious illness, and their families to make shared and informed decisions, especially when death is the expected outcome.
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K, Pal A., Bhanarkar U. P, and Ray B. "Embalming with Formalin – Benefits and Pitfalls." Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 5, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijap.2022.v05i03.004.

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Formalin is the most widely used preservative in anatomical embalming. It produces consistent results in terms of the prevention of autolysis and putrefaction at an affordable cost. It is a known carcinogen having several health hazards. Strict adherence to safety protocols is required to minimize its toxic effects. Regular monitoring of formaldehyde concentration in the dissection hall and embalming room will ensure remedial measures at the earliest. In the face of growing health concerns, several alternative preservatives are being studied. Apart from it, methods like cryopreservation, plastination can be used instead of embalming. Post-mortem toxicological analysis of formalin-fixed cadavers is of importance for forensic investigation. This article will review the overall advantages and disadvantages of formalin and its alternatives in the process of embalming and will guide the anatomists in choosing the proper options for the purpose.
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Reddy, Raghuveer, Subramania Iyer, Minnie Pillay, Krishnakumar Thankappan, and Janarthanan Ramu. "Soft embalming of cadavers for training purposes: Optimising for long-term use in tropical weather." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 50, no. 01 (January 2017): 029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijps.ijps_219_16.

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ABSTRACT Background: Surgical and anatomical training has been found to be most optimally simulated in a cadaver than any other available methods. Soft embalming methods have made the bodies more ‘lifelike’ and better suited for training. The widely accepted soft embalming techniques, including Thiel embalming, are designed for temperate climates. Their use in tropical locations has been found to be associated with poor short-term and long-term preservation of the bodies. In fact, adequate reports from tropical countries on effective methods for soft embalming are lacking. Materials and Methods: This article details the modifications made in the Thiel embalming technique over a period of 2 years which has enabled us to preserve the anatomical features of bodies in an optimal way for longer periods in tropical conditions. This study was carried out in a tertiary care referral centre located in a tropical climate zone. A total of 13 frozen and thawed cadavers were used over a period of 2 years for developing such soft embalming technique. The efficacy of the technique was tested using these cadavers for varying types of surgical exercises on multiple occasions. Results: The conventionally described technique of Thiel embalming did not provide desired results. Hence, various modifications to this technique were instituted which helped us to get superior quality of soft-embalmed cadavers. In the final year, these cadavers were used successfully for workshops in flap dissection. Head and neck access surgery, arthroscopic and laparoscopic procedures as well as mock face and hand transplant dissections. Conclusions: The Theil embalming technique for obtaining soft embalmed cadavers, even though found to be best in many centres in the world, has not been found to be suitable to tropical weather. By modifying it, we have succeeded in developing a technique suitable to the tropical weather. This technique yields cadavers suitable for various surgical simulation exercises. This technique also allows the body to be optimally used over several months in multiple occasions. These modifications are very simple and have been described in detail enabling it to be adopted by any surgical skill laboratory in the tropical countries.
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Koller, Johann, Ursula Baumer, Yoka Kaup, Mirjam Schmid, and Ulrich Weser. "Effective Mummification Compounds Used in Pharaonic Egypt: Reactivity on Bone Alkaline Phosphatase." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 58, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 462–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-0518.

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In Pharaonic Egypt from the Old Kingdom up to the Ptolemaic Period the deceased were pre-treated in the course of the mummification process using a wealth of embalming components including resins and many different wood tars. GC/MS studies allowed the elucidation of a great number of clearly separated compounds found in the ancient embalming material. Phenols, guaiacols, naphthalenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, oxidised diterpene resin acids and triterpenoids were noticed. These results and particularly the detection of an unused embalming material shed some new light on the possible way as to how the different embalming materials might have been prepared and applied. It was striking to see the accordance of the present data with the well-known treatises by Herodotus (490-425 B. C.) and by Pliny the Elder (23/24-79 A. C.). The impact of the historical observations on modern science and in return the dramatic promotion of ancient texts stimulated by the present study is intriguing. An enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, bound inside mummified bones was a useful tool to reveal the efficacy of the embalming materials. Initial data showed that alkaline phosphatase isolated from embalmed bones from the Old Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Period was significantly more abundant and displayed a higher activity compared to the properties of the corresponding enzyme from non-treated mummified bones. Additionally, in a model study porcine ribs were pre-treated with four selected embalming compounds - guaiacol, limonene, α-pinene and p-cymene - and subsequently air-dried. Among the four selected compounds guaiacol was the most reactive species in the course of the preservation process. The specific activity of bone alkaline phosphatase rose 12-fold compared to that of the control. The enzyme itself remained unharmed as the observed relative molecular mass was surprisingly identical with the contemporary enzyme. It was again striking that the guaiacol derivatives were richly abundant in the unused embalming material mentioned above.
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Uy, Benedict, Simon Swift, Francesca Casu, David Mahuika, Maurice A. Curtis, and Deborah Prendergast. "Dealing with Hidden Threats: The Antimicrobial Effect of the Embalming Process." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112180.

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Individuals naturally carry bacteria and other microbes as part of their natural flora, with some being opportunistic pathogens. Approximately 30% of the population is known to carry Staphylococcus aureus in their nasal cavity, an organism that causes infections ranging from soft tissue abscesses to toxic shock syndrome. This problem is compounded by the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Commensal bacteria present on cadavers pose a risk to those who handle the body. As a Medical School Anatomy laboratory that performs hands-on cadaveric dissection, we wanted to know whether the embalming process is sufficient to kill all commensal bacteria that pose a risk to staff and students. Even if these strains do not cause disease in these individuals, secondary transmission could occur to friends and family, who may be at higher risk of acquiring an infection. Embalming is assumed to eliminate all microbial contamination on the body. However, there are limited studies to confirm this. This study characterises the incidence of antibiotic sensitive and resistant bacteria in cadavers donated for medical teaching and research. We have screened for Methicillin-Resistant Organisms (MRO) and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. In this study group of cadavers, approximately 46% (16/35) carry an MRO, while 51% (18/35) carry an ESBL positive organism prior to embalming. By determining the organisms’ presence pre- and post-embalming, we can evaluate the embalming procedure’s effectiveness. Our results show embalming eliminates detectable microbes in about 51% (18/35) of the cadavers. MRO dropped by 75% (16 to 4 positive cadavers), while ESBL organisms went down by almost 95% (from 18 to 1 positive cadaver). There was a further decrease in the number of positive cadavers after storage at 4 °C to 6% (2/32). Thus, although the embalming process does not immediately sterilise all the cadavers, prolonged storage at 4 °C can further reduce the number of viable bacteria.
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Pillay, Minnie, Subramania Iyer, Krishnakumar Thankappan, and Raghuveer Reddy. "Theil embalming: Atropical twist." Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66 (August 2017): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.198.

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Toy, Seyma, and Yusuf Secgin. "Cadaver embalming and fixing solutions from past to present." Journal of Clinical Medicine of Kazakhstan 19, no. 5 (October 27, 2022): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/12551.

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Cadaver and organ embalming-fixing solutions have a long history. The aim of this study is to follow this historical adventure step by step and to consider the point of embalming and fixation solutions. This study was carried out on the literature published to Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct between 2000 and 2021. During the search, “cadaver, cadaver dissection, cadaver detection, cadaver use, cadaver embalming, cadaver preservation and organ preservation” were chosen as keywords. The discovery of formaldehyde in 1869 was clearly a turning point for cadaver and organ embalming-fixing solutions, and formaldehyde-based solutions are widely used even today. However, in addition to formaldehyde-based solutions, there are methods such as plastinization, paraffinization, resin embedding methods. It is clearly seen in the literature that formaldehyde-based solutions have serious side effects in terms of human health. Therefore, scientists have developed different methods. However, these methods have both application difficulties and accessibility problems compared to formaldehyde-based methods. Solutions that can prevent these problems should be produced in a short time.
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Durongphan, Anuch, Warit Chongkolwatana, Popchai Ngamskulrungroj, Thanaphat Pochnasomboon, Jatupong Pinkaew, Benjaporn Pamornpol, Rosarin Ratanalekha, and Mathee Ongsiriporn. "A Pilot Comparative Study of Submerge vs. Non- Submerg Saturated Salt Solution Human Cadavers Embalming Method by Gross, Histological, and Microbiological Evaluation." Siriraj Medical Journal 74, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33192/smj.2022.52.

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Objective: To investigate and develop the saturated salt embalming method and evaluate the cadavers.Materials and Methods: Eight cadavers were embalmed with a saturated salt solution (SSS) by submerged (SG, N=2) and non-submerged (NSG, N=6), then evaluated by gross dissection, which compared to living humans, fresh and Thiel’s cadavers. The histological evaluation was compared to textbook pictures. The assessments were recorded on a Likert scale from 0 (no resemblance) to 5 (most resemblance). Pre-and post-embalming swabs were collected for bacterial and fungal cultures and lung tissues for acid-fast staining and mycobacterial cultures. Comparisons between the evaluated items were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The Likert scale results were reported by percentage.Results: The submerge method (N=2) was terminated after three months of embalming because it showed insufficient quality for dissection. Six cadavers in NSG had gross tissue qualities that resembled living humans or fresh cadavers on a scale of 3 or 4. NSG had excellent joint flexibility. The histological tissues showed similarity to textbook pictures, with a scale of 4 or 5. There were bacterial and fungal cultures at the end of embalming. The pathogenic bacteria were Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mycobacterium cultures were negative.Conclusion: Injected SSS, 80% total body water volume, is a promising embalming method that yields cadavers with high tissue quality, flexible joints, and good histological structures. However, this technique cannot eliminate bacteria and normal flora. It may result from the tropical climate setting.
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Counts, Derek B. "Regum Externorum Consuetudine: The Nature and Function of Embalming in Rome." Classical Antiquity 15, no. 2 (October 1, 1996): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011039.

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Although embalming is traditionally considered an Egyptian custom, ancient sources suggest that in imperial Rome the practice was not employed by Egyptians or Egyptianized Romans alone. The mos Romanorum in funerary ritual encompassed both cremation and inhumation, yet embalming appears in Rome as early as the first century AD and evidence points to its limited use during the first three centuries AD. Within the social structure of Rome's dead these preserved corpses certainly occupied a distinct place. Yet who were they and why were they embalmed? It is argued here that various factors allowed for the occasional use of embalming by Romans: (1) an apparent shift in attitudes towards Egypt, (2) the manipulation of death ritual for social distinction, and (3) the flexibility of the traditional Roman funeral, which was able to incorporate deviations in methods of body disposal. Although embalming has been largely ignored as a significant aspect of Roman funerary history, its patrons come from the classes of highest status, including even the imperial household. This fact alone makes it worthwhile to examine this small corpus of evidence. For example, the emperor Nero embalmed his wife Poppaea; such a deviation from standard disposal methods reflects imperial fashion, but also requires us to re-evaluate Nero's reign and, especially, the societal constructs of Neronian Rome. This study attempts to contextualize embalming within Roman society and offer some likely causes and effects of its use.
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Podgorny, Irina. "Modern Embalming, Circulation of Fluids, and the Voyage through the Human Arterial System: Carl L. Barnes and the Culture of Immortality in America." Nuncius 26, no. 1 (2011): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569784.

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AbstractBy considering the work of American embalmer, lawyer, and physician Carl Lewis Barnes (1872-1927), this paper analyzes the emergence of modern embalming in America. Barnes experimented with and exhibited the techniques by which embalming fluids travelled into the most remote cavities of the human body. In this sense, modern embalmers based their skills and methods on experimental medicine, turning the anatomy of blood vessels, physiology of circulation, and composition of blood into a circuit that allowed embalming fluids to move throughout the corpse. Embalmers in the late 19th century took ownership of the laws of hydrodynamics and the physiology of blood circulation to market their fluids and equipment, thus playing the role of physiologists of death, performing and demonstrating physiological experiments with dead bodies.
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Popoola, Sunday O. "LARVICIDAL CONSEQUENCES AND PHYSICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING THE UTILITY OF SOME PETROCHEMICAL FUELS IN EMBALMING SERVICES." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 13, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v13.n2.32985.

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An ideal embalming fluid: eliminates infection and health hazards; maintains ante-mortem appearance; eliminates sequence of decomposition; prevents occupation of larvae and fungi. No embalming formulae had met these attributes, hence, the quest to formulate an ideal embalmment fluid across the globe continues with the present study designed to hypothesize the larvicidal consequences and physical changes following addition of some petrochemical fuels to common embalming fluid using Wistar rats under bioethics standard. An embalmment composition was propounded with Group A (Control) having 75% of the composition along with 25% of sterile water. Groups B, C and D having 75% of the composition with 25% of Kerosene, Petrol and Diesel respectively. First stage: embalmment of two rats per group and monitoring for 12weeks for physical changes. Second stage: delayed embalmment by immersion of one rat per group that was occupied by larvae in different embalming mixtures and death rate monitored to assess larvicidal consequences of the mixture. Analysis done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version-25) and the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The mean fluid needed to embalm 1g of tissue was 0.6±0.04ml. Retainment of ante-mortem weight was highest in Diesel-mixture after 12weeks of embalmment. Petrol-mixture killed all the larvae within 60seconds while others had no larvicidal effect per se. Petrol-mixture was best in damping offensive odour from necrotic tissue. Diesel-mixture conferred lustre beauty on the integumentary system. Petrol-mixture had unambiguous larvicidal effect. This study was veritably ‘Evidence Based Anatomy’ with the innovative outcomes in embalming affairs.
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Willaert, Wouter, Francesca Tozzi, Tom Van Hoof, Wim Ceelen, Piet Pattyn, and Katharina D''Herde. "Lifelike Vascular Reperfusion of a Thiel-Embalmed Pig Model and Evaluation as a Surgical Training Tool." European Surgical Research 56, no. 3-4 (2016): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442791.

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Background: Vascular reperfusion of Thiel cadavers can aid surgical and anatomical instruction. This study investigated whether ideal embalming circumstances provide lifelike vascular flow, enabling surgical practice and enhancing anatomical reality. Methods: Pressure-controlled pump-driven administration of blue embalming solution was assessed directly postmortem in a pig model (n = 4). Investigation of subsequent pump-driven vascular injection of red paraffinum perliquidum (PP) included assessment of flow parameters, intracorporeal distribution, anatomical alterations, and feasibility for surgical training. The microscopic distribution of PP was analyzed in pump-embalmed pig and gravity-embalmed human small intestines. Results: Embalming lasted 50-105 min, and maximum arterial pressure was 65 mm Hg. During embalming, the following consecutive alterations were observed: arterial filling, organ coloration, venous perfusion, and further tissue coloration during the next weeks. Most organs were adequately preserved. PP generated low arterial pressures (<30 mm Hg) and drained through the venous cannula. Generally, realistic reperfusion and preservation of original anatomy were observed, but leakage in the pleural, abdominal, and retroperitoneal cavities occurred, and computed tomography showed edematous spleen and liver. Reduction of arterial flow rates after venous drainage is a prerequisite to prevent anatomical deformation, allowing simulation of various surgeries. In pump-embalmed pig small intestines, PP flowed from artery to vein through the capillaries without extravasation. In contrast, arterioles were blocked in gravity-embalmed human tissues. Conclusions: In a pig model, immediate postmortem pressure-controlled pump embalming generates ideal circumstances for (micro)vascular reperfusion with PP, permitting lifelike anatomy instruction and surgical training.
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Benet, Arnau, Jordina Rincon-Torroella, Michael T. Lawton, and J. J. González Sánchez. "Novel embalming solution for neurosurgical simulation in cadavers." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 5 (May 2014): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.jns131857.

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Object Surgical simulation using postmortem human heads is one of the most valid strategies for neurosurgical research and training. The authors customized an embalming formula that provides an optimal retraction profile and lifelike physical properties while preventing microorganism growth and brain decay for neurosurgical simulations in cadavers. They studied the properties of the customized formula and compared its use with the standard postmortem processing techniques: cryopreservation and formaldehyde-based embalming. Methods Eighteen specimens were prepared for neurosurgical simulation: 6 formaldehyde embalmed, 6 cryopreserved, and 6 custom embalmed. The customized formula is a mixture of ethanol 62.4%, glycerol 17%, phenol 10.2%, formaldehyde 2.3%, and water 8.1%. After a standard pterional craniotomy, retraction profiles and brain stiffness were studied using an intracranial pressure transducer and monitor. Preservation time—that is, time that tissue remained in optimal condition—between specimen groups was also compared through periodical reports during a 48-hour simulation. Results The mean (± standard deviation) retraction pressures were highest in the formaldehyde group and lowest in the cryopreserved group. The customized formula provided a mean retraction pressure almost 3 times lower than formaldehyde (36 ± 3 vs 103 ± 14 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and very similar to cryopreservation (24 ± 6 mm Hg, p < 0.01). For research purposes, preservation time in the cryopreserved group was limited to 4 hours and was unlimited for the customized and formaldehyde groups for the duration of the experiment. Conclusions The customized embalming solution described herein is optimal for allowing retraction and surgical maneuverability while preventing decay. The authors were able to significantly lower the formaldehyde content as compared with that in standard formulas. The custom embalming solution has the benefits from both cryopreservation (for example, biological brain tissue properties) and formaldehyde embalming (for example, preservation time and microorganism growth prevention) and minimizes their drawbacks, that is, rapid decay in the former and stiffness in the latter. The presented embalming formula provides an important advance for neurosurgical simulations in research and teaching.
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Bianucci, Raffaella, Francesco M. Galassi, Tiziana Lanza, Grazia Mattutino, and Andreas G. Nerlich. "What lies behind the embalmed body of Rosalia Lombardo (1918-1920)?" Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 126, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13771.

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Mummy studies help scientists to reconstruct both the evolution and manifestation of past diseases as well as the lifestyles and the habits of the ancient populations. They also help to gain insights into their funerary rites, which are a reflection of the community spiritual beliefs. Last but not least, the study of embalmed corpses reveals the evolution of the mortuary practices. After the 1840’s, new embalming methods were developed; these coupled the use of chemical solution and arterial injection thus allowing the corpses to maintain their integrity (no external lacerations) together with a life-like appearance. An extremely interesting case of modern chemical embalming is that of Rosalia Lombardo (1918-1920), a two years old girl who died in Palermo. Her cadaver is housed in the Capuchin Catacombs of the Sicilian capital. Both her cause of death and the procedure used in her embalming are still enigmatic. Her embalming has been allegedly attributed to Alfredo Salafia, a renowned Palermitan embalmer. This paper addresses the most recent findings emerged from our re-analysis of Rosalia’s case; furthermore, the cosmetic treatment of Rosalia’s mummy is compared with those of Ernesto Salafia Maggio and Giovanni Paterniti, two individuals whose bodies were embalmed by Alfredo Salafia.
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K. Dobade, Deepak, Poonam Dobade, and Rahul Suryavanshi. "ANALYSIS OF STRYCHNOUS NUXVOMICA (KUCHALA) AS AN HERBAL EM-BALMING DRUG." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2023): 2290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1911092023.

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Background: In ayurveda, Strychnous nuxvomica L(Kuchala) is said as Upavisha and used as a popular folk medicine from ancient times. Kuchala is still being used in rural india in the medicinal form. The antimicrobial screening of the extract was performed by determining the zone of inhibition using the standard method. Aim: The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of Strychnous nuxvomica L(Kuchala) as an herbal embalming drug. Materials and Methods: Purified (Shodhit) Strychnous nuxvomica L(Kuchala)seed extract was prepared by soxhlet extraction method, extract was evaluated for its embalming properties like antimicrobial action(Antibacterial, antifungal etc),anti-inflammatory activity, nontoxic nature (heavy metal analysis) by ICPMS(Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry),analytical method adopted by AOAC(Association of official analytical chemists) and USP(united states pharmacopeia),a set of reference standards and methods. Results: From the heavy metal analysis studies(ICP-MS), seed extracts of Strychnous nuxvomica(Kuchala) were found to be nontoxic. It has antimicrobial action (Total plate count -955cfu/gm) against yeast, molds (26 cfu/gm), E.coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus were inhibited. Conclusions: It is concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of Strychnous nuxvomica L (Kuchala) can serve as an herbal embalming drug due to its embalming properties.
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Opeskin, Kenneth. "3. An Unusual Injury." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 1 (January 1992): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249203200113.

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The case of a young man who died unexpectedly from myocarditis is presented. The body was partially embalmed before autopsy at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Pathology. Although the cause of death was not a problem to diagnose, this case highlights artefacts that embalming may cause and the difficulties it may create with interpretation of injury. This is of particular relevance to those forensic pathologists who only uncommonly see injuries which are due to embalming.
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Sthapak, Eti, Navbir Pasricha, R. Bhatnagar, MS Siddiqui, and Sonia Jaiswal. "Soft-fixed embalming: Our experiences." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 9, no. 2 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_2_20.

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Cohle, Stephen. "Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 18, no. 1 (March 1997): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199703000-00028.

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GOKHALE, NT. "EMBALMING OF BODIES FOR TRANSPORTATION." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 53, no. 1 (January 1997): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30657-3.

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Prata, Amanda Teixeira, and Josemberg da Silva Baptista. "The proposition of a new method to convert formalin cadavers to academic and museology purposes." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): e21510111575. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11575.

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The embalming of a cadaver to study anatomy in humans, animals, and for expositions in biological museums is classically performed by formaldehyde injection. Despite its efficiency and wide application, this method delivers technical problems and high toxicity. Through an experimental model with Wistar rats previously embalmed in formalin, we developed two converting solutions (G1 and G2) to perform a macroscopic and qualitative analysis of the embalming maintenance, the color, the fungus proliferation, the pliability, and the post-conversion dissection of the specimens. This work aims to present the results of this experiment and discuss the data. After 365 days of the experiment, both solutions showed benefits in terms of reduction of toxicity, the use of a single solution to convert, storage without the need for containers with embalming solution, containment of fungus proliferation, and improvement of the color of the organs. Although these are the initial results without full achievement, we consider the G1 solution a suitable and advantageous alternative for the museology area.
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Prata, Amanda Teixeira, and Josemberg da Silva Baptista. "The proposition of a new method to convert formalin cadavers to academic and museology purposes." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): e21510111575. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11575.

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The embalming of a cadaver to study anatomy in humans, animals, and for expositions in biological museums is classically performed by formaldehyde injection. Despite its efficiency and wide application, this method delivers technical problems and high toxicity. Through an experimental model with Wistar rats previously embalmed in formalin, we developed two converting solutions (G1 and G2) to perform a macroscopic and qualitative analysis of the embalming maintenance, the color, the fungus proliferation, the pliability, and the post-conversion dissection of the specimens. This work aims to present the results of this experiment and discuss the data. After 365 days of the experiment, both solutions showed benefits in terms of reduction of toxicity, the use of a single solution to convert, storage without the need for containers with embalming solution, containment of fungus proliferation, and improvement of the color of the organs. Although these are the initial results without full achievement, we consider the G1 solution a suitable and advantageous alternative for the museology area.
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Satapathy, Bikash Chandra, and Biswa Bandita Kar. "Alternative natural and chemical substances to traditional formalin-based embalming fluid for cadaveric dissection: A review." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.016.

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Formalin, a widely used embalming fluid in the preservation of cadavers, poses significant health risks to anatomists, medical students, and the environment. This review article evaluates alternative natural and chemical substances for embalming fluid in cadaveric dissection. We conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on alternative embalming fluids in the past 20 years. The main outcome of interest was the effectiveness of alternative fluids in preserving cadavers for dissection. The review identified several alternatives, including Thiel's solution, modified Larssen solution, Genelyn, and natural alternatives such as honey and essential oils. Thiel's solution has emerged as a popular alternative, providing excellent preservation and flexibility of cadavers. However, the high costs and the need for specialized equipment limit its widespread adoption. Essential oils and honey have also shown potential as effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to formalin. Future research should optimise the composition and application of these alternatives to improve their cost-effectiveness, feasibility, and environmental impact.
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Brockbals, Lana, Michael Habicht, Irka Hajdas, Francesco M. Galassi, Frank J. Rühli, and Thomas Kraemer. "Untargeted metabolomics-like screening approach for chemical characterization and differentiation of canopic jar and mummy samples from Ancient Egypt using GC-high resolution MS." Analyst 143, no. 18 (2018): 4503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01288a.

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Praveen Kumar, Anita, and Neha Joshi. "Are the Food Additives, Safe or Harmful? - A Review." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, no. 5 (June 25, 2023): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.5.22.

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In the previous century, it was common to add embalming fluid to milk to stop curdling. Once Dr. Wiley of FDA said he found was that eating borax "will create disturbances of appetite, digestion and health" 3.0f. embalming fluid, he said: "The addition of formaldehyde to food tends to derange metabolism." The FDA's Website provides a list of approved additives, which companies can legally include in food products. The length of this list is enormous - there are over a thousand different additives. Unfortunately; the list does not include a description of the possible side effects associated with these additives.[1]
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Koller, Johann, Ursula Baumer, Yoka Kaup, Mirjam Schmid, and Ulrich Weser. "Analysis of a pharaonic embalming tar." Nature 425, no. 6960 (October 2003): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425784a.

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Harkin, Maureen. "Mackenzie's Man of Feeling: Embalming Sensibility." ELH 61, no. 2 (1994): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.1994.0015.

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Hanzlick, Randy. "Embalming, Body Preparation, Burial, and Disinterment." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 15, no. 2 (June 1994): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199406000-00007.

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Koller, Johann, Ursula Baumer, Yoka Kaup, Hedwig Etspüler, and Ulrich Weser. "Embalming was used in Old Kingdom." Nature 391, no. 6665 (January 1998): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34809.

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Borrego Gallardo, Francisco L. "A CORPUS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN EMBALMING PLATES." ISIMU 23 (December 23, 2020): 53–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/isimu2020.23.003.

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The ‘embalming plate’ is a type of artefact that is mentioned quite frequently in the literature on ancient Egyptian mortuary practices. However, it has not been well studied so far. This paper is a preliminary corpus that can serve as a basis for further studies of this kind of objects, as an open list that can be expanded in the future. This corpus is divided into four lists: A) pieces removed from the mummies with which they were associated; B) doubtful examples; C) items discovered by the x-raying or scanning of mummies; D) embalming plates currently in two display cases in Room 22 at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
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Sriratana, Verita. "From ‘God Builders’ to ‘Devil Workers’: The Somatechnics of Embalming and the Geocorpographies of Central and Eastern Europe's Holocaust Tourism in Jáchym Topol's The Devil's Workshop." Somatechnics 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2016.0171.

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Jáchym Topol's The Devil's Workshop [Chladnou zemí] is a dystopian novel depicting the legacies of Nazi and Communist oppression on Czech and Belarusian histories amidst the boom of Holocaust tourism industry. I propose in this paper that the embalmed bodies exhibited at the fictional Devil's Workshop Museum can be regarded as extreme and horrendous manifestation of the somatechnics of embalmment, which nevertheless deconstructs the fundamental principles of embalming. Embalming is an ambivalent act which vacillates between life and death. It renders the body a ‘twilight zone’ of power negotiation and semantic contestation. When Lenin was alive, for instance, embalming was part of the Bolshevik's ‘god-building’ campaign meant to expose the incorruptibility of Orthodox saints as fraud. Since the Bolsheviks wished to secularise the new socialist utopian state, embalming was instrumental to their mission to glorify the ordinary man. Ironically, however, the outcome was that the communist leaders became sanctified through the very religious and ritualistic paradigm the Bolsheviks attempted to challenge and uproot. This deconstructive doubleness can also be seen in the mannequin-like bodies transformed by Topol's fiction into what I term ‘hypercorposurreality’, the body which transcends the body, the sign of which signified transcends its authentic signification and evokes in readers what Merleau-Ponty calls ‘hyper-reflection’, the kind of reflection which criticises the kind of reflection which overlooks the limitations of idealisation. Since the body is situated in a particular political sphere as well as geographical location and since the body's inscribed and allocated geopolitical significance is put to the fore by violence, one's understanding of the body has to be formulated and articulated through an analysis of geocorpographies—the ways in which geography and the corporeal experience are imbricated and intertwined.
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Barberis, Elettra, Marcello Manfredi, Enrico Ferraris, Raffaella Bianucci, and Emilio Marengo. "Non-Invasive Paleo-Metabolomics and Paleo-Proteomics Analyses Reveal the Complex Funerary Treatment of the Early 18th Dynasty Dignitary NEBIRI (QV30)." Molecules 27, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 7208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217208.

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Biochemical investigations were carried out on the embalmed head of Nebiri (Museo Egizio, Turin; S-5109)—an 18th Dynasty Ancient Egyptian dignitary—and on the canopic jar containing his lungs (Museo Egizio, Turin; S. 5111/02) with the aim of characterizing the organ’s (lung) specific paleo-proteins and of identifying the compounds used in his embalming “recipe”. The application of a functionalized film method allowed us to perform a non-invasive sampling. Paleo-proteomics confirmed the presence of lung tissue-specific proteins (organ specific) as well as the presence of proteins linked to severe inflammation. Paleoproteomics and paleometabolomics further allowed the identification of the main components of Nebiri’s embalming recipe: animal fats and glue, balms, essential oils, aromatic plants, heated Pistacia, and coniferous resins. Both the use of Pistacia and coniferous resins in an early 18th Dynasty individual confirm Nebiri’s high social status. The technique applied offers a targeted approach to the chemical characterization of human tissues, embalming compounds, and organic materials layering in pottery. The ability of the functionalized film method to harvest all types of compounds, from macromolecules (i.e., proteins) to small molecules (i.e., organic acids) opens a new path in the study of ancient material culture; furthermore, it allows to perform untargeted analysis, which is necessary when no a priori information is available.
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Preeti P Thute and Bhaurao C Bakane. "Challenges in embalming in Covid-19 pandemic." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (September 30, 2020): 942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3241.

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Cadaveric dissection is the most important and significantly contribute to learning anatomy by understanding the 3D relationships of all body structures and their variations so also to a future professional career. Nowadays even though some institutions stopped the dissection of cadavers and started the use of virtual dissection table for the study of human anatomy but still, the knowledge gained in didactic lecture is believed to be reinforced and elaborated by the dissection of cadavers. So undoubtedly the cadaveric dissection facilitates learning of the 3D structure of the human body through observation, but at the same time, it is expensive, time-consuming and potentially hazardous. The current outbreak is unpredictable. Even though the scientists around the world learnt much about coronavirus and Covid- 19 in a short span but still there are many grey areas, and guidelines are evolving based on new information and different issues regarding embalming dead bodies of Covid-19. India is in the phase of cluster spread but not having a community-transmission. But this will also have an impact on body donation. To deal with the continually changing epidemiology and new information related to body donation and embalming issues, guidelines should be regularly updated. This review cites the safety precautions for embalming the dead bodies of Covid-19 victims and the challenges in procurement of the cadavers for medical education in times of highly hazardous Covid-19 pandemic.
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Wingert, Loïc, Maximilien Debia, Stéphane Hallé, and Geneviève Marchand. "Occupational Microbial Risk among Embalmers." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081281.

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Embalmers are exposed to many pathogens present in bodily fluids. However, the risk posed by these pathogens has yet to be defined in terms of the nature of the hazard and the intensity of the exposure. The objective of this project was to monitor the exposure of embalmers to biological particles in real time and to characterize the microbiota found in the air during embalming activities in three thanatopraxy laboratories. An innovative approach, using a laser-induced fluorescence aerosol spectrometer (WIBS-NEO), made it possible to measure the concentrations and particle size distributions of the aerosols (biological and non-biological) emitted during embalming. At the same time, an Andersen impactor was used to sample the culturable microbiota present in the air and perform its characterization. The preferential aerosolization of the biological (fluorescent) fraction during embalming procedures, which was compared to the non-biological (non-fluorescent) fraction, showed that most of the tasks performed by the embalmer are likely to lead to microbial exposure via bioaerosols. The concentrations measured represented the equivalent of 2000 to 10,000 biological particles inhaled per minute. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not identified in the air during this study, the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in some of the samples demonstrated that if a pathogen is present in the lungs of the deceased it can be aerosolized and inhaled by the embalmers. The size distribution showed that embalmers are exposed to a high proportion of small particles in the aerosols produced during their work. Thus, the respirable/total ratios calculated are between 58% and 78%. Finally, the detection of airborne Enterobacter, Serratia, Leclercia, and Hafnia tended to demonstrate the aerosolization of intestinal bacteria and their possible inhalation or ingestion. Due to the difficulty of identifying the presence of pathogenic agents before embalming, the presence of faecal bacteria in the air, the proximity of the embalmer to the body, and the limitations associated with the dilution of contaminants by general ventilation in the near field, local ventilation must be provided. Otherwise, minimally, a fitted N95-type respirator should be recommended.
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Dobade, Deepak K., Rahul Suryavanshi, and Poonam D. Dobade. "Conceptual Study Of Herbal Drugs In Embalming." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 04, no. 07 (2021): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2021.4718.

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Robinson, Andrew. "Jean-François Champollion and ancient Egyptian embalming." Lancet 379, no. 9828 (May 2012): 1782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60750-8.

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Majewski, Przemysław, Agnieszka Pernak, Marian Grzymisławski, Katarzyna Iwanik, and Juliusz Pernak. "Ionic liquids in embalming and tissue preservation." Acta Histochemica 105, no. 2 (January 2003): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0065-1281-00707.

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Aditya, Dwi Martha Nur, Adhimas Setyo Wicaksono, Acik Afandi, Lady Theresa Adeodata, and Lisa Thalia Mulyanata. "NEUTRALIZE BACTERIAL ACTIVITY WITH ANATOMICAL EMBALMING SOLUTIONS." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan 11, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v11i2.9234.

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Formaldehyde had some degree of toxicity in the human body as a cadaver preservation solution. Recent studies showed that moderate formaldehyde levels in cadavers could neutralize SARS-CoV-2. However, other effects of formaldehyde levels in the air are not yet known on bacteria. This study aims to determine the optimal level of formaldehyde that can be used to neutralize bacteria and is safe for humans. This study used a post-test control group design with formaldehyde level as the independent variable and bacterial colonization as the dependent variable. The results showed that the mean levels of formaldehyde with the bacterial colony respectively were P1 (1.378±0.716; 0.40±0.10), P2 (0.347±0.038; 1.40±0.10), P3 (0.137±0.006; 2.40 ±0.10), P4 (0.042±0.005; 3.32±0.09), and P5 (0.009±0016; 4.40±0.10). The statistical analysis results revealed a value of p0.05, which indicated that the higher the formaldehyde level, the higher the ability to neutralize bacterial activity. The study concluded the optimum level for neutralizing bacterial activity safe for humans is about 0347±0038 mg/m3.
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Baetens, Gert. "A Dead Man’s Contract: P. BM EA 10077 Revisited." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 150, no. 2 (November 6, 2023): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2021-0030.

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Summary Reedition of P. BM EA 10077, a unique mummification contract from Ptolemaic Thebes, rejecting earlier interpretations linking the document with the provision of embalming materials and the seventy-day mummification period.
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Podgorny, Irina. "Changing the Dead to Statues of Stone: The Synthesis of Fossils, Petrifaction, Photography, and the Chemistry of the Gorgonean Arts." Nuncius 27, no. 2 (2012): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-02702004.

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Taking the story of Efisio Marini as its starting point, this paper argues that embalming and photography are materially and historically connected due to their chemical nature. Photography and modern embalming both originated in the “chemical complex” of the nineteenth century, i.e., the idea that nature and natural processes could be synthesized in the laboratory. As Ursula Klein and Wolfgang Lefèvre have remarked, eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century chemists experimented with materials, studied the possibilities for improving their production, examined their properties, explored their reactions, and analyzed their composition. Eighteenth-century chemistry, in their words, could be seen as the most authoritative science of materials. Marini’s story relates to this ontology of materials in that it refers to experiments with chemical substances and subsequent changes in their materiality and meaning.
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Olszewski, Raphael, Jean-Philippe Hastir, Caroline Tilleux, Luc Delvaux, and Etienne Danse. "Computed tomography of the heads of ancient Egyptian mummies: a systematic review of the medical literature." NEMESIS 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/nemesis.v9i1.52583.

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Objective: To summarize the current knowledge on CT scanning of Egyptian mummy heads and faces and provide more valid methodology than that previously available. Material and methods: A systematic review was performed by one observer using two biomedical databases: PubMed and EMBASE. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied along with language restrictions. Finally, 2120 articles were found, 359 articles were duplicated among all search equations, 1454 articles were excluded, 307 articles were retained for full review, and 28 articles (31 mummies) were selected for the final study (PRISMA workflow). Results: The data were categorized into the following groups: 1) general information; 2) 1st author affiliation; 3) CT radiological protocol; 4) excerebration pathways; 5) soft tissue preservation; 6) dental status and displaced teeth; 7) packing of the mouth, ears, nose, and eyes, and 8) outer facial appearance. The evidence-based quality of the studies was low because only case reports and small case series were found. Discussion: The embalming art applied to a mummified head and face shows great variability across the whole span of Egyptian civilization. The differences among the various embalming techniques rely on multiple tiny details that are revealed by meticulous analysis of CT scans by a multidisciplinary team of experts. Conclusion: There is a need for more systematization of the CT radiological protocol and the description of Egyptian mumm’y heads and faces to better understand the details of embalming methods.
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Hachabizwa, Caswell, Mickey Banda, Joseph Hainza, Sikhanyiso Mutemwa, Krikor Erzingastian, and Elliot Kafumukache. "Cadaveric embalming using a modified Thiel method as an alternative to the formalin method." Anatomy Journal of Africa 9, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v9i2.199945.

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Formalin embalming method is cheaper and commonly used. Thiel method is said to be complex, expensive, not commonly used but offers better cadavers for student teaching. The study aimed at exploring the effects of two embalming methods; modified Thiel and formalin methods on cadavers in terms of muscle softness, joint flexibility, tissue colour, formalin smell and the ease with which structures can be identified. This was an experimental study design done over the period of three months where four adult male cadavers were embalmed (two under each method) and the outcome was compared. Using gravity about Ten Litres of arterial and five Litres venous Thiel fluids was slowly infused into each Thiel cadaver through the carotid artery and femoral vein respectively and cadavers remained overnight. Thiel cadavers were submerged in the tank containing about 300L of Thiel fluid, covered with a blanket and left for eight weeks. Each formalin cadaver was infused with about 15Litres of 10% formalin using the carotid artery and then wrapped in transparent plastics. Thereafter, cadavers were codified and placed in different rooms where participants examined and dissected some regions starting with Thiel cadavers and crossing over to the formalin cadavers after twenty-four hours. Thiel cadavers were softer than formalin (mean = 4.89 ± 0.53 Thiel and 2.1 ± 1.26 for formalin). For joint flexibility, at least 75% of participants strongly agreed for Thiel and at least 75% of the participants strongly disagreed for formalin (mean = 4.81 ± 0.86 Thiel and 1.71 ± 1.13 formalin). Tissue colour was closer to natural in Thiel compared to the formalin cadavers (mean = 4.82 ± 0.55 Thiel and 1.77 ± 1.07 formalin). There were no complaints due to irritant formalin smell in Thiel cadavers as opposed to the formalin ones (mean = 1.15 ± 0.55 Thiel and 4.56 ± 1.15 formalin). At least 75% agreed that it was easy to identify structures in the Thiel cadavers than formalin (mean = 4.67 ± 0.61 and 2.61 ± 1.14 formalin). Thiel embalming method offers good quality cadavers that are soft, flexible; tissue colour closer to natural state and without is strong formalin smell and structures can easily be identified. Key words: Cadaveric embalming, modified Thiel, formalin methods
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